BI TP LN MN TRUYN S LIU

ti: tm hiu giao thc HDLC (High-level Data Link Control).

Sinh vin thc hin : Lu Vn ng.

Lp : AT2C

Mc lc
I. Gii thiu giao thc HDLC3
II. Cc c tnh c bn ca giao thc HDLC4
III. Cu trc, khun dng ca frame...6
1. Cu trc chung ..6
2. Cc trng ca frame... 6
IV. Hot ng ca giao thc HDLC...11

I. Gii thiu giao thc HDLC

Giao thc HDLC l giao thc lin kt d liu mc cao, thuc tng 2 tng lin kt d
liu-trong m hnh tham chiu OSI.
Giao thc HDLC l mt giao thc chun ha quc t v c nh ngha bi ISO
dng cho c lin kt im- ni- im v a im. N h tr hot ng ch trong
sut, song cng hon ton v ngy nay c dng mt cch rng ri trong cc mng a
im v trong cc mng my tnh. Tin thn ca HDLC l giao thc SDLC

(Synchronuous Data Link Control). y l mt nghi thc lin kt d liu rt quan trng,
rt nhiu nghi thc lin kt d liu khc tng t hoc da trn nghi thc ny. HDLC l
mt nghi thc hng n bit.
c im chung ca giao thc HDLC l:
- Hot ng ch full-duplex.
- Lin kt im-ni-im hoc a im.
- Truyn dn ng b.
- iu khin li Continuous RQ.
Do HDLC c nh ngha nh l mt giao thc iu khin lin kt s liu tng qut,
nn chng ta c th dng n trong mt s cu hnh mng khc nhau, nh trnh by trn
hnh 1. Trong HDLC, cc frame c gi t trm s cp n trm th cp c gi l cc
lnh (command) v cc frame c gi t th cp n s cp c gi l cc p ng
(response). Hai cu hnh c trnh by trong phn (a) v (b) ch c mt trm s cp
c gi l cu hnh khng cn bng, trong khi phn (c) c hai trm s cp v c
gi l cu hnh cn bng. Trong cu hnh cn bng, v mi trm u c phn s cp v c
th cp, nn chng c gi l cc trm kt hp.
Hnh 1 Cu hnh mng dng HDLC:
(a) im-ni-im vi mt s cp v mt th cp
(b) a im vi mt s cp v nhiu th cp
(c) im-ni-im vi hai s cp v hai th cp.
II. Cc c tnh c bn ca giao thc HDLC.
Phn loi cc trm:
- Trm chnh, trm s cp (Primary Station)
+ iu khin hot ng ca lin kt.
+ Cc khung (frame) pht ra c gi l lnh (command).
- Trm ph, trm th cp (Secondary Station)
+ Hot ng di s iu khin ca trm s cp.
+ Cc khung pht ra c gi l p ng.
+ Trm s cp duy tr cc lin kt lun l ring cho cc trm th cp.
- Trm kt hp (Combined Station)
+ Kt hp c im ca c trm s cp v trm th cp.
+ C th pht ra cc lnh v p ng.
Cu hnh lin kt:
- Khng cn bng (Unbalanced)
+ Bao gm mt trm s cp, mt hoc nhiu trm th cp.
+ H tr truyn Half-Duplex v Full-Duplex.
- Cn bng (Balanced)
+ Bao gm 2 trm t hp.
+ H tr truyn Half-Duplex v Full-Duplex.
Cc ch hot ng ca giao thc HDLC
HDLC c 3 ch hot ng:
- Ch p ng thng thng NRM (Normal Response Mode): Ch ny c dng
trong cu hnh khng cn bng. Trong ch ny, trm s cp khi ng vic trao i d
liu, trm th cp ch c th truyn khi nhn c ch th c bit ca trm s cp. Lin

kt ny c th l im-ni-im hay a im. Trong trng hp a im ch cho php

mt trm s cp.
- Ch p ng bt ng b ARM (Asynchronous Response Mode): Ch ny cng
c dng trong cu hnh khng cn bng. N cho php mt trm th cp xc tin mt
hot ng truyn m khng cn s cho php t trm s cp. Ch ny thng c
dng trong cc cu hnh im-ni-im v cc lin kt song cng v cho php th cp
truyn cc frame mt cch bt ng b vi s cp.
- Ch cn bng bt ng b ABM (Asynchronous Balanced Mode): Ch ny c
dng ch yn trn cc lin kt song cng im-ni-im cho ng dng truyn s liu my
tnh-n-my tnh v cho cc kt ni gia my tnh v mng s liu cng cng (PSDN).
Trong ch ny, mi trm c mt trng thi nh nhau v thc hin c hai chc nng s
cp v th cp. N l ch c dng trong giao thc ni ting X.25.
III. Cu trc, khun dng ca frame
1. Cu trc chung.
* Cc khun dng ca frame
Khng ging nh BSC, trong HDLC c s liu v thng tin iu khin u c ti trong
cng mt dng frame chun. Dng frame ny c trnh by trn hnh 2 cng vi cc
kiu frame khc nhau c xc nh trong vng iu khin ca phn header. C 3 nhm
frame c dng trong HDLC:
- Cc frame khng nh s: Cc frame ny c dng cho cc chc nng nh thit lp
lin kt v xa lin kt. Tn c gi l khng nh s v chng khng cha bt kf thng
tin bo nhn bo, nn cng khng c ch s tun t.
- Cc frame thng tin: Cc frame ny mang cc thng tin thc hay s liu v thng c
xem nh l cc I-frame. Cc I-frame cng c th c dng ti thng tin bo nhn lin
h n lung I-frame theo hng ngc li khi lin kt ang hot ng ch ABM
hay ARM.
- Cc frame qun l: Cc frame ny c dng kim sot li v iu khin lung, do
cha cc s tun t truyn v nhn.
* Cu trc chung ca mt frame:
HDLC s dng ch truyn ti ng b, cc bit d liu truyn i c gi vo trong
cc khung v s dng mt cu trc khung cho tt c cc loi d liu cng nh thng tin
iu khin.
Cu trc khung trong giao thc HDLC c dng nh sau:
Hnh 2 Cu trc chung ca mt frame
2. Cc trng ca Frame.
* C iu khin (Flag)
Dng phn cch khung (u v cui), xc nh im bt u v kt thc ca khung.
Gi tr: 01111110
C th dng va l kt thc khung ny, va l bt u khung khc
S dng k thut chn bit (bit stuffing) trnh xut hin c trong d liu
Bit stuffing: bit 0 c chn thm mi khi xut hin 5 s 1 lin tip trong phn d liu.
V d:
Phn d liu ban u l:
111111111111011111101111110

Phn d liu sau khi s dng k thut Bit Stuffing:

1111101111101101111101011111010
* Trng a ch (Address)
Dng xc nh trm th cp gi hoc s nhn khung.
Khng cn thit trong lin kt im-ni-im nhng vn c gi nht qun.
Trng a ch thng di 8 bit.
Ni dung ca vng a ch ph thuc vo ch hot ng. Trong NRM, v d trn
ng dy a nhnh, mi trm th cp u c gn mt a ch duy nht. Bt c khi no
trm s cp thng tin vi mt trm th cp, th vng a ch ny cha a ch ca trm th
cp. C th c a ch c xem nh l a ch nhm v c gn cho mt nhm cc trm
th cp. Tt c cc frame c truyn vi a ch nhm km theo s c tt c cc trm
th cp trong nhm nhn. Tng t, mt a ch broadcast (qung b) c th c dng
truyn cho tt c cc trm th cp trn lin kt.
Khi mt trm th cp gi mt thng ip phc p cho s cp, vng a ch lun cha a
ch duy nht ca th cp ny. Trong trng hp cc mng ln c nhiu trm th cp,
vng a ch c th c m rng hn 8 bit. Bit c ngha nh nht trong mi vng 8 bit
c dng ch nh pha sau n c mt octet (byte) no khc khng. Nu bit ny l 0
th pha sau c mt octet khc, ngc li th y l octet sau cng (hay ch c mt octet).
Lu rng trong ABM vng a ch khng c dng theo cch ny bi ch c cc lin
kt im-ni-im trc tip. Thay v vy, n c dng dnh hng cho cc ln v cc
p ng lin h vi chng.
Khi trng a ch c gi tr l 11111111 th y l a ch broadcast (gi n tt c).
Vng a ch nhn dng trm th cp gi frame, v l vng khng cn n trong cc
lin kt im-ni-im. Tuy nhin, i vi lin kt a im th vng a ch c th l 8
bit_ch thng_ hoc l bi s ca 8 bit_ch m rng. Trong trng hp sau, bit 1
ca octet a ch c gi tr thp nht c set l 0 v bit 1 trong octet sau cng c set l
1. Cc bit cn li hnh thnh nn a ch. Trong c hai ch , a ch c tt c cc bit u
l 1 c dng lm a ch broadcast.
* Trng iu khin (Control)
Trng ny dng xc nh loi khung.
Tng ng vi 3 khun dng ca frame c 3 loi trng iu khin:
- Khung thng tin I-frame cha d liu cn truyn
iu khin dng v iu khin li c gi km trong cc khung thng tin
(Piggybacking).
- Khung gim st (S-frame, Supervisor Frame) dng cho ARQ khi Piggybacking khng
c dng.
- Khung khng s (Unnumbered frame, U-frame) b sung cc chc nng iu khin lin
kt.
Hnh_3: 8 bit trng iu khin c hnh thnh 3 loi khung.
Giao thc HDLC s dng mt ca s trt vi s th t khung 3 bt. Trng seq trong
khung I ch s th t ca khung thng tin hin ti. Trng Next ch s th t ca
khung thng tin m bn gi ang ch nhn ( thay v l khung nhn tt nh giao th
ca s trt gii thiu phn trc).
Bit Poll/Final: ngha ty theo ng cnh
- Trong khung lnh (Command Frame)

+ ngha l bit P.
+ 1 mi gi (Poll) khung p ng ca cc trm ngang hng.
- Trong khung p ng (Response Frame)
+ ngha l bit F.
+ 1 l ch th khung p ng l kt qu ca lnh mi gi.
Khung S (Supervisory Frame) l khung iu khin, dng kim sot li v lung d
liu trong qu trnh truyn tin. Khung S c 4 kiu c xc nh bi t hp gi tr ca 2
bit trong trng Type.
SS=00 RR (Receive Ready), l khung bo nhn, thng bo sn sng nhn d liu,
nhn tt n khung Next-1 v ang i nhn khung Next. c dng n khi khng cn
d liu gi t chiu ngc li va lm bo nhn (Figgyback).
SS=01 REJ (Reject): y l mt khung bo khng nhn (Negative Acknowledge), yu
cu gi li cc khung t khung Next.
SS=10 RNR (Receive Not Ready): thng bo khng sn sng nhn tin, nhn n
khung th Next-1, cha sn sng nhn khung Next.
SS=11 SREJ (Selective Reject): yu cu gi li mt khung c s th t l Next.
Khung U (Unnumbered Frame) thng c s dng cho mc ch iu khin ng
truyn, nhng i khi cng c dng gi d liu trong dch v khng ni kt. Cc
lnh ca khung U c m t nh sau:
1111P100 Lnh ny dng thit lp ch truyn ti SABM (Set Asynchronous
Balanced Mode).
1100P001 Lnh ny dng thit lp ch truyn ti SNRM (Set Normal Response
Mode).
1111P000 Lnh ny dng thit lp ch truyn ti SARM (Set Asynchronous
Response Mode).
1100P010 Lnh ny yu cu ngt xa ni kt DISC (Disconnect)
1100F110 UA (Unnumbered Acknowledgment). c dng bi cc trm th cp bo
vi trm s cp rng n nhn v chp nhn cc lnh loi U trn.
1100F001 CMDR/FRMR (Command Reject/Frame Reject). c dng bi trm th cp
bo rng n khng chp nhn mt lnh m n nhn chnh xc.
Khung thng tin v khung gim st c th m rng 16 bit
S dng ch s tun t l 7 bit
Hnh 4
* Trng thng tin (Information)
Ch c trong cc khung thng tin (I-frame) v mt s khung khng s (U-frame).
Phi l mt s nguyn cc octet (8 bits).
Chiu di thay i, gii hn ty thuc vo h thng.
* Trng FCS
- Dng pht hin li.
- c tnh da trn cc bit cn li ca khung.
- CRC 16 bit.
- C th dng CRC 32 bit.
Tun t kim tra frame FCS (Frame Check Sequence) l mt m CRC 16 bit cho ton b

phn ni dung ca frame c ng bi 2 c. a thc sinh c dng vi HDLC thng

l CRC-CCITT:
X16 + X12 + X5 + 1
FCS c tng cng bi cc th tc khc nhm lm cho s kim tra tinh vi hn. V d
nh thm 6 bit 1 vo ui ca s b chia trc khi chia (thay v bit 0) v o ngc s d.
iu ny c tc dng l lm cho s d c tnh li bi my thu khng phi tt c u l
0 m l mt mu bit c bit_0001 1101 0000 1111.

IV. Hot ng ca giao thc

* Qun l lin kt, to kt ni.
Trc khi truyn bt k thng tin s liu no gia s cp v mt trm th cp trn mt
lin kt a im hoc gia hai trm c ni vi nhau qua mt lin kt im-ni-im,
mt cu ni lun l gia 2 ch th truyn tin phi c thit lp. iu ny c hon
thnh nh s trao i 2 frame khng nh s, c trnh by trn hnh 6.15.
Trong mt lin kt a im (hnh 5(a)), trc tin trm s cp truyn mt SNRM- frame
vi bit P/F c set l 1 v a ch ca th cp c t trong vng a ch. Th cp p
ng bng mt UA- frame vi bit kt (final) c set l 1 cng vi a ch ca n trong
vng a ch. Nh chng ta c th thy, th tc thit lp c tc dng khi ng cc bin
tun t trong mi trm. Cc bin ny c dng trong cc th tc iu khin lung v
kim sot li. Cui cng, sau khi tt c s liu c truyn, lin kt b xa khi s cp
gi mt DISC- frame v th cp p ng mt UA- frame.
Cc lnh v p ng:
Hnh 5 Th tc qun l lin kt:
(a) Ch p ng thng thng trn lin kt a im.
(b) Ch cn bng bt ng b trn lin kt im-ni-im.
Th tc thit lp mt lin kt im-ni-im ging nh th tc thit lp lin k c
dng trong lin kt a im. Tuy nhin, trong v d c trnh by trong hnh 5(b) th
ABM c chn v do mt SABM- frame c truyn trc tin. Trong ch ny
c 2 pha ca lin kt u c th khi ng truyn cc I- frame mt cch c lp, v vy
mi trm thng l mt trm kt hp c s cp v th cp. C hai trm u c th khi
ng v xa lin kt trong ch ny. Trong hnh 5(b) , trm A khi ng thit lp lin
kt cn trm B khi ng xa cu ni lun l ny (sau khi truyn xong d liu). Ch
cn mt ln trao i cc frame ny thit lp mt lin kt theo c hai hng. Nh chng
ta c th thy, vng a ch c dng nh hng cho frame lnh ( SABM/DISC) v
cc p ng lin h vi n.
Nu my thu t chi lnh thit lp cu ni trong c 2 ch , n s phc p mt DMframe (Disconnected Mode-frame) khi nhn frame xc lp ch (SNRM hoc SABM).
DM-frame ch ra rng trm ang p ng ct cu ni lun l.
Tm tt qu trnh khi to kt ni:
- Gi U-frame khi to 1 trong 6 ch :
+ SNRM/SNRME.
+ SARM/SARME.

+SABM/SABME.
- Nu ng kt ni gi li U-frame UA (Unnumbered Acknowledged).
- Nu khng ng kt ni gi li U-frame DM (Disconnected Mode).
* Trao i d liu
Sau khi thit lp kt ni gia cc trm th qu trnh trao i d liu bt u c din
ra.
I-frame:
C hai bn u c th gi I-frame (ch s tun t bt u t 0).
- Mi frame c s th t N(S)
- C ch ACK:
+ N(S) = s th t ca frame ang gi
+ N(R) = s th t ca frame i nhn tip theo, xc nhn nhn OK cc frame c s
th t n N(R)-1
- S dng 3 hoc 7 nh s th t cc frame: Kch thc ca s cc i l 7 hoc 127
- P/F: Trong NRM, ch hi vng ca primary (P=1), secondary thit lp F=1 khi gi
p ng vi khung I cui cng
S-frame:
Cc S-frame c th c dng iu khin dng v iu khin li nu:
- RR : SS=00, ACK nhn OK N(R)-1 frame.
- RNR : SS=10, bn nhn bn, sau phi pht RR tip tc nhn d liu. ACK
nhn OK frame N(R)-1, khng nhn tip cc I-frame.
- REJ : SS=01, NACK frame N(R) u tin c li, phi gi li frame N(R) v cc frame
sau .
- SREJ : SS=11, NACK cho frame N(R) v yu cu truyn li frame ny (Selective
Repeat).
U-frame:
- Cung cp commands + response: mode settings, recovery
- Mode settings: thit lp ch lin kt
+ SABM: Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode
+ UA: ACK chp nhn cc lnh thit lp ch
+ DISC: Hy b lin kt logic thit lp
- Truyn tin gia cc trm s dng unnumbered info (UI)
- Recovery: khi error/flow control khng thc hin c
+ FRMR: frame c FCS ng, nhng sai c php
+ RSET: Tx khi to li s th t cc frame c gi
* Ngt cc kt ni
Mt trong hai bn ngt kt ni bng cch gi U-frame DISC (Disconnect).
Bn kia phi chp nhn ngt kt ni, gi li U-frame UA (Unnumbered
Acknowledgement)
Cc khung qu c th b mt (vic phc hi phi do cc lp trn).
V d hot ng ca HDLC:
Hnh (a) m t cc khung lin quan trong qu trnh thit lp v xa ni kt. u tin mt
trong hai bn giao tip s gi khung SABM sang bn kia v thit lp mt b m thi

gian. Bn pha cn li khi nhn c khung SABM s tr li bng khung UA. Bn yu

cu ni kt khi nhn c khung UA s xa b b m thi gian. Ni kt c hnh
thnh v hai bn c th truyn khung qua li cho nhau. Ni kt s xa i nu mt trong
hai bn giao tip gi khung DISC. Trong mt trng hp khc, nu sau mt khong thi
gian tri qua, bn yu cu ni kt khng nhn c khung UA, n s c gng gi li
khung SABM mt s ln qui nh. Nu vn khng nhn c khung UA, bn yu cu ni
kt s thng bo li ln tng cao hn.
Hnh (b) m t tin trnh trao i khung I gia hai bn. Ta thy rng bn A gi lin tip
cc khung (I,1,1 v I,2,1) m khng nhn c khung bo nhn th s th t ca khung
ch nhn vn khng thay i, trong trng hp ny l 1. Ngc li khi bn B nhn lin
tip cc khung (I,1,1 v I,2,1) m khng gi khung no i, th khung ch nhn k tip ca
khung thng tin truyn i phi l s k tip ca khung va nhn, l 3.
Trong hnh (c) my A khng th x l kp cc khung do B gi n v th n gi khung
RNR yu cu B tm dng vic vic truyn ti. Bn B nh k gi thm d bn A bng
cch gi khung RR vi bit P c t ln 1. Nu bn A vn cha th nhn thng tin t
bn B n s tr li bng khung RNR, ngc li nu A sn sng th n s tr li bng
khung RR.
Trong hnh (d), bn A gi sang B ba khung thng tin 3,4 v 5. Khung 4 b mt hon ton
trn ng truyn. Khi bn B nhn c khung 5, n s b qua khung ny v sai th t
khung. B gi REJ vi trng Next l 4 yu cu A gi li tt c cc khung t khung s
4.
Hnh (e) minh ha cch thc phc hi li da vo thi gian (timeout). Khung s 3 b li
v do B b n. B khng th gi khung REJ v n khng th xc nh c c phi
l khung I hay khng. Bn A sau mt khong thi gian tri qua khng thy khung tr li
t B, n s gi khung RR vi bit P=1 kim tra trng thi ca bn kia. Bn B s p li
bng khung RR vi trng Next l 3 bo hiu khung s 3 mt. Sau A s truyn
li khung s 3.