INELECT

POWER SUPPLY - SMPS

Engr. Francis A. Malabanan
ECE, Instructor

FIRST ASIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITIES

Power Supply

Linear or
Switching
regulator

FIRST ASIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITIES

What is a Switching
Regulator?
Switching
Regulator

Converts an input voltage into desire output voltage.

The power transistor operates as a switch, completely on or

off.

An energy storage part (inductor) is used in the architecture

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Choosing Between Linear and

Switching Regulators
When

possible, most designers would prefer to

use a linear voltage regulator rather than a
switching voltage regulator

Linear

regulators are usually lower in price

Linear

regulators are usually simpler to

implement

Linear

regulators do not have associated

noise/ripple problems apparent in switching
regulators
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Choosing Between Linear and

Switching Regulators

When to use a switching regulator #1:

When the minimum input voltage is at
or below the desired output voltage

Linear regulators cannot provide an

output voltage greater than the input
voltage

VIN < VOUT

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Choosing Between Linear and

Switching Regulators
When

to use a switching regulator #2:

The heatsinking of a linear regulator is

prohibitive in price or space
Under

most situations, linear regulators

have a much lower efficiency than
switching regulators. Low efficiency
means a lot of power can be lost as heat.
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Why are switching regulators

needed?

The desired output voltage is greater than the input

voltage
Linear regulators cannot provide an output voltage greater

than the input voltage

1.5 V
Power Supply
Battery

5V
Required

The desired output voltage is opposite polarity than the input

voltage
Linear regulators cannot invert an input voltage

12 V
Battery

Power Supply

-12 V
Required

Types of Switching Regulators AC-DC,

AC-AC, DC-AC, and DC-DC Converters
AC-AC

AC-DC

110 Vac

110 Vac

t
220
Vac

12 Vdc

12 Vdc

110 Vac

12 Vdc

DC-DC

DC-AC

5 Vdc

Types of DC-DC Converters

Step Down, Step Up and Inverting
V

Vin = 12 V

Step Down
Buck

t
V

Step Up
Boost

Vin = 5 V

V Vout = 12 V

t
V

t
Inverting
Buck-Boost

Vin = 5V

Vout = 5 V

V
Vout = -10 V

Basic Circuit
Configuration
Buck
VIN > VOUT

Boost
VIN < VOUT

VIN
VGATE
VM

Buck-Boost
VIN < -VOUT < VIN

VIN

VIN

ISW
IL

VOUT

L
C

L
VM
VGATE

ISW

VGATE

IL

VOUT

VOUT
C

ISW

VM
L

IL

All topologies consists of the same basic

components but are arranged differently

Buck Configuration
VIN

VIN

VOUT

ISW

20V

VGATE

15V

10V
7.5V

IL

VOUT

10V

VM

5V
0V

time

L
C

5V
2.5V
0V

time

The input voltage is always greater than

the output voltage

Boost Configuration
VIN
20V
15V

10V

VM
VGATE

5V
0V

VOUT

VIN

time

24V
20V

IL
VOUT
C

ISW

15V
10V
5V
0V

time

The input voltage is always less than the

output voltage

Buck-Boost
Configuration
VIN

VIN
20V

VOUT
0V

ISW

VGATE

VOUT

15V

VM

10V

5V
0V

time

IL

-5V
-10V
-15V
-20V

The input voltage is always not

constrained by the output voltage

time

How a Switching Regulator

Works
VIN

VOUT

50%
Duty
Cycle
Controller

Voltag
e
OK
Output
Monitor

5V

Filter
Network

Switching
Regulator

time

VOUT

How a Switching Regulator

Works
VIN

VOUT

50%
Duty
Cycle
Controller

Voltag
e
OK
Output
Monitor

5V

Filter
Network

Voltage Regulator

time

VOUT

How a Switching Regulator

Works
VIN

VOUT

50%
Duty
Cycle
Controller

Voltag
e
OK
Output
Monitor

5V

Filter
Network

Voltage Regulator

time

VOUT

How a Switching Regulator

Works
VIN 1V

VOUT

60%
Duty
Cycle
Controller

Voltag
e
Low
Output
Monitor

5V

Filter
Network

Voltage Regulator

time

VOUT

How a Switching Regulator

Works
VIN

VOUT

50%
Duty
Cycle
Controller

Voltag
e
Ok
Output
Monitor

5V

Filter
Network

Switching
Regulator

time

VOUT

Switching Power Supply Block

Diagram
Switching Power Supply
VIN

Network

Switch

Network

PWM
Controller

Error
Amplifier

VOUT

External Network

An external network (consisting of an inductor,

capacitor, and diode) transforms the energy from
the PWM controlled power switch into a desired
output voltage
Switch

VIN

VIN = 12 V

Network

VOUT

VOUT = 5 V

PWM Controller

In a switching voltage regulator, the pass

transistor is used as a switch - it is either on or
off
The output voltage, however, is an analog value
PWM controller senses error in VOUT via the error
amplifier
PWM controller updates the duty cycle (D) of the
of transistor adjusting the output voltage

VOUT

Error
Amplifier

PWM
Controller

0-100%

The Buck Converter

(step down)

Neglecting circuit losses, the average

voltage at the input side of the inductor is
VinD, while Vo is the output side voltage.

D is the transistor switch duty cycle

Output voltage regulation is provided by

varying the duty cycle of the switch.

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The Buck Converter

(Step down)
Operation
When the transistor is turned on, the input

voltage is applied to inductor L1 and power is

delivered to the output. Inductor current also
builds up according to Faradays law.
When the transistor is turned off, the voltage
across the inductor reverses and freewheel
diode becomes forward biased. This allows the
energy stored in the inductor to be delivered
to the output. This continuous current is then
smoothed by output capacitor Cout
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Step Down Switching Regulator

Steady State Operation
VIN

VGATE goes high

ISW
VGATE

VM ~ VIN

VGATE
t
VM

VL = VM VOUT

IL
VM
VF
+

+ VL COUT

VOUT
RLOAD

-VF
ISW

t
IL
t
VOUT
t

Step Down Switching Regulator

Steady State Operation
VIN
ISW
VGATE

VL Constant
dIL VL
=
Constant
dt
L

IL
VM
VF
+

IL and ISW
increase

+ VL COUT

VOUT
RLOAD

VGATE
t
VM
t

-VF
ISW

t
IL
VOUT

COUT is charged by
t
IL
and
VOUT increases

Step Down Switching Regulator

Steady State Operation
VIN
ISW

VGATE = 0V

VGATE

The pass transistor

is turned off

t
VM

ISW = 0A

VGATE

IL
VM

VF
+

+ VL COUT

VOUT
RLOAD

-VF
ISW

VM goes negative
VL = VM VOUT
t
dIL VL
=
< 0 A/s
dt
L
t

IL
VOUT

IL cannot go to
0A instantly: t
dIL VL
=
dt
L

Step Down Switching Regulator

Steady State Operation
VIN
ISW
VGATE
VM =
-VF

But, VM is clamped
to -VF
and IL decays

t
VM

through the diode

IL
+ VL -

VF

VGATE

COUT

VOUT
RLOAD

-VF
ISW

t
IL
VOUT

COUT stabilizes
the output t
voltage
so VOUT will only
t
slowly decay

Step Down Switching Regulator

Steady State Operation
VIN
ISW
VGATE
VM =
-VF

The MOSFET is
turned on and off
to repeat
the sequence

IL
+ VL -

VF
+

COUT

VOUT
RLOAD

VGATE
t
VM
t

-VF
ISW

t
IL
t
VOUT
t

VOUT Increases with D

VOUT = DVIN
VIN

VGATE

ISW
VGATE
SIN
VM
SGND

IL
+ VL COUT

VL

VOUT
RLOAD

VIN - VOUT
-VOUT

VOUT
t

VOUT Decreases with D

VOUT = DVIN
VIN

VGATE

ISW
VGATE
SIN
VM
SGND

IL
+ VL COUT

VL

VOUT
RLOAD

VIN - VOUT
-VOUT

VOUT
t

The Boost Converter

(step up)
Operation

of another fundamental
regulator, the boost is more complex
than the buck.

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The Boost Converter

(step up)
Operation
When the switch is on, diode D1 is reverse biased,

and Vin is applied across inductor, L1. Current

builds up in the inductor to a peak value, either
from zero current in a discontinuous mode, or an
initial value in the continuous mode.
When the switch turns off, the voltage across L1
reverses, causing the voltage at the diode to rise
above the input voltage. The diode then conducts
the energy stored in the inductor, plus energy direct
from the supply to the smoothing capacitor and
load. Hence, Vo is always greater than Vin, making
this a step up converter.
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The Boost Converter

(step up)

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The Boost Converter

(step up)
boost

dc equation

D is the transistor switch duty cycle

The boost is a step-up type, where the output

voltage is greater than the input.

Output voltage regulation is provided by
varying the duty cycle of the switch

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The Buck-Boost Regulator

(Non-isolated Flyback)

The flyback only delivers stored inductor

energy during the switch off-time. The
flyback is actually based on a combined
topology of the previous two

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The Buck-Boost Regulator

(Non-isolated Flyback)
Operation
When the switch is on, the diode is

reverse biased and the input is

connected across the inductor, which
stores energy as previously explained.
At turn-off, the inductor voltage reverses
and the stored energy is then passed to
the capacitor and load through the
forward biased rectifier diode.
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The Buck-Boost Regulator

(Non-isolated Flyback)
Observation

shows that the value of

the switch duty ratio, D can be
selected such that the output
voltage can either be higher or lower
than the input voltage.

This

gives the converter the

flexibility to either step up or step
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Selection of the power

semiconductors
Bipolar
Base

Collector

MOSFET

Drain

Gate

Emitter

Source

Switch Speed

Slow

Fast

Drive Method

Current

Voltage

Drive Circuit
ESD
Robustness

Complex
High

Simple
Low

Selection of the power

semiconductors
The

Power Transistor

Bipolar transistor
limited to use at frequencies up to 30kHz, due to
switching loss.
it has very low on-state losses and is a relatively
cheap device, making it the most suitable for lower
frequency applications
MOSFET
high frequency operation because of its very fast
switching speeds, resulting in low (frequency
dependent) switching losses.
The on-state losses of the MOSFET are far higher than
the Bipolar
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Selection of the power

semiconductors
Rectifiers
Schottky
For very low output voltages below 10V it is necessary
to have an extremely low rectifier forward voltage drop,
VF,
They have very low VF values (typically 0.5V).
Fast recovery epitaxial diode (FRED)
For higher voltage outputs the most suitable rectifier is
the fast recovery epitaxial diode (FRED).
This device has been optimized for use in high
frequency rectification.
Its characteristics include low VF (approx. 1V) with very
fast and efficient switching characteristics.
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Inductor Technology

There are a number of inductor

technologies to choose from

Drum core
Flat coil
Toroid
Bead
Wirewound
Planar

In addition to inductance and saturation

current, the inductor technology will also

THANK YOU!

Prepared by:
Engr. Francis A. Malabanan
ECE, Instructor
First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities

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