Lecture 1

Electronic Instrumentation
and
Measurement

Muhammad Amin Qureshi

EE-3306: EIM @ CoE, PAF-KIET

Errors
Gross Errors
Human mistake
Bad handling and reading
Wrong or improper method of reading
Wrong range set for example

Systematic Errors
Measurement error: Calibration
Zero Error
Wear and tear
Environmental issues
Humidity, temperature, etc
EE-3306: EIM @ CoE, PAF-KIET

Errors
Random Errors
Occur without any apparent scientific
reason
Happens in electrical/electronic systems
sometimes
Solution: Increase number of readings
and use statistical mean to reduce error
effects

EE-3306: EIM @ CoE, PAF-KIET

Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy: Closeness of reading with
the true value
Precision: Reproducibility or
repeatability of measurements
Bullseye Example

EE-3306: EIM @ CoE, PAF-KIET

Accuracy and Precision

Numericals

EE-3306: EIM @ CoE, PAF-KIET

Other Parameters
Resolution: Minimum detectable
change
Sensitivity: Change in output per
change in input of the measured
variable
Range/Full Scale Reading
Drift: Change in a certain reading
with time
EE-3306: EIM @ CoE, PAF-KIET

Hysteresis
Difference in readings when
measurement is taken from opposite
directions

EE-3306: EIM @ CoE, PAF-KIET

Wheatstone Bridge

A DC bridge
Used to find unknown resistance
Not for low or very high resistances
Balanced and unbalanced modes of
operation

EE-3306: EIM @ CoE, PAF-KIET

Maxwells Bridge
An AC bridge
Used to find unknown inductance
In terms of a known capacitance
An accurate variable capacitor is hard to
make
Resistance is varied to obtain the inductance
value

EE-3306: EIM @ CoE, PAF-KIET