to eletth

Hertz was able produ ed

generated
CHAPTER -8 magnetic waves of wave length
The dielectromagnetic is held
around 6m.

in a position such
that the magnetic field.
Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic Waves:
The waves which are formed due to mutua!ly
perpendicular vibrating electric and magnctic fields
and their direction of propagation is perpendicular
to the direction of vibrations, as are called IN TK)' COL OETECTO
waves. It iS transverse in nature
electromagnetic

is perpendicular to
vaRIALE
ELECTAIC FIELD E
Produced the oscillating chare,
the plane of the coil. Then oscillation magnetic
AECTION OF
PROPAGA ION OF WAVE field produces an oscillation electric field at Q and

MAGVETIC
F ELo
DIRECTION OF causesspark at the narrowgap
PROPAGATION
OF WAVE Electro Magnetic Spectrum
vA ABLE
MAGNETIC FIELDE The orderly distribution of electro magnetic wave
(according to wave length or frequency) in the form
roperties ofElectromagnetic Waves of distinct groups having different properties is
transverse waves.
() Electromagnetic waves are
called electromagnetic spectrum.
waves can move through the vacuum also.
(These are
(:1) These waves can not be disturbed by the electric Different regions of electromagnetic spectrum
visible light, IR-rays,
Y-rays, x-rays, UV-rays
and magnetic fields and radio waves in the order of
microwaves
waves is c
(iv) Speed or electromagnetic increasin9wavelength.
(Where E =electric field) Discuss about any five and electromagnetic
B magnetic field, c speed of light (3 10S m/s)] wave
y-rays: Wavelength lies
between 0.0001 to 1A.
(v) These wave can show the properties of reflection. (i)
Properties are similar to the x-rays but penetrating
refraction, interfererce, polarization, diffraction etc.
(i)These waves are produced by Osciliating or power is more than x-rays.
ucceleraTion charyes. Which re represented by sin|(ii) X-rays: Wave length lies from 1 to 100A. These

e waves. rays can react with photographic plate, can cause

(v )Magnetic and electric fields are always in same fluorescence and can ionize gases.

rays: Wave length lies between 100 to

phase (ii) Ultraviolet
4000A. These rays can ionize gases and produce
Dzone Loe
Ozone icyer is situated between 30-50 km above fluorescence.
the surface of earth. Ozone layer absorbs the (v) Infrared rays: Wave length of these rays lies
ultraviolet rays coming from the sun and others between 1800 to 10' Å. These rays are produced
heavenly bodies which are harmful for plants and when bodies are heated up, so they are called heat
animais. Thus, ozone layer helps in the survival of rays also sometimes.

life on earth (v)Visiblerays: Wavelength lies from 4000 to 7800 Ä.

Hertz's Experiment (vi) Micro and Microwaves: Wave length lies between
In 1988 a German Scientist. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz10 to 2x 10 m
Produced electromagnetic wave by an oscillating (ii) Hertzian Wave: Wave length lies between 10 to
charge experimentally, shown in the fig. 1.6. Thel Im. This Wave is useful in radio and
apparatus consists of two metallic spheres Si and telecommunication.
S2, capable of being sided along two rod RI and R2|
hcving a spark gap P in between. The rod Ri and R2
What are the uses to different dlectromagnetic
waves
are connected to the two terminals of the Uses of different electromagnetic waves are:
seLondary of an induction coil, so that a high Rays: To destroy the unwanted cells in cancer
can established between them. treatment, fluorescence polarization.
voltage
Receivingsystem (defector) also consist of ai)X-rays To detect the broken bones, to find the
in between.
circslar wire having a spark gap Q structure of crystals
Working:A high potential difference of several|(ii) Ultraviolet rays: TO detect diamond jeweis and
thousand volts is applied between S1 and S2, with testing of purity of ghee and fresh eggs. Also, used
the help of induction coil. Due to high potential as germ killer.
difference the air between the gap P 15 ionized and (iv) Visible rays: To see the object.
sparks between S. and 5 are produced Hence (v) Infrared rays: Hot fomentations, photography in
electromagnetic waves of high frequency is dcrk, mask visible through for.
Ivi) Micro and Macrowaves: For distant transmission
Q. Difference sound wave and electro-magnetic Cm). nfrared spectrum (8 10 3 10).
wave microwaves (10 0.3). radio waves (10 - 10m)

Ars. Q Write the electromagnetic waves in descending

5. Sound Waves Electro Magnetic order of frequencies?
Waves Ans. -ravs. x-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible rays
These are These are not nfrared rays, microwaves, radio waves
Techanicet waves mechcnicaiwaves Q Mention ary two uses of infrared rays?
These are These are transSverse Ans. () In destroying the germs and bacteria.
lono tudina waves are transverse in all ) In testing the purity of jewels and ghee.
in a r
mediaton What is the range of visible light?
Sound waves do It can be polar ze. Ans. From 4000 to 7800 A.
Define microwaves. Write down its one use.
not polarize Q
VMedium is required Mediur Or what are microwaves? Mention their uses.
not
smaller
for the necesscy for the Ans. The electromagnetic waves having very
wavelengt h (ying between Imm to 100 mm) a r e
propagation of propagation of these
called micro waves.
these woves Waves
UsesThese waves are used in radar system and
(v) Speed of sound Speed of
mass communication. These waves are sent from
wave in air at 0°C electromagnetic waves
the radar transmitter to far distant objects, from
s 332 mn/s s 3 10m/s.
which they are reflected back If the lime taken by
AdditionalQuestion: the wave to travel the distance, is known then the
If the earth did not have any atmosphere
distance of the object can be calculated
would its surface temperature be same as now?
Name the part of the spectrum in which the
Ans. ne temperature of the earth would be lowered
down beccuse the green house effect would
following wave length fall 1200°A, 6563°A,
1820°A 1°A.
be
absent. as all the radiations will escape the
atmosphere are not reflected. Ans. 1°A-(r-rays); 1200°A and 1820°A
Red light is used in the photography room. (Ultraviolet rays)
Why ? 6563° A
(visible rays)
Ans. Red of photons of less energy which Why do we get smell of ozone gas near an
light consists
does not affect the photographic films. electric spark? Explain
Which eves are used for Ans.
distant During electric discharge ultraviolet radiaticns
transmission? are emitted which convert some part of oxygen
Ans. Radie #aves a r e used for distant to ozone.
transmission.
The rage of radio waves is from im to 10 m. Q Light waves can travel in vacuum where as
Q. Which wave are used in telecommunication and sound waves cannot do so. Why?
why? Ans. Light waves are electromagnetic waves in nature
Ans. Microwaves are used because of They do not require a material medium for their
their-smaller
wcvelength, they cannot be diffracted or bent by propagation. So light wave can travel in vacuum.
objects or normal dimension. On the other hand, sound waves are mechanicai
Q Which rays are used in fog and why? waves. they require a material medium for their
propagation. Hence, sound wave cannot travel in
Ans. At the time of fog, infrared light is used
because its wavelength is greater and it is Vacuum.
not
scattered, hence penetrating power becomes
more. Hence they can travel more in
fog.
Q. Write the electromagnetic waves in
ascending
order of frequencies?
Ans. Radio woves, micro waves, infrared rays,
visible
rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, r-rays
Radio waves are diffracted by the building
but
light Waves do not, even both are
electromagnetic waves. Why ?
Ans. The wavelength of radio wave are of the same
order of size of buildings which is the
condition
for diffraction, wh1te the wave
lengt of light
rays are very small hence, light rays do not get
diffracted by the buildings
Write the electromagnetic waves in
order of wave length?
ascending
Or what is the wavelength of visible
spectrum?
Ans. Wavelength of y-rays (10" -

10"m). ultraviolet
rays (10 10 m), visible spectrum (4 10 - 8
 What is ionosphere? Explain the role Green House Effect
of Green house effect
ionosphere in radio waves transmission? is
Ans. It ranges from 80 km to 400
phenomenon which keeps earth's surface war the
km above night. In all the radiations coming from the warm at
surface of each which consist of free electrons the the visible light and the infrared sun, onb
and radiations of
positively charged ions. This layer is called
ion wavelength could reach the earth's surface short throuoh
sphere. the atmosphere which
make the earth surface warm.
As we go to the
top layers of ionosphere the Solar radiations
refractive index goes on
incident radio wave moves
decreasing. So, the
away from normal after
refraction. At a certain ofangle incidence the
incident becomes
completely
returns to the surface of earth.
reflected and it CO2 and other gasCS
In is property
used in radio waves is
transmission. Cloud
Q. Name the different
describe their physical
layers of atmosphere and
properties.
Or
Describe the different
layers at atmosphere and
their physical properties.
Ans. The different layers of atmosphere are as follows: Earth Infrared rays are radiated by the carth

) Troposphere: It extended to Since each heated object emits out infrared radiations.
from the surface of earth.
height of 12 km|
a
Therefore the earth surface also emits out the infrared
radiations of long wavelength but these long
(ii) Stratosphere: It is extended from 12 to 50 wavelength
above the earth. In this km infrared radiations emitted from the earth's surface
part ozonosphere exists cannot cross the atmosphere, instead of
extending from 20 to 50 km. they are
reflected back to the earth from the clouds and lower
Cii) Mesosphere: It is the region of layers of the atmosphere. Thus the nfrared radiations
atmosphere
extending from the height of 80 to 400 km
from near the earth's surface increases and the
objects placed
the surface of earth. on the earthis surface become warm on
absorbing them
Physical Properties: and earth's surface remains werm even
during the night.
)Troposphere: Its temperature decreases as the . A T.V. antenna is of height 'h' meter. Show that
height increases. It consists of water vapors it can be used to transmit the signal up to a
and
carbon dioxide gas. It produced green house distance d=y2hR on the earth surface where R
effect is radius of Earth.
(ii) Stratosphere: Its temperature remains nearly Or
same Prove that transmission can take place up to
(iii) Ozonosphere: It consists of ozone gas, which distance d w2hR where R is the radius of the
absorbs the harmful radiation (e.g. ultraviolet earth and h is the height of T.V lower.
rediation). In protects the living beings of thel
earth and also genetic effect.
Mesosphere: Temperature in this region decreases
at the rate of 3.3°C per km.
(v) Ionosphere: The constituents of this region are TA 9
free electrons and positively charged ions. In these

regions the temperature rises with the height. It|

helps in radio transmission.
400

Ans.Let O be the centre gnd R is the radius of the

earth. PQ is a T.V. antnna. Two tangents QT and
250 QS are drawn from the top of the lower. It is clear
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii from the figure that the signal can be sent directly
Kennely hcavisidde layer 100 to the points S and T only on earth.
In figure 0TQ =90°
E T Ther sphere,*r
80 In right angled AQTo
OQ OT QT
Mesosphere Putting these value in equation (i) we get
(R h): R d?
Ozone layer.'. or R 2Rh h R d
d-h2Rh
But h « R, hence h' can be neglected
Stratospher
AIRLUUiUNUe.
d 2Rh
Tropospherc d= v2Rh