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UNIT 8
RATIO
AND
PROPORTION
1 ST LEVEL
SUMMARY
1. RATIO
1.1 APPLICATIONS OF RATIO
2. PROPORTION
- PROBLEM SOLVING
3. DIRECT PROPORTION
3.1 RULE OF THREE
3.2 APPLICATIONS OF DIRECT PROPORTION
3.2.1 SCALES
- SCALE PRACTICE 1 Reading maps
- SCALE PRACTICE 2 My house map
3.2.2 PROPORTIONAL SHARING-OUT (REPARTO PROPORCIONAL)
3.2.3 SIMILAR FIGURES
3.2.4 PERCENTAGES
3.2.5 PER THOUSAND
3.2.6 MIXTURES AND ALLOYS
3.2.7 PROPORTION AND GEOMETRY
4. INVERSE PROPORTION
- REVISION
EXTENSION: COMPOUND PROPORTION
- SOLVED EXAMPLES
- BANK INTEREST
Webs for more practice:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/numbers/wholenumbers/ratioandproportion/ratio/factsheet
.shtml RATIO AND PROPORTION WEB
http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/standard/maths_i/numbers/ratio_rev1.sht
ml EXPLANATION AND EXERCISES
http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/standard/maths_i/numbers/ratio_activity.s
html video ratio
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/maths/number/ratio/activity.shtml VIDEO
RATIO
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/standard/maths_i/numbers/quiz/ratio/
TEST
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/maths/number/ratio/revise1.shtml
ratio
- http://www.math.com/school/subject1/lessons/S1U2L1GL.html ratio
- http://www.homeschoolmath.net/teaching/proportions.php
- http://www.cimt.plymouth.ac.uk/projects/mepres/book8/bk8i7/bk8_7i1.htm
- http://www.mathslice.com/actionctl.php?actionid=542 EXERCISES
- http://www.mathleague.com/help/ratio/ratio.htm EXPLAIN
- - http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/numbers/measuring/distance/factsheet.shtml
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/numbers/measuring/distance/worksheet.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/numbers/measuring/distance/quiz.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/numbers/measuring/distance/index.shtml Facts,
worksheets and test about SCALES
- http://www.mathslice.com/percent1_ws.php Proportion as %, decimals and fractions
- http://www.gcsemathstutor.com/ratio.php# Sharing proportion
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/maths/algebra/proportionhirev2.shtml inverse
proportion
- http://www.algebralab.org/Word/Word.aspx?file=Algebra_InterestI.xml INTEREST
- http://www.ixl.com/math/grade-7/simple-interest
- http://www.purplemath.com/modules/investmt.htm
NOTE: THERE ARE pdf files: with more activities, problems and test of evaluation.
- statement-2.pdf
-statement-3.pdf
ratio-to-fraction.pdf
-statement-4.pdf
- reduce.pdf
- proportionWS1.pdf
- statement-1.pdf
- ratio-method.pdf
- write ratios.pdf
- ratio-two-same-units.pdf
UNIT 8
1 ST LEVEL
Here we have 1 duck taking care of 7 little ducklings. The ratio is 1 to 7 1 : 7 or 1/7
This is a solving problem unit very useful in daily life situations.
1. RATIO
The large tuna fish weighs 5 kg and the small one 2,5 kg. How
The ratio is a quotient between 2 numbers or measurements. Ratio has no units because it
indicates the number of times a quantity is bigger than another.
Ratio: a comparison of two quantities by division. Hence, a ratio is used to compare two
quantities.
We express ratios as fractions, so we can do the same operations. To find the ratio is better
to reduce the fraction, but do not change to a mixed number. Improper fractions are
acceptable.
Example: Out of 10 runners, 7 runners finished the race. We are comparing runners to
runners by saying 7 out of 10 runners finished.
We can write this three ways:
7 to 10
or 7 : 10
or
7
10
1
one part of sugar for 2 parts of flour.
2
3
200
400
300
5
=
=5
60
1
3
= 5, so we get the same ratio
0,60
Rates are ratios that compare different quantities that cannot be converted to a
common unit
d) I drove 65 km per hour 65 : 1 or 65 km to 1 hour or 65 / 1
Exercises:
1. At school there are 450 students and 45 teachers. Which is the ratio between teachers
and students?
2. Marina spends 1 hour per day to study English and 40 minutes to study Maths. Write the
ratio.
3. A bus is available for 60 passengers and a car for 5. How many times is greater the
and 4 / 9
biscuits
2.79 4.45
biscuits
for 3for
pounds
5 pounds
biscuits 7.49
for 7 pounds
Ratio =
1)
2,79
= 0,93 per pound
3
2)
cos t
= quotient
weight
4,45
7,49
= 0,89 per pound 3)
= 1,07 per pound
5
7
+
3 + 1= 4 parts in total
Exercises: Solve these problems in groups and invent similar word problems.
1. In an excursion there are 57 students and 3 teachers. What is the ratio? What does it
mean?
2. In a class there are 25 students and 10 are boys. Which is the ratio between boys and
girls?
3. To prepare a lotion we need 3 parts of alcohol and 1 part of essence. If we want to
prepare 1 litre of lotion, how much lotion do we need?
4. Laura weighs 42 kg and her little brother Lucas 6 kg. Write the ratio that shows how
many times is Laura heavier than Lucas
2. PROPORTION
When two ratios are equal we have a proportion.
For example: Look at the ratios between flour and butter in these two recipes for cakes:
Recipe 1
200gflour
=4
50gbutter
Recipe 2
100gflour
=4
25gbutter
200 100
Both ratios are equal, so both recipes have the same proportion of ingredients:
=
50
25
4 times more flour than butter.
The quotient of any of the ratios in a proportion is called constant of proportion. In this
example is 4.
Example: a photographer enlarges a 5 x 7 photo to a 10 x 14
photo.
Can you find out if these ratios form a proportion?
You can use two ways to check this statement:
1) Write each ratio as a fraction in simplest form:
5
10
10 : 2 5
and 10 : 14
=
We can see they are equivalent fractions.
7
14
14 : 2 7
We have multiplied the numerator and denominator of the first fraction by 2.
5:7
2) Cross-products Rule:
a c
=
b d
a . d extremes
b . c means
a.d=b.c
If the cross products are equal, then the two ratios form a proportion.
Ex.:
5 10
=
7 14
Exercises
1. Write a proportion for each word problem. Use the cross-products rule to check.
a)
12.8 = 12.8
6
4
8
=
1.60 3.20
grams
grams
=
unknown cos t,n
cos t
5
9
=
400
n
- 2nd Cross multiply: The missing value equal to the cross product of the diagonal of the
two given numbers divided by the remaining number.
5 .n = 400.9
n=
400 9
=
5
n = 3600 : 5 = 720
2 m
=
5 10
2)
x 3
=
7 21
3)
6 12
=
4 n
4)
n 30
=
12 24
2. A car travels 128 km on 15 litres of gas. Which choice below will tell you how far the
car can travel on a full tank of gas that holds 60 litres?
a) 128 x 15 x 60
b)
128x60
15
c)
128x15
60
3. This picture must be enlarge to a width of 10 cm. What will be the height of the
enlargement?
6 cm
a) 12 cm
b) 20 cm
c) 15 cm
4 cm
Compare your answers in groups and invent similar ones to show to your class.
7
3. DIRECT PROPORTION
Two magnitudes are directly proportional: if we multiply one of them by a number,
then the same number multiplies the other.
If 3 pens cost 6 , then 6 cost the double: 12 . The number of pens and their price are
:
So we can say that when one quantity is increased, the other quantity is also increased.
If we decrease a quantity, the other is also decreased.
Example: Time and distance: more time
more distance
4 10
=
7 x
4 h __________ 10 km
x=
7 10
= 17,5 km
4
7h ___________ x km
10 x
= and the result is the same. K (constant
4 7
of proportion) is 2,5 = 10 : 4
Give more similar examples and propose them to the class: 1. A cinema ticket costs 8,
more tickets more money.
Unitary method: you can always find the value of one item and multiply by the numbers
of items: 10 : 4 = 2,5. So 2,5 km per hour.
http://www.cimt.plymouth.ac.uk/projects/mepres/book8/bk8i7/bk8_7i2.htm
A C
=
B x
x=
B.C
A
C__________ x
Solved problem:
How long will it take to a racing car traveling at a rate of 50 mph (miles per hour) to go
450 miles?
50m________1h
50 1
=
450 x
x=
450 1
= 9 So the car will travel 9 h
50
450m _______ x
Exercises: Solve these exercises in groups and propose similar ones to your class.
1. How far will a bus go in 90 minutes if it travels 80 km an hour?
2. How much will you pay for a year if your rent for 3 months is 960?
3. What is the rate per hour for traveling 220 km in 80 minutes?
4. If 1 kg of ham is 15, How much is 125g?
5. An electrician charges 42 per 2 hours of work, how much will he earn for 15 hours?
In groups invent word problems which solution will be (the 1st one is done for you):
a) 3 chocolate boxes are 750 g: Ex: Ten chocolate boxes weigh 2,5 kg, How heavy is 3
chocolate boxes?
c) Ten calculators cost 50
5
175 1
1
x =
=
= 35
175 x
5
So the ratio is 1 : 35 and this is called the scale. The picture is 1: 35 scale; hence 1 cm in
the picture is 35 cm in reality.
3.2.1 SCALES
A scale drawing is an accurate picture of something, but different in size.
This is very useful in real life to read maps, for example, and compare distances. If we
know the scale we can calculate the real dimensions of the objects.
Scale: the ratio of the picture measure to the actual measure.
Scale ratio=
Scale meaure
actual measure
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/scale.html
LOOK AT THE MAP OF CALIFORNIA
10
http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/numbers/measuring/distance/quiz.shtml
First solve this problem: A house map is a 1:25 scale. What is the measurement of
Marinas room if the dimensions on the map are 16 cm and 12 cm?
A scale 1:25 means that 1 cm on the map is 25 cm in the reality. So 16 cm on the map are
25 x 16 = 400 cm = 4 m; and 12 cm on the plane are 25 x 12 = 300 cm = 3 m in reality.
Then, Marinas room measures 4 m of length and 3 m of width.
Ask the students to draw scaled maps of their room with furniture for homework.
For example: draw a scale map of your room 1:50.
So 1 cm on the picture is 50 cm in reality.
11
- DRAW A BED OF 90 X 1,90 So, the bed drawing will be 1,8 x 3,8 cm
One student can do it on the blackboard.
Prize
Tom
10
10x20 = 200
Cris
12
12x20 = 240
Paula
8 x 20 = 160
Each friend will be paid according to the number of lottery tickets that have bought.
Exercises:
A bookshop offers a commission of 1000 to share out among the five employees for the
250 books sold on the last book fair. Complete the missing data on the next table:
Number of Books
Commission
Book seller
Paul
40
Rose
65
Patricia
50
Angel
55
Lilliam
http://www.gcsemathstutor.com/ratio.php#
Solved problem:
Tom, Palm and Richard have 108 stamps in a collection, which they share out in the ratio
2:3:7. How many stamps does each person receive?
12
108 ____12
x ______ 2
3.2.3 SIMILAR FIGURES
Corresponding sides of similar figures are in proportion.
2cm
2,5cm
_1,5_
_2 _
2 1,5
=
2,5 2
3.2.4 PERCENTAGES
Percentages are also ratios whose denominator is100.
50% =
50
. So we consider the
100
Solved example 1:
In a class of 20
home?
30_____100
students, 30 % have pets at home, How many students have pets at
x
30
=
100 20
x=
30 20 600
=
= 6 students have pets at home
100
100
x ______20
2. In a class 3 out 5 students are girls. We can express that ratio as a fraction:
of the class are girls. What is the percentage?
13
3
three fifths
5
3:5
3
60
= 0,6 =
= 60%
5
100
or 3--------- 5
x -------- 100
100
FRACTION
DECIMAL
3
5
0,6
60
=
100
60%
= 45
%
0,2
1
2
5:3
http://www.mathslice.com/percentgrid_ws.php
http://www.mathslice.com/percent1_ws.php
Percentages have also the application in cost: taxes, discounts, interest of money
Solved exercise:
What the price of a bike without VAT of 18% that costs 258 ?
258 is the cost of the final product, 100 % + 18 % VAT, so 118% = 258
258x100
= 218,64
118
118 %_______258
x=
100 _________ x
14
Wok out the following problems and check your results in groups:
1. A television cost 1200 and then we have to add 18% VAT (IVA). Which is the total
price?
2. They have 15 % discount on sales. What is final price of a pair of glasses that costs
125?
4. In a fieldtrip we spend 300 on food for 20 students. If we are going 25 students how
much will it be?
5. How much money do I get from a bank deposit of 1000 at 3,5 interest in 1 year and a
final discount of 18 % in taxes from the interest got?
6. What is the price with out VAT (18%) of a mobile phone that costs 125 ?
7. A teacher charges 25 per hour of private lessons. After a week of 8.30 h of classes, He
has to pay 18% taxes, How much does he earn?
8. In a shop they have two offers: 3 t-shits for 51 or 5 t-shirts for 84 . Which is the best
buy?
9. On a recipe for pasta we can read: -200 g of spaghetti, - 50 ml oil and 100 g tomato
sauce. Calculate the amount of oil and tomato sauce for 350 g of pasta.
10. Andrew had 12 correct answers of a 16 questions test. Which mark will he have out of
10?
A) 8
B) 7
C) 7,5
D) 6,5
5 --------- 1000
This is a direct proportion that can be solved with the rule of three.
15
x ---------- 4560
Invent in groups similar word problems and propose them to the class (give the students
only 5 minutes to prepare the problems).
3.2.6 MIXTURES AND ALLOYS
Mixtures and alloys are another application of direct proportion.
We want to calculate the price per kilogram of a mixture of 3 kg of red
paint at 0,65 /kg, 3 kilograms of green paint at 0,50 /kg and 2
kilograms of blue paint at 0,80 / kg.
3 x 0,65 = 1,95
3 x 0,50 = 1,50
2 x 0,80 = 1,60
An alloy is a mixture of metals. In jewellery we use an alloy of gold, copper and silver.
1
The pure of gold is measured in karat. One karat =
weight of the alloy in pure gold.
24
The gold of law must be at least 18 carats. Pure gold has 24 karats (quilates).
Which amount of pure gold does a ring have of 18 karats that weighs 36 g?
18----24
x-----36 or We calculate the
Solve:
18
of 36 g: 18 x 36 : 24 = 27 g of pure gold in the ring.
24
16
3. INVERSE PROPORTION
On Sunday is Johns birthday. The present price is 54 . We
want to share the cost of the present, how much do we have to
pay if we are 3 friends, and if we are 6?
54 : 3 = 18 each friend
54 : 6 = 9 each friend
Obviously if we are more friends, we will pay less money. Therefore, the price and the
payment per friend are related in an inverse proportion. The product between friends and
price is constant and always equal to 54.
3 x 18 = 54
6 x 9 = 54
Can you calculate how much will each one pay if we share with 4 friends?
18 ---------- 3 friends
18 3 = x 4
x=
18 3
= 13,5 per friend.
4
x ----------- 4 friends
Or with equivalent fractions:
18 3
= and we inverse one of the fractions 4 Then we have:
x
4
3
18 4
=
and by cross product law 18 3 = x 4
x 3
An inverse proportion is when one value increases as the other value decreases.
More explicitly: if two quantities a and b are in inverse proportion, then their product will
be constant.
Exercises:
1. Complete the table that represents the number of students and the money they have to
pay for a bus that costs 250 for a fieldtrip to Cceres.
Number
students
of
40
45
50
/ students
53
4,55
17
INVERSE PROPORTION
2 m ------------- x posts
3 500 = 2 x x =
3 500
= 750 posts
2
Unitary method
We calculate the numbers of posts at a distance of 1 m.
18
We need 500 posts to place at every 3 m, so at a distance of 1 m we need the triple: 500 x 3
= 1500. Therefore we will need the half for a distance of 2 m: 750 posts
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C) 25 minutes
10. If two taps fill a swimming pool in 3 hours, how many taps will we need to fill it in 30
minutes?
A) 6
B) 8
C) 12
inverse
Hours
inverse Men
#
20 10 195 = 15 x
x=
20 10 195
$
15 13
B) A soap factory makes 600 units in 9 days with help of 20 machines. How many units can
be made in 12 days with the help of 18 machines?
Machines inverse
Days
direct Units
20
600
18
12
20 9 18 12
=
x
600
21
The number of students and hotel price are directly related, and the number of students is
inverse to the number of nights.
Therefore, we can reduce the problem to a simple proportion getting the price per night of
each student:
1710 : 30 = 57 for 3 nights.
Each student from 4th grade has 2660 : 20 = 133 to spend X number of nights, so:
57 133
=
3
x
57x = 3 133 x =
3133
= 7 days
57
D) BANK INTEREST
So the three magnitudes involved are directly related: money, time and interest.
There is a formula to calculate it: profit =
crt
where c = capital or money, r = rent or
100
interest, t = time
If you invest money on Cherry bank, for 100 you will get 3 for 1 year and for 1 you
will get 0,03
How much will you get for 650 during 3 years?
There are three ways of solving this problem:
1) Formula Profit =
650 3 3
= 58,50 profit in 3 years.
100
2) Reduce to the unit: 650 0,03 = 19,5 in one year, therefore 19,50 3 = 58,5
in 3 years.
3) Set the proportions:
100 3 1
650 3 3
where x =
= 58,5
= =
650 x 3
100
22