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Pipeflow Problems
Pipeflow Problems
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransAlaska_Pipeline_System
800 miles from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez!
Single 48 inch diameter pipe (1.22m)
11 pump stations with 4 pumps each
Oil emerges at 180F and travels at 120F
15 billion barrels of oil has been pumped
Definitions
Volume flow rate (Q) = volume of fluid flowing past a section
per unit time (m3/s)
Weight flow rate (W) = weight of fluid flowing past a section
per unit time
Mass of flow rate (M) = mass of fluid flowing past a section per
unit time
Q = A*v ; where A is the area and v is the velocity. (m3/s)
W = Q*; where Q is the flow rate and is the specific weight.
(m3/s * N/ m3 = N/s)
M = Q*; where Q is the flow rate, and is the density.
( = kg/ m3 * m3/s = kg/s)
Or
M1 = M2
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Or
1*A1*v1 = 2*A2*v2
A1*v1 = A2*v2
Or
Q 1 = Q2
V2
Volume flow rate - Q
Weight flow rate - W
Mass flow rate - M
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A = D2/4
A1 = 0.001963 m2
A2 = 0.007854 m2
To find V2,
A1*V1 = A2*V2
Or V2 = (A1*V1)/A2 = (0.001963*8)/ 0.007854
= 2.0 m/s
Volume flow rate = Q1 = A1*V1
= Q = 0.0157 m3/s
Weight flow rate = Q*
= 0.0157 m3/s * 9.59kN/m3
= W = 0.151 kN/s
Mass Flow rate =
= 0.0157 m3/s * 978 kg/m3
M = 15.36 kg/s
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E = wp/ + wz + wv2/2g
***Principle of conservation of energy
If no energy is added or removed, the total energy at two
points is equal
E1 = E2
Substituting and dividing by w on both sides
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Problem 6.9
Fluid water at 10C; = 9.81 kN/m3
Flow from Section 1 Section 2
Section 1:
D1 = 25 mm
p1 = 345 kPa
v1 = 3.0 m/s
Section 2:
D2 = 50 mm
Z2-z1 = 2.0 m (pt. 2 is 2m above pt.1)
g = 9.81 m/s2
v2 = ???
Compute p2.?????????
How will we solve this????? What are the steps????
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p2/ = 33.59
p2 = 33.59*9.81 = 329.6 kPa
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Key Observations:
When fluid is exposed to atmosphere, the pressure is zero
(gage pressure), and the pressure head term can be
cancelled [e.g., points A and F]
Velocity head at the surface of a tank or reservoir is
considered to be zero and can be cancelled. [e.g., at point
A]
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When two points are inside a pipe of the same diameter, the
velocity head terms for the two points cancel each other.
[e.g., points B, C, D]
When the two points are the same elevation, the elevation
head terms can be cancelled [e.g., points A, B, D].
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Problem 6.10:
First, lets calculate the volume flow rate Q for the problem
We will choose points A and F. what is known and unknown
about these points?
pA = 0 = pF
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vA = 0
( we assume a very large tank, so the velocity at A will be very
small and can be assumed as zero)
zA and zF are known.
Set up the equation Points A & F
vF = [(zA - zF)*2g]1/2
vF = [(3.0)*2*9.81]1/2
vF = 7.67 m/s
QF = AF * vF
QF = 3.77 x 10-3 m3/s
The same Q will apply at points B, C, D, E!
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vB = 3.77 x 10-3/0.001257
= 3.0 m/s
Therefore pressure at B
pB = [ (zA - zB) - vB2 / 2g]
pB = 9.81* [ 0 (3)2 / 2*9.81]
pB = -4.50 kPa
*** Hmmmmm pressure at B is negative!!!!!
A and B are at the same level in the fluid why arent the
pressures the same??????????
Didnt we learn that in the previous lecture????????
SO WHAT IS DIFFERENT HERE?????
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vC = Q/Ac
= ????
Pressure at C
pC = [ (zA - zC) vC2 / 2g]
pC = 9.81* [ -1.2 -0.459]
pC = -16.27 kPa
What about the pressure at D?????????????
Any guesses????????????????
And
WHY????
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pD =
Set up the equation Points A & E
vE = 3.0 m/s
pressure at E
pE = [ (zA - zE) vE2 / 2g]
pE = 9.81* [ 3.0 3.02 / 2*9.81]
pE = 24.93 kPa
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The velocity of the siphon and the flow rate out of the
siphon depends on the elevation difference between free
surface of fluid and level of siphon.
The pressure at B is negative (below atmospheric) even
though it is at the same level as A in the fluid!
The decreased pressure energy (negative) at B got
converted to what??????
The velocity of flow is the same at all points if the pipe size
does not change (B, C, D, E)
Pressure at C is the lowest, since its at the highest elevation
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3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
7.672
7.004
6.264
5.425
4.429
3.132
0.000
0.001963
0.001963
0.001963
0.001963
0.001963
0.001963
0.001963
0.015
0.014
0.012
0.011
0.009
0.006
0.000
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9.000
0.016
8.000
0.014
7.000
0.012
0.010
5.000
0.008
4.000
0.006
discharge Q
velocity (v)
6.000
v
Q
3.000
0.004
2.000
1.000
0.002
0.000
0.000
0
h (m)
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Under the situation given above, the jet should rise to level h!!!
What do you have to do if you want the jet to go beyond h????
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Example 6.14:
Compute the air pressure above the water column required to
cause the jet to rise 40 ft from the nozzle.
Water column h = 6.0 ft.
p1 =????????
Apply the bernoullis equation between water level and
nozzle
p1/ + z1 + v12 / 2g = p2/ + z2 + v22 / 2g
p1/ + z1 = z2 + v22 / 2g
v22 / 2g = p1/ + (z1 - z2)
v22 / 2g = p1/ + h
Now apply equation between points 2 and 3
p2/ + z2 + v22 / 2g = p3/ + z3 + v32 / 2g
z2 + v22 / 2g = z3
or v22 / 2g = z3 - z2
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p1/ + h = 40
p1/ = 40-h
p1 = 62.4 * (40-6)
= 2121 lb/ft2
Or 14.73 psig
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t 2 t1 =
2( At / A j )
2g
1/ 2
1
(h
1/ 2
2
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time
m/s
m2
m3/s
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
7.672
7.004
6.264
5.425
4.429
3.132
0.000
0.001963
0.001963
0.001963
0.001963
0.001963
0.001963
0.001963
0.015
0.014
0.012
0.011
0.009
0.006
0.000
109
121
137
162
212
511
600
500
time (s)
400
300
200
100
0
0
h (m)
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Venturimeter
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ASSIGNMENT # 5:
1. 6.41M
2. 6.60M
3. 6.65M
4. 6.72M
5. 6.78M
6. 6.87E
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