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Digital Microwave Communication Principles
Digital Microwave Communication Principles
Communication Principles
www.huawei.com
Foreword
Page 2
Learning Guide
Page 3
Objectives
Anti-fading technologies
Page 4
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Page 5
Transmission Methods
in Current Communications Networks
Coaxial cable communication
Microwave
communication
Microwave TE
Microwave TE
MUX/DEMUX
MUX/DEMUX
Satellite communication
Page 6
Microwave Communication
vs. Optical Fiber Communication
Microwave Communication
Powerful space cross ability, little land
occupied, not limited by land privatization
Small investment, short construction
period, easy maintenance
Page 7
Definition of Microwave
Microwave
The plane wave has no electric field and magnetic field longitudinal
components along the propagation direction. The electric field and
magnetic field components are vertical to the propagation direction.
Therefore, it is called transverse electromagnetic wave and TEM wave
for short.
Page 8
Transmission
capacity
bit/s/ch)
34/140M
2/4/6/8M
480 voice
channels
1980s
1970s
1950s
Note:
Small capacity: < 10M
Medium capacity: 10M to 100M
Large capacity: > 100M
Page 9
Concept of Digital
Microwave Communication
Digital microwave communication refers to the microwave communication that adopts the
digital modulation.
The baseband signal is modulated to intermediate frequency (IF) first . Then the
intermediate frequency is converted into the microwave frequency.
The baseband signal can also be modulated directly to microwave frequency, but only
phase shift keying (PSK) modulation method is applicable.
The electromagnetic field theory is the basis on which the microwave communication
theory is developed.
Page 10
2.5 GHz
Regional network
3.3 GHz
Long haul
trunk network
11 GHz
2/8/34
Mbit/s
34/140/155 Mbit/s
2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s
GHz
1
10
20
30
Page 11
40 50
f0 (center frequency)
T/R spacing
T/R spacing
Protection
spacing
Channel
spacing
f1
Adjacent channel
T/R spacing
f2
fn
Channel
spacing
f 1
f 2
f n
Page 12
f1=7442
7G Frequency
f2=7470
F0 (MHz)
Range
f1=7596
f5
T/R Spacing
f 2
f 5
(MHz)
(MHz)
primary Stations
Fn=f0-161+28n,
74257725
7575
154
28
Fn=f0- 7+28n,
(n: 15)
7575
161
7275
196
28
7597
196
28
72507550
7400
161
3.5
71107750
Page 13
Digital Microwave
Communication Modulation (1)
Digital baseband signal is the unmodulated digital signal. The baseband signal
cannot be directly transmitted over microwave radio channels and must be converted
into carrier signal for microwave transmission.
Channel bandwidth
Modulation
IF signal
Service signal
transmitted
Page 14
Digital Microwave
Communication Modulation (2)
The following formula indicates a digital baseband signal being converted into a digital
frequency band signal.
A*COS(Wc*t+)
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier
amplitude (A). Wc and remain unchanged.
FSK: Frequency Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier
frequency (Wc). A and remain unchanged.
PSK: Phase Shift Keying. Use the digital baseband signal to change the carrier phase
(). Wc and A remain unchanged.
QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. ). Use the digital baseband signal to change
the carrier phase () and amplitude (A). Wc remains unchanged.
Page 15
RFCOH
171.072 Mbit/s
15.552 Mbit/s
RFCOH
Payload
MLCM
DMY
XPIC
ATPC
WS
RSC
INI
ID
FA
11.84 Mbit/s 64 kbit/s 16 kbit/s 64 kbit/s 2.24 Mbit/s 864 kbit/s 144 kbit/s 32 kbit/s 288 kbit/s
RFCOH: Radio Frame Complementary Overhead
RSC: Radio Service Channel
MLCM: Multi-Level Coding Modulation
INI: N:1 switching command
DMY: Dummy
ID: Identifier
XPIC: Cross-polarization Interference Cancellation
FA: Frame Alignment
ATPC: Automatic Transmit Power Control
WS: Wayside Service
Page 16
RFCOH is multiplexed into the STM-1 data and a block multiframe is formed. Each
multiframe has six rows and each row has 3564 bits. One multiframe is composed of
two basic frames. Each basic frame has 1776 bits. The remaining 12 bits are used
for frame alignment.
6 bits
FS
Basic frame 1
FS
Basic frame 2
6 bits
6 bits
C2
C2
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
Page 17
Questions
What is microwave?
What are the frequently used modulation schemes? Which are the most
frequently used modulation schemes?
Page 18
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Page 19
Digital microwave
Analog microwave
MUX/DEMUX
Mode
PDH
SDH
Capacity
Large capacity
(STM-0, STM-1, 2xSTM-1)
(Discontinued)
Trunk radio
Structure
Split-mount radio
All outdoor radio
Page 20
P
M1
SCSU: Supervision,
Control and Switching
Unit
M2
BBIU: Baseband
Interface Unit (option)
(STM-1 optical interface,
C4 PDH interface)
Page 21
RF processing unit
IF cable
Installation is easy.
IF and baseband
processing unit
The equipment
room can be saved.
Page 22
Antenna
IF cable
ODU
(Outdoor Unit)
IDU
(Indoor Unit)
Split-mount microwave
equipment
Page 23
Unit Functions
Antenna: Focuses the RF signals transmitted by ODUs and increases the signal
gain.
Page 24
Separate Mount
antenna
(direct mount)
antenna
(separate mount)
ODU
Soft waveguide
IF cable
IF cable
ODU
IDU
IF port
IF port
IDU
Page 25
Parabolic antenna
Page 26
Different frequency channels in same frequency band can share one antenna.
T
x
R
x
T
x
R
Channe
l
1
Channe
l
1
Page 27
Side view
Main lobe
Tail lobe
Side lobe
Half-power angle
Top view
Main lobe
Tail lobe
Page 28
AGC
Voltage
detection point
VAGC
Angle
Side lobe position
Main lobe position
Page 29
Wrong
Wrong
Page 30
Correct
Antenna gain
Definition: Ratio of the input power of an isotropic antenna Pio to the input power of a
parabolic antenna Pi when the electric field at a point is the same for the isotropic antenna
and the parabolic antenna.
P
D
Calculating formula of antenna gain: G io
Pi
Half-power angle
Usually, the given antenna specifications contain the gain in the largest radiation (main lobe)
direction, denoted by dBi. The half-power point, or the 3 dB point is the point which is
deviated from the central line of the main lobe and where the power is decreased by half. The
angle between the two half-power points is called the half-power angle.
0.5 (65 0 ~ 70 0 )
D
Half-power angle
Page 31
XdB10lgPo/Px
Page 32
Frequency
mixing
Sideband
filtering
Local
oscillation
(Tx)
ATPC
Local
oscillation
(Rx)
Supervi
sion and
control
signal
IF
amplification
Filtering
Frequency
mixing
RF
attenuation
Power
amplification
Power
detection
RF loop
Low-noise
amplification
Bandpass
filtering
Page 33
Specifications of Transmitter
Generally, trunk radios use 6, 7, and 8 GHz frequency bands. 11, 13 GHz and
higher frequency bands are used in the access layer (e.g. BTS access).
Output power
The power at the output port of a transmitter. Generally, the output power is 15 to
30 dBm.
Page 34
Page 35
Specifications of Receiver
Receivers work together with transmitters. The receiving frequency on the local
station is the transmitting frequency of the same channel on the opposite station.
Noise figure
Page 36
Passband
To effectively suppress interference and achieve the best transmission quality, the
passband and amplitude frequency characteristics should be properly chosen. The
receiver passband characteristics depend on the IF filter.
Selectivity
Automatic control of receiver gain. With this function, input RF signals change within a
certain range and the IF signal level remains unchanges.
Page 37
7442
Subband B
f0(7575M)
Subband C
Subband A
Subband B Subband C
7498
Non-primary station
Primary station
Page 38
Microwave
frame
demultiplexing
Modulat
ion
Demod
ulation
Tx IF
Rx IF
Line unit
O&M
interface
Power
interface
Service
channel
Supervision and control
DC/DC conversion
Page 39
Cable interface
Crossconne
ction
Microwave
frame
multiplexing
From/to ODU
Questions
Page 40
Summary
Page 41
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Page 42
Chain network
Add/Drop
network
Hub network
Page 43
Add/Drop
relay station
Relay
station
Terminal
station
Terminal
station
Pivotal
station
Terminal
station
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 44
Passive
Back-to-back antenna
Plane reflector
Relay station
Active
Regenerative repeater
IF repeater
RF repeater
Page 45
Page 46
Page 47
d1(km)
Ls 1421
. 20log d1d2 20log a
d 2(km)
a A cos 2
a is the effective area (m2) of the flat reflector.
Page 48
Page 49
BTS backhaul
transmission
Complementary
networks to optical
networks (access the
services from the last
1 km)
Special transmission
conditions (rivers, lakes,
islands, etc.)
Microwave
application
Emergency
communications
(conventions, activities,
danger elimination,
disaster relief, etc.)
Redundancy backup
of important links
VIP customer
access
Page 50
Questions
What are the networking modes frequently used for digital microwave?
Page 51
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Page 52
Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
Page 53
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation (1)
Fresnel zone: The sum of the distance from P to T and the distance from P to R
complies with the formula, TP+PR-TR= n/2 (n=1,2,3, ). The elliptical region
encircled by the trail of P is called the Fresnel zone.
R
F1
P
d1
d2
Fresnel zone radius: The vertical distance from P to the TR line in the Fresnel
Page 54
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation (2)
F1 17.32
d1 (km) d 2 (km)
f (GHz ) d (km)
The first Fresnel zone is the region where the microwave transmission energy is
the most concentrated. The obstruction in the Fresnel zone should be as little as
possible. With the increase of the Fresnel zone serial numbers, the field strength of the
receiving point reduces as per arithmetic series.
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 55
Key Parameters in
Microwave Propagation (3)
Clearance
M
h3
hc
hp
h1
h5
hs
h4
h6
d1
h2
d2
d
Along the microwave propagation trail, the obstruction from buildings, trees, and
mountain peaks is sometimes inevitable. If the height of the obstacle enters the first Fresnel
zone, additional loss might be caused. As a result, the received level is decreased and the
transmission quality is affected. Clearance is used to avoid the case described previously.
The vertical distance from the obstacle to AB line segment is called the clearance of the
obstacle on the trail. For convenience, the vertical distance hc from the obstacle to the
ground surface is used to represent the clearance. In practice, the error is not big because
the line segment AB is approximately parallel to the ground surface. If the first Fresnel zone
radius of the obstacle is F1, then hc/ F1 is the relative clearance.
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 56
The reflected wave from the ground surface is the major factor that affects the received level.
Straight line
Reflection
Straight line
Reflection
Smooth ground or water surface can reflect the part of the signal energy transmitted by the
antenna to the receiving antenna and cause interference to the main wave (direct wave). The vector
sum of the reflected wave and main wave increases or decreases the composite wave. As a result,
the transmission becomes unstable. Therefore, when doing microwave link design, avoid reflected
waves as much as possible. If reflection is inevitable, make use of the terrain ups and downs to block
the reflected waves.
Page 57
wave propagation. Terrains are classified into the following four types:
Type C: plain
The reflection coefficient of mountains is the smallest, and thus the mountain terrain
is most suitable for microwave transmission. The hill terrain is less suitable. When
designing circuits, try to avoid smooth plane such as water surface.
Page 58
Troposphere indicates the low altitude atmosphere within 10 km from the ground.
Microwave antennas will not be higher than troposphere, so the electric wave
propagation in aerosphere can be narrowed down to that in troposphere. Main effects
of troposphere on electric wave propagation are listed below:
Absorption caused by gas resonance. This type of absorption can affect the
Absorption and scattering caused by rain, fog, and snow. This type of
Page 59
Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
Page 60
Fading
mechanism
Fading time
Page 61
Influence of
fading on signal
Flat fading
Down fading
Up fading
Slow fading
Fast fading
K-type fading
Scintillation
fading
Rain fading
Absorption fading
Received
level
d
GTX
GRX
Power level
G
A0
PTX
PRX
G
M
Receiving threshold
Distance
Page 62
Absorption Fading
have their own electromagnetic resonant frequencies. When the microwave frequencies
of these substances are close to their resonance frequencies, resonance absorption
occurs to the microwave.
Statistic shows that absorption to the microwave frequency lower than 12 GHz is
smaller than 0.1 dB/km. Compared with free space loss, the absorption loss can be
ignored.
10dB
1dB
0.1dB
0.01dB
60GHz
23GHz
12GHz
7.5GHz
1GHz
Page 63
Rain Fading
For frequencies lower than 10 GHz, rain loss can be ignored. Only a few db may
For frequencies higher than 10 GHz, repeater spacing is mainly affected by rain
loss. For example, for the 13 GHz frequency or higher, 100 mm/h rainfall causes a
loss of 5 dB/km. Hence, for the 13 GHz and 15 GHz frequencies, the maximum relay
distance is about 10 km. For the 20 GHz frequency and higher, the relay distance is
limited in few kilometres due to rain loss.
High frequency bands can be used for user-level transmission. The higher the
Page 64
Atmosphere refraction
considered that the electromagnetic wave is propagated along a straight line above
the earth with an equivalent earth radius of
Re , Re
The average measured K value is about 4/3. However, the K value of a specific
section is related to the meteorological phenomena of the section. The K value may
change within a comparatively large range. This can affect line-of-sight propagation.
Re
R
Page 65
Microwave propagation
k = 1: No refraction
Page 66
k=
4/3
1
2/3
Ground surface
Actual earth radius (r)
2/3
1
4/3
k=
Ground surface
Page 67
Down fading: fading where the composite wave level is lower than the free
space received level. Up fading: fading where the composite wave level is
higher than the free space received level.
Non-uniform atmosphere
Water surface
Ground surface
Page 68
Multipath fading is caused by mutual interference between the direct wave and
reflected wave (or diffracted wave on some conditions) with different phases.
Multipath fading grows more severe when the wave passes water surface or
smooth ground surface. Therefore, when designing the route, try to avoid smooth
water and ground surface. When these terrains are inevitable, use the high and low
antenna technologies to bring the reflection point closer to one end so as to reduce
the impact of the reflected wave, or use the high and low antennas and space
diversity technologies or the antennas that are against reflected waves to overcome
multipath fading.
Page 69
Multipath Fading
Frequency Selective Fading
Flat
Selective fading
Normal
Frequency (MHz)
Page 70
Received level
in free space
Threshold level
(-30 dB)
1h
Signal
interruption
Page 71
Page 72
Scintillation Fading
When the dielectric constant of local atmosphere is different from the ambient due to the
particle clusters formed under different pressure, temperature, and humidity conditions,
scattering occurs to the electric wave. This is called scintillation fading. The amplitude
and phase of different scattered waves vary with the atmosphere. As a result, the
composite field strength at the receiving point changes randomly.
Scintillation fading is a type of fast fading which lasts a short time. The level changes
little and the main wave is barely affected. Scintillation fading will not cause
communications interruption.
Scintillation
fading
Page 73
Summary
The higher the frequency is and the longer the hop distance is, the more severe the
fading is.
Fading is more severe at night than in the daylight, in summer than in winter. In the
daylight, sunshine is good for air convection. In summer, weather changes frequently.
Fading is more severe along water route than land route, because both the reflection
coefficient of water surface and the atmosphere refraction coefficient above water
surface are bigger.
Fading is more severe along plain route than mountain route, because atmosphere
subdivision often occurs over plain and the ground reflection factor of the plain is
bigger.
Page 74
Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
Page 75
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (1)
Category
Equipment level
countermeasure
Effect
Adaptive equalization
Waveform distortion
Power reduction
Power reduction
System level
Diversity receiving technology
countermeasure
Page 76
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (2)
Multipath fading
Signal frequency
spectrum
Slope equalization
Frequency spectrum
after equalization
Page 77
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (3)
T
C-n
C0
T
Cn
After
Before
-2Ts
-Ts
Ts
-2Ts
-Ts
Page 78
Ts
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (4)
Under normal propagation conditions, the output power of the transmitter is always
at a lower level, for example, 10 to 15 dB lower than the normal level. When
propagation fading occurs and the receiver detects that the propagation fading is
lower than the minimum received level specified by ATPC, the RFCOH is used to let
the transmitter to raise the transmit power.
Transmitter
ATPC
Demodulator
Receiver
Receiver
Demodulator
ATPC
Transmitter
Page 79
Modulator
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (5)
ATPC: The output power of the transmitter automatically traces and changes with the
received level of the receiver within the control range of ATPC.
The time rate of severe propagation fading is usually small (<1%). After ATPC is
configured, the transmitter works at a power 10 to 15 dB lower than the nominal
power for over 99% of the time. In this way, adjacent channel interference and
power consumption can be reduced.
Effects of ATPC:
Reduces the interference to adjacent
systems and over-reach interference
Reduces up fading
Improves residual BER
Page 80
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (6)
High level
-35
Low level
-45
21
-55
ATPC dynamic range
-72
31
45
75
85
102
Page 81
-25
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (7)
Cross-polarization interference
cancellation (XPIC)
680MHz
30MHz
340MHz
80MHz
60MHz
V (H)
H (V)
680 MHz
30MHz
340MHz
80MHz
1X
2X
60MHz
8
V (H)
Horizontal polarization
H (V)
Vertical polarization
Shape of waveguide interface
3X
4X 5X
6X
7X
8X 1X 2X 3X' 4X 5X 6X 7X 8X
Page 82
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (8)
Diversity technologies
For diversity, two or multiple transmission paths are used to transmit the same information
and the receiver output signals are selected or composed, to reduce the effect of fading.
Diversity has the following types, space diversity, frequency diversity, polarization diversity,
and angle diversity.
Space diversity and frequency diversity are more frequently used. Space diversity is
economical and has a good effect. Frequency diversity is often applied to multi-channel systems
as it requires a wide bandwidth. Usually, the system that has one standby channel is configured
with frequency diversity.
f1
f2
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (9)
Frequency diversity
two or more microwave frequencies with certain frequency spacing to transmit and
receive the same information which is then selected or composed, to reduce the
influence of fading. This work mode is called frequency diversity.
Page 84
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (10)
Space diversity
Signals have different multipath effect over different paths and thus have different fading
characteristics. Accordingly, two or more suites of antennas at different altitude levels to
receive the signals at the same frequency which are composed or selected. This work
mode is called space diversity. If there are n pairs of antennas, it is called n-fold diversity.
Antenna distance: As per experience, the distance between the diversity antennas is
100 to 200 times the wavelength in frequently used frequency bands.
f1
Page 85
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (11)
Rx
Tx
Dh
h1
(nll/2)d
Dh =
l: wavelength
d: path distance
h1: height of the antenna at the transmit end
2h1
Page 86
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (12)
Apart from the anti-fading technologies introduced previously, here are two
Method I: Make use of some terrain and ground objects to block reflected waves.
Page 87
Anti-fading Technologies
for Digital Microwave System (13)
Page 88
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment (1)
Hybrid coupler
Page 89
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment (2)
When the fault or fading occurs in the active channel, the signal is switched to the
standby channel. The channel backup is an inter-frequency backup. This protection mode
(FD) is mainly used in the all indoor microwave equipment.
ch1
ch2
ch3
chP
Switching
control unit
M1
M1
M2
M2
M3
M3
ch1
ch2
ch3
chP
RFSOH
Switching
control unit
Page 90
Protection Modes of
Digital Microwave Equipment (3)
Configuration
Protection Mode
Remarks
1+0
NP
Non-protection
1+1
FD
Channel protection
1+1
SD
Equipment protection
and channel protection
Intrafrequency
1+1
FD+SD
Equipment protection
and channel protection
Interfrequency
N+1
FD
Equipment protection
and channel protection
Application
Interfrequency
Interfrequency
Large-capacity
backbone network
Page 91
Questions
Page 92
Summary
Various fading types in the microwave propagation (free space propagation fading,
atmospheric absorption fading, rain or fog scattering fading, K type fading,
multipath fading, duct type fading, and scintillation type fading)
Anti-fading technologies
Page 93
Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview
2. Digital Microwave Communication Equipment
3. Digital Microwave Networking and Application
4. Microwave Propagation and Anti-fading Technologies
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Page 94
Contents
5. Designing Microwave Transmission Links
Page 95
Transmission clearance
Page 96
Requirement on a Microwave
Transmission Line
Because the microwave is a short wave and has weak ability of diffraction, the
Line propagation
Irradiated wave
Antenna
Page 97
Requirement on a Microwave
Transmission Line
In the microwave transmission, the transmit power is very small, only the antenna in
the accurate direction can realize the communication. For the communication of long
distance, use the antenna of greater diameter or increase the transmit power.
3 dB
Page 98
When the microwave transmission line passes the water surface or the
desert area, it is recommended that there are no obstacles within the first
Fresnel zone if K is equal to 1.
The first Fresnel zone
k = 4/3
Page 99
The knife-edged obstacle blocks partial of the Fresnel zone. This also causes
the diffraction of the microwave. Influenced by the two reasons, the level at the
actual receive point must be lower than the free space level. The loss caused by
the knife-edged obstacle is called additional loss.
Page 100
6
4
2
6 dB.
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
-24
-26
-28
-2.5-2.0-1.5-1.0-0.5 0 0.51.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 HC/F1
Loss caused by block of knife-edged obstacle
Page 101
Clearance calculation
h1d 2 h2 d1
hc
hb hs
d
The value of clearance is
required greater than that
of the first Fresnel Zones
radius.
hc
h2
hs
h1
d1
hb
d1d2
hb 0.0785
K
Page 102
d2
strength fading factor V is introduced. The field strength fading factor V is defined as the
ratio of the combined field strength when the irradiated wave and the reflected wave
arrive at the receive point to the field strength when the irradiated wave arrives at the
receive point in the free space transmission.
h
E
2
V
1 2 cos ce
E0
F1
E: Combined field strength when the irradiated wave and reflected wave
in
E0
Page 103
can be
VdB
10
5
0
-5
-20
-25
-30
0.8
1
-35
-40
0 .6
1 .0 4
1 .3 4
1 .4 1
1 .5 3
1 .7 6
1 .9 6
2 .0 3
2 .1 1
2 .2 0
2 .3 6
2 .4 9
2 .5 6
2 .6 4
2 .7 6
2 .8 8
3 .0 5
2
0.5
-15
0.2
-10
HC/F1=N
following formula:
H0 = 0.577F 1 = (d1d2/d)1/2
Page 104
To make the clearance cost-effective and reasonable in the engineering, the height
of the antenna should be adjusted according to the following requirements.
In the case that is not greater than 0.5, that is, for the circuit that passes the
area of small ground reflection factor like the mountainous area, city, and hilly
area, to avoid over great diffraction, the height of the antenna should be
adjusted according to the following requirements:
When K = 2/3, HC 0.3F1 (for common obstacles)
HC 0 (for knife-shaped obstacles)
Page 105
In the case that is greater than 0.7, that is, for the circuit that passes the area of
great ground reflection factor like the plain area and water reticulation area, to avoid
over great reflection fading, the height of the antenna should be adjusted according to
the following requirements
When K = 2/3, HC 0.3F1 (for common obstacles)
HC 0 (for knife-edged obstacles)
When K = 4/3, HC F1
When K = , HC 1.35F1 (The deep fading occurs when HC = 21/2 F1.)
If these requirements cannot be met, change the height of the antenna or the route.
Page 106
Page 107
Page 108
Avoid the interference from other radio services, such as the satellite
communication system, radar site, TV station, and broadcast station.
f1
f1
f1
f2
f2
f2
Over-reach
interference
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Draw the cross-sectional chart of the terrain based on the data of each site.
Calculate the antenna height and transmission situation of each site. For the
line that has strong reflection, adjust the mounting height of the antenna to
block the reflected wave, or have the reflection point fall on the earth
surface with small reflection factor.
Consider the path clearance. The clearance in the plain area should not be
over great, and that in the mountainous area should not be over small.
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Questions
Can you tell the procedure for designing a microwave transmission line?
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Thank You
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