CHNG III

HIN TRNG
MI TRNG NNG THN

Hien trang moi trng nong thon

Chng 3

CHNG 3

HIN TRNG MI TRNG NNG THN

Do h thng quan trc quc gia ti cc vng nng thn cn hn ch v s lng im
cng nh tn sut quan trc nn cc s liu minh ha s dng trong Chng 3 ca Bo co
ch yu c tng hp t s liu quan trc mi trng ca cc tnh thnh trn c nc, mt
s chng trnh quan trc ca Trung tm Quan trc mi trng - Tng cc Mi trng v
mt s ngun ng tin cy khc. Cc s liu ch mang tnh i din cho a phng hoc
khu vc nht nh.
3.1. MI TRNG KHNG KH
3.1.1. Tnh hnh chung cht lng mi
trng khng kh khu vc nng thn

cc vng ln cn, chn lp v t cht

thi sinh hot cng nh pht trin c s
h tng... Do , mt vi khu vc ti vng
nng thn c du hiu nhim mi
trng khng kh cc b.

Cht lng mi trng khng kh

vng nng thn cn kh tt, rt nhiu vng
cha c du hiu nhim. Tuy nhin, theo
mc pht trin KT-XH, c s khc bit
v nng cc cht trong khng kh cc
vng nng thn ty theo khu vc v hot
ng gy nhim.

Khu vc c cht lng khng kh tt vi

nng cc cht gy nhim thp l khu
vc min ni pha Bc, cc khu vc thun
nng, ni hu nh cha chu tc ng ca
cc hot ng sn xut tiu th cng nghip,
lng ngh, chn nui tp trung. Mt s ni
khc nh khu vc ven , cc khu vc dn
c ng c... c nng cc cht trong
khng kh cao hn song hu ht cc vng
cha ghi nhn hin tng nhim.

Mi trng khng kh khu vc nng

thn hin nay ch yu b nh hng bi
mt s hot ng lng ngh, im cng
nghip xen k trong khu dn c, cc c s
sn xut, cc trang tri chn nui tp trung,
hot ng trng trt, khai thc khong sn

55

BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014

MI TRNG NNG THN

g/m3

QCVN 05:2013 TB 1h

400
300
200

Sn La

Vnh Phc Ngh An

Qung
Ngi

Kon
Tum

Bnh Phc

H. Duyn Hi

H. Tr C

TT Trm Chim

x Nh M

X Bnh Sn

X i Phc

x Long Hng

x Minh Lp

X Tn Li

TT Sa Thy

X Ngha Dng

X Hnh Trung

X Nam Cm

X Din Hng

X Trung M

X Yn Thch

H. Mc Chu

H. Mai Sn

100

ng Nai ng Thp Tr Vinh

Biu 3.1. Nng TSP trong khng kh xung quanh ti mt s a phng khu vc nng thn

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Sn La, Vnh Phc, Ngh An, Qung Ngi, Kon Tum,
Bnh Phc, ng Nai, ng Thp v Tr Vinh, 2014

cc khu vc thun nng, cht lng

khng kh b nh hng do hot ng canh
tc thm canh cng vi vic s dng cc
loi phn bn ha hc, thuc tr su v
hot ng chn nui tp trung lm pht
sinh v gia tng cc kh CH4, H2S, NH3
(Biu 3.2). Mt s vng xut hin
nhim khng kh cc b do tc ng ca
g/m3

cc hot ng sn xut (mc 3.1.2). Mc

d vy, do mi trng khng kh nn ti
hu ht vng nng thn c kh nng chu
ti cn cao nn nng cc cht gy
nhim vn nm trong ngng QCVN.

QCVN 06:2009 TB1h

250
200

Biu 3.2. Nng kh NH3

gn khu vc chn nui x
Sng Ly, huyn Bc Bnh,
tnh Bnh Thun

150
100
50
0

Thng 5 Thng 6 Thng 7 Thng 9 Thng Thng Thng 3 Thng 4 Thng 6

10
12
Nm 2013

Nm 2014

56

Ngun: S TN&MT
tnh Bnh Thun, 2014

Hien trang moi trng nong thon

3.1.2. Mt s vn nhim cc b
mi trng khng kh khu vc nng thn

sn xut cng nh cc h dn xung quanh.

Thnh phn v nng cc cht nhim
khng kh xung quanh cc lng ngh v
cc c s sn xut nng thn ph thuc
nhiu vo loi hnh sn xut. nhim
mi c trng ti cc lng ngh ch bin
lng thc, thc phm v git m. Ti cc
lng ngh my tre an, nhim kh SO2
l vn ng quan tm. nhim bi l
vn ph bin ti cc lng ngh gm
s, ch tc , g m ngh. Nng
SO2, NO2 ti cc lng ngh ti ch nha
kh cao, vt nhiu ln gii hn cho php.
Ngnh ti ch lm pht sinh bi v cc
kh thi nh SO2, NO2, hi axit v kim
sn sinh t cc qu trnh nh x l b mt,
phun sn, nh bng b mt sn phm,
nung, sy, ty trng, kh thi l rn Mt
s lng ngh in hnh nh lng ngh ti
ch nha Trung Vn (H Ni), lng ngh
c ng i Bi (Bc Ninh), lng ti ch
nha V Hon (Nam nh), lng ngh ti
ch nhm Yn Bnh (Nam nh)... (Biu
3.4 v Biu 3.5).

Hin tng nhim cc b c

ghi nhn ti mt s lng ngh; khu vc
cm im cng nghip nm xen k trong
khu dn c; xung quanh im khai thc
v sn xut vt liu xy dng, cng nh
mt s im ang din ra hot ng nng
cp c s h tng nng thn. Cc thng s
ng ch l bi, NH3, H2S, SO2, NO2...

Theo s liu thng k ca Hip hi

lng ngh Vit Nam, lng ngh tp trung
ch yu min Bc, trong tp trung
nhiu nht BSH (Bc Ninh, Ninh Bnh,
Nam nh, H Ni, Hng Yn...), tip n
l khu vc Nam B v Trung B. Vn
nhim mi trng khng kh xung quanh
lng ngh cng l vn ng lu tm ti
cc khu vc ny (Biu 3.3).
c th cc lng ngh nc ta
ch yu quy m h gia nh, nm xen
k trong khu dn c. Do , nhim mi
trng khu vc lng ngh mang tnh cc
b v gy nh hng trc tip n cc h
g/m3
1000

Chng 3

QCVN 05:2013 (TB 1h)

800
600
400
200
0

m ngh
x Ninh Vn
Ninh Bnh

c ng
i Bi

c nhm G ng K Ti ch nha Chm khc

C kh
Vn Mn
Minh Khai g La Xuyn Phng X,
Thch Tht
Bc Ninh

Hng Yn

Nam nh

H Ni

Biu 3.3. Nng TSP trong khng kh xung quanh mt s lng ngh
khu vc pha Bc

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Ninh Bnh, Bc Ninh, Hng Yn, Nam nh v Tp. H Ni, 2014

57

BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014

MI TRNG NNG THN

g/m3

g/m3

QCVN 05:2013 TB nm

1000

1000

800

800

600

600

400

400

200

200

Ti ch nha c ng i Ti ch nha
Trung Vn, T
Bi,
V Hon,
Lim, H Ni
Bc Ninh
Nam nh

Biu 3.4. Nng SO2 trung bnh nm

ti mt s lng ngh nm 2010

QCVN 05:2013 TB nm

Ti ch nha c ng i Ti ch nha
Trung Vn, T
Bi,
V Hon, Nam
Lim, H Ni
Bc Ninh
nh

Biu 3.5. Nng NO2 trung bnh nm

ti mt s lng ngh nm 2010

Ngun: Cc KSON, TCMT, 2012

Bn cnh vn nhim bi v kh
thi ti cc lng ngh, vn nhim
bi do khai thc khong sn cng ang
xy ra cc b ti mt s im, tp trung
ch yu ti vng TDMNPB vi nhiu loi
khong sn khc nhau nh than, st, ng,
apatit... Do cng ngh cn lc hu, cc
bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng
cn hn ch nn bi pht sinh ti hu ht
cc cng on sn xut v c s nh hng
ln n mi trng khng kh cc khu vc
dn c nng thn xung quanh.
800

Ti mt s khu vc khai thc vt liu

xy dng nh , st... nng TSP ln hn
so vi ngng QCVN t 8 n 12 ln. Tuy
lng bi ny ch gy nhim xung quanh
khu vc khai thc bn knh 300-500m
nhng nhng a im khai thc ny li
thng nm trong hoc gn cc vng dn
c sinh sng hoc vng canh tc. nhim
SO2 v bi l vn ph bin xung quanh
cc khu vc sn xut vt liu xy dng,
gch, gm vng trung du pha Bc v vng
Ty Nam B (Biu 3.6 v Biu 3.7).

g/m3
QCVN 05:2013 TB 1h

600
400
200
0

X Yn Ni X Trung
X Gia
X Lng X C T, X Thch x Bnh M, Nhn M, X Tn
Sn,
Thanh, Gia Phi, Tri Tn Tri Tn
Sn, Lm Chu Ph Ch Mi Bnh, Chu
Thnh
Lng Sn
Vin
Thao
Ph Th

Ha Bnh

Ninh Bnh

An Giang

Sn xut vt liu xy dng

An Giang

ng Thp

L gch

Biu 3.6. Nng TSP xung quanh mt s im khai thc, ch bin khong sn,
vt liu xy dng v l gch

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Ph Th, Ha Bnh, Ninh Bnh, An Giang, ng Thp, 2014

58

Hien trang moi trng nong thon

g/m3
180

Chng 3

QCVN 05:2013 TB nm

150
120
90
60
30
0

Nm 2013

Nm 2014

Khai thc st gch ngi

c Linh

Nm 2013

Nm 2014

Khai thc st Tnh Linh

Nm 2013

Nm 2014

Sn xut gch ngi Gia An

Nm 2013

Nm 2014

Sn xut st gch ngi

Hm Thun Nam

Biu 3.7. Nng kh SO2 mt s c s khai thc t st v sn xut gch ngi

tnh Bnh Thun

Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Bnh Thun, 2014

Trong nhng nm gn y, cc cm
cng nghip c xu hng chuyn dn v
khu vc nng thn, ni c mi trng nn
cn kh tt. Thc cht, y ch l xu hng
dch chuyn nhim t vng ny sang
vng khc, v ang nh hng khng
nh n mi trng khng kh xung quanh.

Mt vi im c du hiu nhim cc
b vi nng mt s cht nhim mc
cao, mt s ni vt gii hn cho php ca
QCVN.
Ti mt s khu vc nng thn xung
quanh cc nh my nhit in, sn xut
thp, xi mng (Hi Dng, Hi Phng,

59

BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014

MI TRNG NNG THN

g/m3

QCVN 05:2013 TB 1h

400
300
200
100
0

X Tn Lin, X L Li,
X k Ha, X Hn Kim, TT Cu Quan, X Khnh X Khnh An, X Lng
huyn Vnh
huyn An
huyn k huyn Hm huyn Tiu
Hi, huyn huyn U Minh Th Trn,
Bo (KCN Dng (KCN Glong (KCN Thun Nam
Cn (KCN
Trn Vn
(KCN Khnh huyn Ci
Tn Lin)
Trng Du)
k Ha)
(KCN Hn
Cu Quan)
Thi (KCN
An)
Nc (KCN
Kim 1)
Sng c)
Ha Trung)
Hi Phng

k Nng

Bnh Thun

Tr Vinh

C Mau

Biu 3.8. Nng TSP trong khng kh xung quanh ti mt s vng nng thn
chu tc ng ca KCN

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh/thnh ph Hi Phng, k Nng, Bnh Thun,

Tr Vinh v C Mau, 2014

Thi Nguyn), mi trng khng kh b

nhim bi, SO2, CO

thy hm lng bi cao nht o c thng

cch cc nh my ny khong 1,5-3 km vi
hm lng TSP vt nhiu so vi QCVN
(Biu 3.9).

Khi lng bi pht sinh t cc hot

ng sn xut xi mng cng ngh l ng
v sn xut vt liu xy dng ln hn hn
cc ngnh khc. Nhiu nghin cu cho
g/m3

2010

2011

2012

QCVN 05:2013 TB 1h

5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0

TT Cha
X La Hin, TT Kin Kh, X Thanh X Lin Sn, X Yn Ni,
Hang, huyn huyn V huyn Thanh Sn, huyn huyn Kim huyn Thanh
ng H (Xi
Nhai (Xi
Lim (Xi
Kim Bng (Xi Bng (Xi
Ba (Xi mng
mng Ni
mng La mng La Mt) mng Bt
mng i
Yn Ni)
Voi)
Hin)
Sn)
Hoa Sen)
Thi Nguyn

H Nam

Ph Th

Biu 3.9. Nng TSP trong khng kh xung quanh vng nng thn chu nh hng
t nh my xi mng khu vc pha Bc

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Thi Nguyn, H Nam v Ph Th, 2014

60

Hien trang moi trng nong thon

Ti mt s vng nng thn khu vc

Ty Nguyn, mi trng khng kh b nh
hng do ch bin nng sn thc phm,
ng ch l ch bin c ph. V d ti
k Lk, Lm ng, cc c s ch bin
c ph ch yu quy m h gia nh (1-2
ha/h) v nhim bi thng pht sinh
cng on xay ht c ph (nng sut vi
chc tn/nm) nhng ch tp trung ngn
hn xung quanh khu vc cc h sn xut.

Chng 3

Khung 3.1. nhim khng kh

do cht thi chn nui
H Tnh c 2.588 b biogas
x l cht thi chn nui. Nh cng
ngh kh sinh hc t cc b biogas,
cc h chn nui c kh un nu
v thp sng. B thi c dng bn
cho cy trng nng cao nng sut v
ci to t. Tuy nhin, ti cc c s
chn nui nng h, vng chn nui
ln vi mt cao, nh khu Cm Bnh
(huyn Cm Xuyn), Thch Thng,
Thch Hi (huyn Thch H) do k
thut vn hnh v cng sut x l ca
cc hm khng ph hp nn mt s
ni vn ghi nhn tnh trng nhim
mi trng, cc kh thi v mi pht
tn nh hng n dn c quanh vng.

Cc trang tri chn nui cng ang l

mt trong nhng ngun lm gia tng cht
gy nhim khng kh ti khu vc nng
thn do vic x l cht thi cha hiu
qu. c bit, vn nhim mi t cht
thi ca cc trang tri chn nui ang gy
nhiu bc xc cho cc h dn xung quanh.
Trong nhng nm gn y, b mt
khu vc nng thn c nhiu thay i
ng k. Cng vi cc hot ng pht
trin v chng trnh nng thn mi, qu
trnh xy dng c s h tng nng thn
v ang c cc a phng trn c
nc ch trng thc hin. Tuy nhin, do
iu kin ngun lc hn ch, nhiu vng
nng thn hot ng xy dng cha c
trin khai ng b, nhiu cng trnh thi
cng d dang hoc ko di lm nh hng
khng nh n cht lng mi trng
khng kh. Vn nhim ch yu l bi
c ghi nhn nhiu vng nng thn
trong ton quc nh Thanh Ha, Ph Yn,
Vnh Long...

Ti Thanh Ha, t l cc trang

tri, gia tri p dng cng ngh hm
biogas x l cht thi chn nui
chim 34,4%. Tuy nhin, s lng
hm t yu cu ch chim gn 50%.
Thm vo l tc ng t cc trang
tri, gia tri cha c u t h thng
x l cht thi lm cho mi trng khu
vc tip tc suy gim, khng kh xung
quanh khu vc sn xut b nhim
cc kh NH3 v H2S.
Ngun: TCMT tng hp, 2014

61

BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014

MI TRNG NNG THN

3.2. MI TRNG NC MT
3.2.1. Tnh hnh chung cht lng nc mt
khu vc nng thn

th s dng cho mc ch ti tiu, nhiu

ni vn t yu cu cho cp nc sinh
hot. Tuy nhin, ti mt vi ni, nc mt
c du hiu suy gim cht lng v xy
ra nhim cc b cht rn l lng, cht
hu c, kim loi nng v nhim vi sinh
(Biu 3.10, 3.11, 3.12).

Vit Nam c ngun nc mt phong

ph vi h thng sng, sui dy c cng
vi cc h, ao, knh rch phn b rng
khp cc khu vc trn c nc. y l
ngun cung cp nc cho sinh hot, sn
xut... ng thi cng l ni tip nhn
cht thi t cc hot ng ny. Theo nh
gi, ngun nc mt u ngun cc con
sng chy qua khu vc trung du, min ni
t dn c, hoc cc sng chy qua khu vc
thun nng vng ng bng c cht lng
nc cn kh tt do cha chu tc ng
ln ca cc cht gy nhim t cc ngun
thi. Hu ht cc h cha, ao, knh mng
cng c cht lng nc tng i tt. Mi
trng nc mt ti hu ht cc vng c

Din bin cht lng nc ty thuc

vo ngun v iu kin dng chy, tc
ng t cc ngun thi khc nhau. Ti cc
vng thng lu sng, tuy c bin ng v
cc yu t t nhin (ra tri, xi mn...)
nhng vn trong kh nng t lm sch
ca ngun nc. Ti nhng on sng
cha chu nh hng hoc chu nh hng
khng ln bi cc hot ng pht trin,
hu ht cc thng s c trng cho cht
lng mi trng nc c gi tr nm trong
gii hn cho php ca QCVN.

QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1
QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1
MPN/100ml
8.000
7.000
6.000
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
0
An
Tn
Mng Phc Ph Ngha Hnh Thnh on ng Ph
Ha
Xn, Th, Phong, Ph, Thin, Tm, Kt, B N, Ngc, Bnh, Long, Tn,
Cao Thanh Cu K
K Sn Nghi c
T Ngha Chn ng Hn nh
Lc
Ph Ngha Hnh Thnh
Qun Qun Lnh Bnh
Sng Lam

Ngh An

Sng
Tr
Cu

Sng
Tr
Khc

Sng
V

Sng
B

Qung Ngi

Sng
ng
Nai

Sng
Si
Gn

Bnh Phc

Sng Sng Nhnh Sng

ng Cn L sng Hu
Nai
Tin
ng
Nai

ng Kin
Thp Giang

Tr
Vinh

Biu 3.10. Gi tr Coliform trong nc mt ti mt s x khu vc nng thn nm 2013

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Ngh An, Qung Ngi, Bnh Phc, ng Nai,
ng Thp, Kin Giang, Tr Vinh, 2013

62

Hien trang moi trng nong thon

mg/l

2012

2013

2014

Chng 3

QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1

QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1

0,6

0,4

0,2

Lng P

Ca khu
bn Vc

Lo Cai

Mu A

Cu Phong Lng Chm Cu Yn

Chu
Lnh

Yn Bi

Ph Th

H Ni

Thy in Cu Trung
Ha Bnh
H

Nam nh Ha Bnh

H Ni

Sng

Sng Hng

Biu 3.11. Din bin hm lng NH4+ trong nc sng on chy qua
khu vc nng thn giai on 2012 - 2014

Ngun: Trung tm QTMT, TCMT, 2014

mg/l

2012

2013

2014

QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1

QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

Lng P

Ca khu
bn Vc

Lo Cai

Mu A
Yn Bi

Cu Phong Lng Chm Cu Yn

Chu
Lnh
Ph Th

H Ni

Thy in Cu Trung
Ha Bnh
H

Nam nh Ha Bnh

H Ni

Sng

Sng Hng

Biu 3.12. Din bin hm lng TSS trong nc sng on chy qua
khu vc nng thn giai on 2012-2014

Ngun: Trung tm QTMT, TCMT, 2014

63

BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014

MI TRNG NNG THN

Bin ng cht lng nc cng th

hin r rt theo ma. Vo ma ma, nc
thng cun theo t, ct, cc cht b mt
lm gia tng hm lng cc cht rn l
lng trong nc. Do , hm lng TSS
trong ma ny thng cao hn nhiu so
vi ma kh.

sinh v cht dinh dng. Mt s im cn

c du hiu nhim kim loi nng.
Ty theo a bn chy qua v thnh
phn cht thi, nc thi tip nhn m
nc mt ti mi ni s b nh hng bi
cc cht gy nhim khc nhau. S tc
ng lin tc ca cc ngun thi tng hp
(sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip...)
lm cho cht lng nc c s bin ng
ln, ngun nc b nhim bn vi mt s
thng s nhim vt QCVN. Nc sng
ti khu vc Bc B v khu vc ng Nam
B c mc nhim cao hn nhiu so
vi khu vc min Trung, Ty Nguyn.

3.2.2. Vn suy gim cht lng v nhim

cc b nc mt nng thn

Nh trnh by trong Chng 2,

tc ng tng hp t cc hot ng pht
trin nh trng trt, chn nui, sn xut
cng nghip, lng ngh cng nh ngun
thi t cc khu vc th gip ranh ang
gy p lc ln ln mi trng vng nng
thn. Cht thi t nng nghip, sinh hoat,
cng nghip va qua trinh ra tri b mt,
xoi mon lam tng nguy c vn chuyn cac
cht nhim vo nc mt. Do , hin
trng nc mt mt s ni c du hiu
suy gim cht lng v ghi nhn hin
tng nhim cc b ti mt s im.

Ti khu vc pha Bc, ni c mt

dn s ng cng nh cc hot ng lng
ngh, sn xut pht trin, ghi nhn hin
tng nhim cc b nc sng vi mt s
thng s vt QCVN nhiu ln nh COD,
BOD5, TSS, Coliform... (Biu 3.13).

Kt qu quan trc nc ao, h, knh

mng mt s tnh cng cho thy
hin tng nhim hu c v vi sinh ang
din ra kh ph bin (Biu 3.14 v Biu
3.15). Nguyn nhn l do hin nay ti
vng nng thn, ao, h, knh mng cng
l ni tip nhn ngun thi t cc hot
ng sinh hot, sn xut ca ngi dn.

Khu vc c cht lng nc mt suy

gim ch yu l vng h lu cc con sng,
ao h, knh rch ti cc khu vc ven ,
ni tip nhn nc thi tng hp t cc khu
th, nc thi sinh hot, lng ngh...
Cc vn ph bin l nhim hu c, vi

64

Chng 3

Hien trang moi trng nong thon

330

mg/l
2011

300

2012

270

2013

240

2014

210
180

QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1

150

QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1

120
90
60
30
0

Cu Lc Cu
H
Song
Tht

Vn
Mn

Cu o Cu Vt
X

Sng Ng Huyn Kh on qua Bc

Giang, Bc Ninh

Phc Hng
Lc
Lm
Phng

Vn
Phc

Ha
Long

Cu Th Thng
Cu
H

Hin
Lng

Yn
Dng

Sng Cu qua Thi Nguyn, Bc Giang, Bc Ninh, Vnh Phc

Biu 3.13. Din bin hm lng COD trong nc sng mt s khu vc nng thn
pha Bc giai on 2011-2014

Ngun: Trung tm QTMT, TCMT, 2014

2012

mg/l

2013

60

2014
QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1

50

QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1

40
30
20
10
0

LNg-NM03

LNg-NM05

LN-NM01

YT-NM03

YT-NM04

Biu 3.14. Din bin hm lng BOD5 trong nc mt s h1 ti khu vc nng thn
tnh Bc Giang giai on 2012-2014

Ngun: Trung tm QTMT tnh Bc Giang, 2014

1. LNg-NM03: H Bu Ly, x Kin Thnh, huyn Lc Ngn; LNg-NM05: H Cm Sn, x Cm Sn, huyn Lc Ngn; LNNM01: H sui Na, x ng Hng, huyn Lc Nam; YT-NM03: H Cu R, x Tin Thng, huyn Yn Th; YT-NM04: H
Ong, x Tin Thng, huyn Yn Th

65

BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014

MI TRNG NNG THN

QCVN 08:2008 ct A1

mg/l
300

QCVN 08:2008 ct B1

200

Tp. Bc
Giang

Yn Dng

Vit Yn

Tn Yn

Hip Ha

Lng Yn
Giang Th

LNg-NM04

LN_NM03

YT-NM05

LG-NM05

HH-NM04

HH-NM03

TY-NM02

TY-NM01

VY-NM05

VY-NM04

YD-NM05

YD-NM04

TP-NM9

TP-NM4

100

Lc Lc
nam Ngn

Biu 3.15. Din bin hm lng COD trong nc ao, knh mng ni ng2 ti khu vc nng thn
tnh Bc Giang nm 2014

Ngun: Trung tm QTMT tnh Bc Giang, 2014

Ti khu vc trung du, min ni pha

Bc cng ghi nhn hin tng nhim
cc b nc mt (nc sui) do nh hng

COD (mg/l)
50

t hot ng khai thc v ch bin khong

sn (Biu 3.16).

QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1

TSS (mg/l)

QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1

100

60

30

QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1

80

40

20

40

10

20

QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1

Nc sui Ngi Sui cn ti m Khe sui cch

Lu, cch nh
st thn Kim m st Tin Tinh
my tuyn
Bnh
100m
qung st 300m

Nc sui Ngi Sui cn ti m Khe sui cch

Lu, cch nh
st thn Kim m st Tin Tinh
my tuyn
Bnh
100m
qung st 300m

Biu 3.16. Hm lng COD v TSS trong nc mt gn m st

Cng ty C phn Khong sn Ha Yn, tnh Yn Bi nm 2013
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Yn Bi, 2014

2. YD-NM04: Nc mng ni ng, trm bm tiu x Tr Yn, huyn Yn Dng; YD-NM05: Nc mng ni ng, trc
trm bm chng ng x T Mi, Vit Yn; VY-NM04: Nc ao cha ngun thi chnh thn Phc Lm, x Hong Ninh, Vit
Yn; VY-NM05: Nc mng ni ng x Vn Trung, Vit Yn; TY-NM01: Nc ngi Cu ng, x Ngc L, huyn Tn Yn;
TY-NM02: Nc ngi Cu Si, thn Cu Si, x Ngc L, huyn Tn Yn; HH-NM03: Nc mng ni ng x Hp Thnh,
huyn Hip Ha; HH-NM04: Nc mng ni ng x Mai Trung, huyn Hip Ha; LG-NM05: Nc mng gn ngha trang
Tp. Bc Giang, thn D , x Thi o; YT-NM05: Nc mng ni ng x B H, Yn Th; LN-NM03: Nc mng ni ng
x Tin Nha, huyn Lc Nam; LNg-NM04: Nc mng ni ng x Phng Sn, huyn Lc Ngn

66

Hien trang moi trng nong thon

Chng 3

Ti tnh C Mau, s liu gim st cht lng mi trng nc 27 im nng thn3

trn a bn tnh cho thy hin trng nhim do nc thi khng qua x l t khu vc sn
xut nng nghip, ch, bi rc, khu dn c Kt qu 100% mu nc mt c hm lng
NH4+ vt quy chun QCVN 08:2008 - Ct A1, mt s im cn vt QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1 (Biu 3.17).

mg/l

QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1

QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1

1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0

Biu 3.17. Hm lng NH4+ ti mt s im quan trc ti vng nng thn

trn a bn tnh C Mau nm 2013
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh C Mau, 2014

Tng t, kt qu quan trc nc

knh X No, on gn ch Mt Ngn
v ch By Ngn ti x Tn Thun v
x Tn Ha, huyn Chu Thnh A, tnh
Hu Giang cng cho thy hin trng
nc mt ang b nh hng bi nc
thi sinh hot vi hm lng TSS cao
v vt ngng QCVN, gi tr DO rt
thp khng t ngng QCVN (Biu
3.18, 3.19).

3. NM-01: TT Thi Bnh; NM-02: x Tn Lc; NM-03: x Tr Phi; NM-04: TT U Minh; NM-05: x Khnh An;
NM-06: x Khnh Ha; NM-07: TT Trn Vn Thi; NM-08: TT Sng c; NM-09: x Khnh Bnh Ty; NM-10:
TT m Di; NM-11: x T An Dng; NM-12: x Tn Tin; NM-13: TT Ci Nc; NM-14: x Lng Th Trn;
NM-15: x Hng M; NM-16: TT Ci i Vm; NM-17: x Ph Tn; NM-18: x Ph M; NM-19: TT Nm Cn;
NM-20: x Hm Rng; NM-21: x Tam Giang; NM-22: TT Rch Gc; NM-23: x Tn n Ty; NM-24: x t Mi;
NM-25: x An Xuyn; NM-26: x Ha Tn; NM-27: x Tc Vn

67

BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014

MI TRNG NNG THN

X Tn Thun
QCVN 08:2008 (A1)

X Tn Ha
QCVN 08:2008 (B1)

160

mg/l

X Tn Ha

QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1

QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1

mg/l

120

80

40

X Tn Thun

2010

2011

2012

2013

Biu 3.18. Hm lng DO knh X No

giai on 2010 - 2013

2010

2011

2012

2013

Biu 3.19. Hm lng TSS knh X No

giai on 2010 - 2013

Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Hu Giang, 2014

nhim nc mt ti cc khu vc
lng ngh cng ang l vn nng ti mt
s vng nng thn hin nay, c bit l ti
khu vc BSH. Theo kt qu kho st thc
t ti 52 lng ngh do B NN&PTNT cng
b nm 2011, 100% s mu phn tch nc
c 6 loi hnh lng ngh c trng l ch
bin lng thc, thc phm, vt liu xy
dng, dt nhum, ti ch giy v ti ch
kim loi u cho thng s nhim vt quy
chun cho php. Trong , ng k c 24
lng ngh nhim nng (46,2%), 14 lng
ngh nhim va (26,9%) v 14 lng ngh
nhim nh (26,9%).

Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Hu Giang, 2014

Khung 3.2. nhim cc b nc mt

ti Ph Yn, Thi Nguyn
Kt qu phn tch mu nc sui
Bn Cao v sui Ngi M cho thy
cc ch tiu nhim hu c, vi sinh
sau khi tip nhn cao hn im trc
khi tip nhn ngun thi t 2,6 n
72,9 ln, trong ch tiu Amoni vt
29 ln so vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT ct B1. Nguyn nhn l do cc
sui ny l ni tip nhn nhiu ngun
thi, c bit l nc thi t cc tri
chn nui ln ti huyn Ph Yn.
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Thi Nguyn, 2014

Hnh 3.1. nhim nc t c s git m (Phc Lm, Bc Giang)

v sn xut tinh bt dong (Tn Ha, H Ni)
Ngun: Cc KSON, TCMT, 2013

68

Hien trang moi trng nong thon

i vi nhm lng ngh ch bin

lng thc, thc phm, vn nhim
nc mt ch yu l nhim cht dinh
dng v nhim vi sinh. V d ti tnh
Bnh nh, nc thi t lng ngh nu
ru Bu (thn C Lm, x Nhn Lc,
huyn An Nhn) l nguyn nhn khin
mt vi thng s vt QCVN nhiu ln,
c th cht rn l lng vt 2 ln, COD
vt 12,6 ln, NH4+ vt 9,2 ln. Tng
t, cht lng nc mt ti h nc pha
ng cch lng ngh ch bin c cm (x
M An, huyn Ph M, tnh Bnh nh)
khong 100 m cng cho kt qu mt vi
thng s vt QCCP, c bit hm lng
Clorua vt QCVN 08:2008, ct B1 n
19 ln.

Chng 3

Khung 3.3. Tnh trng nhim

nc bo ng ti lng ngh
huyn Hng H, Thi Bnh
Lng Me (x Tn Ha) c gn 50%
s h lm ngh trng bnh. Hu ht
cc c s sn xut y u cha c
h thng x l nc thi, cc loi cht
thi trc tip thi ra cng rnh. Ma
nng, mi hi bc ln nng nc, ma
ma, nc bn trn vo khu dn c,
nh hng xu n mi trng.
Lng ngh dt nhum Phng La (x
Thi Phng) l mt v d khc v thc
trng nhim mi trng n mc
bo ng. C x c trn 90% s h gia
nh lm ngh dt nhum. Mi nm s
dng gn 10 tn xy gi, gn 100 tn
nht thy tinh, hng chc tn x phng
(ty si v ty tm) trc khi ra sn
phm cui. X thi t 1.000- 1.500 m3/
ngy m lm nhim bn ngun nc
sinh hot ca vng, nc t cc ging
o khng s dng c do nhim
nng. Hm lng cht rn lng, xy
ha, sulfua vt QCCP t 3 - 10 ln.

i vi nhm lng ngh c kim kh

v lng ngh ti ch kim loi, hin trng
nhim kim loi nng trong nc mt cng
nh trong t ang l vn t ra nhiu
thch thc cho cng tc qun l v bo v
mi trng.
Hot ng nui trng v ch bin thy
hi sn l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn
chnh nh hng n cht lng nc mt
vng DHMT v BSCL. Mt s thng s
mi trng khng m bo ngng cho
php QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT. Nc mt
khu vc nui trng thy sn c c trng
cha hm lng cc cht hu c, cht dinh
dng v vi sinh cao.

Ngun: TCMT tng hp, 2014

Hnh 3.2. Ch bin c ng Thp

69

BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014

MI TRNG NNG THN

Bng 3.1. Kt qu quan trc cht lng nc mt s im

nui trng thy sn tnh Bn Tre (minh ha s liu t 1/2014)
STT

V tr mu

TSS
(mg/l)

COD
(mg/l)

Fe
(mg/l)

Coliform
(MPN/100ml)

Du m
khong
(mg/l)

X Thch Phc,
huyn Bnh i

87

1,95

9.300

0,11

X An Thy, huyn
Ba Tri

94

2,10

7.500

0,07

X An Nhn, huyn
Thnh Ph

82

2,08

9.300

0,05

50

0,1

1.000

KPH

QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT
- Ct vng nui trng thy sn

Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Bn Tre, 2014

Nui tm trn ct theo quy trnh

k thut bn thm canh l hot ng
ang din ra ph bin ti mt s vng
nng thn ven bin min Trung Vit
Nam. in hnh nh ti tnh Bnh nh,
nm 2012, vi 165 h nui v 6 c s
nui tm trn ct tp trung ch yu ti
3 huyn Ph M, Ph Ct v Hoi Nhn
lm cht lng nc mt, nc ngm
cc khu vc ny b nhim vi cc ch
tiu Coliform, TSS, NH4+ vt nhiu ln
QCVN (Khung 3.4).

Khung 3.4. Cht lng mi trng nc gn cc c s nui tm tnh Bnh nh

Cht lng nc bin ven b: X Ct Khnh COD vt 1,3 - 2 ln, NH4+ vt 2-6 ln.
Cht lng mi trng nc mt: X M c ch tiu NH4+ vt 4 - 4,5 ln; x Hoi M
ch tiu TSS vt 3 ln, COD vt 2 ln v NH4+ vt 4 ln.
Cht lng mi trng nc ngm: X M Thnh ch tiu TS vt 3,5 ln, Coliform
vt 1,3 - 7,7 ln; X Ct Khnh cng vt 11 ln, COD vt 1,2 ln, Coliform vt
3 ln; x Hoi Hng cng vt 8 ln, TS vt 19 ln, COD vt 16 ln.
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Bnh nh, 2014

70

Hien trang moi trng nong thon

Chng 3

3.3. MI TRNG NC DI T

Cht lng nc di t ti khu vc

nng thn ph thuc vo c tnh a cht
vng cha nc, s thm thu v r r nc
b mt t cc hot ng chn nui, nng
nghip, lng ngh..., thay i mc ch
s dng t v khai thc nc bt hp l.
mg/l

Nhn chung, cht lng nc di t cn

kh tt, hu ht cc ch tiu u c gi tr
nm trong gii hn cho php ca QCVN
09:2008/BTNMT v c th s dng tt cho
mc ch sinh hot theo QCVN 02:2009/BYT
(Biu 3.20, 3.21).
QCVN 09:2008

0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0

Khu 1, Khu 7, X X Yn Din X c Plei

x Ph x
Quang Dng Chu Tn
Kn
Ninh Thch Yn
Sn
Ph Th

Vnh Phc

Ngh Qung
An
Ngi

Kon
Tum

X
Nam

k
X X Nha X
X An
Song Thun Bch Quc Ho
Li
Thi

k Nng

Bnh Bnh
Phc Phc

An Giang

Biu 3.20. Hm lng NH4+ trong nc di t mt s khu vc nng thn nm 2013

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Ph Th, Vnh Phc, Qung Ngi,

Kon Tum, k Nng, Bnh Phc, 2013
mg/l

QCVN
QCVN 09:2008
02:2009/BYT

0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0

Khu 1, Khu 7, X X Yn Din X c Plei

x Ph x
Quang Dng Chu Tn
Kn
Ninh Thch Yn
Sn
Ph Th

Vnh Phc

Ngh Qung
An
Ngi

Kon
Tum

X
Nam

k
X X Nha X
X An
Song Thun Bch Quc Ho
Li
Thi

k Nng

Bnh Bnh
Phc Phc

An Giang

,
Biu 3.21. Hm lng Fe trong nc ging khoan, ging o mt s khu vc nng thn nm 2013

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Ph Th, Vnh Phc, Ngh An, Qung Ngi,
Kon Tum, k Nng, Bnh Phc, An Giang, 2013

71

BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014

MI TRNG NNG THN

MPN/100ml

Tuy nhin, nc di

15

t ti mt s a phng

12

c du hiu nhim

cht hu c (NO3-, NH4+),

kim loi nng (Fe, As) v

c bit nhim vi sinh

(Coliform, E.Coli). Gi tr
mt vi thng s vt
ngng cho php ca
QCVN (Biu 3.22).
Nc di t ti
mt s im thuc vng
ng bng Bc B c
hm lng NH4+ cao hn
QCCP, c bit ti x Hi
L, huyn Hi Hu, Nam
nh, hm lng NH4+
ln gp 441 ln QCCP.
Mt s thng s kim loi
nng nh Mangan v
Asen ti mt s khu vc
cng vt qu ngng
QCCP. Vng Bc Trung
B tng t cng c hm
lng NH4+ trong nc
di t cao hn mc

QCCP. Nc di t
ti vng Ty Nguyn v
duyn hi Nam Trung B
c cht lng cn kh tt
(Trung tm Quy hoch v
iu tra ti nguyn nc
quc gia, B TN&MT,
2012).

X
Quang
Yn

QCVN 09:2008

X Yn
Dng

Vnh Phc

Din
Chu

Nghi yn, X Ph
Nghi Lc Chu

Ngh An

X c
Tn

Qung Ngi

X
Thun
Li
Bnh
Phc

Biu 3.22. Gi tr Coliform trong nc di t

mt s khu vc nng thn

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Vnh Phc. Ngh An,

Qung Nam, Bnh Phc, 2013

Khung 3.5. Nc sinh hot mt s khu vc nng thn

b nhim vi sinh v kim loi nng
Kt qu quan trc, gim st cht lng ngun nc phc
v nhu cu cp nc sinh hot ca ngi dn nng thn
nhiu vng trong ton quc cho thy cht lng ngun nc
khai thc c du hiu nhim, ch yu l nhim vi sinh
v cc b mt s vng biu hin nhim kim loi nng.
- Khu vc H Giang - Tuyn Quang: hm lng st
mt s ni cao vt mc cho php ca QCVN, thng trn
1 mg/l, c ni t n trn 15-20 mg/l. nhim tp trung
quanh cc m khai thc sunphua.
- Tnh Thanh Ha: Theo bo co iu tra Hin trng
nhim Asen trong ngun nc sinh hot ca 15 huyn
nm 2011, c 61/74 x trong khu vc iu tra ngun nc
sinh hot c hm lng Asen vt tiu chun cho php.
Trong tp trung cc huyn nh: Thiu Ha 403/1.400
h, Hong Ha 208/1.700 h, Th Xun 139/600 h, Yn
nh 45/500 h, Hu Lc 44/500 h.
- Tnh Bnh nh: hu ht cc ging dn dng u b
nhim khun vi Coliform mc cao t 5-2.400 lc
khun/100ml nc v E.coli t 3-278 lc khun/100ml nc.
Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Thanh Ha, H Giang, Tuyn Quang
v Bnh nh, 2014

72