BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014

MI TRNG NNG THN

lc v ngun lc cho kim sot cht lng nc nhiu

a phng cn rt hn ch. n nay, mi ch c khong
gn 50% cc Trung tm Nc sch v VSMT tnh c
phng phn tch cht lng nc, ngun kinh ph hng
nm dnh cho hot ng ny cng cn rt hn ch.
i vi cc ch tiu v v sinh mi trng khc,
mc d, t l cc trng hc mm non, ph thng v
trm y t x nng thn c s dng nc sch, nh
tiu hp v sinh t t l kh cao (trn 90%), tuy nhin
t l s h gia nh nng thn c s dng nh tiu
hp v sinh mi ch t 63% v t l h gia nh nng
thn chn nui c chung tri hp v sinh t 45%.
Thc t, cng vi p lc t cc ngun nhim th
tp qun sinh hot lc hu ca ngi dn nng thn
nhiu vng ng bng v min ni cng l tc nhn
gy nhim mi trng v khng m bo v sinh mi
trng. S liu thng k cho thy, n cui nm 2014,
vn cn ti 5% h gia nh (tp trung ch yu vng
ni pha Bc, Ty Nguyn v vng duyn hi Bc Trung
B) cha c nh tiu v 12% h gia nh s dng cu
tiu ao c (ch yu tp trung khu vc pha Nam, ng
bng sng Cu Long).
V vn VSMT, n thng 7/2011 c nc mi
c 18,5% s x v 8,5% s thn xy dng h thng
thot nc thi chung tng ng vi mc di 1/5 s x
v di 1/10 s thn c h thng thot nc thi chung.
y l ngun gc cc vn nhim nc phc v
nhu cu i sng ca ngi dn cn ph bin.

Khung 5.4. Kt qu
kim tra cht lng
nc ti mt s c s
cp nc tp trung khu
vc nng thn

Theo Bo co kt qu
kim tra 1.371 c s cp
nc trn 1.000 m3/ngy
m v 1.270 trm cp
nc c cng sut nh hn
1.000 m3/ngy m cho
thy: t l cc nh my
t v sinh chung ln lt
l 81% v 79%; t l t
ch tiu l ha ln lt l
83% v 79,3%, t l t
ch tiu vi sinh ln lt l
92% v 84%.
Mt s ch tiu khng
t thng gp l nhim
vi sinh v cht hu c,
lin quan n nhng khu
vc thng b ngp lt
nh mt s tnh thuc
ng bng sng Cu
Long. Ch tiu nitrit, nitrat cao hn tiu chun
cho php c th do cht
lng ngun nc khai
thc b nhim hoc quy
trnh x l nc khng
m bo hay do mng
li b cha, ng ng
r r...
Ngun: Bo co s 3000/BCBNN-TCTL ngy 14/4/2015
ca B NN&PTNT

126

Quan ly moi trng nong thon Chng 5

5.5. QUN L V X L NHIM

MI TRNG NNG THN

vn cn gp rt nhiu kh khn v cha

c qun l, x l trit do thiu kinh ph
cng nh ngun lc trin khai thc hin.

Nh trnh by trong chng 2,

nhim mi trng khu vc nng thn bt
ngun chnh t cc hot ng sinh hot v
sn xut ca cng ng dn c. Chnh v
vy, cng tc kim sot v x l nhim
mi trng khu vc nng thn cng c
qun l theo ngnh, lnh vc.

Ngoi cc loi cht thi nu trn,

trong hot ng trng trt, cht thi l
rm r, thn cc loi cy lng thc sau
thu hoch cng chim t trng kh ln.
Ti hu ht cc a phng khu vc min
Nam, lng cht thi ny c tn thu ti
a lm thc n cho gia sc v nui trng
nm rm nn hu nh khng gy nhim
mi trng. Tuy nhin, khu vc pha Bc,
cc loi cht thi ny khng c ti s
dng, thng c thi v t ngay trn
ng rung, c bit vo nhng thi im
ma thu hoch. Vic t tp trung mt khi
lng ln rm r gy hin tng khi
m, nhim mi trng khng kh cho cc
vng ln cn. Mc d, trong nhng nm
gn y, c mt s chng trnh, ti
nghin cu vic s dng rm r lm ch
phm vi sinh nhng kt qu mi ch dng
phm vi nghin cu, ng dng trong quy
m nh, cha c trin khai ng dng
rng ri.

5.5.1. Qun l v x l cht thi t hot

ng trng trt

Mi nm, hot ng nng nghip pht

sinh mt lng ln cht thi nng nghip
nguy hi, ch yu l thuc BVTV, phn bn
ha hc, trong khng t loi thuc c
c cao b cm s dng. Hin tng lm
dng thuc BVTV trong phng tr dch hi,
s dng phn bn khng tun th quy trnh
k thut, khng m bo thi gian cch ly
dn n cc hu qu nh ng c, mt an
ton v sinh thc phm, gy nhim mi
trng t, nc
Hin nay, vic qun l v x l bao b
v ha cht BVTV tn lu trong mi trng

Khung 5.5. Hot ng thu gom v bao b thuc BVTV ti mt s a phng

cha pht huy hiu qu
X An ng, huyn Qunh Ph, tnh Thi Bnh l mt trong s t a phng t
chc thu gom v bao thuc BVTV. Nhim v ny do Hi nng dn ch tr, t chc thu
gom 2 ln/ v v chung vi bi tp kt rc thi sinh hot. Tuy mi trin khai c
2 t trong v xun nm 2009 song c nguy c phi dng li do khng c kinh ph
thc hin
Hp tc x Trung Lao, huyn Nam Trc, Nam nh u t xy dng mt s ng
bi ti b rung cha v bao thuc BVTV nhng ngi dn khng thc hin. Nguyn
nhn do cng tc tuyn truyn cha tt, b con nng dn vn n gin ngh v bao
thuc BVTV l mt loi rc thi thng thng nn vt b chng u khng quan trng.
Ngun: ThS. V Quc Chnh, Tp ch KH&CN Thy li, Vin Khoa hc Thy li Vit Nam, 2013

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5.5.2. Qun l v x l cht thi t hot

ng chn nui

Cht thi chn nui l mt trong

nhng ngun gy nhim ln nht trong
sn xut nng nghip. Phng thc chn
nui nng h vn chim t l ln, v vy
vic x l v qun l cht thi chn nui
ngy cng kh khn. C nc hin c
khong 8,5 triu h chn nui quy m
gia nh, 23.500 trang tri chn nui tp
trung, nhng mi ch c 8,7% s h xy
dng cng trnh kh sinh hc (hm biogas).
T l h gia nh c chung tri chn nui
hp v sinh cng ch chim 10% v ch
0,6% s h c cam kt BVMT. Vn cn mt
s h chn nui khng x l cht thi bng
bt k phng php no m x thng ra
mi trng bn ngoi. Ti mt s trang tri
chn nui gia sc, cht thi c thu gom
v bn li cho cc c s ch bin phn vi
sinh hoc c ti s dng nui c hoc
biogas. Tuy nhin, cc hot ng ny ch
mang tnh nh l vi khi lng cht thi
c x l l rt nh so vi tng khi lng
cht thi ngnh chn nui.
Nhn chung, hin nay, nc ta cng
cha c c nhng bin php hu hiu
qun l v kim sot ngun thi t hot
ng chn nui. Ti mt s a phng,
ty theo mc pht trin ca ngnh cng
vi vic c cc ngun kinh ph h tr, hot
ng qun l v kim sot cht thi t hot
ng chn nui c trin khai vi cc
hnh thc v quy m khc nhau. Ti Tp.
H Ch Minh hin ang trin khai d n
Nng cao nng lc hot ng ca cc tri
chn nui nhm kim sot nc thi u
ra ca hot ng ny.
Mt vn khng th khng cp
l vic kim sot, qun l v x l dch
bnh trong chn nui. Trong nhng nm
va qua, vn dch bnh trn gia sc, gia

128

cm cng gy ra tnh trng cht hng

lot cc n gia cm ti nhiu a phng.
Chnh v vy, cng tc chn lp, tiu hy
cc loi gia sc, gia cm b dch bnh nu
khng ng yu cu k thut, m bo v
sinh an ton th y l nhng ngun c
nguy c gy nhim mi trng nghim
trng v nh hng trc tip n sc khe
cng ng.
5.5.3. Qun l v x l cht thi t cc
lng ngh

Hin nay, hu ht cc lng ngh ca

nc ta vn cha u t h thng x l cht
thi. Vi quy m nh l, li nm xen ln
trong khu dn c (chung ni sn xut v
sinh hot ca h gia nh) nn vn qun
l v x l nhim mi trng t hot ng
ca cc lng ngh gp rt nhiu kh khn.
Vic p dng cng ngh sn xut sch
hn ti cc lng ngh cn rt hn ch. Ch
c mt s c s sn xut gm s s dng l
nung bng kh gas thay l nung bng than
v mt s c s ch bin nng sn kt hp
vi chn nui xy hm biogas. Cn cc loi
hnh sn xut khc th hu nh cha p
dng. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn l do
thiu cc h tr t cc c quan chc nng
cc cp t vic ban hnh cc chnh sch,
quy nh cho n vic cung cp thng tin
v cng ngh, thng tin vay vn...
Hin nay, c mt s d n
trin khai p dng cng ngh thn thin
mi trng ti lng ngh nhng hu ht
u thiu tnh bn vng, khng nhn rng
c m hnh. Cng c nhiu l do c t
pha cc cp chnh quyn v bn thn cc
c s sn xut song vic phi m bo tnh
bn vng ca kt qu cc d n l mt
vic lm nn c u tin.
Cng tc qun l mi trng lng
ngh hin ang giao cho B TN&MT l c

Quan ly moi trng nong thon Chng 5

quan u mi. Tuy nhin, thc t trin khai

cho thy, c nhiu c quan cng tham gia
ch o theo ngnh qun l nh B Cng
thng, B NN&PTNT,... Chnh iu ny
cng gy rt nhiu kh khn trong cng tc
qun l do chng cho v chc nng nhim
v gia cc B, i khi, cng tc qun l
cn b b ng do cha r trch nhim gia
cc bn tham gia qun l.

M hnh thu gom do x, thn t chc:

chnh quyn a phng h tr v phng
tin thu gom, nhiu a phng quy
hoch c im tp kt, bi chn lp rc.
Tuy nhin, cc m hnh ny cng ch dng
li nhim v thu gom rc thi t khu dn
c n cc im tp kt, cha c cc bin
php k thut trong phn loi, x l. M
hnh cha xy dng c c ch v ngun
ti chnh duy tr cng tc thu gom, x l
rc thi. S ln thu gom rc 2-3 ln/tun.
Thu nhp ca ngi thu gom trung bnh
200.000-300.000 /thng, ngi thu gom
cha c hng cc ch bo him y
t, x hi. Hot ng thiu chuyn nghip
dn n hiu qu thp. Trch nhim ca
cc cp a phng ch yu l h tr m
cha xy dng c quy trnh thu gom, x
l rc thi m bo cc yu cu VSMT.

5.5.4. Qun l v x l rc thi sinh hot

Trong thi gian qua, cng tc qun l

CTR sinh hot t khu vc nng thn v
ang l vn bc xc nhiu a phng.
Chnh vic phn cng khng r rng v
n v u mi chu trch nhim qun l
nh nc trong lnh vc ny khin cho
cng tc qun l CTR khu vc nng thn
cha nhn c s quan tm thch ng.
hu ht cc vng nng thn, CTR
sinh hot t cc h gia nh phn ln u
c thi trc tip ti vn nh. Ti mt
s huyn x khc, vic thu gom rc thi
sinh hot c xy dng thnh nhng m
hnh t qun. Mt s m hnh in hnh:

Cc m hnh HTX dch v VSMT:

c coi l m hnh hot ng hiu qu
nht nng thn. M hnh ny hot ng
theo Lut Hp tc x, c iu l hot ng,
phng n sn xut dch v, kt hp nhiu
loi dch v mi trng nh thu gom rc
thi, thot nc, cy xanh, qun l ngha trang... Hnh thc ny ch yu cc
th trn, th t, rt tcc x c hnh thc
dch v ny. Hu ht cc HTX dch v mi
trng c u t xe thu gom rc, mt
s ni c u t xe vn chuyn rc
thi. Thu nhp ca ngi lm dch v mi
trng trung bnh t 500.000 - 1.000.000
/ngi/thng, ngi lao ng c trang
b bo h lao ng, bo him y t v
bo him x hi. S ln thu gom l 3-7
ln/tun.
M hnh cng ty trch nhim hu hn
hoc cng ty c phn: Rt t c cc vng
nng thn do cc dch v v mi trng
khng mang li li nhun v kinh t.

M hnh thu gom t qun do dn t

t chc: y l hnh thc ph bin cc
vng nng thn, do ngi dn t tha thun
v c ngi thu gom cho 1 xm hoc 1 cm
dn c. Rc thi sau khi thu gom thng
l thin ven ng lng, b mng. Do
cha c s quan tm, h tr ca cc cp
a phng c v ti chnh v chnh sch,
ngi thu gom rc phi t trang b phng
tin thu gom, thu nhp trung bnh ch t
100.000 - 150.000 /ngi/thng, khng
c hng cc ch bo him y t, x
hi v bo h lao ng. Hot ng cha
chuyn nghip ha, s ln thu gom trung
bnh 1 ln/tun, c ni 2 tun/ln, ch yu
thu gom rc cho khu vc ven ng chnh
v khu tp trung dn c.

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M hnh cng ty mi trng th:

Mt s vng ven , cc cng ty mi trng
th m rng dch v thu gom rc thi
cho cc cc x ln cn. Cng ty c th lm
dch v trn gi t thu gom, vn chuyn
v x l rc thi hoc ch vn chuyn v
x l. Kinh ph hot ng ca cng ty t
ngun thu ph ca dn v ngn sch ca
thnh ph. Thu nhp ca ngi lm dch
v t 1.200.000-2.000.000 /ngi/thng
v c hng y cc ch ca lao
ng nng v c hi. Hin ch c mt s
rt t cc x ven cc thnh ph ln nh Tp.
H Ni, Tp. H Ch Minh c hng cc
dch v ny.

Khung 5.6. M hnh thu gom, x l

rc thi nng thn da vo cng ng
Qung Tr
Nm 2014, S TN&MT Qung Tr
phi hp vi UBND x Gio Hi
(Gio Linh) xy dng m hnh thu gom,
x l rc thi nng thn da vo cng
ng vi tng kinh ph l 430 triu
ng. Cng trnh gm cc hng mc
nh xy dng 6 im trung chuyn
rc tp trung, u t 6 xe trung chuyn
rc, 4 thng ng rc ti cc im
sinh hot cng ng x v trang b o
qun bo h lao ng. nng cao
nhn thc cho ngi dn trong vic
thu gom, x l rc thi v gip chnh
quyn a phng qun l, vn hnh
c hiu qu cng trnh, sau khi tin
hnh nghim thu, bn giao cng trnh,
S TN&MT t chc lp tp hun
thu gom, x l rc thi nng thn da
vo cng ng cho 150 hi vin Hi
ph n x vi cc ni dung chuyn
nh: nhim mi trng do rc thi
nng thn v k thut phn loi rc
thi; gii thiu v h thng thu gom
x l rc thi da vo cng ng; quy
ch thu gom rc thi trn a bn x
Gio Hi. Cng thng qua tp hun,
Chng trnh ph bin rng ri v
nhng tc hi do nhim rc thi gy
ra; gp phn nng cao nhn thc cho
ngi dn, c bit l ch em ph n
trong vic thu gom, x l rc thi.
Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Qung Tr, 2014

130

Quan ly moi trng nong thon Chng 5

Bng 5.3. Tng hp hot ng ca cc m hnh dch v qun l cht thi nng thn
M hnh dch v
TT

Ni dung

a bn hot ng

Kinh ph hot ng

Ngn sch nh nc (%)

ng gp ca dn (%)

T qun

HTX dch
v mi
trng

Cng ty
TNHH

Cng ty mi
trng
th

Ph bin
cc vng
nng thn

Ch yu
cc th trn,
th t

Ch yu cc
vng ven
KCN

Ch yu cc
vng ven

10-20

5-10

80-90

100

80-90

90-95

10-20

Thu nhp (1000 /ngi/

thng)

100-300

500-1.000

500-1.000

1.2002.000

Bo h lao ng (b/nm)

Khng c

Bo him x hi

Khng c

T ng

Cng ty
ng

Nh nc
u t

Bo him y t

Khng c

HTX ng

Cng ty
ng

Nh nc
u t

Thit b thu gom

T tc

HTX trang
b

Cng
tytrang b

Nh nc
u t

TB vn chuyn

Khng c

u t t
ngn sch
a phng

Cng
tyu t

Nh nc
u t

Tnh n nh

Khng n
nh

Tng i
n nh

Khng n
nh

n nh

Ngun:ThS. V Quc Chnh, Tp ch KH&CN Thy li, Vin Khoa hc Thy li Vit Nam, 2011

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Mt vn kh khn chung i vi
hu ht cc m hnh thu gom rc thi v
ang trin khai l vic quy hoch cc
bi rc xa khu dn c lm pht sinh chi
ph vn chuyn rc t im trung chuyn
n bi rc. Trong khi , vi cc m hnh
hin nay, kinh ph mi ch chi tr c mt
phn cho hot ng thu gom, khng
chi tr cng nh duy tr cho hot ng vn
chuyn. Chnh v vy, hu ht cc m hnh
hin nay cha m bo tnh bn vng.

dng ng giao thng nng thn ca Nh

nc cng nh cng trnh do dn t xy
dng hu ht u khng xy dng h thng
thot nc v x l nc thi. Phn ln cc
loi nc thi sinh hot u khng c
x l, chy t do, ngm xung t v chy
xung ao h gy nhim mi trng.
5.6. VN TI CHNH, U T CHO
BO V MI TRNG NNG THN
Cho n nay, phn kinh ph u t
cho cng tc BVMT khu vc nng thn l
rt t c cp trung ng v a phng.

i vi cng tc qun l CTR sinh

hot ni chung, CTR sinh hot nng thn
ni ring, vic phn loi rc thi ti ngun
trc khi x l s gip cho vic gim thiu
chi ph x l, ng thi tn thu, ti ch
mt khi lng ng k rc thi hu c lm
phn bn. Tuy nhin, vn phn loi rc
ti ngun cha nhn c s quan tm
ng mc, cng nh cha c trin khai
ph bin.

Theo s liu ca B NN&PTNT, ngun

kinh ph s nghip mi trng chi cho B
NN&PTNT mi nm c cp t 14 - 42
t ng v c chia cho hot ng mi
trng ca 7 lnh vc: Trng trt - Bo v
thc vt; Chn nui - Th y; Lm nghip;
Dim nghip; Thy li; Thy sn v Pht
trin nng thn. Tuy nhin kinh ph ny
ang gim dn trong nhng nm gy y.

i vi hot ng thu gom v x l

nc thi sinh hot, cc cng trnh xy
t ng
50

42,43

39,89

40
30

20

20

14

20
10
0

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

Biu 5.3. Chi cho hot ng BVMT t ngun ngn sch

s nghip mi trng ca B NN&PTNT qua cc nm

Ngun: B NN&PTNT, 2014

132

Quan ly moi trng nong thon Chng 5

So vi cc B/ ngnh khc, B NN&PTNT l mt trong cc B c giao kinh ph

t ngun s nghip mi trng kh ln.
Tuy nhin, thc t chi ph cho hot ng
qun l mi trng ca ngnh li rt thp
(khong 7-10 t ng/nm) v phn ln
kinh ph (khong t 10 - 30 t ng/nm)
dng cho cc d n iu tra ngun li thy
sn thuc n 4713 (ch yu l hot ng
iu tra c bn). Theo thng k, trong cc
ni dung chi v mi trng (khng bao
gm n 47), phn chi thng xuyn
chim t l trn 60% (nm 2014, chi cho
hot ng quan trc khong 3,5 t ng,
hot ng kim tra v tuyn truyn, hi
tho-tp hun khong 1 t ng/nm) nn
kinh ph cn li rt t cho cc hot ng
khc ca ngnh (2 -3 t ng/nm). Vi
ngun chi nh vy, nhiu d n, nhim
v v mi trng nng thn c ph
duyt nhng khng c cp kinh ph
trin khai, thm ch c nhng lnh vc
khng c kinh ph trin khai.

nhim nghim trng, thit hi v mi

trng phi ng gp ti chnh khc
phc hoc chu x pht hnh chnh. Kinh
ph cho hot ng BVMT do chnh quyn
x t trang tri ly t ngun c php chi
10% ngun thu thu ca cc h sn xut.
V vy, cc lng ngh u khng kinh
ph xy dng h thng x l nc thi,
x l kh thi, CTR gim nhim mi
trng, p dng cng ngh sn xut sch
hn. Ch c mt s c s tham gia v cc
ti, d n l c h tr cho nhng hot
ng ny.
Mt s lng ngh pht trin dch
v thu gom v x l CTR. Kinh ph chi tr
cho dch v ny c thu trc tip t cc
h sn xut v h dn c vi mc thu trung
bnh tng ng l 10.000 ng/h/thng
v 3.000-5.000 ng/h/thng. Thc t
lng thu ny cha chi cho t dch
v v trang b cc dng c thu gom nn
c nhiu kin ngh tng mc ph ny
ln v tnh theo lng CTR thi ra dch
v ny c tt hn v cng l yu t
cc h phi gim lng thi ca mnh.

cp a phng, cng tc u t,
ti chnh trong hot ng BVMT nng
thn cha c quan tm thch ng cng
nh cha c s cn i. Hu ht, ngun
kinh ph mi ch tp trung ch yu chi cho
Chng trnh nc sch, VSMT. Trong khi
, phn chi ph cho cc hot ng u
t h tng mi trng, h thng x l cht
thi... chim t l rt nh.
Mt vn khc cn phi k n,
l ph bo v mi trng (ph BVMT
i vi nc thi v cht thi rn) cha p
dng c cho lng ngh, cng nh cha
c quy nh bt buc cc h sn xut gy
13. Quyt nh s 47/2006/Q-TTg ngy 01/3/2006 ca
Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt n tng th v
iu tra c bn v qun l ti nguyn mi trng bin
n nm 2010, tm nhn n nm 2020.

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5.7. HUY NG S THAM GIA

V NNG CAO NHN THC CNG NG
5.7.1. Huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng
trong cng tc BVMT nng thn

Ngh quyt s 41/NQ/TW ca B

Chnh tr v cng tc BVMT trong thi k
cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc
nu mt s gii php y mnh vic
huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng trong
hot ng BVMT, trong bao gm vic
huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng trong
hot ng BVMT khu vc nng thn. Cc
ni dung tp trung vo vic to c s php
l v c ch chnh sch khuyn khch t
chc, c nhn v cng ng tham gia cng
tc BVMT, ch trng xy dng v thc hin
cc hng c, quy c, cam kt v BVMT
v cc m hnh t qun v BVMT ca
cng ng dn c. Pht trin cc phong
tro qun chng tham gia BVMT. Pht hin
cc m hnh, in hnh tin tin trong hot
ng BVMT khen thng, ph bin,
nhn rng.
Lut Bo v mi trng nm 2005 v
nm 2014 c th ha cc ch trng,
chnh sch nhm huy ng s tham gia

ca cng ng trong BVMT nng thn nh:

thnh lp t chc t qun v BVMT, xy
dng v t chc thc hin hng c v
BVMT. c bit, Lut BVMT 2014 dnh
01 chng quy nh trch nhim ca Mt
trn T quc Vit Nam, t chc chnh tr
- x hi, t chc x hi - ngh nghip v
cng ng dn c trong BVMT.
trin khai thc hin, cp Trung
ng, B TN&MT k 8 ngh nh lin tch
vi cc t chc on th nhn dn v vic
phi hp hnh ng BVMT. Chng trnh
quc gia v nc sch v v sinh mi trng
nng thn trong 2 giai on 2001-2006 v
2006-2011 cng a vic huy ng s tham
gia ca cng ng l mt trong nhng gii
php trong qu trnh thc hin.
cp a phng, mt s cc m
hnh huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng
trong cng tc qun l v BVMT nng thn
cng c trin khai nh cc m hnh
thu gom rc thi sinh hot di cc hnh
thc t qun do dn t t chc, do x, thn
t chc hoc thnh lp HTX dch v VSMT.
y l nhng m hnh tt cn c tip tc
nhn rng pht huy th mnh qun l
da vo cng ng dn c.

Khung 5.7. Pht huy vai tr ca HTX trong cng tc BVMT nng thn
Hin nay, trn c nc c khong gn 9.000 HTX nng nghip, gn b vi hot
ng trng trt, chn nui, nui trng, nh bt thy sn, mi trng khu vc nng
thn. Theo s liu thng k nm 2014, c nc c 274 hp tc x trin khai cng tc mi
trng (trong c 120 HTX mi trng v 154 HTX tham gia hot ng mi trng).
a s cc hp tc x ny hot ng a bn nng thn v ch yu hot ng trong lnh
vc thu gom, x l rc thi, cung cp nc sch.
Mt s tnh c chnh sch tt, h tr cho cc HTX mi trng trin khai vic huy
ng s tham gia ca cng ng trong BVMT, c bit l trong hot ng thu gom rc thi,
to cnh quan xanh cho nng thn v t hiu qu cao, pht trin mnh m hnh HTX trong
nhng nm 2011 - 2014 nh H Tnh, Vnh Phc
Ngun: Lin minh Hp tc x Vit Nam, 2014.

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Hin nay, vic n gin ha cc quy

nh php lut bng cch chuyn th hnh
thc vn bn thnh cc hng c ca lng
x v ang pht huy hiu qu. Vic xy
dng v trin khai cc hng c v BVMT
ca lng, x cng c nhiu a phng
trin khai thc hin v bc u thu c kt
qu tt. in hnh nh hng c v BVMT x
An Chn (Tuy An, Ph Yn) (Khung 5.7) hay
vic a cc tiu ch BVMT vo hng c,
quy c ca thn, lng (Khung 5.8).
Khung 5.8. Trin khai hng c c lng ghp cc yu cu v BVMT x An Chn,
huyn Tuy An, tnh Ph Yn
M hnh Xy dng hng c BVMT vi
s tham gia ca cng ng c Chng
trnh SEMLA trin khai ti x An Chn,
huyn Tuy An - Ph Yn l mt trong nhng
m hnh im thc hin vic huy ng s
tham gia ca cng ng trong cng tc
BVMT pht huy hiu qu. Nhng vn
bc xc v mi trng ca tng thn c
ngi dn bn bc, a vo hng c.
l cc quy nh v thu gom v x l rc
thi, v thot nc v x l nc thi, v
x l kh thi, ting n, bo v h sinh thi,
a dng sinh hc v t chc ngy xanh sch - p hng thng. Cc quy nh v
khen thng, x pht cng c quy nh
rt c th, chi tit da trn c s ca cc
vn bn php lut v mi trng. T khi c
hng c, bn thn mi ngi dn thy
c vai tr trch nhim ca mnh trong
hot ng BVMT ti a phng.
M hnh ny c nhn rng ny ti x Xun Th 2 (th x Sng Cu, Ph Yn) v
hng n nhn rng trong cng ng nhng nm tip theo nhm gp phn nng cao
nhn thc BVMT cho tng ngi dn v chuyn bin nhn thc thnh hnh vi c th cho
h, ng thi tng cng nng lc qun l mi trng cho cn b x, cc hi, on th.
Ngun: TCMT tng hp, 2014

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Khung 5.9. Trin khai hng c c lng ghp cc yu cu v BVMT

nng cao nhn thc, trch nhim ca ngi dn trong cng tc BVMT, Ban ch o
x Hng Sn (Bnh Xuyn, Vnh Phc) ch o cc thn dn c a tiu ch BVMT
vo hng c, quy c ca thn, lng. ng thi y mnh phong tro thi ua ton dn
on kt xy dng i sng vn ha khu dn c; phong tro ton dn tch cc BVMT
vi phng chm sch nh, sch ng, sch ni cng cng.
n nay, ton x c 93,26% s h s dng nc hp v sinh, trong c 40,3% s h
s dng nc sch; t l s h c 3 cng trnh v sinh hp v sinh chim 97,5%, cc c
s sn xut kinh doanh cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip t chun VSMT chim 86%;
s h chn nui theo mi hnh trang tri c 60/80 h t tiu chun VSMT.
Ngun: TCMT tng hp, 2014

Ti cc a phng khu vc
min ni, vic trin khai chnh
sch chi tr dch v mi trng
rng cng mang li hiu qu
tch cc. Chnh sch ny c
trin khai nhm huy ng s tham
gia ca cng ng trong cng tc
bo v rng, huy ng ngun lc
x hi, c bit ca cc t chc,
c nhn c hng li t dch
v mi trng rng vo vic bo
v v pht trin rng gn vi xa
i gim ngho...
Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng
kt qu t c, s tham gia
ca cng ng vo cc qu trnh
ng gp kin ra quyt nh,
hoch nh chnh sch v cc
hot ng qun l mi trng ti
khu vc nng thn, lng ngh
vn cn nhiu hn ch. Hu
nh, s tham gia ca cng ng
a phng ch mc by t s
phn khng khi b nh hng
do nhim mi trng, hoc
khi cc cng trnh v sinh cng
cng nh bi chn lp d kin
c xy dng gn ch .

Khung 5.10. Kt qu thc hin Chnh sch chi tr

dch v mi trng rng
Sau 3 nm thc hin (t 2012 - 2014), Chnh
sch Chi tr mi trng rng to ngun lc ti
chnh mi, n nh, bn vng phc v cng tc
qun l bo v rng, gp phn nng cao i sng
ca nhng ngi dn gn b vi rng, c bit
l ng bo dn tc thiu s, vng su, vng xa.
Mc thu nhp bnh qun hng nm ca cc h
gia nh nhn khon bo v rng t chnh sch
chi tr dch v mi trng rng ca c nc t
1,8 triu ng/h. n nay, c nc c 36 a
phng thnh lp Qu Bo v v Pht trin rng,
trong c 32 tnh n nh t chc b my
hot ng. Ton quc k c 351 hp ng
y thc dch v mi trng rng vi cc c s s
dng dch v mi trng rng thu tin dch v
mi trng rng chi tr cho ch rng. Thu tin
dch v mi trng rng ca c nc hng nm
trn 1.000 t ng. Sau hn 3 nm, c nc thu
c hn 3.3 t ng chi tr cho ch rng. y
l ngun lc ng gp rt ln vo cng tc bo
v v pht trin rng, m bo kinh ph duy tr
bo v din tch rng bnh qun t 2,8 triu ha
n 3,37 triu ha rng/nm.
Ngun: Tng cc Lm nghip, B NN&PTNT, 2014

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Cc hot ng t chc cho cng

ng tham gia qun l cht thi nng
thn cn mang nng tnh phong tro, ch
yu thc hin trong cc dp l, tt m
cha c duy tr thng xuyn, cha tr
thnh nhim v ca cc c quan v cc
cp chnh quyn. rt nhiu a phng
c hng c v lng vn ha mi,
trong quy nh rt c th v np sng
vn ha trong ci hi, tang l nhng rt
t cc hng c cp n cc quy nh
v qun l cht thi v VSMT hoc ch
cp mt cch chung chung. Nhiu ni
cha khuyn khch v hng dn c th
vic thc hin v pht trin Hng c,
quy c, hay quy ch v xy dng lng
vn ho trong thn xm. Mt v d in
hnh nh Quy c lng vn ho Thanh
Lng (Bch Ho, Thanh Oai, H Ni)
c UBND x Bch Ho ban hnh
thng 12 nm 2001, nhng nhng iu
v BVMT, cnh quan lng xm trong Quy
c cho n nay vn cha thc hin c.

vn cn hn ch. Nguyn nhn mt phn

do tnh bo th c hu ca ngi nng
dn, mt phn do quan nim khng ng
v s pht trin kinh t, mc ch t c
cui cng l kinh t m khng ch trng
n cng tc BVMT. Ngi dn cha thc
s hiu v nm bt c chnh xc v lut
v nhng chnh sch ca nh nc.

Vic pht huy sc mnh cng ng

trong u tranh vi cc ch c s sn
xut thc hin cc gii php gim thiu
nhim mi trng cha c y mnh.
Nguyn nhn l do ngi dn trong cng
ng cng cha thc s nm c lut v
chnh sch ca nh nc v BVMT, mt
khc do tnh lng ngha xm, nn cng
ng khng c c nhng gii php
kin quyt.

Cng tc tuyn truyn v gio dc v

mi trng cha c thc s ch trng ti
cc khu vc nng thn, cc hnh thc tuyn
truyn thiu tnh sng to v hnh thc,
cha phong ph v ni dung, cha kt hp
cht ch vi cc on th khc nh trng
hc, t chc x hi, ngh nghip, t chc
tn gio... Ngoi ra, cng tc tuyn truyn
cn hn ch v khng gian, ch yu tp
trung cc th hay cc huyn ng
bng. Ni dung thng tin v cch ph bin
cng cn nhiu vn khng hp l, cha
ph hp vi c th khu vc nng thn.

Tnh cng ng khu vc nng thn

c nh hng rt ln ti vic qun l mi
trng cng nh vic thc hin ngha v
v trch nhim ca ngi dn i vi mi
trng. Nhng ni ngi dn c tnh cng
ng cao th vic phi hp v lin kt cng
thun li hn nhng i khi cng rt kh
khn trong vic ph b nhng quan nim
lc hu. Thm ch, chnh mi quan h lng
x, lng ging, h hng trong cng ng
dn c nng thn cng lm nh hng xu,
gy kh khn trong vic p dng, thc thi
cc ch ti x pht khi c vi phm. i vi
nhng ni c tnh cng ng thp th cng
tc qun l cn kh khn hn rt nhiu.

5.7.2. Nng cao nhn thc cng ng

Trong nhng nm gn y, cng tc

nng cao nhn thc BVMT nhn chung
t c rt nhiu kt qu, tuy nhin nhn
thc v vn mi trng ca ngi dn,
c bit l ngi dn khu vc nng thn

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