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  • C Permittivity of Free Space: Electrostatic Potential

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    JonatanVignatti
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    The ionic lattice is modeled as an assembly of hard elastic spheres which are compressed together by the mutual attraction of the electrostatic charges on the ions. They achieve the observed equilibrium distance apart due to a balancing short range repulsion. Electrostatic potential[edit] The electrostatic potential energy, E_\text{pair}, between a pair of ions of equal and opposite charge is: E_\text{pair} = -\frac{z^2 e^2 }{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r} where z = magnitude of charge on one ion e = elementary charge, 1.6022×10−19 C \epsilon_0 = permittivity of free space 4\pi \epsilon_0 = 1.112×10−10 C²/(J m) r = distance separating the ion centers For a simple lattice consisting ions with equal and opposite charge in a 1:1 ratio, interactions between one ion and all other lattice ions need to be summed to calculate E_M, sometimes called the Madelung or lattice energy: E_M = -\frac{z^2 e^2 M}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r} where M = Madelung constant, which is related to the geometry of the crystal r = closest distance between two ions of opposite charge Repulsive term[edit] Born and Lande suggested that a repulsive interaction between the lattice ions would be proportional to 1/r^n so that the repulsive energy term, E_R, would be expressed: \,E_R = \frac{B}{r^n} where B = constant scaling the strength of the repulsive interaction r = closest distance between two ions of opposite charge n = Born exponent, a number between 5 and 12 expressing the steepness of the repulsive barrier Total energy[edit] The total intensive potential energy of an ion in the lattice can therefore be expressed as the sum of the Madelung and repulsive potentials: E(r) = -\frac{z^2 e^2 M}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r} + \frac{B}{r^n} Minimizing this energy with respect to r yields the equilibrium separation r_0 in terms of the unknown constant B: \begin{align} \frac{\mathrm{d}E}{\mathrm{d}r} &= \frac{z^2 e^2 M}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r^2} - \frac{n B}{r^{n+1}} \\ 0 &= \frac{z^2 e^2 M}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r_0^2} - \frac{n B}{r_0^{n+1}} \\ r_0 &= \left( \frac{4 \pi \epsilon_0 n B}{z^2 e^2 M}\right) ^\frac{1}{n-1} \\ B &= \frac{z^2 e^2 M}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 n} r_0^{n-1} \end{align} Evaluating the minimum intensive potential energy and substituting the expression for B in terms of r_0 yields the Born–Landé equation: E(r_0) = - \frac{M z^2 e^2 }{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r_0}\left(1-\frac{1}{n}\right)

    Original Title

    exotikThe ionic lattice is modeled as an assembly of hard elastic spheres which are compressed together by the mutual attraction of the electrostatic charges on the ions. They achieve the observed equilibrium distance apart due to a balancing short range repulsion. Electrostatic potential[edit] The electrostatic potential energy, E_\text{pair}, between a pair of ions of equal and opposite charge is: E_\text{pair} = -\frac{z^2 e^2 }{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r} where z = magnitude of charge on one ion e = elementary charge, 1.6022×10−19 C \epsilon_0 = permittivity of free space 4\pi \epsilon_0 = 1.112×10−10 C²/(J m) r = distance separating the ion centers For a simple lattice consisting ions with equal and opposite charge in a 1:1 ratio, interactions between one ion and all other lattice ions need to be summed to calculate E_M, sometimes called the Madelung or lattice energy: E_M = -\frac{z^2 e^2 M}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r} where M = Madelung constant, which is related to the geometry of the cry

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    The ionic lattice is modeled as an assembly of hard elastic spheres which are compressed together by the mutual attraction of the electrostatic charges on the ions. They achieve the observed equilibrium distance apart due to a balancing short range repulsion. Electrostatic potential[edit] The electrostatic potential energy, E_\text{pair}, between a pair of ions of equal and opposite charge is: E_\text{pair} = -\frac{z^2 e^2 }{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r} where z = magnitude of charge on one ion e = elementary charge, 1.6022×10−19 C \epsilon_0 = permittivity of free space 4\pi \epsilon_0 = 1.112×10−10 C²/(J m) r = distance separating the ion centers For a simple lattice consisting ions with equal and opposite charge in a 1:1 ratio, interactions between one ion and all other lattice ions need to be summed to calculate E_M, sometimes called the Madelung or lattice energy: E_M = -\frac{z^2 e^2 M}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r} where M = Madelung constant, which is related to the geometry of the crystal r = closest distance between two ions of opposite charge Repulsive term[edit] Born and Lande suggested that a repulsive interaction between the lattice ions would be proportional to 1/r^n so that the repulsive energy term, E_R, would be expressed: \,E_R = \frac{B}{r^n} where B = constant scaling the strength of the repulsive interaction r = closest distance between two ions of opposite charge n = Born exponent, a number between 5 and 12 expressing the steepness of the repulsive barrier Total energy[edit] The total intensive potential energy of an ion in the lattice can therefore be expressed as the sum of the Madelung and repulsive potentials: E(r) = -\frac{z^2 e^2 M}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r} + \frac{B}{r^n} Minimizing this energy with respect to r yields the equilibrium separation r_0 in terms of the unknown constant B: \begin{align} \frac{\mathrm{d}E}{\mathrm{d}r} &= \frac{z^2 e^2 M}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r^2} - \frac{n B}{r^{n+1}} \\ 0 &= \frac{z^2 e^2 M}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r_0^2} - \frac{n B}{r_0^{n+1}} \\ r_0 &= \left( \frac{4 \pi \epsilon_0 n B}{z^2 e^2 M}\right) ^\frac{1}{n-1} \\ B &= \frac{z^2 e^2 M}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 n} r_0^{n-1} \end{align} Evaluating the minimum intensive potential energy and substituting the expression for B in terms of r_0 yields the Born–Landé equation: E(r_0) = - \frac{M z^2 e^2 }{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r_0}\left(1-\frac{1}{n}\right)

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    C Permittivity of Free Space: Electrostatic Potential

    Uploaded by

    JonatanVignatti
    The ionic lattice is modeled as an assembly of hard elastic spheres which are compressed together by the mutual attraction of the electrostatic charges on the ions. They achieve the observed equilibrium distance apart due to a balancing short range repulsion. Electrostatic potential[edit] The electrostatic potential energy, E_\text{pair}, between a pair of ions of equal and opposite charge is: E_\text{pair} = -\frac{z^2 e^2 }{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r} where z = magnitude of charge on one ion e = elementary charge, 1.6022×10−19 C \epsilon_0 = permittivity of free space 4\pi \epsilon_0 = 1.112×10−10 C²/(J m) r = distance separating the ion centers For a simple lattice consisting ions with equal and opposite charge in a 1:1 ratio, interactions between one ion and all other lattice ions need to be summed to calculate E_M, sometimes called the Madelung or lattice energy: E_M = -\frac{z^2 e^2 M}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r} where M = Madelung constant, which is related to the geometry of the crystal r = closest distance between two ions of opposite charge Repulsive term[edit] Born and Lande suggested that a repulsive interaction between the lattice ions would be proportional to 1/r^n so that the repulsive energy term, E_R, would be expressed: \,E_R = \frac{B}{r^n} where B = constant scaling the strength of the repulsive interaction r = closest distance between two ions of opposite charge n = Born exponent, a number between 5 and 12 expressing the steepness of the repulsive barrier Total energy[edit] The total intensive potential energy of an ion in the lattice can therefore be expressed as the sum of the Madelung and repulsive potentials: E(r) = -\frac{z^2 e^2 M}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r} + \frac{B}{r^n} Minimizing this energy with respect to r yields the equilibrium separation r_0 in terms of the unknown constant B: \begin{align} \frac{\mathrm{d}E}{\mathrm{d}r} &= \frac{z^2 e^2 M}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r^2} - \frac{n B}{r^{n+1}} \\ 0 &= \frac{z^2 e^2 M}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r_0^2} - \frac{n B}{r_0^{n+1}} \\ r_0 &= \left( \frac{4 \pi \epsilon_0 n B}{z^2 e^2 M}\right) ^\frac{1}{n-1} \\ B &= \frac{z^2 e^2 M}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 n} r_0^{n-1} \end{align} Evaluating the minimum intensive potential energy and substituting the expression for B in terms of r_0 yields the Born–Landé equation: E(r_0) = - \frac{M z^2 e^2 }{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r_0}\left(1-\frac{1}{n}\right)

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    of 4

    The ionic lattice is modeled as an assembly of

    hard elastic spheres which are compressed


    together by the mutual attraction of the
    electrostatic charges on the ions. They achieve the
    observed equilibrium distance apart due to a
    balancing short range repulsion.
    Electrostatic potential[edit]

    The electrostatic potential energy,

    , between a

    pair of ions of equal and opposite charge is:

    where
    = magnitude of charge on one ion
    = elementary charge, 1.60221019 C
    = permittivity of free space
    = 1.1121010 C/(J m)
    = distance separating the ion centers
    For a simple lattice consisting ions with
    equal and opposite charge in a 1:1
    ratio, interactions between one ion and

    all other lattice ions need to be summed


    to calculate

    , sometimes called

    the Madelung or lattice energy:

    where
    = Madelung constant, which is related to the
    geometry of the crystal
    = closest distance between two ions of
    opposite charge
    Repulsive term[edit]

    Born and Lande suggested that


    a repulsive interaction between
    the lattice ions would be
    proportional to

    so that the

    repulsive energy term,


    be expressed:

    where

    , would

    = constant scaling the strength of the


    repulsive interaction
    = closest distance between two ions of
    opposite charge
    = Born exponent, a number between 5 and
    12 expressing the steepness of the repulsive
    barrier
    Total energy[edit]

    The total intensive


    potential energy of an
    ion in the lattice can
    therefore be expressed
    as the sum of the
    Madelung and repulsive
    potentials:

    Minimizing this
    energy with respect
    to yields the
    equilibrium

    separation

    in terms

    of the unknown
    constant :

    Evaluating the
    minimum intensive
    potential energy
    and substituting the
    expression for
    terms of

    yields

    the BornLand
    equation:

    in

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