CHNG V

QUN L
MI TRNG NNG THN

Quan ly moi trng nong thon Chng 5

CHNG 5

QUN L MI TRNG NNG THN

nhim mi trng nng thn v
ang tr thnh vn cp bch. Nhn thc
c vn , cng tc BVMT nng thn
c ch trng nhiu hn. Tuy nhin,
qun l mi trng nng thn vn cn c
nhiu tn ti, bt cp cha c gii quyt
cc mc v cp khc nhau. y
chnh l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn
quan trng khin cho vn nhim mi
trng ti nhiu vng nng thn cha c
ci thin, thm ch c xu hng xu hn.
Sau y l mt s nh gi, phn tch v
cng tc qun l mi trng nng thn ca
nc ta trong thi gian qua.

n nm 20302; Chng trnh mc tiu

quc gia v xy dng nng thn mi giai
on 2010 - 20203... u c cc quy nh
lin quan n qun l v BVMT nng thn.
Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005
a ra cc iu khon quy nh vic
BVMT trong sn xut nng nghip, lng
ngh, nui trng thy sn, ha cht, thuc
BVTV, thuc th y; quy nh v BVMT khu
dn c, h gia nh hay t chc t qun v
BVMT. Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2014
b sung sa i cc iu khon ny, chi
tit, ph hp hn vi iu kin thc tin.
Chin lc BVMT quc gia n nm
2010 v nh hng n nm 2020
a ra mc tiu gii quyt c bn tnh
trng suy thoi mi trng ti mt s vng
nng thn; cp nc sch cho dn c khu
vc nng thn; xy dng Chng trnh xy
dng v ph bin nhn rng cc m hnh
lng kinh t sinh thi. Tip theo , Chin
lc BVMT quc gia n nm 2020, tm
nhn n nm 2030 cng c nhm ni
dung, bin php hng ti mc tiu gii
quyt c bn cc vn mi trng ti
cc lng ngh v vn VSMT nng thn.
n nay, cc chng trnh, d n nhm
thc hin cc mc tiu t ra cng v
ang c trin khai thc hin theo ng
l trnh.

5.1. CC CHNH SCH V VN BN

QUY PHM PHP LUT
5.1.1. Cc chnh sch v vn bn quy phm
php lut to hnh lang php l cho cng
tc BVMT nng thn

Trong nhng nm qua, vn qun

l v BVMT nng thn nhn c s
quan tm ca ng v Nh nc. Cc
ni dung v qun l mi trng nng thn
c iu chnh bng nhiu vn bn quy
phm php lut, thng qua vic lng ghp
vo cc vn bn qun l mi trng ni
chung hoc lng ghp vo cc vn bn
qun l sn xut chuyn ngnh.
Theo , Lut Bo v mi trng;
Chin lc BVMT quc gia n nm 2010
v nh hng n nm 20201; Chin lc
BVMT quc gia n nm 2020, tm nhn

2. Quyt nh s 1216/Q-TTg ngy 05/9/2012 ca Th

tng Chnh ph ph duyt Chin lc BVMT quc gia n
nm 2020, tm nhn n nm 2030.
3. Quyt nh s 800/Q-TTg ngy 04/6/2010 ca Th
tng Chnh ph ph duyt Chng trnh mc tiu quc
gia v xy dng nng thn mi giai on 2010 2020.

1. Quyt nh s 256/2003/Q-TTg ngy 02/12/2003 ca

Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt Chin lc BVMT
quc gia n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020.

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Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia

nc sch v sinh mi trng nng thn
giai on 2012 - 20154 xy dng v
trin khai cc ni dung v cp nc sch,
VSMT (c nh tiu hp v sinh, chung
tri hp v sinh), trong tp trung u tin
cho cc vng min ni, vng su vng xa,
vng ven bin, ni b kh hn, ang b
nhim mi trng... Sau khi chng trnh
kt thc nm 2010, cc ni dung v mc
tiu nc sch v sinh mi trng nng
thn vn tip tc c trin khai v thu
c nhiu kt qu tt. Tnh n ht nm
2014, t l dn s nng thn c s dng
nc hp v sinh l 84,5%, t l h dn s
dng nh tiu hp v sinh t 63%5.
Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia v
xy dng nng thn mi giai on 2010
- 2020 a ra cc ni dung v tip tc
thc hin chng trnh mc tiu quc gia
v nc sch v VSMT nng thn; xy
dng cc cng trnh BVMT nng thn
trn a bn x, thn theo quy hoch (xy
dng, ci to nng cp h thng tiu thot
nc trong thn, xm; xy dng cc im
thu gom, x l rc thi cc x; chnh
trang, ci to ngha trang; ci to, xy
dng cc ao, h sinh thi trong khu dn
c, pht trin cy xanh cc cng trnh
cng cng...). Theo kt qu nh gi ca
B NN&PTNT n cui nm 2014, 97,2%
s x c ph duyt quy hoch nng
thn mi. Vic trin khai cc tiu ch v
nng thn mi, trong c b tiu ch v
mi trng cng c trin khai v thu
c nhng kt qu nht nh.
4. Quyt nh s 366/Q-TTg ngy 31/3/2012 ca Th
tng Chnh ph ph duyt Chng trnh mc tiu quc
gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn giai on
2012 2015.
5. Bo co s 3000/BC-BNN-TCTL ngy 14/4/2015 ca
B NN&PTNT v kt qu thc hin Chng trnh MTQG
nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn nm 2014

116

Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia khc

phc nhim v ci thin mi trng giai
on 2012 - 20156 cng t mc tiu
khc phc nhim v ci thin mi trng
i vi 47 lng ngh ang b nhim mi
trng c bit nghim trng. Hin nay,
nhiu a phng xy dng v ph
duyt d n trin khai thc hin.
Bn cnh cc vn bn, chnh sch
v mi trng, trong cc chnh sch, vn
bn, chng trnh quy nh v pht trin
ngnh ngh nng thn nh Lut Thy sn
2003, Lut Bo v v kim dch thc vt
2013, Php lnh Ging vt nui 2004,
Php lnh Th y 2004 cng c cc ni
dung quy nh v BVMT.
6. Quyt nh s 1206/Q-TTg ngy 02/9/2012 ca Th
tng Chnh ph ph duyt Chng trnh mc tiu quc
gia khc phc nhim v ci thin mi trng giai on
2012 2015.

Quan ly moi trng nong thon Chng 5

Khung 5.1. Quy nh lin quan n BVMT trong cc Lut, Php lnh ca ngnh nng nghip
Lut Thy sn
iu 6 quy nh cc hnh vi b cm: X thi nc, cht thi t c s sn xut ging thu
sn, c s nui trng thu sn, c s bo qun, ch bin thu sn m cha qua x l hoc
x l cha t tiu chun quy nh vo mi trng xung quanh.
Lut Bo v v Kim dch thc vt:
iu 7 quy nh trch nhim ca B NN&PTNT trong hng dn s dng, thu hi, kho
nghim kim nghim thuc BVTV, thu gom bao b thuc BVTV. B TN&MT hng dn tiu
hy thuc, x l bao b, gi thuc BVTV sau s dng.
Php lnh th y
iu 8. Nhng hnh vi b nghim cm:
Sn xut, kinh doanh, nhp khu ng vt, sn phm ng vt, nguyn liu c ngun
gc ng vt dng sn xut thc n chn nui, thc n chn nui c ngun gc t ng
vt, thuc th y, ch phm sinh hc, vi sinh vt, ha cht dng trong th y gi, khng
tiu chun v sinh th y, ht hn s dng, khng r ngun gc, b cm s dng hoc khng
c php lu hnh ti Vit Nam;
Vt xc ng vt gy ly lan dch bnh cho ng vt, cho ngi;
Vn chuyn tri php ng vt mc bnh, sn phm ng vt mang mm bnh truyn
nhim nguy him t a phng ny n a phng khc.
iu 12. iu kin v sinh th y trong chn nui:
Chung tri, ni chn nui khc phi c v sinh, kh trng tiu c, dit mm bnh,
cc loi ng vt trung gian truyn bnh theo ch nh k v sau mi t nui.
Khu vc chn nui phi c ni x l cht thi, ni nui cch ly ng vt, ni v sinh,
kh trng tiu c cho dng c chn nui, ni m khm, x l xc ng vt.
Php lnh ging vt nui
iu 19 yu cu c s sn xut, kinh doanh ging vt nui phi m bo tiu chun v
sinh th y v BVMT.

trin khai cc chnh sch, Lut,

Php lnh, rt nhiu cc vn bn di
lut cng c xy dng vi cc ni
dung quy nh v qun l cht thi nng
nghip bao gm: kim sot nhim t
hot ng trng trt, chn nui, nui
trng thy sn, git m; hot ng ch
bin nng lm thy sn, cc c s sn
xut kinh doanh dch v ti khu vc nng

thn hay quy nh vic kim sot nhim,

qun l cht thi lng ngh Cng vi ,
cc quy chun k thut quc gia cho cc
lnh vc th y, v sinh an ton thc phm,
bo v v kim dch thc vt, quy nh v
ngng cht thi nguy hi (trong bao
gm cht thi nguy hi t hot ng sn
xut nng nghip, lng ngh) cng
c ban hnh.

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cp a phng cng ch n
vic ban hnh cc vn bn lin quan nhm
c th ha cc ng li, chnh sch ca
ng v Chnh ph a phng mnh.
Mt s a phng xy dng n bo
v v ci thin mi trng nng thn nh
Thi Nguyn, Bc Giang, Bnh Phc,
Vnh Long Cn c theo tnh hnh thc t
v nh hng pht trin nng thn ca
tng a phng, cc mc tiu v chng
trnh, d n u tin c xy dng.
i vi cc hot ng pht trin
nng nghip nng thn, cc a phng
cng xy dng cc vn bn hng dn,
yu cu trin khai thc hin an ton v
sinh thc phm, kim dch trong hot
ng nui trng thy sn, chn nui, git
m gia sc gia cm, vn s dng thuc,
ha cht BVTV Mt ni dung cng v
ang c hu ht cc a phng t chc
trin khai thc hin theo ng l trnh ca
Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia l vic
trin khai nhm tiu ch v mi trng
trong Chng trnh nng thn mi cho cc
x trn a bn tnh.
5.1.2. Nhng tn ti v thch thc

H thng chnh sch, vn bn v

qun l v BVMT nng nghip, nng thn
c ban hnh, nhng vn cn mt s
hn ch, bt cp khin cho cng tc qun
l cng nh trin khai thc hin BVMT
nng thn gp nhiu kh khn.
Cha y v thiu tnh ng b

Trong nhng nm qua, Lut Bo v

mi trng l vn bn quy phm php lut
cao nht trong lnh vc mi trng. Lut
BVMT nm 2014 c nhng iu khon
ring (iu 69, 70) v BVMT nng thn v
mt s iu khon khc lin quan trc tip
hoc gin tip (iu 71, 78, 80, 82, 83).

118

Khung 5.2. Cc chng trnh, d n

u tin thuc n bo v v ci thin
mi trng nng nghip nng thn n
nm 2020 trn a bn tnh Thi Nguyn
Chng trnh gn kt bo v mi
trng vo quy hoch pht trin KTXH vng nng nghip - nng thn.
Chng trnh tng cng qun l, x
l cht thi nng nghip - nng thn.
Chng trnh nng cp v xy
dng mi cc cng trnh BVMT nng
nghip - nng thn.
Chng trnh BVMT cc lng ngh.
Chng trnh qun l ha cht
BVTV v sn xut nng phm an ton.
Chng trnh tng cng nng lc
qun l nh nc v mi trng nng
nghip - nng thn.
Chng trnh nng cao nhn thc
cng ng v bo v ti nguyn, mi
trng, nng nghip - nng thn.
Trong mi chng trnh s c nhiu
nhm d n, nhim v. Chi tit cc
nhim v/d n c quy nh c th
trong n.
Trch: Quyt nh s 635/Q-UBND
ngy 03/4/2013 ca UBND tnh Thi Nguyn.

Tuy nhin, cho n nay, vn cha c mt

vn bn chuyn bit quy nh mt cch
h thng vn qun l v BVMT nng
thn, cc quy nh cn nm phn tn
nhiu lnh vc, thiu tnh gn kt, nhiu
ni dung cn b b ng. Trong cc vn bn
di lut cng vn cn thiu cc ni dung
hng dn thi hnh i vi vn BVMT
nng thn.

Quan ly moi trng nong thon Chng 5

Theo quy nh ca Lut Bo v mi

trng 2005, tiu chun mi trng i vi
cht thi, c bit l nc thi v kh thi
ch p dng vi cc c s sn xut, kinh
doanh vi quy m ln m khng ph hp
vi cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh vi quy
m nh v quy m h gia nh trong cc
lng ngh hoc nm xen k trong khu dn
c. Chnh v vy, vic thanh tra, kim tra
cng nh xc nh mc nhim i vi
cc i tng ny hu nh cha th trin
khai. Vn ny vn tip tc tn ti trong
quy nh ca Lut BVMT 2014.

N-CP7 v qun l cht thi rn p dng

cho c khu vc th v nng thn vi mc
tiu phn loi CTR ti ngun. Tuy nhin,
cho n nay, vic phn loi CTR ti ngun
mi ch thc hin c th im mt s
khu vc th ln. Mt minh chng khc
l quy nh v ph BVMT i vi CTR8,
trong thc t, n nay vn cha trin khai
c, c bit l trn a bn nng thn.
Mt s cc tiu chun, quy chun
c xy dng nhng cha xem xt y
tnh hnh thc t, dn n khi ban
hnh, tnh kh thi khng cao, gy kh kh
khn trong qu trnh trin khai p dng.
Mt minh chng in hnh l vic chn
bi chn lp x l cht thi rn khu vc
nng thn, c p dng theo quy chun
k thut quc gia QCVN 14:2009/BXD
v quy hoch xy dng nng thn. y
l mt quy chun hng dn kh chi tit,
tuy nhin, mt s ch tiu v bi rc, nc
thi sinh hot l cha th p dng thc
hin trong iu kin h tng nng thn
hin nay.

Cho n nay, vn cn thiu cc quy

nh v vic qun l, x l cht thi (nc
thi, cht thi rn) i vi khu vc nng
thn; trch nhim v phn cp trong qun l
mi trng nng thn; vn thu ph v l
ph trong qun l cht thi nng nghip, lng
ngh; thiu cc tiu chun, quy chun v
mi trng p dng cho khu vc nng thn...
Thiu tnh kh thi

Mt s quy nh php lut c lin

quan n BVMT khu vc nng thn khng
th p dng trong thc t hoc p dng
khng hiu qu. in hnh nh ni dung
v qun l CTR, Ngh nh s 59/2007/

7. Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 09/4/2007 ca Chnh

ph v Qun l cht thi rn.

8. Ngh nh s 174/2007/N-CP ngy 29/11/2007

ca Chnh ph v ph BVMT i vi cht thi rn.

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5.2. H THNG T CHC QUN L V

PHN CNG TRCH NHIM
5.2.1. H thng t chc qun l v phn
cng trch nhim

Cng tc qun l v pht trin nng

nghip, nng thn nhn c s quan
tm, ch o st sao ca ng thng qua
Ngh quyt Tam nng9. Theo , nhng
nhim v quan trng c t ra bao
gm cng c v nng cao nng lc b my
qun l nng nghip t Trung ng n a
phng, nht l cp huyn, x v cc lnh
vc khc nng thn; tng cng o to,
nng cao trnh i ng cn b, cng
chc x; tip tc i mi, nng cao cht
lng hot ng ca Mt trn T quc v
cc on th chnh tr - x hi nng thn
Cng t giai on trc , h thng
t chc qun l nh nc v BVMT nng
thn c hnh thnh v dn i vo
hot ng n nh theo chc nng, nhim
v c phn cng.
cp Trung ng, B TN&MT c
giao trch nhim qun l thng nht v
mi trng, qun l mi trng lng ngh;
B NN&PTNT c giao trch nhim qun
l cc ngnh ngh nng thn, trong c
thnh lp cc n v chuyn trch v mi
trng. Ngoi ra, mt s B/ngnh khc
cng c phn cng trch nhim qun l
mt s hot ng c lin quan nh B Xy
dng c trch nhim qun l hot ng
cp nc, thot nc, x l CTR v nc
thi ti lng ngh v khu dn c nng thn
tp trung; B Cng thng c trch nhim
qun l hot ng ca cc CCN; B Y t
c trch nhim qun l vn an ton v
sinh thc phm v x l cht thi t cc c
s y t
9. Ngh quyt s 26-NQ/TW ngy 05/8/2008 ca Ban
chp hnh Trung ng kha X v nng nghip, nng dn,
nng thn.

120

cp a phng, S TN&MT l
n v c giao trch nhim qun l mi
trng ca a phng, trong bao gm
trch nhim qun l hot ng BVMT ca
khu vc nng thn; S NN&PTNT chu
trch nhim t chc trin khai cc hot
ng pht trin nng nghip, nng thn
ca a phng, trch nhim ny cn
c quy nh phn cp qun l n cp
huyn, x.
5.2.2. Mt s kh khn, tn ti
Cng tc qun l mi trng nng thn
cn an xen, thiu n v u mi qun l,
nhiu mng cn b ng

Trong nhng nm qua, ngay t cp

Trung ng, cng tc qun l mi trng
nng thn cha c n v u mi qun
l. Mc d, theo chc nng nhim v c
giao, B TN&MT l n v u mi qun
l mi trng ni chung nhng ngay trong
quy nh v chc nng nhim v cng cha
nu r trch nhim v qun l mi trng
nng thn. B NN&PTNT v mt s b
ngnh khc c phn cng trch nhim
qun l mi trng ngnh, lnh vc mnh
qun l. Theo , i vi tng lnh vc c
th m cng tc qun l cn c s an xen,
c nhng ni dung chng cho nhng cng
c nhng ni dung cn ang b ng.
Cng tc qun l CTR vng nng
thn cn chng cho v cha nhn c
s quan tm u t thch ng. Theo phn
cng trch nhim, B Xy dng c giao
thng nht qun l nh nc v CTR, tuy
nhin, CTR t hot ng nng nghip li
c giao cho B NN&PTNT qun l, cht
thi nguy hi (trong c cht thi nguy
hi t hot ng sn xut nng nghip v
lng ngh) do B TN&MT qun l. Chnh
s an xen trong phn cng trch nhim
qun l CTR khin cho cng tc qun l

Quan ly moi trng nong thon Chng 5

thiu s thng nht, khng r trch nhim

ca n v u mi. Cha k n, i vi
cng tc qun l CTR sinh hot nng thn,
gn nh ang b b ng.

tn, cc vn quc gia, bo tn DSH;

Cc Trng trt ph trch vic s dng phn
bn, kim sot sinh vt ngoi lai, sinh vt
bin i gen lm ging cy trng; Cc Bo
v thc vt qun l vic s dng ha cht
phng, tr bnh cy trng

i vi cng tc qun l nc sch

v VSMT nng thn: Lut Ti nguyn nc
2012 giao B TN&MT qun l ti nguyn
nc trn phm vi c nc (iu 70). Tuy
nhin, vic u t c s h tng v cung
cp nc sch ti khu vc th li c
giao cho B Xy dng chu trch nhim
qun l. Ring khu vc nng thn, cc c
s h tng cp nc (bao gm nc sch)
c giao cho B NN&PTNT xy dng
v qun l. V sinh mi trng nng thn
l khi nim rt rng, tuy nhin nc
ta, VSMT nng thn thng c hiu l
chung tri v nh tiu hp v sinh. Vic
phn cng kim tra nh tiu hp v sinh
thuc B Y t, vic xy dng nh tiu v
v sinh chung tri chn nui li do B
NN&PTNT qun l.

cp a phng, cc S NN&PTNT
cng c giao ch tr thc hin cng tc
BVMT trong nng nghip, nng thn cp
tnh10, cp x v nng nghip v pht trin
nng thn. Tuy nhin, hin nay, hu ht
cc a phng, S NN&PTNT cha c b
phn chuyn trch v qun l mi trng
trong lnh vc nng nghip, nng thn nn
n v ny ch tham gia phi hp vi S
TN&MT trong cc vn lin quan n
qun l mi trng nng thn. y cng
l vn bt cp khi khng c nhng quy
nh thng nht v h thng t chc qun
l mi trng nng thn.
Trch nhim, nng lc ca n v
qun l v thc thi cha cao

i vi cng tc qun l ha cht,

thuc BVTV: vic s dng, thu gom, lu
gi thuc BVTV thuc trch nhim ca B
NN&PTNT. Tuy nhin, vic x l, tiu hy
cc bao b thuc BVTV, x l cc kho ha
cht, thuc BVTV tn lu li thuc trch
nhim B TN&MT theo quy nh v qun
l CTNH.

Vic phn cng trch nhim c

quy nh ti cc vn bn quy phm php
lut. Tuy nhin, vic trin khai thc thi
theo trch nhim ca tng ngnh, tng
cp cn nhiu tn ti. Hin nay, cng tc
qun l mi trng b lng ghp vo cc
chc nng qun l ngnh s khng trnh
khi nhim v BVMT b a xung hng
th yu so vi mc tiu hon thnh cc ch
tiu pht trin KT-XH. Tuy nhin, m hnh
ny khng cn ph hp vi nh hng
pht trin bn vng t nc ca ng v
Nh nc ta trong giai on cng nghip
ho, hin i ho t nc.

i vi cng tc qun l mi trng

trong sn xut nng nghip: vic qun l
mi trng trong hot ng sn xut nng
nghip c giao cc Tng cc v Cc qun
l chuyn ngnh thuc B NN&PTNT qun
l. Theo , Tng cc Thy li ph trch
mi trng nc trong h thng cng trnh
thy li, cp nc sch; Tng cc Thy sn
ph trch mi trng trong hot ng sn
xut thy sn (khai thc, ch bin, ng
tu c) v bo tn ngun li thy sn; Tng
cc Lm nghip ph trch cc khu bo

10. Thng t lin tch 61/2008/TTLT-BNN-BNV ngy

15/5/2008 gia B NN&PTNT v B Ni v v hng dn
chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v c cu t chc ca
c quan chuyn mn thuc UBND cp tnh, cp huyn v
nhim v qun l nh nc ca UBND cp x v nng
nghip v pht trin nng thn.

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cp a phng, cng tc BVMT

nhiu vng nng thn cha tt, mi trng
vn ang b nhim bi nc thi, cht
thi sinh hot khng c thu gom, x l.
iu ny cho thy, trch nhim ca cc
n v qun l v hiu qu thc thi cc
quy nh trong cc vn bn quy phm
php lut cha cao. c bit l trch
nhim ca n v qun l trc tip khu
vc nng thn l cc UBND cp x. Mt
trong nhng nguyn nhn quan trng l do
nhng kh khn v ch o, iu hnh t
cp cao hn, v kinh ph, v qu t
quy hoch cc cng trnh BVMT, v nhn
lc thc hin khu t chc, kim tra,
gim st... hu nh cn thiu v yu.
Vn nhn lc v nng lc qun
l, thc thi ca cc n v, c bit cp
a phng vn tip tc l vn tn ti
t nhiu nm nay. Vi s lng cn b hn
ch cc n v qun l, cp x, cn b
mi trng hu ht l kim nhim, cha
c quan tm trong o to, nng cao k
nng chuyn mn nn kh pht huy c
hiu qu cng tc.
5.3. TRIN KHAI CC TIU CH
MI TRNG THUC CHNG TRNH
NNG THN MI
Nm 2010, Th tng Chnh ph
ph duyt Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia
v xy dng nng thn mi giai on 2010
- 2020 vi cc mc tiu t ra n nm
2015 v 2020 c t l s x trn ton quc
t tiu chun nng thn mi theo B tiu
ch quc gia v nng thn mi. Vic xc
nh tiu ch xy dng nng thn mi
c xy dng v ban hnh theo Quyt
nh s 491/Q-TTg11, trong , tiu ch
th 17 v mi trng gm 5 tiu ch thnh
11. Quyt nh s 491/Q-TTg ngy 16/4/2009 ca Th
tng Chnh ph v vic ban hnh B tiu ch quc gia v
Nng thn mi.

122

Khung 5.3. Cc tiu ch v mi trng thuc

B tiu ch quc gia v nng thn mi
1. T l h c s dng nc sch
hp v sinh theo quy chun quc gia.
2. Cc c s sn xut kinh doanh t
tiu chun v mi trng.
3. Khng c cc hot ng gy suy
gim mi trng v c cc hot ng
pht trin mi trng xanh - sch - p.
4. Ngha trang c xy dng theo
quy hoch.
5. Cht thi, nc thi c thu gom
v x l theo quy nh.
Trch: Quyt nh s 491/Q-TTg
ngy 16/4/2009 ca Th tng Chnh ph

phn l mt bc tch cc trin khai

Ngh quyt s 26-NQ/TW ca Ban Chp
hnh Trung ng v nng nghip, nng
dn v nng thn.
Qua 4 nm trin khai thc hin,
Chng trnh thu c mt s kt qu
kh quan. B my t chc v vn hnh
chng trnh c thnh lp v hot
ng rt tch cc t cp Trung ng (cc
B/ngnh) n a phng (cc x, thn).
Trn c nc cng t chc o to c
hn 240 nghn cn b xy dng nng thn
mi cc cp. Hng lot cc chnh sch
c ban hnh phc v chng trnh.
Theo thng k, n cui nm 2014, c
97,2% s x c ph duyt quy hoch
nng thn mi, 785 x t chun nng
thn mi (chim t l 8,8% tng s x trn
c nc) v gn 1.300 x t t 15 - 18 tiu
ch (chim 14,5%). c bit, i vi nhm
tiu ch v mi trng, hu ht cc tnh,
thnh ph, u t chc hng dn v
yu cu trin khai thc hin i vi cc x
thuc a phng .

Quan ly moi trng nong thon Chng 5

Bng 5.1. Kt qu thc hin cc tiu ch nng thn mi tnh n cui nm 2014
T l s x t tiu ch
(trn tng s 9.007 x)

S tiu ch t c

19 tiu ch

8,8%

15 - 18 tiu ch

14,5%

10 - 14 tiu ch

32,1%

5 - 9 tiu ch

33,6%
11%

Di 5 tiu ch

0%

0 tiu ch

Ngun: Ban ch o Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia xy dng nng thn mi, B NN&PTNT, 2015

Tuy nhin, theo kt qu nh gi

sau thi gian trin khai thc hin chng
trnh, nhm cc tiu ch v mi trng l
mt trong nhng nhm tiu ch kh trin
khai thc hin nht. Nhiu tnh, thnh
ph phi xy dng cc hng dn, quy
nh nhm c th ha, n gin ha cc
tiu ch ny c th trin khai ti a
phng. Theo kt qu nh gi chung,
vic trin khai cc tiu ch v mi trng
thuc chng trnh t khong 26,8%, so

snh vi cc nhm tiu ch khc, c th

thy, nhm tiu ch v mi trng nm
trong nhm 3 tiu ch c t l thp nht
(di 30%) (Bng 5.2).
Cng theo s liu bo co, khu vc
MNPB c t l thp nht c nc (ch t
7,1%). Ch c khu vc ng Nam B trin
khai cc tiu ch v mi trng t t l
kh cao (60,5%), tip n l vng BSH
(45,9%).

Bng 5.2. Tnh hnh thc hin cc tiu ch nng thn mi n cui nm 2014
Tiu ch

T l t
(%)

Tiu ch

T l t
(%)

1 Quy hoch

97,2

11 H ngho

36,4

2 Giao thng

23,3

12 T l L c vic lm thng xuyn

72,2

3 Thy li

44,5

13 Hnh thc t chc sn xut

65,0

4 in

75,6

14 Gio dc

61,0

5 Trng hc

30,8

15 Y t

54,2

6 C s vt cht vn ha

17,9

16 Vn ha

56,5

7 Ch nng thn

45,0

17 Mi trng

26,8

8 Bu in

86,2

18 H thng t chc chnh tr x hi

68,2

9 Nh dn c

50,2

19 An ninh trt t x hi

91,0

10 Thu nhp

44,5

Ngun: Ban ch o Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia xy dng nng thn mi, B NN&PTNT, 2015.

123

BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014

MI TRNG NNG THN

Theo bo co ca B NN&PTNT, tnh

n nay, c hn 1.000 cng trnh cp nc
sch v ang tip tc c nng cp,
40% s x thnh lp t thu gom rc thi.
Tuy nhin, vn rc thi, nc thi ca
khu vc nng thn, x l nc x thi cng
nghip, vn quy hoch v qun l ngha
trang cha c nhiu chuyn bin tch cc.
Cc hot ng ci to cnh quan nh sa
cha ng x, khu vc xung quanh ni
sinh sng, dn dp v sinh mi trng vn
cha c ch trng thc hin, mi trng
nng thn vn l vn bc xc, chm
c gii quyt.
Mt vn khc phi k n l
vic xin kinh ph u t nng cp c s h
tng i vi nhng tiu ch v mi trng
gp kh khn hn rt nhiu so vi vic xin
kinh ph u t cho cc tiu ch v vn
ha, x hi. Mc d, hin nay, nh nc
c nhng chnh sch u i v ti chnh
i vi cc d n, chng trnh BVMT
nng thn nhng thc t cho thy, cc vn
lin quan n mi trng thng kh
thuyt trnh do cha nhn c s quan
tm, ng thun ca chnh quyn cc cp.
C th thy rng, mc d tiu ch mi
trng c a vo Chng trnh, tuy
nhin, kt qu trin khai thc hin vn cn
mc hn ch. Mt s nguyn nhn chnh
c th k n nh: cc tiu ch c xy
dng cha bm st vo tnh hnh thc t,
mt s tiu ch cn mang tnh l thuyt, kh
trin khai. in hnh nh ch tiu v T l
c s sn xut kinh doanh t tiu chun
v mi trng khng r v khi nim cng
nh ni dung ca ch tiu ny. Hoc i
vi ch tiu Ngha trang c xy dng
theo quy hoch, thc t cho thy, vn
quy hoch v xy dng ngha trang ti hu
ht cc a phng u khng phi do cp
x quy nh.

124

%
80
60
40
20
0

Biu 5.1. T l x nng thn t tiu ch

mi trng chia theo khu vc

Ngun: Ban ch o Chng trnh mc tiu quc

gia xy dng nng thn mi, B NN&PTNT, 2015

i vi cng tc quy hoch, xy dng

k hoch pht trin nng thn, ngay t khi
bt u xy dng quy hoch, k hoch hay
d n thc hin mc tiu pht trin, cc
vn mi trng cha c xem xt thu
o v c bin php BVMT ngay t u.
Mc d c quy nh v qun l CTR v
CTNH (trong c bao b thuc BVTV)...
nhng khu trin khai thc hin, kim tra,
gim st cn rt hn ch. Mt phn do tp
qun sinh hot, sn xut, do thc chy
theo li ch trong sn xut nn ngi dn
nng thn khng quan tm n kha cnh
BVMT m trc tip l bo v sc khe cng
ng dn c nng thn. Thm vo , hiu
bit ni chung ca ngi dn khu vc nng
thn v lut php, hiu bit v nhng tc
hi, hu qu trc mt v lu di ca
nhim mi trng do sn xut nng nghip, tiu th cng nghip v sinh hot gy
ra, nn khng thc hin cc ni dung quy
nh v qun l cht thi v BVMT. Vn
ny c trch nhim ca c quan qun
l nh nc v BVMT v chnh quyn a
phng cc cp trong khu tuyn truyn,
vn ng, ph bin php lut v kim tra,
gim st.

Quan ly moi trng nong thon Chng 5

5.4. NC SCH V V SINH MI TRNG

NNG THN

Kt qu thc hin ca Chng trnh

mc tiu quc gia cho thy, t l s dn
c s dng nc hp v sinh tng ng
k qua cc nm (84,5% nm 2014 so vi
32% nm 1998), tuy nhin t l dn c
nng thn c s dng nc sch cn rt
thp, mi ch t 42% theo tiu chun ca
B Y t (QCVN 02/2009/BYT). Trong s
84,5% dn s s dng nc hp v sinh,
cng ch c khong 32% h dn c
s dng nc t cc cng trnh cp nc
tp trung, cn li l t cc cng trnh nh
l nh: ging o, ging khoan, b cha
nc ma... Vic kim tra, m bo cht
lng nc cp t cc ngun nu trn cng
ang cho cho thy nhiu vn cn tip
tc c quan tm gii quyt (Khung 5.4).

i vi ngi dn vng nng thn,

vn nc sch v VSMT l nhu cu thit
yu v c u t mnh trong nhng
nm qua thng qua Chng trnh mc tiu
quc gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng
nng thn.
Tnh n ht nm 2014, theo bo co
ca B NN-PTNT12, c nc c 84,5%
ngi dn nng thn c s dng nc
sinh hot hp v sinh. Trong , vng c
s dn nng thn c s dng nc hp
v sinh cao nht tip tc l ng Nam B
vi 94,5%, BSH 91% v BSCL 88%.
T l s dn c tip cn nc hp v
sinh thp nht vng Bc Trung B (81%)
mc d y l vng c s h nng thn
cao th 4/7 vng trong ton quc.

Mc d, vn cht lng nc sinh

hot nng thn c quan tm trong
nhng nm gn y nhng thc t, nng

BSCL

88

ng Nam B

94,5
83

Ty Nguyn
DHMT (*)

92,4

Bc Trung B

81

BSH

91

MNPB

82

Tng

84,5
70

75

80

85

90

95

100

Ghi ch: (*): ch c s liu bo co ca 5/8 a phng

Biu 5.2. Kt qu thc hin Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia nc sch
v v sinh mi trng nng thn
Ngun: B NN&PTNT, 2015
12. Bo co s 3000/BC-BNN-TCTL ngy 14/4/2015 ca
B NN&PTNT v kt qu thc hin nm 2014 v nh
hng k hoch nm 2015 Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia
v nc sch v VSMTNT.

125