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Antennas: Antennas Are That Transfer Electromagnetic Energy Between A Transmission Line and Free Space
Antennas: Antennas Are That Transfer Electromagnetic Energy Between A Transmission Line and Free Space
Antennas
Transmitter
Transmitting
Antenna
Electromagnetic
Wave
Transmission Line
Receiver
Receiving
Antenna
Electromagnetic
Wave
Transmission Line
Antennas
Ground plane
Coaxial ground
plane antenna
Loop antenna
Uda-Yagi dipole array
Loop dipole
Logperiodic array
Passive elements
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
Antennas
Transmitter
Transmitting
Antenna
Electromagnetic
Wave
Transmission Line
1
P( t ) = Req I 2
2
Transmitter
Zg
Vg
Zeq
Transmission Line
= Req + jXeq
Antennas
Receiving
Antenna
Electromagnetic
Wave
Transmission Line
ZR
Zeq
Zin
Transmission Line
1
P( t ) = Rin I 2
2
Veq
The receiver represents the load impedance that dissipates the time
average power generated by the receiving antenna.
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
Antennas
Vg
Open circuit
|I|
Antennas
Z0
|I|
| I0 |
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
Antennas
Antennas
At higher frequency, the current oscillates in the wires and the field
emanating from the dipole changes periodically. The field lines
propagate away from the dipole and form closed loops.
Antennas
E = j H
H = J + j E
Under the assumption of uniform isotropic medium we have the
wave equation:
E = j H = j J + 2 E
H = J + j E
= J + 2 H
Note that in the regions with electrical charges
E = E 2 E = ( ) 2 E
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
Antennas
B=A
Note that since the divergence of the curl of a vector is equal to
zero we always satisfy the zero divergence condition
B = ( A) = 0
We have also
E = j H = j A ( E + j A) = 0
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
10
Antennas
( ) = 0
and then choosing (with sign convention as in electrostatics)
( E + j A) = ( ) E = j A
Note that the magnetic vector potential is not uniquely defined,
since for any arbitrary scalar field
B = A = ( A + )
In order to uniquely define the magnetic vector potential, the
standard approach is to use the Lorenz gauge
A + j = 0
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
11
Antennas
H=
B = J + j E
B = J + j E
( A) = J + j ( j A )
From vector calculus
( ) = ( ) 2
( A) = ( A) 2 A = J + 2 A j
Lorenz Gauge
A = j
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
( A) = j
12
Antennas
2A + 2 A = 2A + 2 A = J
For the electric field we have
D = E = ( j A ) =
2
2
+ j A = + j ( j ) =
+ = + =
13
Antennas
J( r ')
( r ')
Observation point
r r'
dV '
r'
14
Antennas
j r r '
J ( r ') e
A( r ) =
4 V
r r'
( r) =
4 V
( r ') e j r r '
r r'
dV '
dV '
The integrals are extended to all points over the antenna body
where the sources (current density, charge) are not zero. The effect
of each volume element of the antenna is to radiate a radial wave
j r r '
r r'
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
15
Antennas
Infinitesimal Antenna
Observation point
J(0)
(0)
r = r r'
S
r' = 0
dV '
I = constant
phasor
z <<
Dielectric medium ( , )
16
Antennas
I = S J ( r ') = S J ( 0 )
V ' = S z
V 'J ( r ') = I z iz
The solution of the wave equation for the magnetic vector potential
simply becomes the evaluation of the integrand at the origin
I z e j r
A=
iz
4 r
H= A
E= 1 H
j
17
Antennas
ir
i
Polar angle
Azimuthal angle
18
Antennas
In spherical coordinates
ir
r i
r sin i
A= 2
r sin r
Ar
rA
r sin A
=
sin A
( A ) i r
r sin
1 1
+
( Ar ) r A i
r sin
r
+ ( r A )
( Ar ) i
r r
19
Antennas
We had
I z e j r
A=
iz
4 r
with
i z = i r cos i sin
j I z e j r
1
1+
sin
A = i
4 r
j r
j r
I
j
z
e
1
1
H = A = i
1+
sin
4 r
j r
20
Antennas
j r
j I z e
E=
H=
j
4 r
1
1
2 cos
+
ir
2
j r ( j r )
1
1
+ sin 1 +
+
i
2
j r ( j r )
1 >>
1
j r
>>
( j r )
r=
r >> 1
21
Antennas
j I z e j r
H i
sin
4 r
E i
j r
j I z e
sin
4 r
2 r >>
E =
H = H
22
Antennas
2
1
1
*
P( t ) = Re E H = i r
H
2
2
2
I z
2
= ir
sin
2 4 r
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
23
Antennas
P( t )
H
J
24
Antennas
Radiation Patterns
Electric Field and Magnetic Field
E or H
Fixed r
proportional to sin
omnidirectional or isotropic
25
Antennas
P( t )
Fixed r
proportional to sin2
omnidirectional or isotropic
26
Antennas
2
Ptot =
d
0
= 2
d r 2 sin P (t )
I z
2
3
=
2
sin
r
d
0
2 4 r
=4 3
4 I z
=
3 4
27
Antennas
Ptot1 = Ptot 2
Ptot 2
Ptot1
28
Antennas
1 2
4 2 I z 1 2 2 z 2
Ptot = I Req =
= I
2
3 4 2 3
Req
The equivalent resistance of the antenna is usually called radiation
resistance. In free space
z
o
= o =
= 120 [ ] Req = 80 2
]
[
o
29
Antennas
The total radiated power is also used to define the average power
density emitted by the antenna. The average power density
corresponds to the radiation of a hypothetical omnidirectional
(isotropic) antenna, which is used as a reference to understand the
directive properties of any antenna.
Power radiation pattern of an
omnidirectional average antenna
x
Pave
P( t, )
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
30
Antennas
Pave =
I z
2 1
I z)
=
=
=
2 12 (
2
3 4 r
4 r
4 r
Ptot
D( , ) =
P( t , r, )
Pave
2 1
I z
I z
2
=
si
n
2 4 r
3 4 r
2
3 2
= sin
2
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
31
Antennas
3 2
= 1.5
Directivity = max { D( , )} = sin
2
2
The directivity gives a measure of how the actual antenna performs
in the direction of maximum radiation, with respect to the ideal
isotropic antenna which emits the average power in all directions.
Pave
max
90
32
Antennas
I( t)
t
33
Antennas
I( t)
current flowing
out of reservoir
d
d
= q( t) = qo cos( t)
dt
dt
charge on
reference reservoir
I o = j qo
phasor
Radiation
pattern
Io
qo
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
34
Antennas
Imax
Io
Io
The small capacitor plate antenna is equivalent to a Hertzian dipole
and the radiated fields can also be described by using the results of
the infinitesimal antenna. The short wire antenna can be described
by the same results, if one uses an average current value giving the
same integral of the current
Io = Imax 2
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
35
Antennas
Io
= 4.39 mW
For a short dipole with triangular current distribution and maximum
current Imax = 1.0 Ampre
Io = Imax 2
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
Antennas
j I z sin j ( t r )
H ( t ) = Re H e
e
i Re
4 r
I z sin
2
i Re
jcos( t r )+ j sin( t r )
4 r
I z sin
i
sin( t r )
4 r
j t
E ( t ) = Re E e j t
I z sin
i
sin( t r )
4 r
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
37
Antennas
Linear Antennas
Consider a dipole with wires of length comparable to the
wavelength.
L2
'
z
z'
r'
i '
L1
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
38
Antennas
j r '
j I z e
sin '
4 r '
E' = i
'
r ' r z 'cos
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
39
Antennas
L2
'
r'
r
z
z'
z 'cos
r ' r z 'cos
40
Antennas
E' = i
j r j z 'cos
j
z
e
e
I
sin
4 r 4 z 'cos
you can
neglect here
E = i
L2
j e j r
sin
I( z) e j z cos dz
L1
4 r
L2
j e j r
H = i
sin
I( z) e j z cos dz
L1
4 r
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
41
Antennas
Short Dipole
Consider a short symmetric dipole comprising two wires, each of
length L << . Assume a triangular distribution of the phasor
current on the wires
Imax ( 1 z L )
I( z) =
Imax ( 1 + z L )
z0
z<0
L
L
2L
j z cos
I( z) e
I( z) dz =
dz
Imax
L
L
2
1
since max
z = L =
e j z cos 1
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series
42
Antennas
The final expression for farfields of the short dipole are similar to
the expressions for the Hertzian dipole where the average of the
triangular current distribution is used
E = i
j r
j e
4 r
z
Imax
sin 2 L
2
average
current
= i
j Imax L e j r
sin
4 r
j Imax L e j r
H = i
sin
4 r
43
Antennas
Halfwavelength dipole
Consider a symmetric linear antenna with total length /2 and
assume a current phasor distribution on the wires which is
approximately sinusoidal
I( z) = Imax cos( z)
The integral in the field expressions is
Imax cos ( z) e
j z cos
cos
dz =
cos
2
2
sin
2 Imax
44
Antennas
E = i
j e j r Imax
cos
cos
2
2 r sin
j e j r Imax
cos
H = i
cos
2
2 r sin
and the timeaverage Poynting vector
P( t ) = i r
Imax
2 cos
cos
2
2
2
2
8 r sin
45
Antennas
1 2
Ptot = Imax
2
1 2 1 cos ( u)
du
u
4
2.4376
1 2
= Imax
0.193978
2
Req
The integral above cannot be solved analytically, but the value is
found numerically or from published tables.
The equivalent
resistance of the halfwave dipole antenna in air is then
Req ( 2) =
0.193978 73.07
46
Antennas
D=
P( t, r, 90)
Ptot 4 r
2
Imax
8 2 r 2
2
I
2 2 max
8 r
2.4376
1.641
47
Antennas
48
Antennas
49
Antennas
50
Antennas
51
Antennas
I ( z) = Imax sin { ( L z ) }
The integral in the field expressions is now
sin
52
Antennas
E = i
= i
L2
j e j r
sin
I( z) e j z cos dz
L1
4 r
j Imax e j r
cos ( L cos ) cos ( L ) }
{
2 r sin
L2
j e j r
H = i
sin
I( z) e j z cos dz
L1
4 r
j Imax e j r
= i
cos ( L cos ) cos ( L ) }
{
2 r sin
53
Antennas
54
Antennas
55
Antennas
56
Antennas
57
Antennas
58
Antennas
59
Antennas
60
Antennas
61
Antennas
62
Antennas
Radiation Pattern for E and H
63