Muc Luc, Trich Yeu

B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG
BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014
MI TRNG NNG THN
H Ni, 2014
In 1.000 cun, kch thc 21x29,7cm, ti Nh my in Bn .

KKHXB: 1365-2015/CXBIPH/01-274/Ba. Quyt nh s 28/Q-TMBVN ngy 02 thng 6
nm 2015.
MI TRNG NNG THN
DANH SCH NHNG NGI THAM GIA BIN SON

MI TRNG NNG THN

Tp th ch o
Nguyn Minh Quang, B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
Bi Cch Tuyn, Th trng kim Tng cc trng Tng cc Mi trng
Hong Dng Tng, Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Mi trng
T th k
KS. Nguyn Vn Thy, ThS. L Hong Anh, CN. Nguyn Th Nguyt nh, ThS. Mc
Th Minh Tr, KS. Phm Quang Hiu, ThS. Vn Hng V, ThS. Nguyn Hu Thng,
ThS. Bi Hng Nht, TS. Dng Thnh Nam, TS. Nguyn Hng Minh, ThS. Phm
Th Vng Linh, ThS. Nguyn Hng Hnh, ThS. Phm Th Thy, ThS. Nguyn Th
Thu Trang, CN. Phan Th Nhung, CN. Nguyn Th Bch Loan, CN. Vng Nh Lun.
Tham gia bin tp, bin son
GS. TSKH. Phm Ngc ng, ThS. Tng Th Cng, KS. Nguyn Gia Cng,
ThS. Nguyn Hng Thnh, TS. L Hong Lan, ThS. Nguyn Hong nh, TS. ng
Khnh.
ng gp kin v cung cp s liu cho bo co
Cc n v thuc B Ti nguyn v Mi trng.
Cc n v thuc Tng cc Mi trng.
B Cng An, B Cng thng, B Giao thng vn ti, B Lao ng - Thng binh v
X hi, B Ngoi giao, B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, B Quc phng, B
T php, B Xy dng.
S Ti nguyn v Mi trng cc tnh, thnh ph.
MI TRNG NNG THN
MC LC
Danh mc Biu
Danh mc Khung
vii
Danh mc Bng
ix
Danh mc Hnh
Danh mc Ch vit tt
xi
Li ni u
xiii
Trch yu
xv
CHNG 1. PHT TRIN

NNG THN V MI TRNG
1.1. Tng quan nng thn Vit Nam
1.1.1. a bn tri di vi iu kin t nhin

a dng to nn nhng th mnh c
trng cho cc vng nng thn Vit Nam
1.1.2. Nng thn gi vai tr l vnh ai xanh

i vi th, gp phn cn bng sinh thi
gia vng nng thn v thnh th
1.1.3. Nng nghip - nng thn c vai tr

cung cp nguyn liu v ngun lc cho pht
trin kinh t
1.1.4. Thay i qu t do cc hot ng

kinh t x hi
1.2. Xu th pht trin cc hot ng kinh t

khu vc nng thn
11
1.2.1. Hot ng trng trt
11
1.2.2. Hot ng chn nui
2.4. Sc p t hot ng nui trng v ch

bin thy sn
37
2.5. Sc p t hot ng ch bin nng sn

thc phm
40
2.6. Sc p t hot ng ca lng ngh
41
2.7. Sc p t hot ng pht trin cng

nghip
48
2.8. nh hng ca bin i kh hu, nc

bin dng v thin tai
49
CHNG 3. HIN TRNG

MI TRNG NNG THN
3.1. Mi trng khng kh
55
3.1.1. Tnh hnh chung cht lng mi

trng khng kh khu vc nng thn
55
3.1.2. Mt s vn nhim cc b mi
trng khng kh khu vc nng thn
57
3.2. Mi trng nc mt
62
3.2.1. Tnh hnh chung cht lng nc mt

khu vc nng thn
62
3.2.2. Vn suy gim cht lng v

nhim cc b nc mt nng thn
64
3.3. Mi trng nc di t
71
3.4. Mi trng t
73
14
3.4.1. Tnh hnh chung cht lng t khu

vc nng thn
73
1.2.3. Hot ng nui trng thy sn
16
1.2.4. Ch bin nng lm thy sn
17
3.4.2. Thoi ha t
74
3.4.3. nhim t
78
1.2.5. Xu th pht trin cc cm cng nghip

v hot ng tiu th cng nghip
18
3.5. Cht thi rn nng thn
80
1.2.6. Xu th pht trin lng ngh
19
3.5.1. Phn loi, thu gom v x l rc thi

sinh hot
82
1.2.7. Hot ng pht trin lm nghip
20
1.3. Vn i mi nng thn
22
3.5.2. Thu gom v x l cht thi rn t cc

ngnh sn xut khu vc nng thn
88
3.5.3. Phn loi, thu gom v x l cht thi

rn lng ngh.
90
CHNG 2. SC P I VI
MI TRNG NNG THN
2.1. Sc p t hot ng dn sinh
27
2.2. Sc p t hot ng trng trt v lm

nghip
29
2.3. Sc p t hot ng chn nui
34
CHNG 4. TC NG CA NHIM
MI TRNG NNG THN
4.1. nh hng n i sng sinh hot v
sc khe ngi dn
iii
95
MI TRNG NNG THN
4.1.1. nh hng n i sng sinh hot

ngi dn
95
5.5.2. Qun l v x l cht thi t hot

ng chn nui
128
4.1.2. nh hng n sc khe ngi dn
96
5.5.3. Qun l v x l cht thi t cc

lng ngh
4.2. nh hng n s pht trin cc ngnh

kinh t - x hi
128
103
5.5.4. Qun l v x l rc thi sinh hot
129
4.2.1. Thit hi kinh t do nh hng n

hot ng nui trng thy sn
103
5.6.Vn ti chnh, u t cho bo v mi

trng nng thn.
132

hot ng sn xut nng nghip
103
5.7. Huy ng s tham gia v nng cao nhn

thc cng ng
134

hot ng du lch
105
5.7.1. Huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng

trong cng tc BVMT nng thn
134
4.3. nh hng n cnh quan v mi

trng sinh thi
106
5.7.2. Nng cao nhn thc cng ng
137
4.4. Pht sinh xung t mi trng
107
4.4.1. Xung t mi trng pht sinh t hot

ng lng ngh
107
4.4.2. Xung t mi trng pht sinh t hot

ng ca cc c s sn xut
107
4.4.3. Xung t mi trng trong cng tc

quy hoch bi rc tp trung
109
CHNG 6. NHNG VN BC XC
V MI TRNG NNG THN
V XUT GII PHP
CHNG 5. QUN L
MI TRNG NNG THN
6.1. Cc vn bc xc v mi trng
nng thn
141
6.1.1. Pht trin sn xut cha quan tm n

cng tc bo v mi trng
141
6.1.2. Thu gom v x l cht thi rn sinh

hot nng thn - vn cn nhiu bc xc
142
6.1.3. Cha kim sot c cht thi l bao

b ha cht bo v thc vt
142
6.1.4. Kh khn trong kim sot nhim

mi trng lng ngh
143
6.1.5. Cng tc qun l mi trng nng

thn cn an xen, thiu n v u mi qun
l, mt s mng cn b b ng
143
143
5.1. Cc chnh sch v vn bn quy phm

php lut
115
5.1.1. Cc chnh sch v vn bn quy phm

php lut to hnh lang php l cho cng
tc BVMT nng thn
115
5.1.2. Nhng tn ti v thch thc
118
5.2. H thng t chc qun l v phn cng

trch nhim
120
5.2.1. H thng t chc qun l v phn

cng trch nhim
6.1.6. T l dn c nng thn c cp nc

sch v iu kin v sinh mi trng nng
thn cn thp
120
6.2. xut gii php
144
5.2.2. Mt s kh khn, tn ti
120
6.2.1. Cc gii php chung
144
5.3. Trin khai cc tiu ch mi trng thuc

chng trnh nng thn mi
145
122
6.2.2. Gii php u tin cho cc vn ni

cm
6.2.3. Gii php theo vng, min
147
5.4. Nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng

thn
125
Kt lun
153
5.5. Qun l v x l nhim mi trng

nng thn
Kin ngh
155
127
Ti liu tham kho
159
5.5.1. Qun l v x l cht thi t hot

ng trng trt
127
iv
MI TRNG NNG THN
DANH MC BIU
CHNG 1. PHT TRIN
NNG THN V MI TRNG
Biu 2.3. c tnh lng rm r pht sinh

ngoi ng rung
31
Biu 1.1. T trng c cu ngnh kinh t

nm 2013
Biu 2.4. c tnh lng rm r ngoi

ng rung mt s tnh vng BSH
32
Biu 1.2. T l lao ng t 15 tui tr ln

ang lm vic ti cc ngnh kinh t
Biu 2.5. c tnh khi lng cht thi rn

chn nui phn theo vng
35
Biu 1.3. Din bin s lao ng t 15 tui

tr ln phn theo vng nng thn v thnh th
giai on 2009-2013
Biu 2.6. T l cc kh thi chnh pht

sinh t hot ng chn nui
36
Biu 1.4. Thu nhp bnh qun hng thng

theo u ngi ca c nc v phn theo khu
vc thnh th, nng thn giai on 1999-2012
Biu 2.7. T l gia sc mc bnh l mm

long mng trn c nc nm 2013
36
Biu 2.8. S lng gia sc b tiu hy do

mc bnh l mm long mng nm 2013
36
Biu 1.5. T l h ngho cc vng trong c

nc nm 2010 - 2013
Biu 2.9. T l cc cht thi sinh hot

trong nui trng v ch bin thy sn
38
Biu 1.6. C cu s dng t nm 2013
10
Biu 1.7. T l sn lng la phn theo

vng nm 2013
11
Biu 1.8. T l phn b din tch cy cng

nghip ngn ngy chnh nm 2013
12
Biu 1.9. T l phn b din tch cy cng

nghip lu nm nm 2013
12
Biu 1.10. Khi lng cc nhm thuc

BVTV Vit Nam
13
Biu 1.11. T l phn b trang tri cc

vng trn c nc
15
Biu 1.12. T l phn b din tch mt

nc nui trng thy sn nm 2013
CHNG 3. HIN TRNG

MI TRNG NNG THN
Biu 3.1. Nng TSP trong khng kh
xung quanh ti mt s a phng khu vc
nng thn
56
Biu 3.2. Nng kh NH3 gn khu vc

chn nui x Sng Ly, huyn Bc Bnh, tnh
Bnh Thun
56

xung quanh mt s lng ngh khu vc pha
Bc
57
16
58
Biu 1.13. T l CCN do doanh nghip

lm ch u t h tng
Biu 3.4. Nng SO2 trung bnh nm ti

mt s lng ngh nm 2010
18
Biu 1.14. T l lp y CCN bnh qun

cc vng trn c nc
58
19
Biu 3.5. Nng NO2 trung bnh nm ti

mt s lng ngh nm 2010
Biu 1.15. T l x c lng ngh phn

theo vng
19
Biu 3.6. Nng TSP xung quanh mt s

im khai thc, ch bin khong sn, vt liu
xy dng v l gch
58
Biu 1.16. T l phn loi ngnh sn xut

chnh ti lng ngh
20
59
Biu 1.17. T l x ph duyt quy hoch

xy dng nng thn mi
23
Biu 3.7. Nng kh SO2 mt s c s khai

thc t st v sn xut gch ngi tnh Bnh
Thun
xung quanh ti mt s vng nng thn chu
tc ng ca KCN
60

xung quanh vng nng thn chu nh hng
t nh my xi mng khu vc pha Bc
60
Biu 3.10. Gi tr Coliform trong nc mt

ti mt s x khu vc nng thn nm 2013
62
CHNG 2. SC P I VI
MI TRNG NNG THN
Biu 2.1. Tng lng cc cht nhim
trong nc thi sinh hot phn theo vng
28
Biu 2.2. T l pht sinh CTR sinh hot

theo vng nm 2013
29
MI TRNG NNG THN
Biu 3.24. Din bin d lng thuc BVTV

nhm Pyrethoid trong mi trng t nng
thn tnh Bc Giang nm 2013 v 2014
74
63
Biu 3.25. Din tch t b thoi ha mt

s vng trong ton quc
75
Biu 3.13. Din bin hm lng COD

trong nc sng mt s khu vc nng thn
pha Bc giai on 2011-2014
76
65
Biu 3.26. Din bin hm lng Cl- trong

t theo loi hnh s dng ti BSCL giai
on 2009 - 2012.
Biu 3.14. Din bin hm lng BOD5

trong nc mt s h ti khu vc nng thn
tnh Bc Giang giai on 2012-2014
Biu 3.27. T l thnh phn rc thi sinh

hot huyn Cu Ngang, tnh Tr Vinh
81
65
Biu 3.15. Din bin hm lng COD

trong nc ao, knh mng ni ng ti khu
vc nng thn tnh Bc Giang nm 2014
66
Biu 3.16. Hm lng COD v TSS trong

nc mt gn m st Cng ty C phn Khong
sn Ha Yn, tnh Yn Bi nm 2013
66
Biu 3.11. Din bin hm lng NH4+

trong nc sng on chy qua khu vc nng
thn giai on 2012 -2014
Biu 3.12. Din bin hm lng TSS trong
nc sng on chy qua khu vc nng thn
giai on 2012-2014
63
Biu 3.17. Hm lng NH4+ ti mt s

im quan trc ti vng nng thn trn a
bn tnh C Mau nm 2013
67
Biu 3.18. Hm lng DO knh X No giai

on 2010 - 2013
68
Biu 3.19. Hm lng TSS knh X No

giai on 2010 - 2013
68
Biu 3.20. Hm lng NH4+ trong nc

di t mt s khu vc nng thn nm 2013
MI TRNG NNG THN
Biu 4.1. T l ngi mc cc bnh ph
bin ti lng ngh ti ch kim loi Chu Kh,
tnh Bc Ninh
98
Biu 4.2. T l mc bnh ca cc lng

ngh v cc lng khng lm ngh ti H Nam
101
Biu 4.3. T l % triu chng bnh tt do

nh hng ca bi rc
102
Biu 4.4. Din tch la v hoa mu b mt

trng do thin tai gy ra trn c nc qua cc
nm 2007- 2013
105
CHNG 5. QUN L
MI TRNG NNG THN
71
Biu 5.1. T l x nng thn t tiu ch

mi trng chia theo khu vc
124
Biu 3.21. Hm lng Fe trong nc ging

khoan, ging o mt s khu vc nng thn
nm 2013
71
Biu 5.2. Kt qu thc hin Chng trnh

mc tiu quc gia nc sch v v sinh mi
trng nng thn
125
Biu 3.22. Gi tr Coliform trong nc

di t mt s khu vc nng thn
72
132
Biu 3.23. Hm lng Pb v Cu trong t

sn xut nng nghip mt s khu vc nng
thn tnh Bnh Thun v tnh k Nng nm
2014
Biu 5.3. Chi cho hot ng BVMT t

ngun ngn sch s nghip mi trng ca
B NN&PTNT qua cc nm
73
vi
MI TRNG NNG THN
DANH MC KHUNG
CHNG 1. PHT TRIN
NNG THN V MI TRNG
Khung 1.1. Vn u t trc tip nc ngoi
(FDI) lnh vc nng nghip
Khung 1.2. Tnh hnh bun bn thuc BVTV

ti H Ni
14
Khung 1.3. Tnh hnh nhp khu thc n

chn nui
15
Khung 1.4. Tnh hnh huy ng kinh ph

thc hin Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia
v xy dng nng thn mi
50
Khung 2.17. S bt thng bo b vng

ven bin
51
Khung 2.18. Tnh hnh ngp lt BSCL
68
CHNG 3. HIN TRNG

MI TRNG NNG THN
Khung 3.1. nhim khng kh do cht thi
chn nui
61
Khung 3.2. nhim cc b nc mt ti

Ph Yn, Thi Nguyn
68
Khung 3.3. Tnh trng nhim nc bo

ng ti lng ngh huyn Hng H, Thi
Bnh
69
Khung 3.4. Cht lng mi trng nc gn

cc c s nui tm tnh Bnh nh
70
Khung 3.5. Nc sinh hot mt s khu vc

nng thn b nhim vi sinh v kim loi
nng
72
Khung 3.6. Cht lng t vng nng thn

tnh Vnh Long v Qung Bnh
73
Khung 3.7. nhim mi trng do cc kho

thuc BVTV tn lu
79
Khung 3.8. nhim dioxin ti sn bay A So

tnh Tha Thin Hu
80
82
37
Khung 3.9. M hnh phn loi rc thi ti

vng nng thn huyn Thp Mi, tnh
ng Thp
39
Khung 3.10. M hnh thu gom CTR tp

trung nng thn
84
Khung 3.11. Tnh hnh thu gom rc thi ti

vng nng thn Tp. H Ni v tnh in
Bin
85
Khung 3.12. nhim mi trng t cc bi

rc ti tnh Bnh nh
86
Khung 3.13. Bt cp trong x l CTR sinh

hot ti tnh Thi Bnh
87
Khung 3.14. D n u t xy dng cng

trnh x l nhim mi trng lng ngh
c ng i Bi, tnh Bc Ninh
91
22
CHNG 2. SC P I VI
MI TRNG NNG THN
Khung 2.1. S lng cng trnh khai thc, s
dng nc di t tnh Sc Trng
28
Khung 2.2. Thoi ha t do s dng phn

v c ti Lm ng
30
Khung 2.3. S dng ph, ph phm la ti

BSCL
32
Khung 2.4. c tnh thi lng cc kh thi

do t sinh khi ti Chu
32
Khung 2.5. c tnh thi lng cc kh thi

do t rm r ti Thi Bnh
33
Khung 2.6. nh hng ca thc vt ngoi

lai i vi mi trng
33
Khung 2.7. Cht thi chn nui ti tnh Thi

Nguyn v Thi Bnh
Khung 2.8. Tnh hnh dch l mm long
mng v cm gia cm 6 thng u nm
2014
Khung 2.9. nhim mi trng t nui c
da trn ti tnh Bn Tre
Khung 2.16. Tnh hnh hn hn tnh Ninh

Thun
35
Khung 2.10. p lc mi trng ti cc lng

ngh tnh Bc Giang
42
Khung 2.11. p lc mi trng nc mt ti

cc lng ngh H Ni v Nam nh
44
Khung 2.12. p lc mi trng khng kh

ti cc lng ngh
45
Khung 2.13. nhim ch ti lng ngh ti

ch ch ng Mai
47
Khung 2.14. Pht sinh cht thi rn ti cc

lng ngh tnh Ninh Thun
47
Khung 2.15. Pht sinh cht thi rn ti mt

s lng ngh tnh Bc Ninh
47
vii
MI TRNG NNG THN
MI TRNG NNG THN
CHNG 5. QUN L
MI TRNG NNG THN
Khung 4.1. Hn 7 nm sng chung vi

ngun nc b nhim
95
Khung 4.2. nhim nh hng n i

sng sinh hot ca ngi dn
96
Khung 4.3. Tc hi ca vic s dng than t

ong i vi sc khe con ngi
97
Khung 4.4. Tc hi ca cc cht nhim

trong nc i vi sc khe con ngi
Khung 5.1. Quy nh lin quan n BVMT

trong cc Lut, Php lnh ca ngnh nng
nghip
117
Khung 5.2. Cc chng trnh, d n u tin

thuc n bo v v ci thin mi trng
nng nghip nng thn n nm 2020 trn
a bn tnh Thi Nguyn
118
99
122
Khung 4.5. nhim mi trng gy thit hi

cho nui c b trn sng Ch V
Khung 5.3. Cc tiu ch v mi trng thuc

B tiu ch quc gia v nng thn mi
103
Khung 4.6. Ngi dn iu ng v nc

thi nh my tinh bt sn
126
104
Khung 5.4. Kt qu kim tra cht lng

nc ti mt s c s cp nc tp trung
khu vc nng thn
Khung 4.7. nhim mi trng gy nh

hng ti du lch ti mt s lng ngh
thnh ph H Ni
105
Khung 5.5. Hot ng thu gom v bao

b thuc BVTV ti mt s a phng
cha pht huy hiu qu
127
Khung 4.8. Phn ng ca ngi dn v

nhim ti tnh Qung Bnh
108
Khung 5.6. M hnh thu gom, x l rc thi

nng thn da vo cng ng Qung Tr
130
Khung 4.9. Dn khiu kin cng ty gy

nhim
109
Khung 5.7. Pht huy vai tr ca HTX trong

cng tc BVMT nng thn
134
Khung 4.10. n b cho nhng v khiu

kin v mi trng
110
Khung 5.8. Trin khai hng c c lng

ghp cc yu cu v BVMT x An Chn,
huyn Tuy An, tnh Ph Yn
135
Khung 4.11. Cng thng v rc
111
Khung 5.9. Trin khai hng c c lng

ghp cc yu cu v BVMT
136
Khung 5.10. Kt qu thc hin Chnh sch

chi tr dch v mi trng rng
136
viii
MI TRNG NNG THN
DANH MC BNG
CHNG 1. PHT TRIN
NNG THN V MI TRNG
Bng 1.1. Din tch v sn lng lng thc
c ht
Bng 1.2. Din tch v nng sut la nm

2010 - 2013
11
Bng 1.3. Tnh hnh sn xut v nhp khu

phn bn
13
Bng 1.4. S lng gia sc, gia cm t nm

2010 - 2013
14
Bng 1.5. Phn b s lng chn nui gia

sc, gia cm theo vng nm 2013
14
Bng 1.6. Kt qu sn xut thy sn nm

2013
16
Bng 1.7. S lng cc c s ch bin nng

sn
17
Bng 1.8. Din bin din tch rng qua cc

thi k
21
Bng 1.9. Loi hnh v din tch rng b

chuyn i nm 2013
21
Bng 2.10. Lng nc thi sn xut ti

mt s lng ngh ch bin lng thc, thc
phm tnh Bnh nh
44
Bng 2.11. c trng nhim ti mt s

lng ngh ch bin lng thc, thc phm
trn a bn tnh Qung Nam v Bnh
Thun
45
Bng 2.12. c trng nhim ti mt s

lng ngh th cng m ngh tnh Qung
Nam v Bnh Thun
46
Bng 2.13. Lng pht sinh CTR sinh hot

mt s lng ngh ch bin nng sn, thc
phm tnh Bnh nh
47
Bng 2.14. Tng hp s v thin tai giai

on 2013 - 2014
52
CHNG 3. HIN TRNG

MI TRNG NNG THN
CHNG 2. SC P I VI
MI TRNG NNG THN
Bng 3.1. Kt qu quan trc cht lng

nc mt s im nui trng thy sn tnh
Bn Tre (minh ha s liu t 1/2014)
70
Bng 3.2. Lng cht thi rn pht sinh ti

mt s lng ngh ti ch
81
Bng 3.3. Thc trng mt s bin php x

l cht thi chn nui quy m trang tri (TT)
v h gia nh ti 54 tnh thnh trong ton
quc
89
90
Bng 2.1. c tnh ti lng mt s cht

nhim trong nc thi sinh hot pht sinh
t khu vc nng thn tnh Ph Th nm
2013 v d bo nm 2020
27
Bng 2.2. Lng phn ln v kali trung

bnh s dng trn mt s cy trng chnh
ti x Thanh Long, huyn Thanh Chng,
Ngh An
30
Bng 3.4. Thc trng s dng m lt sinh

hc trong chn nui
Bng 2.3. Tng hp lng CTR nng nghip

pht sinh nm 2012
30
MI TRNG NNG THN
Bng 2.4. c tnh khi lng CTR t hot

ng trng trt t 2009 - 2011 tnh H Tnh
31
Bng 4.1. Cc ch tiu c bn v sc khe

lin quan n nc v v sinh Vit Nam
99
Bng 2.5. c tnh khi lng cht thi rn

chn nui ca Vit Nam
35
Bng 4.2. S lng ngi mc cc bnh

lin quan n mi trng nc ti Ph Th
100
Bng 2.6. Thnh phn bn thi nui tm

cng nghip BSCL
38
CHNG 5. QUN L
MI TRNG NNG THN
Bng 2.7. c tnh ti lng Nit v Pht

pho pht sinh trong hot ng nui tm
38
123
Bng 2.8. Danh mc mt s loi ngoi lai

xm hi bit
Bng 5.1. Kt qu thc hin cc tiu ch

nng thn mi tnh n cui nm 2014
40
123
Bng 2.9. c trng nhim t sn xut

ca mt s loi hnh lng ngh
Bng 5.2. Tnh hnh thc hin cc tiu ch

nng thn mi n cui nm 2014
43
Bng 5.3. Tng hp hot ng ca cc m

hnh dch v qun l cht thi nng thn
131
ix
MI TRNG NNG THN
DANH MC HNH
CHNG 3. HIN TRNG

MI TRNG NNG THN
MI TRNG NNG THN
Hnh 3.1. nhim nc t c s git m

(Phc Lm, Bc Giang) v sn xut tinh bt
dong (Tn Ha, H Ni)
68
Hnh 3.2. Ch bin c ng Thp
69
Hnh 3.3. Khai thc ct gy st l t ti

x i Bnh, huyn Yn Sn, tnh Tuyn
Quang
77
Hnh 3.4. Bng hng dn phn loi rc ti

ngun (trch S tay hng dn phn loi,
thu gom v x l rc thi khu vc nng thn
trn a bn tnh Qung Nam)
83
Hnh 3.5. L t rc th im ti x M H,
huyn Lng Giang, tnh Bc Giang
86
Hnh 4.1. Bi rc t pht ti thn Ph Vinh,

x Ia Bng, huyn Ch Prng, tnh Gia Lai
106
MI TRNG NNG THN
DANH MC CH VIT TT
BVMT
Bo v mi trng
KT-XH
Kinh t - x hi
BVTV
Bo v thc vt
NGTK
Nin gim thng k
CCN
Cm cng nghip
NN&PTNT
Nng nghip v Pht trin
CTNH
Cht thi nguy hi
CTR
Cht thi rn
QCVN
Quy chun Vit Nam
BSCL
ng bng sng Cu Long
QTMT
Quan trc mi trng
BSH
ng bng sng Hng
TCMT
Tng cc Mi trng
DSH
a dng sinh hc
TCTK
Tng cc Thng k
DHMT
Duyn hi min Trung
TDMNPB
Trung du min ni pha Bc
HTX
Hp tc x
TN&MT
Ti nguyn v Mi trng
KCN
Khu cng nghip
UBND
y ban nhn dn
KH&T
K hoch v u t
VSMT
V sinh mi trng
KHKT
Khoa hc k thut
WHO
T chc Y t Th gii
KSON
Kim sot nhim
nng thn
xi
MI TRNG NNG THN
LI NI U
i khong 67% dn s c nc, nng thn Vit Nam ang trn con ng i
mi v ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin KT-XH ca t nc. Chng trnh
mc tiu quc gia v xy dng nng thn mi c trin khai em li nhng thay i
ng k v i sng, h tng k thut cng nh cnh quan mi trng nhiu vng nng
thn. Tuy nhin, cng vi s pht trin KT-XH mnh m l nhng nguy c khng nh v
nhim mi trng.
Mi trng nng thn ang chu nhng sc p ngay t chnh cc hot ng sn xut
v sinh hot ca nng thn, ng thi cn chu tc ng t hot ng ca cc KCN, CCN
v khu vc th ln cn. chnh l nguy c nhim mi trng t trng trt, chn nui,
nui trng v ch bin thy hi sn, ch bin nng sn thc phm, pht trin lng ngh v
sn xut cng nghip. mt s vng nng thn, mi trng nc hoc mi trng khng
kh b nhim cc b, c bit vic qun l CTR nng thn cha thc s c coi trng,
v ang l vn bc xc.
Thc hin quy nh ca Lut Bo v mi trng, nm 2014, B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng la chn xy dng Bo co mi trng quc gia chuyn v Mi trng nng
thn. Bo co tr li nhng cu hi: iu g ang gy sc p i vi mi trng nng thn?
Hin trng v din bin cht lng mi trng nng thn nh th no? nhim mi trng
nng thn gy tc hi n sc kho cng ng v s pht trin KT-XH ra sao? Chng ta
, ang v s phi lm g bo v mi trng nng thn?
Tham gia bin son Bo co c cc cn b qun l nh nc, cc nh khoa hc ca
cc vin nghin cu, trng i hc. c bit, Bo co nhn c s quan tm, tham
gia, ng gp kin ca cc B/ngnh, a phng v nhiu chuyn gia. Phn ln cc s
liu v thng tin s dng trong Bo co c cp nht n cui nm 2014 v u c cung
cp chnh thc t cc c quan, n v c trch nhim. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng trn
trng cm n cc t chc v cc chuyn gia tham gia nhng kin ng gp qu bu.
Hy vng, Bo co ny s h tr qu trnh ra cc quyt nh v bo v mi trng cng
nh cng tc lp k hoch v quy hoch pht trin KT-XH nng thn, gp phn pht trin bn
vng t nc. ng thi y cng l ti liu tham kho cn thit phc v cng tc nghin
cu ca cc nh khoa hc v ph bin thng tin cho cng ng cng nh nhng c nhn c
quan tm.
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
xiii
MI TRNG NNG THN
TRCH YU
Bo co mi trng quc gia 2014 - Mi trng nng thn phn tch cc vn lin
quan n mi trng nng thn Vit Nam trong giai on 2010-2014: Cc c trng ca
khu vc nng thn, qu trnh i mi, pht trin nng thn; cc hot ng pht trin kinh
t nng thn; din bin hin trng cht lng mi trng nng thn; kt qu t c
v nhng tn ti trong cng tc qun l; xc nh cc vn mi trng bc xc v nh
hng bo v mi trng nng thn trong thi gian ti.
Bo co c xy dng da trn m hnh D-P-S-I-R (ng lc - p lc - Hin trng
- Tc ng - p ng). ng lc gm vn th ha, s pht trin cc ngnh KT-XH,
nng thn c trnh by trong Chng 1 to ra Sc p ln, ng thi cng l nhng
ngun pht sinh cht thi ra mi trng (Chng 2), lm thay i hin trng cht lng mi
trng khu vc nng thn. Hin trng mi trng nng thn c nh gi trong Chng
3 gm din bin mi trng khng kh, mi trng nc mt, mi trng nc di t,
mi trng t, hin trng thu gom v x l CTR. Cht lng mi trng c nh gi
thng qua vic so snh kt qu quan trc cc thng s mi trng vi cc quy chun Vit
Nam hin hnh. S suy gim cht lng v nhim mi trng nng thn gy ra cc
Tc ng n sc kho ngi dn, hot ng pht trin KT-XH, cnh quan sinh thi v dn
n xung t mi trng, l nhng vn c trnh by trong Chng 4. Vic phn
tch thc trng, nhng tn ti trong cng tc qun l v BVMT nng thn l c s xy dng
ni dung phn p ng (Chng 5 v 6), gm cc gii php u tin cho nhng vn bc
xc, nhng gii php tng hp v nhng gii php cho tng vng min nhm qun l hiu
qu, phng nga, gim thiu nhim, tng bc ci thin, nng cao cht lng mi trng
nng thn v m bo mc tiu xy dng nng thn mi.
nh gi cht lng mi trng, Bo co s dng mt s quy chun k thut v
mi trng di y:
- QCVN 02:2009/BYT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc sinh hot.
- QCVN 02:2012/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v l t cht thi rn y t.
- QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v gii hn cho php ca
kim loi nng trong t.
- QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng khng kh
xung quanh.
- QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v mt s cht c hi trong
khng kh xung quanh.
- QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc mt.
- QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc ngm.
- QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc bin
ven b.
xv
MI TRNG NNG THN
- QCVN 25:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi ca bi chn

lp cht thi rn.
Bo co gm 6 chng.
Chng 1 Pht trin nng thn v mi trng
Nng thn Vit Nam mi vng min c nhng c trng khc nhau v iu kin t
nhin nn s pht trin KT-XH cng c nhiu c trng v nh hng khc nhau, Vi tng
din tch tng ng khong 80% din tch ton quc, nng thn gi vai tr l vnh ai
xanh, gp phn gi cn bng sinh thi gia vng nng thn v thnh th. Nng nghip nng thn gi v tr trng tm, m bo an ninh lng thc quc gia v cung cp nguyn
liu, hng ha cho cng nghip v xut khu. Vi khong 67% dn s ton quc phn b
cc vng nng thn, y l th trng cung cp lc lng lao ng di do nhng t l
tht nghip v bn tht nghip cng khng nh. c tnh thu nhp bnh qun u ngi
ca ngi dn nng thn cn thp (1,6 triu ng/thng) v t l h ngho cn kh cao.
Bn cnh , thc t qu t phc v cc lnh vc sn xut nng thn, c bit l t
nng nghip ang c xu hng gim do sc p t qu trnh th ha, cng nghip ha v
chuyn i mc ch s dng t.
Cc lnh vc sn xut chnh v ang pht trin mnh nng thn gm trng trt,
chn nui, nui trng thy sn, ch bin nng lm thy sn, pht trin cc cm cng
nghip, lng ngh v lm nghip. y l nhng ngnh ng vai tr quan trng trong nn
kinh t nc ta.
Hin nay, c nc ang trong qu trnh thc hin Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia
v xy dng nng thn mi giai on 2010 - 2020, phn u n nm 2020 s c 50%
s x t chun nng thn mi. Thc t trin khai cho thy cng cuc i mi ang
em li nhiu chuyn bin tch cc. C s h tng nhiu vng nng thn ang c
u t v nng cp, bao gm ng giao thng, cng trnh in, nc... y l tin
cc ngnh sn xut nng thn pht trin mnh, c bit i vi cc lnh vc nng
nghip, thy sn, lng ngh... Tuy nhin, bt cp trong cng tc qun l v ang gy
p lc ng k n mi trng nng thn v tc ng n cht lng cuc sng ngi
dn trong vng.
Chng 2. Sc p i vi mi trng nng thn
Sc p i vi mi trng nng thn n t cc hot ng dn sinh v cc hot ng
sn xut nh trng trt; chn nui; nui trng v ch bin thy sn; ch bin nng sn thc
phm; pht trin lng ngh v pht trin cng nghip. Thm vo , mi trng nng thn
ang phi chu nhng tc ng trc tip ca bin i kh hu, nc bin dng v vn
thin tai. Sc p ln mi trng cc vng nng thn ang c xu hng gia tng c v s
lng v mc nh hng. Mi vng min, a phng khc nhau c nhng c trng
v th mnh pht trin khc nhau nn sc p i vi mi trng nng thn cng nhng
mc khc nhau.
xvi
MI TRNG NNG THN
Cc hot ng sn xut nng thn phn ln quy m h gia nh, gn khu dn c;

hnh thc sn xut nh l, cng ngh lc hu, cha u t cho hot ng BVMT l nhng
nguyn nhn chnh lm suy gim cht lng mi trng. Ngoi ra, vn quy hoch v
qun l cha hp l, cha c hoc vn hnh khng hiu qu, khng ng quy chun
cc cng trnh x l nc thi, CTR, cng l nhng p lc khng nh i vi mi trng
nng thn.
Chng 3. Hin trng mi trng nng thn
Hin trng mi trng nng thn c nh gi trn cht lng cc thnh phn mi
trng (1) khng kh, (2) nc mt, (3) nc di t, (4) mi trng t, (5) cht thi rn
nng thn.
Cht lng mi trng c nh gi da trn chui s liu quan trc t nm 2010
n 2014 ca cc tnh thnh trn c nc v mt s chng trnh quan trc ca Trung tm
Quan trc mi trng - Tng cc Mi trng. Phn tch v nh gi hin trng mi trng
nng thn da vo so snh cc kt qu quan trc vi cc Quy chun k thut quc gia
hin hnh.
Mi trng khng kh: cht lng mi trng khng kh khu vc nng thn cn kh
tt, rt nhiu vng cha c du hiu nhim. Nng cc cht kh gy nhim vn nm
trong ngng cho php ca QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT. Hin tng nhim cc b c ghi
nhn ti mt s khu vc nng thn gn im khai thc, ch bin khong sn, vt liu xy
dng; khu vc cm cng nghip xen k trong khu dn c, lng ngh v mt s khu vc tp
trung hot ng nng cp c s h tng. ng ch nht l vn nhim bi. Ngoi ra,
nhim kh thi NH3, SO2 v NO2 cng c ghi nhn ti mt vi khu vc gn khu sn
xut cng nghip, lng ngh. C s khc bit v thnh phn cng nh mc nhim
khng kh nng thn ty theo c im vng min v ngnh ngh sn xut.
Mi trng nc mt: Mi trng nc mt ti hu ht cc vng nng thn c th s
dng cho mc ch ti tiu, nhiu ni vn t yu cu cht lng cho cp nc sinh hot.
Tuy nhin, cc s liu quan trc cng ch ra s suy gim cht lng v nhim cc b
ti khu vc h lu sng, khu vc ven , khu vc dn c ng c, lng ngh Vn ph
bin l nhim hu c, vi sinh v cht dinh dng. Mt s im cn c du hiu nhim
kim loi nng. Min Bc, c bit BSH l ni xy ra nhiu vn nhim mi trng
nc mt nht do tp trung ng dn c v cc hot ng lng ngh.
Mi trng nc di t: Cht lng nc di t khu vc nng thn ph thuc vo
c tnh a cht vng cha nc, s thm thu v r r nc b mt t cc hot ng sn
xut nng nghip, lng ngh Nhn chung, cht lng nc di t nng thn cn kh
tt, hu ht cc thng s u c gi tr t QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT v c th s dng tt
cho mc ch sinh hot. Mt vi im cc b c du hiu nhim vi sinh, kim loi nng
v nhim cht hu c.
xvii
MI TRNG NNG THN
Mi trng t: Qu trnh thoi ha t ang lm nh hng n 50% din tch t

nng nghip ton quc, trong phn ln l nhm t i ni nm khu vc nng thn.
Bn cnh tnh trng cht lng t b nh hng do s dng bt hp l cc loi phn
bn v thuc BVTV cng nh nhim t do cc cht c ha hc tn lu ang tr thnh
vn bo ng mt s tnh thnh trn ton quc.
Cht thi rn: Vn pht sinh, thu gom v x l CTR sinh hot khu vc nng thn
ang t ra nhiu thch thc. Bn cnh , cng tc thu gom v x l CTR t cc ngnh
sn xut (nng nghip, lng ngh, tiu th cng nghip) cng gp nhiu kh khn.
ng quan tm l vn thu gom, x l bao b thuc BVTV, cht thi chn nui v
CTR lng ngh.
Chng 4. Tc ng ca nhim mi trng nng thn
nhim mi trng nng thn gy ra nhng thit hi v KT-XH v tc ng trc tip
n cuc sng ngi dn nng thn, gy thit hi n hoa mu, nh hng n cnh quan
nng thn v gy ra nhng xung t v mi trng. T l ngi mc cc bnh c lin quan
n nhim mi trng nng thn c xu hng gia tng qua cc nm, c bit cc
khu vc sn xut ang b nhim hoc gn cc ngun gy nhim. Nhng nm gn y,
nng thn xut hin mt s lng ung th ti nhng khu vc nm gn cc c s sn xut
c hot ng x thi ha cht c hi.
i vi cc hot ng pht trin kinh t nng thn, cht lng mi trng suy gim
v nhim lm gim hiu qu sn xut v cht lng cc mt hng xut khu ra th trng
trong v ngoi nc. Mt s ngnh b nh hng ng k gm nui trng thy sn, sn
xut nng nghip. nhim mi trng cng lm mt m quan v suy gim cht lng mi
trng sinh thi l nguyn nhn nh hng n hnh nh nng thn v tc ng tiu cc
n ngnh du lch.
Xung t mi trng nng thn pht sinh t hot ng ca cc c s sn xut, lng
ngh, tiu th cng nghip... Xung t ch yu gia cng ng lm ngh v khng lm
ngh, sn xut lm pht thi nhim v ngi dn sng trong vng chu nh hng ca
nhim. c bit ang ni cm l vn xung t lin quan n quy hoch cc bi rc tp
trung khu vc gip ranh gia cc huyn x cng nh li ch ca ngi dn.
Chng 5. Qun l mi trng nng thn
Trong nhng nm qua, vn qun l v BVMT nng thn nhn c s quan tm
ca ng v Nh nc. Cc ni dung v qun l mi trng nng thn c iu chnh
bng nhiu vn bn quy phm php lut, thng qua vic lng ghp vo cc vn bn qun
l mi trng ni chung hoc lng ghp vo cc vn bn qun l sn xut chuyn ngnh.
B my t chc qun l mi trng nng thn ang c cng c v nng cao nng lc.
Cng tc nng cao nhn thc v huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng trong BVMT khu
vc nng thn cng ang c y mnh.
xviii
MI TRNG NNG THN
Tuy nhin, qun l mi trng nng thn vn cn nhiu tn ti, bt cp cha c

gii quyt cc mc v cp qun l khc nhau. Vn bn quy phm php lut cha
y , thiu tnh ng b. Mt s quy nh php lut c lin quan n BVMT khu vc
nng thn thiu tnh kh thi. Vn cn tn ti tnh trng chng cho trong phn cng trch
nhim, c nhng mng cn b ng trong c cu t chc qun l mi trng nng thn,
trch nhim ca n v qun l v thc thi cha cao. u t cho qun l v BVMT nng
thn cha nhn c s quan tm thch ng, kinh ph t trung ng hoc a phng
dnh cho cng tc BVMT khu vc nng thn mi ch tp trung ch yu cho vn nc
sch, VSMT. Cc hot ng qun l v kim sot cht thi t khu vc nng thn cha
thc s hiu qu. Bn cnh , vn nhn thc ca ngi dn v BVMT nng thn cn
hn ch.
Vic trin khai Chng trnh nng thn mi t mt s thnh cng, tuy nhin nh
gi chung cho thy nhm cc tiu ch v mi trng rt kh thc hin do cha st vi tnh
hnh thc t v thiu tnh kh thi. y l nhng thch thc khng nh v ang t ra
cho cng tc qun l mi trng nng thn.
Chng 6. Nhng vn bc xc v mi trng nng thn v xut gii php
Mt s vn bc xc, ni cm v mi trng nng thn bao gm: pht trin sn xut
cha quan tm n cng tc BVMT; vn thu gom v x l CTR sinh hot nng thn cn
b ng; cha kim sot c cht thi l bao b, ha cht BVTV; kh khn trong kim sot
nhim mi trng lng ngh; cng tc qun l mi trng nng thn cn an xen, thiu
n v u mi qun l; t l dn c nng thn c cp nc sch v iu kin v sinh
mi trng nng thn cn thp.
gii quyt cc vn tn ti trong cng tc qun l v BVMT nng thn ni
chung, gii quyt nhng vn mi trng ni cm ni ring cn xy dng cc gii php
ng b, c trng tm trng im v c l trnh, k hoch thc thi cc gii php. Trong
, cn tp trung u tin gii quyt trc v gii quyt tng bc cc vn mi trng
ni cm. Cc gii php chung bao gm: hon thin chnh sch, php lut v BVMT nng
thn; kin ton b my thc thi cng tc BVMT cc cp; huy ng ngun ti chnh, tng
u t; tng cng khu kim tra, gim st v cc gii php v cng ngh, k thut. Trc
mt cn u tin cc gii php cho cc vn ni cm v mi trng nng thn. Bn cnh
, cn xem xt ti yu t vng min trong nh hng qun l mi trng nng thn.
xix
MI TRNG NNG THN
xx

Muc Luc, Trich Yeu

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B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG

BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014

MI TRNG NNG THN

In 1.000 cun, kch thc 21x29,7cm, ti Nh my in Bn .

BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014

MI TRNG NNG THN

DANH SCH NHNG NGI THAM GIA BIN SON

MI TRNG NNG THN

BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014

MI TRNG NNG THN

CHNG 1. PHT TRIN

1.1.1. a bn tri di vi iu kin t nhin

1.1.2. Nng thn gi vai tr l vnh ai xanh

1.1.3. Nng nghip - nng thn c vai tr

1.1.4. Thay i qu t do cc hot ng

1.2. Xu th pht trin cc hot ng kinh t

1.2.1. Hot ng trng trt

1.2.2. Hot ng chn nui

2.4. Sc p t hot ng nui trng v ch

2.5. Sc p t hot ng ch bin nng sn

2.6. Sc p t hot ng ca lng ngh

2.7. Sc p t hot ng pht trin cng

2.8. nh hng ca bin i kh hu, nc

CHNG 3. HIN TRNG

3.1.1. Tnh hnh chung cht lng mi

3.2.1. Tnh hnh chung cht lng nc mt

3.2.2. Vn suy gim cht lng v

3.4.1. Tnh hnh chung cht lng t khu

1.2.3. Hot ng nui trng thy sn

1.2.4. Ch bin nng lm thy sn

1.2.5. Xu th pht trin cc cm cng nghip

3.5. Cht thi rn nng thn

1.2.6. Xu th pht trin lng ngh

3.5.1. Phn loi, thu gom v x l rc thi

1.2.7. Hot ng pht trin lm nghip

1.3. Vn i mi nng thn

3.5.2. Thu gom v x l cht thi rn t cc

3.5.3. Phn loi, thu gom v x l cht thi

2.2. Sc p t hot ng trng trt v lm

2.3. Sc p t hot ng chn nui

BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014

MI TRNG NNG THN

4.1.1. nh hng n i sng sinh hot

5.5.2. Qun l v x l cht thi t hot

4.1.2. nh hng n sc khe ngi dn

5.5.3. Qun l v x l cht thi t cc

4.2. nh hng n s pht trin cc ngnh

5.5.4. Qun l v x l rc thi sinh hot

4.2.1. Thit hi kinh t do nh hng n

5.6.Vn ti chnh, u t cho bo v mi

4.2.2. Thit hi kinh t do nh hng n

5.7. Huy ng s tham gia v nng cao nhn

4.2.3. Thit hi kinh t do nh hng n

5.7.1. Huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng

4.3. nh hng n cnh quan v mi

5.7.2. Nng cao nhn thc cng ng

4.4. Pht sinh xung t mi trng

4.4.1. Xung t mi trng pht sinh t hot

4.4.2. Xung t mi trng pht sinh t hot

4.4.3. Xung t mi trng trong cng tc

6.1.1. Pht trin sn xut cha quan tm n

6.1.2. Thu gom v x l cht thi rn sinh

6.1.3. Cha kim sot c cht thi l bao

6.1.4. Kh khn trong kim sot nhim