Bi tp i s tuyn tnh

1. Bi tp v khng gian vector

Bi 1.1 Gi s A l mt ma trn vung cp n, v C(A) = {B | BA = AB} l tp
hp tt c cc ma trn vung phc cp n giao hon c vi A. Chng minh rng:
C(A) l khng gian vector con ca khng gian vector Mnn v dimC(A) n.
Bi 1.2 Cho S l khng gian con ca khng gian cc ma trn vung phc cp
n Mnn sinh bi tp tt c cc ma trn c dng AB BA. Chng minh rng:
dim S = n2 1.
Bi 1.3 Cho A, B l cc khng gian vector con ca khng gian vector hu hn
chiu V sao cho A + B = V. Gi n = dimV, a = dim A, b = dim B. Ly S l tp
tt c cc t ng cu f ca V m f (A) A, f (B) B. Chng minh rng S l
khng gian con ca khng gian tt c cc t ng cu ca V v hy biu th s
chiu ca S qua a, b, n.
Bi 1.4 Cho T l t ng cu ca khng gian vector V. Gi s x V m T m x =
0, T m1 x 6= 0 vi m l s nguyn no . Chng minh rng: x, T x, T 2 x, . . . , T m1 x
c lp tuyn tnh.
Bi 1.5 Cho E l mt khng gian Euclide n chiu. Chng ta ni hai c s (ai )
v (bi ) cng hng nu ma trn chuyn t c s (ai ) sang c s (bi ) c nh
thc dng. Gi s (ai ) v (bi ) l hai c s trc chun cng hng. Chng
minh rng (ai + 2bi ) cng l mt c s ca E cng hng vi (ai ).
Bi 1.6 Cho l nh x tuyn tnh t V vo W , trong V v W l cc khng
gian vector hu hn chiu. Gi L, Z l khng gian vector con ca V v W .
Chng minh rng:
a) dim (L) + dim(ker L) = dim L
b) dim L dim ker dim (L) dim L
c) dim Z dim 1 Z dim Z + dim ker
Bi 1.7 Cho cc ng cu ca cc IK-khng gian vector hu hn chiu : V
W, : W Z. Chng minh rng:
a) dim ker(.) = dim ker + dim(Im ker )
b) dim ker(.) dim ker + dim ker
c) rank(.) = rank dim(ker Im )
d) rank(.) rank + rank dimW
Bi 1.8 Gi s P, Q, R l cc ma trn vung cp n. Chng minh rng:
rank(PQ) + rank(QR) rank Q + rank(PQR).
Bi 1.9 Cho V v W l cc khng gian vector hu hn chiu. T : V W l
nh x tuyn tnh, X l khng gian vector con ca khng gian vector W Chng
1

minh: dim(T 1 X) dimV dimW + dim X. Hn na nu T ton nh th ta c

ng thc.
Bi 1.10 Cho A v B l cc ma trn vung cp n. Chng minh rng khng gian
nghim ca hai phng trnh AX = 0 v BX = 0 bng nhau khi v ch khi tn
ti ma trn C kh nghch sao cho A = CB.
Bi 1.11 Cho A l ma trn vung phc cp n sao cho trAk = 0 vi k = 1, . . . , n.
Chng minh rng A l ma trn lu linh.
Hint Gi s A c dng cho ho Jordan vi cc khi Jordan tng ng vi cc
gi tr ring 1 , . . . , m phn bit. Khi Ak l ma trn c cc phn t trn
ng cho chnh l cc gi tr ring ki . T gi thuyt tr(Ak ) = 0, 1 k m ta
c h phng trnh:
m

ki = 0, k = 1, ..., n.

i=1

T h ny ta suy ra i = 0, 1 i m. Vy A s l ma trn lu linh.

Bi 1.12 Cho A l ma trn phc cp m sao cho dy (An )
n=1 hi t n ma trn
B. Chng minh rng B ng dng vi ma trn ng cho m cc phn t trn
ng cho chnh bng 0 hoc 1.
Hint: Do A2n = An .An suy ra B2 = B. Vy ta c iu cn chng minh.
Bi 1.13 Cho W l khng gian vector n-chiu, U v V l cc khng gian con
ca W sao cho U V = {0}. Gi s u1 , u2 , . . . , uk U v v1 , v2 , . . . , uk V vi
k > dimU + dimV . Chng minh rng tn ti cc s 1 , 2 , . . . , k khng ng
thi bng 0 sao cho
k

iui = ivi = 0.

i=1

i=1

Khng nh trn cn ng khng nu k dimU + dimV.

Hint Ch rng ta c n cu U V W nn s chiu ca U V khng qu
n.

2. Dng chnh tc
Bi 2.1 Cho ma trn:

2 1 0
A = 1 2 1
0 1 2
2

Chng minh rng: mi ma trn B sao cho AB = BA c dng:

B = aI + bA + cA2 ,
vi a, b, c l cc s thc no .
Bi 2.2 Cho A l ma trn cp n c n gi tr ring phn bit. Chng minh rng:
mi ma trn B giao hon c vi ma trn A c dng: B = f (A), vi f l mt
a thc h s thc, bc khng qu n 1.
Bi 2.3 Cho


1 2
A=
.
1 1

Hy biu th A1 nh l mt a thc ca A vi h s thc.

Bi 2.4 Vi x R, t

x
1
Ax =
1
1

1
x
1
1

1
1
x
1

1
1
.
1
x

a) Chng minh rng det Ax = (x 1)3 (x + 3).

1
1
b) Chng minh rng nu x 6= 1, 3, th A1
x = (x 1) (x + 3) Ax2 .
Bi 2.5 Tnh A10 vi

3
1 1
4 2 .
A= 2
1 1 1

Bi 2.6 Chng minh hoc a ra phn v d: Vi mi ma trn vung phc A

cp 2, tn ti ma trn vung phc B cp 2 sao cho A = B2 .
Bi 2.7 Cho

0
0
A=
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

1
0
.
0
0

Vi s nguyn n no th s tn ti ma trn vung phc X cp 4 sao cho X n = A.

Bi 2.8 Khng nh sau ng hay khng:
Tn ti ma trn vung thc A cp n sao cho
A2 + 2A + 5I = 0,
nu v ch nu n l s chn.
3

Bi 2.9 Phng trnh no c nghim l mt ma trn vung thc (khng nht

thit phi ch ra nghim):

0 0 0
X 3 = 1 0 0
2 3 0

3 5
0
2X 5 + X = 5 1 9
0 9 0


0 1
6
4
X + 2X + 10X =
1 0

3 4 0
X 4 = 0 3 0 .
0 0 3
Bi 2.10 Cho x l s thc dng. Hi c tn ti hay khng mt ma trn vung
thc cp 2 sao cho


1
0
2004
A
=
.
0 1 x

3. Vector ring v gi tr ring

Bi 3.1 Cho M l ma trn vung thc cp 3, M 3 = I v M 6= I.
a) Tm cc gi tr ring ca M.
b) Cho mt ma trn c tnh cht nh th.
Bi 3.2 Cho F l mt trng, n v m l cc s nguyn v A l mt ma trn
vung cp n vi cc phn t trong F sao cho Am = 0. Chng minh rng: An = 0.
Bi 3.3 Cho V l khng gian vector hu hn chiu trn trng s hu t Q, M
l mt t ng cu ca V, M(x) 6= x, x V \ 0. Gi s M p = IdV , vi p l mt
s nguyn t. Chng minh rng s chiu ca V chia ht cho p 1.
Bi 3.4 Chng minh rng ma trn

1
1, 00001
1
1, 00001
1
1.00001 .
1
1, 00001
1
c mt gi tr ring dng v mt gi tr ring m.
4

Bi 3.5 Cho a, b, c l cc phn t bt

ca ma trn

0
1
0

k ca trng F, hy tnh a thc ti tiu

0 a
0 b .
1 c

Bi 3.6 Gi s A, B l cc t ng cu ca khng gian vector hu hn chiu V

trn trng F. ng hay sai cc khng nh sau:
a) Mi vector ring ca AB l mt vector ring ca BA.
b) Mi gi ring ca AB l mt gi ring ca BA.
Bi 3.7 Cho

a b
A=
c d

l mt ma trn thc vi a, b, c, d > 0. Chng minh rng A c mt vector ring

 
x
R2 ,
y
vi x, y > 0.
Bi 3.8 Cho A l ma trn vung phc cp n v P(t) l mt a thc bc m.
Chng minh rng nu 1 , 2 , . . . , n l cc gi tr ring ca ma trn A th:
1) |P(A)| = P(1 ).P(2 ) . . . P(n ).
2) P(1 ), P(2 ), . . . , P(n ) l cc gi tr ring ca P(A).
Bi 3.9 Cho A v B l cc ma trn i xng thc tho mn AB = BA. Chng
minh rng A v B c chung1 vector ring trong Rn .
Bi 3.10 Gi S l tp khng rng gm cc ma trn phc cp n giao hon c
vi nhau tng i mt. Chng minh rng cc phn t ca S c chung mt vector
ring
Bi 3.11 Gi A v B l cc ma trn phc cp n sao cho AB = BA2 . Gi s rng
A khng c cc gi tr ring c moun bng 1, chng minh rng A v B c
chung mt vect ring.
Bi 3.12 Cho l t ng cu tuyn tnh cho ho c ca Rn . Chng minh
rng khng gian con W ca Rn l bt bin i vi khi v ch khi trong W
chn c mt c s gm cc vector ring ca .
Bi 3.13 Cho A v B l hai ma trn cho ho c v giao hon c vi nhau.
Chng minh rng tn ti mt c s ca Rn gm ton cc vector ring ca A v
B.
Bi 3.14 Cho A l ma trn phc cp n v a thc ti tiu c bc k.
5

1) Chng minh rng nu khng l gi tr ring ca A th tn ti mt a

thc p bc k 1 sao cho p (A) = (A E)1 .
2) Gi 1 , 2 , . . . , k l cc s phc phn bit v khng l gi tr ring ca A.
Chng minh rng: tn ti cc s phc c1 , c2 , . . . , ck sao cho
k

ck (A k E)1 = E.

i=1

Hint Xt ng thc p (A)(A E) = p(A) p()E = p()E suy ra c a thc

p . Vi mi i tn ti cc pi tng ng. Xt h pt theo cc n ci ta thu c
h Cramer do tn ti cc ci cn tm.

4. Hng v nh thc
Bi 4.1 Cho A l ma trn vung thc cp n v At l ma trn chuyn v ca n.
Chng minh rng At A v A cng hng.
Bi 4.2 Gi s P v Q l cc ma trn vung cp n tha mn cc iu kin sau:
P2 = P, Q2 = Q v I (P + Q) kh nghch. Chng minh rng P v Q c hng
bng nhau.
Bi 4.3 Cho

a1 b1 0 0
b1 a2 b2 0

0 b2 a3 b3

T = .. ..
.. ..
. .
. .

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

...
...
...

0
0
0
..
.

...
. . . an1
. . . bn1

0
0
0
..
.

bn1
an

Gi s bi 6= 0, vi mi i. Chng minh rng:

a) rank T n 1,
b) T c n gi tr ring phn bit.
Bi 4.4 Cho (ai j ) l ma trn vung cp n vi cc ai j l cc s nguyn.
a) Chng minh rng nu s nguyn k l mt gi tr ring ca A th nh thc
ca A chia ht cho k.
b) Gi s m l mt s nguyn v mi dng ca A c tng bng m
n

ai j = m,

i = 1, 2, . . . , n.

j=1

Chng minh rng nh thc ca A chia ht cho m.

Bi 4.5 Cho nh thc Vandermonde (phc)

1 a0 a20 . . . an0
1 a1 a2 . . . an

1
1
A = .. .. ..
.. ,
. . . ... .
1 an a2n . . . ann
vi ai l cc s phc.
a) Chng minh rng A kh nghch khi v ch khi cc ai i mt khc nhau.
b) Nu cc ai i mt khc nhau v b1 , b2 , . . . , bn l cc s phc ty .
Chng minh rng tn ti duy nht a thc f bc n vi h s phc sao cho
f (ai ) = bi , i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Bi 4.6 Cho v d mt hm lin tc f : R R3 vi tnh cht l f (v1 ), f (v2 ), f (v3 )
lp thnh mt c s ca R3 , trong v1 , v2 , v3 l cc s thc phn bit.
Bi 4.7 Cho f1 , f2 , . . . , fn l cc hm nhn cc gi tr thc lin tc trn [a, b].
Chng minh rng { f1 , f2 , . . . , fn } ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi
R

b
det a fi (x) f j (x)dx = 0.
Bi 4.8 K hiu M22 l khng gian cc ma trn vung thc cp 2. Cho




1 2
2 1
A=
,
B=
.
1 3
0 4
Xt php bin i tuyn tnh L : M22 M22 xc nh bi L(X) = AXB. Hy
tnh vt v nh thc ca L.
Bi 4.9 K hiu M33 l khng gian cc ma trn vung thc cp 3. Cho

1 0 0
A = 0 2 0
0 0 1
1
Xt php bin i tuyn tnh L : M33 M33 xc nh bi L(X) = (AX +
2
XA). Hy tnh nh thc ca L.
Bi 4.10 K hiu M33 l khng gian cc ma trn vung thc cp 3. Gi s
A M33 , det A = 32 v a thc ti tiu ca A l ( 4)( 2). Xt nh x
tuyn tnh: LA : M33 M33 xc inh bi LA (X) = AX. Hy tnh vt ca LA .
7

Bi 4.11 K hiu M77 l khng gian cc ma trn vung thc cp 7. Gi s

A M77 l mt ma trn cho vi ng cho chnh gm 4 hng t +1 v 3 hng
t -1. Xt nh x tuyn tnh LA : M77 M77 xc nh bi LA (X) = AX XA.
Hy tnh dim LA .
Bi 4.12 Cho F l mt trng, n v m l hai s nguyn, Mmn l khng gian
cc ma trn cp m n trn trng F. Gi s A v B l hai ma trn c nh ca
Mmn . Xt nh x tuyn tnh L : Mmn Mmn xc nh bi L(X) = AXB.
Chng minh rng nu m 6= n th L suy bin.
Bi 4.13 Gi s A1 , A2 , . . . , An+1 l cc ma trn cp n. Chng minh rng tm
c n + 1 s x1 , x2 , . . . , xn+1 khng ng thi bng 0 sao cho ma trn x1 A1 +
x2 A2 + xn+1 An+1 suy bin.
Bi 4.14 Gi s A l ma trn cp n hng r. Tm s nghim c lp tuyn tnh
ca phng trnh AX = 0 vi X l ma trn cp n.
Bi 4.15 Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Chng minh rng nu A2 = E th tng
hng ca cc ma trn A E v A + E bng n (E l ma trn n v).
Bi 4.16 Cho A l ma trn vung thc cp n. Chng minh rng: det(A2 + E) 0.
Khi no th ng thc xy ra.
Bi 4.17 Cho tam thc bc hai p(x) = x2 + ax + b tho mn p(x) 0, x R v
A l mt ma trn vung thc cp n. Chng minh rng: det p(A) 0.
Bi 4.18 Cho f (x) l a thc h s thc c bc dng, h s dn u bng
1 v f (x) 0, x R, A l mt ma trn vung thc cp n. Chng minh rng
det f (A) 0.
Bi 4.19 Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Chng minh rng: det(AAt + E) > 0,
trong At l ma trn chuyn v ca ma trn A v E l ma trn n v cng cp
vi A.
Bi 4.20 Cho A v B l cc ma trn thc cp n. Chng minh rng: det(AAt +
BBt ) 0.

Cc thi Olympic

Olympic ngh 2003

Bi 1: Cho

2 1 0
0 ... 0
0
0
1 2 1 0 . . . 0
0
0

0 1 2 1 . . . 0

0
0

0
0 1 2 . . . 0
0
0

A = ..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
. ... .
.
.

0
0
0
0 . . . 2 1 0

0
0
0
0 . . . 1 2 1
0
0
0
0 . . . 0 1 2

Chng minh rng mi gi tr ring ca A l mt s thc dng.

Bi 2: Cho A l ma trn vung thc cp n v At l ma trn chuyn v ca n.
Chng minh At A v A cng hng.
thi chn i tuyn Olympic ca Trng nm 2003
s 1:
Bi 1: nh thc ca mt ma trn vung thay i nh th no khi thay mi
phn t bng phn t i xng vi n qua ng cho th hai.
Bi 2: Gi s xi 6= 0, i = 1, 2, . . . , n. Hy tnh nh thc sau:


 a1
a2 a3 . . . an 

x1 x2 0 . . . 0 


 0 x2 x3 . . . 0 

.
 ..
..
..
.. 
 .
.
. . . . . 

 0
0
0 . . . xn 
Bi 3: Xc nh cc s nguyn dng m, n, p sao cho a thc x3m + x3n+1 + x3p+2
chia ht cho a thc x2 x + 1.
Bi 4: Cho


A=

3
2
12

1
2
1
2


.

Hy tnh A100 v A7 .
Bi 5: Cho A l ma trn vung cp 2. Chng minh rng Ak = 0 khi v ch khi
A2 = 0.
Bi 6: K hiu M33 lkhng gian cc

A= 0
0

ma trn vung thc cp 3. Cho

0 0
2 0 ,
0 1
9

Xt php bin i tuyn tnh L : M33 M33 xc nh bi L(X) = 21 (AX

XA). Hy tnh nh thc ca L.
s 2:

Bi 1: Tnh nh thc cp n m phn t dng i ct j l |i j|.

Bi 2: Gi s P v Q l cc ma trn vung cp n tho mn cc iu kin sau:
P2 = P; Q2 = Q v I (P + Q) kh nghch. Chng minh rng P v Q c hng
bng nhau.
Bi 3: K hiu M33 l khng gian cc ma trn vung thc cp 3. Gi s
A M33 , detA = 32 v a thc ti tiu ca A l ( 4)( 2). Xt nh x
tuyn tnh LA : M33 M33 xc nh bi LA (X) = AX. Hy tnh vt ca ma
trn A.
Bi 4: K hiu M22 l khng gian cc ma trn vung thc cp 2. Cho




1 2
2 1
A=
,
B=
.
1 3
0 4
Xt php bin i tuyn tnh L : M22 M22 xc nh bi L(X) = AXB. Hy
tnh vt v nh thc ca L.
Bi 5: Cho m1 , m2 , . . . , mr l nhng s nguyn tng i mt phn bit, r 2.
Chng minh rng a thc
f (x) = (x m1 )(x m2 ) . . . (x mr ) 1
khng c nghim nguyn.
Bi 6: Chng minh rng vi mi ma trn A cp m n ta lun lun c bt ng
thc sau:
m

|At A| a2ik .
k=1 i=1

bi tp i s i cng
Bi 1 Cho R l mt vnh c n v 1. Gi s rng A1 , A2 , . . . , An l cc Ideal tri
L L L
ca R sao cho R = A1 A2 An (xem nh mt nhm cng). Chng minh
rng tn ti cc phn t ui Ai sao cho vi mi ai Ai , ai ui Ai v ai u j = 0
nu i 6= j.
Bi 2 Chng t rng nhm G ng cu vi nhm con (nhm cng) cc s hu
t nu v ch nu G m c v mi tp con hu hn ca G u cha trong
mt nhm con xyclic v hn ca G.
10

Li gii

1. Khng gian vector

Bi 1.1 Xt nh x tuyn tnh:
T : Mnn Mnn
B 7 AB BA.
Khi S = ker T l khng gian vector con ca khng gian cc ma trn Mnn .
rng, nu C l ma trn kh nghch th
AB = BA
khi v ch khi C1 ACC1 BC = C1 BCC1 AC. Nu D1 , . . . , Dn l cc ma trn
c lp tuyn tnh th C1 D1C, . . . ,C1 DnC cng c lp tuyn tnh. Do
n gin ta gi s A c dng Jordan, vi khi Jordan th i cp k l:

a 1 ... 0

.. ..

. .
.
Ai =

0
a 1
0
0 a
Khi Ai giao hon vi

b1 b2 . . . bk

... ...

Bi =
.
0
b1 b2
0
0 b1

Do A giao hon vi

B=

B1
...

.
Br

V trong B c n bin nn dimC(A) n.

Bi 1.2 Ta cn ch ra S c n2 1 vector c lp tuyn tnh. l cc ma trn:
Mi j = Mik Mk j Mk j Mik i 6= j (c n2 n phn t)
M11 M j j = Mi j M j1 M j1 Mi j j 6= 1 (c n 1 phn t), trong ma trn
Mi j l ma trn c phn t 1 v tr i j, cc v tr khc u bng 0. Do
dim S n2 1, mt khc S 6= Mnn nn dim S < n2 . Suy ra: dim S = n2 1.

11

Bi 1.3 Ly f , g S v r, s R. Khi ta c: v A, (r f + sg)(v) = f (rv) +

g(sv) A v f , g bt bin i vi A. Tng t ta cng c (r f + sg)(v) B. Vy
r f + sg S, hay S l khng gian vector con ca khng gian vector cc t ng
cu ca V. tnh s chiu ca S ta ch cn tnh s chiu ca khng gian cc
ma trn bt bin vi A v B. Gi A1 , B1 l khng gian vector con ca V sao cho
L
L
A = A B A1 , B = A B B1 . Khi dim(A B) = r = a + b n, dim A1 =
a r, dim B1 = b r. Ly {u1 , ..., uar } l c s ca A1 , {v1 , ..., vr } l c s
ca A B, {w1 , ..., wbr } l c s ca B1 , Mi t ng cu bt bin i vi
A, B th phi bt bin i vi A B. Do f (ui ) c biu th tuyn tnh qua
{u1 , ..., uar , v1 , ..., vr }, f (vi ) ch c th biu din tuyn tnh qua {v1 , ..., vr },
f (wi ) c biu din tuyn tnh qua {v1 , ..., vr , w1 , ..., wbr }. Suy ra ma trn ca
f c dng:
ar r br

a r M1
0
0
r M 2 M3 M4
br
0
0
M5
trong s phn t khc 0 nhiu nht l (a r)2 + rn + (b r)2 = a2 + b2 +
n2 (a + b)n. Vy dim S = a2 + b2 + n2 (a + b)n.
Bi 1.4 Gi s rng c:
a0 x + a1 T x + + ak T k x + + am1 T m1 x = 0.
Tc ng T m1 vo hai v ta c: a0 T m1 x = 0, suy ra a0 = 0. Bng quy np ta
c ak = 0, k = 0, m 1 suy ra iu phi chng minh
Bi 1.5 Gi P l ma trn chuyn t (ai ) sang (bi ). Khi I + 2P l ma trn
chuyn t (ai ) sang (ai + 2bi ). Ta c l gi tr ring ca I + 2P khi v ch khi
1
( 1) l gi tr ring ca P. Do (ai ) v (bi ) l cc c s trc chun nn P l
2
ma trn trc giao v cc gi tr ring ca P l 1, suy ra cc gi tr ring ca
I + 2P l 3, 1. Do 0 khng phi l gi tr ring ca I + 2P nn I + 2P kh
nghch v (ai + 2bi ) l c s. Hn na det P = (1) 1 vi , l bi ca cc
gi tr ring 1, 1 ca P. Do det(I + 2P) = (1) 3 . V det p > 0 nn l
s chn. Vy det(I + 2P) > 0, hay (ai ) v (ai + 2bi ) cng hng vi nhau.
Bi 1.6 a) Xt nh x tuyn tnh hn ch ca ln L ta c:
|L : L L,
ker |L = ker L. Do : dim (L) + dim(ker L) = dim L.
b) Suy ra t a) vi ch rng dim(ker L) dim ker .
12

c) t L = 1 Z v ch rng: L Z. T cu b) ta c: dim 1 Z
dim (1 Z) + dim ker dim Z + dim ker .
Mt khc: ker L nn t a) ta c:
dim (L) + dim ker = dim L (1).
Ta cng c: (L) = Z (V ) nn
dim (L) = dim(Z (V ))
= dim Z + dim (V ) dim(Z + (V ))
dim Z + dim (V ) dimW
= dim Z dim ker . (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 1.7 a) t L = Im v p dng bi tp 1.6.a ta c:
dim (L) + dim(ker L) = dim L
hay
dim Im(.) + dim(ker L) = dimV dim ker
dim ker + dim(ker L) = dimV dim Im(.) = dim ker(..
b) Suy ra t cu a) vi ch rng: ker L ker
c) Suy ra t lp lun chng minh ca cu a).
d) Suy ra t cu c) vi ch rng: ker Im ker .
Bi 1.8 S dng bi tp 1.7 cu c) ta c:
rank(PQR) = rank(PQ) dim(ker(PQ) Im R)
rank(QR) = rank Q dim(ker Q Im R)
Suy ra:
rank(PQ) + rank(QR) = rank(PQR) + rank Q + dim(ker Q Im R)
dim(ker(PQ) Im R)
rank(PQR) + rank Q
Bi 1.9 Xt nh x tuyn tnh: F : V /T 1 X W /X c cho bi: F(x) = T (x).
Khi F l n nh. Tht vy, nu F(y) = 0 th T (y) X do y T 1 X hay
y = 0. T suy ra:
dim(V /T 1 X ) dim(W /X )
13

hay
dimV dim T 1 X dimW dim X.
Vy
dim T 1 X dimV dimW + dim X.

2. Dng chnh tc
Bi 2.2 Do A c n gi tr ring phn bit nn A cho ha c, tc l tn ti ma
trn C kh nghch sao cho C1 AC = P l ma trn cho. Khi , ma trn B giao
hon c vi A khi v ch khi ma trn Q = C1 BC giao hon c vi P. Gi
s:

1 0 0
0 2 0

P=

0 0 n
trong i l cc gi tr thc khc nhau tng i mt. Bng cch th trc tip
ta c: Q giao hon c vi P khi v ch khi Q c dng:

1 0 0
0 2 0

Q=


0 0 n
trong i l cc gi tr thc no . By gi ta cn tm cc s thc 0 , 1 , ..., n1
sao cho
Q = 0 I + 1 P + + n1 Pn1
iu ny thc hin c nh vic gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh:

x0 + 1 x1 + + n1

1 xn1 = 1

x + x + + n1 x
0
2 1
n1 = 2
2

x0 + n x1 + + n1
n xn1 = n
T ta suy ra:
B = 0 I + 1 A + + n1 An1
14

(pcm).
Bi 2.3 Ta c a thc c trng ca A l:
A () = 2 3
1
. Do : A2 3I = 0 hay A2 = 3I, suy ra A kh nghch v A1 = A.
3
Bi 2.4 a) Tnh ton trc tip ta c det Ax = (x 1)3 (x + 3).
b) Nu x 6= 1, 3 th Ax kh nghch v a thc c trng ca Ax l:
(t) = (x t 1)3 (x t + 3).
Suy ra a thc ti tiu ca Ax l: m(t) = (x t 1)(x t + 3), do : ((x 1)I
Ax )((x + 3)I Ax ) = 0, khai trin ta c c: (x 1)(x + 3)I 2(x 1)Ax + A2x =
0. Nhn hai v vi A1
x v bin i ta c
1
A1
x = (x 1)1(x + 3) Ax2 .

Bi 2.6 (Gii vn tt) Chn A =

B cp 2 no m A = B2 .

01
00

th s khng c mt ma trn vung phc

Bi 2.8 Khng nh ng.

Gi s A tn ti, suy ra A c a thc ti tiu chia ht t 2 + 2t + 5 l a thc
bt kh qui trn R Vy mA (t) = t 2 + 2t + 5. V a thc c trng v a thc ti
tiu c cng nhn t bt kh qui nn
A (t) = mA (t)k
suy ra n = deg A (t) phi l s chn.
Ngc li, n chn, ta thy A0 =

0 5
1 2

l mt nghim ca phng trnh

n
= 0. Do ma trn khi gm khi A0 trn ng cho chnh l
2
ma trn tha mn yu cu ca bi.

t 2 + 2t + 5

hoa 3. Vector ring v gi tr ring

Bi 3.1
a) Do M l nghim ca a thc x3 1 nn a thc ti tiu ca M phi l c
ca x3 1. Mt khc, M c t nht mt gi tr ring thc, nn a thc ti tiu
15

c nhn t (x-1). V M 6= I nn a thc ti tiu ca M khng th l x 1. Do

a thc ti tiu ca M l m(x) = x3 1. Vy M c 1 gi tr ring 1
b) Mt ma trn c tnh cht nh vy l:

1
0
0

3
1
M = 0
2
2
0 23 12
Bi 3.2 Do An = 0 nn a thc ti tiu p(x) ca A phi l c ca xm . Suy ra
p(x) = xk , vi k n. Vy An = 0.
Bi 3.3 Do M p = I nn a thc ti tiu p(x) ca M phi l c ca
x p 1 = (x 1)(x p1 + . . . + 1)
Do M(x) 6= x vi mi x 6= 0 nn 1 khng l gi tr ring, suy ra p(x) l c ca
(x p1 + . . . + 1). Nhng (x p1 + . . . + 1) l a thc kh qui trn trng Q nn
p(x) = (x p1 + . . . + 1).
Mt khc, a thc c trng M v a thc ti tiu c chung nhn t bt kh
qui. Do M (x) = (p(x))k , k 1. Vy dimV = rank M = deg M = k(p 1).
(pcm)
Bi 3.5 a thc t trng l
(t) = t 3 ct 2 bt a.
Ta s chng t y l a thc ti tiu. Tht vy, chn x0 = (1, 0, 0), khi
x0 , Ax0 = (0, 1, 0), A2 x0 = (0, 0, 1) l c lp tuyn tnh. Gi s A l nghim ca
mt a thc bc 2, tc l k1 A2 + k2 A + k3 I = 0, suy ra k1 A2 x0 + k2 Ax0 + k3 x0 = 0
v ta c k1 = k2 = k3 = 0, iu ny l v l. Vy a thc ti tiu phi c bc 3,
hay (t) = t 3 ct 2 bt a.




Bi 3.6 a) Sai, chn hn A = 11 11 , B = 10 11 .
b) ng. Gi s 6= 0 l gi tr ring ng vi vector ring x ca AB. Khi
BA(Bx) = B(ABx) = Bx nn s l gi tr ring ca BA (v B(x) 6= 0). Nu
= 0 l mt gi tr ring ca AB th BA cng suy bin, do BA cng c gi
tr ring l 0.
Bi 3.7 a thc c trng ca A:
A (t) = t 2 (a + d)t + ad bc
16

c nghim
q
1
1
1
= (a + d (a d)2 + 4bc).
t1,2 = (a + d)
2
2
2
p
t = 12 (a + d + (a d)2 + 4bc) v v = (x, y) l vector ring ng vi x > 0.
Biu din hng t u tin ca Av ta c:

1
ax + by = (a + d + )x
2

2by = (d a + )x.

Do b > 0 v d a + > 0 nn y > 0. pcm

Bi 3.8 1) Gi () = |A E| l a thc t trng ca ma trn A. Gi P(t) l
a thc bc m v 1 , 2 , . . . m l cc nghim (thc hoc phc k c bi) ca
P(t). Ta c:
() = (1)n ( 1 )( 2 )...( n )
P(t) = c(t 1 )(t 2 )...(t m ).
Do
P(A) = c(A 1 E)(A 2 E)...(A m E),
m

|P(A)| = cn |A 1 E|.|A 2 E|...|A m E| = cn (i ).

i=1

Mt khc:
n
n

(i ) = (1) (i 1 )(i 2 )...(i n ) = ( j i )

j=1

V vy
m

|P(A)| =cn (i ) = cn ( j i )
i=1

i=1 j=1
n

= c ( j i ) = P( j ).
j=1 i=1

j=1

2) t p(t) = P(t) v p dng kt qu trn ta c:

|p(A)| = p(1 ).p(2 )...p(n )
hay
|P(A) E| = (1)n ( P(1 ))( P(2 ))...( P(n )).
17

Vy cc gi tr ring ca P(A) l P(1 ), P(2 ), . . . , P(n ).

4. Hng v nh thc
Bi 4.1 Trc ht ta chng minh: dim(ker At A) = dim ker A. R rng: ker A
ker At A, ngc li gi s v ker At A th At Av = 0, suy ra hAt Av, vi = hAv, Avi = 0
hay Av = 0, tc l v ker A. Do vy dim(ker At A) = dim ker A, t ta c
rank(At A) = rank A.
Bi 4.2 Ta c:
rank P = rank P(I P Q) = rank PQ
rank Q = rank(I P Q)Q = rank PQ
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 4.3 a) Ma trn con c c bng cch b dng 1, ct n c hng bng (n 1).
b) Gi s l gi tr ring ca A tc l det(A I) = 0. Theo cu a)
rank(A I) = n 1 nn dim ker(A I) = 1, suy ra khng gian con ring ng
vi gi tr ring l mt chiu. Do A l ma trn i xng nn A c n gi tr
ring k c bi. Vy A c n gi tr ring khc nhau.
Bi 4.4 a) Ta c det(A I) = (1)n n + ... + ci (1)i i + ... + cn trong cn =
det A (ai j nguyn nn ci nguyn). Nu k l gi tr ring nn
(1)n kn + ... + ci (1)i ki + ... + det A = 0
suy ra k l c ca det A.
b) Ly x = (1, ..., 1) ta c Ax = mx nn m l gi tr ring ca A. Theo cu a)
ta c m l c ca det A.
Bi 4.5 a) Ta c: det A = (ai a j ), do A kh nghch khi v ch khi cc ai
i> j

khc nhau tng i mt.

b) Gi s f = c0 + c1 x + + cn xn l mt a thc bc n h s phc sao cho
f (ai ) = bi , ta c h phng trnh n l ci , i = 0, n

c0 + c1 a1 + + cn an1 = b1

c + c a + + c an = b
n 2
0
1 2
2

c0 + c1 an + + cn ann = bn
18

h phng trnh trn c nh thc Crame khc 0 nn c nghim duy nht. Vy

tn ti duy nht a thc f bc n vi h s phc sao cho f (ai ) = bi .
Bi 4.6 Xt hm f (t) = (1,t,t 2 ) th
khc nhau tng i mt th

1
1
det
1
1

f l hm lin tc. Khi nu ti , i = 1, 2, 3

t1
t2
t3
t3

t12
t22
6= 0.
t32
t12

Bi 4.8 Xt cc nh x tuyn tnh

LA (X) = AX
LB (X) = XB.
Ma trn ca LA v LB ln lc l:

=1 0 2
0
1 0
MA =
1 0 3
0 1 0

0
2

2
1
MB =

0
0
3
0

0
4
0
0

0
0
2
1

0
0
.
0
4

Suy ra det L = det LA . det LB = 26 .52 , Tr(L) = Tr(MA .MB ) = 24

Bi 4.9 Ly X = (xi j ), ta c:
x11 32 x12
L(X) = 32 x21 2x22
x31 32 x32

x13
3

2 x23 .
x33

3
81
D thy mi ma trn Mi j u l vector ring ca L. Suy ra det L = 2.( )4 = .
2
8
Bi 4.12 Trng hp m > n. Ta vit T = T1 T2 , trong T2 : Mnm Mnn
c xc nh bi: T2 (X) = XB v T1 : Mnn Mmn c cho bi: T1 (Y ) =
AY . V dim Mnm = nm > n2 = dim Mnn nn T2 khng n nh, suy ra T cng
khng n nh hay T khng kh nghch.
Trng hp m < n xt tng t.
Bi 4.13 Gi v1 , v2 , . . . , vn+1 l cc vector c to l ct u tin ca cc ma
trn A1 , A2 , . . . , An+1 tng ng. Khi n + 1 vector ny ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Do tn ti n + 1 s thc x1 , x2 , . . . , xn+1 khng ng thi bng 0 sao cho
x1 v1 + x2 v2 + + vn+1 xn+1 = 0.
19

Lc ma trn x1 A1 + x2 A2 + + xn+1 An+1 c ct u tin bng 0 nn ma trn

x1 A1 + x2 A2 + + xn+1 An+1 suy bin.
Bi 4.14 Do A l ma trn cp n c hng r nn tn ti cc ma trn kh nghch
P, Q sao cho A = PIn,r Q vi In,r l ma trn c dng:


Ir 0
In,r =
,
0 0
(tc l ma trn c r phn t u tin trn ng cho chnh bng 1 cc phn
t cn li bng 0). Ta c nhn xt sau: k ma trn X1 , . . . , Xk c lp khi v ch
khi cc ma trn QX1 , . . . , QXk c lp tuyn tnh (do Q l ma trn kh nghch).
Phng trnh AX = 0 tng ng vi In,r QX = 0, nn t nhn xt trn tm
s nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca phng trnh AX = 0 ta ch cn i tm s
nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca phng trnh In,rY = 0. Ma trn Y tho phng
trnh In,rY = 0 phi c dng sau:

Y=

r
nr

r
0
Y1

nr

0
Y2

Suy ra s nghim c lp tuyn tnh ca phng trnh AX = 0 l n(n r).

Bi 4.15 Xem A l t ng cu tuyn tnh ca Rn . iu cn chng minh rank(A
E) + rank(A + E) = n tng ng vi dim(ker(A E)) + dim(ker(A + E)) = n.
Tht vy, vi mi x Rn ta c
1
1
x = (x + Ax) + (x Ax)
2
2
1
1
(x + Ax) ker(A E) v (x Ax) ker(A + E).
2
2
Mt khc ker(A + E) ker(A E) = {0} nn

trong

Rn = ker(A + E)

ker(A E),

suy ra dim(ker(A E)) + dim(ker(A + E)) = n (pcm).

Bi 4.16 Ta vit
A2 + E = (A + iE)(A iE) = (A + iE)(A + iE).
Suy ra
det(A2 + E) = det(A + iE) det((A + iE))
= det(A + iE)det(A + iE) = | det(A + iE)|2 0.
20

Vy det(A2 + E) 0 ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a thc c trng ca A

nhn i lm nghim.
Bi 4.17 T gi thit ta c p(x) c hai nghim phc lin hp v , do
p(x) = (x )(x ),
p(A) = (A E)(A E) = (A E)(A E).
Suy ra
det p(A) = | det(A E)|2 0.
Bi 4.18 Do f (x) 0 x R v h s dn u bng 1 nn f (x) l tch ca cc
tam thc bc hai c dng x2 + ax + b khng m vi mi x. Theo bi 4.17 ta c
pcm.
Bi 4.19 Ta c (AAt + E) l ma trn i xng nn n l ma trn ca mt dng
ton phng. Hn na, dng ton phng ny xc nh dng. Tht vy, vi
mi x Rn ta c
h(AAt + E)x, xi = hAAt x, xi + hx, xi = hAx, Axi + hx, xi > 0.
Do cc gi tr ring ca A u dng, v vy nh thc ca A bng tch cc
gi tr ring ca A cng dng.
Bi 4.20 Gii tng t nh bi 4.19

Bi tp b sung
Bi 1 Cho A l ma trn vung cp n, gi B v C l cc ma trn to bi k ct u
v n k ct cui tng ng ca ma trn A. MCR, det(A)2 det(Bt B) det(At A).
Bi 4: Cho E l khng gian vector hu hn chiu v A Aut(E). Chng t cc
iu kin sau l tng ng:
(i) A = I + N, trong N l t ng cu lu linh.
(ii) Tn ti mt c s ca E sao cho ma trn ca t ng cu A i vi c
s c mi phn t nm trn ng cho chnh bng 1 cn mi phn t nm
ngoi ng cho chnh u bng 0.
(iii) Tt c cc nghim ca a thc c trng ca t ng cu A (trong trng
ng i s) u bng 1.

21

Bi 6: Cho E l khng gian vector hu hn chiu trn trng phc. A Aut(E).

Chng t rng t ng cu A c th phn tch di dng tng:
A = S + N,
trong S cho ho c, N lu linh v SN = NS. Chng t rng S v N c
th biu din di dng cc a thc theo A.
s

Hng dn: Gi s PA (t) = (t ti )mi , Ei l ht nhn ca

i=1

(A ti I)mi . Th th E l tng trc tip ca cc Ei . Xc nh S trn E sao cho

Sv = ti vi , t N = A S. Xt a thc g(t) = ti gi (t), trong gi (t) c chn
sao cho thnh phn ca Av trong Ei bng gi (t)vi . Khi S = g(A).
Bi 7 Cho A, B l cc ma trn vung cp n, tho mn iu kin: AB = BA = 0
v Im A ker A = {0}, Im B ker B = {0}. Chng minh rng: rank(A + B) =
rank(A) + rank(B).
Hng dn Ta c rank(A + B) rank(A) + rank(B). Gi s e1 , e2 , . . . , ek v
u1 , u2 , . . . , us l cc c s ca Im(A) v Im(B) tng ng. Ta chng minh h
vector e1 , e2 , . . . , ek , u1 , u2 , . . . , us c lp tuyn tnh trong Im(A + B). Tht vy,
gi s i ei + j u j = 0, ta suy ra i Aei + j Au j = 0. T git thuyt AB = 0
ta c Im(B) ker(A), do ta suy ra i Aei = 0, hay A( i ei ) = 0. T ta
c i ei = 0. Vy i = 0. Tng t ta cng c j = 0. Tm li ta c h vector
e1 , e2 , . . . , ek , u1 , u2 , . . . , us l c s ca Im(A + B).
Vy rank(A + B) = rank(A) + rank(B).
Bi 8: Cho A1 , A2 , . . . , Am l cc ma trn vung i xng cp n tho mn iu
kin Ai A j = 0, i 6= j. Chng minh rng:
rank(A1 ) + rank(A2 ) + + rank(Am ) n.
Bi 9 Cho f , g l cc t ng cu tuyn tnh ca khng gian vector V n-chiu
tho mn iu kin f g = g f , f lu linh v rank( f g) = rank( f ). Chng
minh cc khng nh sau:
a) Im( f ) ker(g f ) = {0},
b) Im( f ) ker(g2 f ) = {0},
c) T suy ra f = 0.
Bi 9 Cho f l mt ng cu tuyn tnh ca khng gian vector V n-chiu. Gi
L
s V = L N, dim(N) = m, 0 < m < n. Chng minh rng tn ti s nguyn
L
k, (k n2m ) sao cho V = f k (L) N.

22

Bi 10 Cho l mt t ng cu tuyn tnh ca khng gian vector hu hn

chiu V .
a) Gi s a thc ti tiu ca c phn tch p(t) = h(t)g(t), trong h, g
L
l cc a thc nguyn t cng nhau. Chng minh rng: V = L1 L2 , vi
L1 = ker(h()), L2 = ker(g()).
b) Gi s a thc ti tiu ca c phn tch p(t) = h1 (t) . . . hk (t), trong
hi (t), 1 i k l cc a thc i mt nguyn t cng nhau. Chng minh rng:
V=

k
M

Li ,

i=1

vi Li = ker(hi ()), 1 i k.
Hng dn a) Do h(t) v g(t) l hai a thc nguyn t cng nhau nn tn ti
cc a thc u(t) v v(t) sao cho 1 = h(t)u(t) + g(t)v(t). Khi mi vector
x u c phn tch duy nht thnh x = h()u()(x) + g()v()(x) trong
h()u()(x) L2 v g()v()(x) L1 .
Bi 11 Chng minh rng nu v l cc php bin i i xng, trong
xc nh dng, th cc gi tr ring ca u thc v cho ho c.
Hint Do xc nh dng nn tn ti php bin i to cng a v v
dng cho. T ta c kt lun.
Bi 12 (Problem in net)
I have the following PROBLEM IN LINEAR ALGEBRA, I do not know the
answer. Assume that d and n are natural numbers and define f : Rd R by
d

f (x) = ( cos2 (xl )) 1/n,

l=1

where x = (x1 , ..., xd ). Hence xl is the lth component of the vector x. Prove or
disprove the following CONJECTURE: For any given x1 , ..., xn Rd the (n, n)matrix A given by
ai j = f (xi x j )
is positive semidefinite, i.e., the eigenvalues are nonnegative. (Comment: I know
that this is true for n 2d . So the interesting case would be n < 2d .)
Bi 13 Cho A, B l hai ma trn c tnh cht A2 = A, B2 = B. Chng minh rng
A ng dng vi B khi v ch khi rank(A) = rank(B).

23

Bi 14 Cho A v B l hai ma trn thc cp n tho mn iu kin tn ti ma trn

phc V sao cho A = V BV 1 . Chng minh rng tn ti mt ma trn thc U sao
cho A = UBU 1 .
Bi 15 Cho A l ma trn vung cp n tho mn iu kin A2 = A. Hy tnh a
thc c trng ca A.
Bi 16 Cho A, B l 2 ma trn vung thc cp n, gi s det(A + B) v det(A B)
khc khng. Chng minh rng ma trn


A B
M=
B A
kh nghch.
Bi 17 Cho A l ma trn thc cp n m. Chng minh rng tn ti ma trn thc
B cp n sao cho AAt = B2004
Bi 18 Cho phng trnh AX = B, trong A l hai ma trn cho trc cp n, X
l n (X l ma trn cp n). Chng minh rng phng trnh trn c nghim khi
v ch khi rank(A) = rank(A|B), trong (A|B) l ma trn cp n 2n c c
bng cch ghp ma trn B vo bn phi ma trn A.
Bi 19 Cho A l ma trn cp n tho A2 = A. Chng minh rng phng trnh
AX XA = 0 c nghim, cn v l: tn ti ma trn X0 sao cho X = AX0 +
X0 A X0 .
Bi 20 Cho f l a thc h s thc c bc n > 0 v p0 , p1 , p2 , . . . , pn l cc
a thc h s thc v c bc dng. CMR, tn ti cc s thc a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . , an
n

khng ng thi bng khng sao cho a thc Q(x) = ai (pi (x))i chia ht cho
i=0

f.
Bi 21 Cho A v B l hai ma trn lu linh, AB = BA. CMR
a) I A kh nghch v A + B l ma trn lu linh.
b) det(I + A) = 1.
c) I + A + B kh nghch.
Bi 22 Cho N l ma trn (phc) lu linh v r l mt s nguyn dng. Chng
minh rng tn ti ma trn phc A sao cho Ar = I + N.


A B
Bi 23 Cho A, B,C, D l cc ma trn cp n, AC = CA. t M =
. Chng
C D
minh rng det(M) = det(AD BC).
24



I 0
A B
Hint Gi s A kh nghch, ta phn tch: M =
, vi Y = D
X I
0 Y
CA1 B. Nu A tu th thay A bi A I v p dng lp lun trn.
Bi 24 Cho khng gian vector E v E = M N, gi p l php chiu ln M theo
phng N. Cho u l ton t tuyn tnh ca E. Chng minh rng:
a) M l khng gian con bt bin ca u nu v ch nu pup = up.
b) M v N u bt bin qua u khi v ch khi pu = up.
Bi 25 Nu u l ton t tuyn tnh vi trn khng gian vector hu hn chiu v
nu u giao hon vi mi php chiu c hng 1, th u = I.
Bi 26 Cho u l ton t tuyn tnh trn khng gian vector hu hn chiu. CMR
a) Nu u cho ho c v tn ti n N sao cho um+1 = um , nu v ch nu
u l php chiu.
b) Nu u cho ho c v um = I vi mt gi tr m N , th u2 = I.
Bi 27 Cho u l ton t trn khng gian
vi mt c s no c dng:

0
0
0
0

.
.
M=
.
.

0 n1
n
0

vector phc n-chiu. Ma trn ca u i

.
.
.
.
.
.

. 0 1
. 2 0

. .
.

. .
.

. 0 0
. 0 0

CMR, u cho ho c khi v ch khi vi mi k {1, 2, . . . , n}, nu k = 0, th

n+1k = 0. Tm a thc ti tiu ca u2 .
Bi 28 Cho u v v l cc ton t cho ho c ca khng gian vector hu hn
chiu E. CMR, tn ti ng cu tuyn tnh f ca E sao cho f u = v f khi v
chi khi u v v c tp cc gi tr ring trng nhau v cc khng gian ring ng
vi tng gi tr ring ca u v v c cng s chiu.
Bi 29 Cho u v v l cc ton t cho ho c trn khng gian vector E n-chiu.
CMR, cc khng nh sau l tng ng.
a) uv = vu.
b) Tn ti mt c s ca E gm ton cc vector ring ca u v v.
c) Tn ti mt ton t w cho ho c ca E v cc a thc f , g R[x], h
R[x, y] sao cho u = f (w), v = g(w), w = h(u, v).
T suy ra, mt ton t trn E giao hon c vi u v v khi v ch khi n
giao hon c vi w.
25

Bi 30 Cho u1 , u2 , . . . , um l cc ton t cho ho c ca khng gian vector E

n-chiu. CMR, cc khng nh sau l tng ng:
a) ui u j = u j ui vi mi i, j [1, m].
b) Tn ti mt c s ca E gm ton cc vector ring ca ui .
c) Tn ti ton t w cho ho c ca E v cc a thc f1 , f2 , . . . , fm
R[X], h R[X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm ] sao cho fi (w) = ui , 1 i m v h(u1 , u2 , . . . , um ) = w.
Bi 31 Chng minh tnh cht sau ca nh thc Gram
G(a1 , a2 , . . . , ak , b1 , . . . , bk ) G(a1 , . . . , ak )G(b1 , . . . , bl ).
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
hai , b j i = 0 (i = 1, . . . , k; j = 1, . . . , l)
hoc mt trong hai h vector {a1 , . . . , ak }; {b1 , . . . , bl } l ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Hng dn Trc giao ha h vector {a1 , ..., ak , b1 , ..., kl } thnh h vector trc
giao {1 , ..., k , 1 , ..., l } v {b1 , ..., bl } thnh {1 , ..., l }.
Gi Li = ha1 , ..., ak , b1 , ..., bk1 i v Ni l phn b trc giao ca Li trong V. Ta
c
V = Li

Ni .

Qu trnh trc giao ha ta c

bi = yi + i ,
i1

vi yi = j hb1 , ..., bi1 i v yi i .

j=1

Mt khc, ta c phn tch

i = y0i + zi ,
vi y0i Li , xi Ni .
Hn na, ta c bi = i + xi , vi xi Li v i trc giao vi Li nn i Ni .
Vy ta c 2 biu din bi = xi + i v bi = (y0i + yi ) + zi . Suy ra i = zi v do
ki k = kzi k ki k.
Ta li c
Gr(a1 , ..., ak , b1 , ..., bl ) = h1 , 1 i ... hk , k i h1 , 1 i ... hl , l i
=Gr(a1 , ..., ak ). h1 , 1 i ... hl , l i
Gr(a1 , ..., ak ). h1 , 1 i ... hl , l i
=Gr(a1 , ..., ak ).Gr(1 , ..., l ) = Gr(a1 , ..., ak ).Gr(b1 , ..., bl )

26

Bi 32 Cho A l ma trn i xng thc cp n vi cc nh thc con chnh u

khng m, A1 l mt ma trn con cp k (k < n) gc trn tri ca ma trn A
v A2 l ma trn con cp k n gc di phi ca ma trn A. CMR,
det(A) det(A1 ) det(A2 ).
Bi 33 Cho V l khng gian vector n chiu v W l mt khng gian con m chiu
ca V , (m < n). CMR, tn ti mt c s ca V khng cha mt vector no ca
W.
Hint Gi {v1 , . . . , vm } l c s ca W v {u1 , . . . , unm } l c s ca phn b
tuyn tnh ca W trong V. Khi c s {v1 + u1 , . . . , vm + u1 , u1 , . . . , unm } chnh
l c s cn tm.

27

11th Vietnamese Mathematics Olympiad for College Students 2003

A1. A is the 4 4 matrix a11 = a22 = a33 = a44 = a, a12 = a21 = a34 = a43 =
b, a23 = a32 = 1, other entries 0, where a, b are real with a > |b| . Show that
the eigenvalues of A are positive reals.

A2. B is the 3 3 matrix with b11 = a, b22 = d, b33 = q, b12 = b , b13 = c , b21 =

b , b23 = p , b31 = c , b32 = p , where a, b, c, d, p, q are reals and , , are nonzero reals. Show that B has real eigenvalues.
A3. Dk is the k k matrix with 0s down the main diagonal, 1s for all other entries
in the first row and first column, and x for all other entries. Find det D2 +det D3 +
+ det Dn .
A4. In denotes the n n unit matrix (so I11 = I22 = . . . = Inn = 1, other entries
0). P and Q are n n matrices such that PQ = QP and Pr = Qs = 0 for some
positive integers r, s. Show that In + (P + Q) and In (P + Q) are inverses.
A5. A is a square matrix such that A2003 = 0. Show that rank(A) = rank(A +
A2 + + An ) for all n.
A6. A is the 4 4 matrix with a11 = 1 + x1 , a22 = 1 + x2 , a33 = 1 + x3 , a4 = 1 + x4 ,
and all other entries 1, where xi are the roots of x4 x + 1. Find det(A).
A7. p(x) is a polynomial of order n > 1 with real coefficients and m real roots.
Show that (x2 + 1)p(x) + p0 (x) has at least m real roots.

28