re;jpuh ngz;fs; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp Nrj;jpahNjhg;G

jp.jpUkiy -M.Sc.,B.Ed.,

12 k; tFg;G fzpg;nghwpapay; - Kf;fpa tpdhf;fs;

2 - kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

5 - kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

njhFjp 1 ghlk; -1 -];lhu; Mgp]; iul;lu; Xu; mwpKfk;.

1.];lhu;
Mgp]pd;
gad;ghLfs;
ahit? 1.];lhu; Mgp]; iul;lu; Mtzj;jpy; cs;s
2.nrhw;nraypfSf;F vfh jUf
ciug;gFjpiaf;
fz;Lgpbj;J
khw;Wtjw;fhd
3.nrUFkplk; vd;why; vd;d?
topfs; ahit?
2.];lhu;
Mgp];
iul;lu;
Mtzj;jpy;
4.Insert
KiwikapypUe;J
Type
over
ciug;gFjpia vt;thW Nju;e;njLf;fyhk;?
Kiwikf;F vt;thW khwyhk;?
5.];lhu;
Mgp]; iul;lupy; efu;j;JjYf;Fk;> 3.];lhu; Mgp]; iul;lhpy; ml;ltiz tbT+l;ly;
gl;bg;gl;ilapy; cs;s FWk;glq;fspd; Ntiyfs;
efnyLj;jYf;Fk; cs;s NtWghl;il vOJf.
ahit?
6. nrhw;nrayp vd;why; vd;d?
ghlk; -2-ciu tbT+l;ly;
1.ciutbT+l;ly; vd;why; vd;d?
1.];lhu; Mgp]; iul;lu; Mtzj;jpy; ciuia
2.ciuia cau;j;jpf;fhl;Ljy; vd;why; vd;d?
vt;thW tbtikg;gha;?
3.gj;jp ,irtpd; tiffis vOJf
2.gj;jp ciuahly; ngl;b %yk; ciuia
4.ciuia cs;js;sy; vd;why; vd;d?
vt;thW cs;js;sy; kw;Wk; gj;jp ,irT vt;thW
5.];lhu; Mgp]; iul;lupy; cs;s gy;NtW nra;tha;?
tifahd tup ,ilntspfs; ahit?
3.Gy;yl;
kw;Wk;
vz;
tupiria
vt;thW
6.];lhu; Mgp]; iul;lupy; tup ,ilntspia cUthf;fyhk; kw;Wk; vt;thW ePf;fyhk;?
vt;thW khw;wyhk;?
4. Mtzq;fisr; Nrkpj;jy; %Ljy; kw;Wk;
7.];lhu; Mgp]; iul;lu; Mtzj;jpy; vt;thW jpwj;jy; gw;wp tpthp.
Gy;yl; tupirg; gl;baiy cUthf;Ftha;?
8.];lhu; Mgp]; iul;lu; Mtzj;jpy; vt;thW
vz;;
tupirg;
gl;baiy
cUthf;Ftha;?
9.];ily; vd;why; vd;d?
10.td;tbT+l;lYf;Fk;
nkd;tbT+l;lYf;Fk;
cs;s NtWghL vd;d?
ghlk; -3-vOj;Jg; gpio jpUj;Jjy;
1.jhdpaq;F vOj;Jg;gpio jpUj;Jjy; vd;why; 1.Mtzj;ij
jl;lr;R
nra;J
Kbj;jgpd;>
vd;d?
vOj;Jg;gpioia rupnra;tha;?
2.Mtzj;ij
jl;lr;R
nra;J
Kbj;jgpd;> 2.jhdpaq;F rup nra;Ak; gl;baypy; xU nrhy;iy
gpiofis
jpUj;Jtjw;fhd
topKiwfis vt;thW Nru;g;gha;?
vOJf.
ghlk; -4-ml;ltizapy; Ntiy nra;jy;
1.];lhu; Mgp]; iul;lupy; tupir neLtupirapd; 1.];lhu; Mgp]; iul;lu; ml;ltizapy; tupir>
msit rkkhf;Ftha;?
neLtupirfis
vt;thW
Nru;g;gha;
kw;Wk;
2.];lhu; Mgp]; iul;lupy; tupir neLtupir ePfF
; tha;?
vt;thW Nru;f;fyhk;?
2.ml;ltiz
tbT+l;ly;
fUtpg;gl;ilapYs;s
3.];lhu; Mgp]; iul;lupy; KO ml;ltizia FWk;glq;fspd; Ntiyfs; vd;d?
vt;thW ePf;fyhk;?
3. .];lhu; Mgp]; iul;lhpy; vt;thW xU
4.];lhu; Mgp]; iul;lupy; xU ml;ltizia ml;ltizia cUthf;Ftha;?
vt;thW cUthf;fyhk;?
5.xU
ml;ltizapy;
neLtupirapd;
mfyj;jpid vt;thW khw;wyhk;? \
ghlk; -5-gf;f tbtikg;G
1.gf;f mikTfspd; tiffs; ahit?
1.gf;f mikg;G ciuahly;ngl;biag; gad;gLj;jp
2.xU
ciu
Mtzj;jpy;
mbf;Fwpg;Gfis Xuq;fis vt;thW khw;wyhk;?
vt;thW cUthf;fyhk;?
2.&yiug; gad;gLj;jp Xuq;fis vt;thW khw;Wk;
Kiwia tptup.
3.jiyg;G kw;Wk; mbf;Fwpg;G Fwpg;G tiuf.
Mtzj;jpy;
jiyg;G
kw;Wk;
4.mbf;Fwpg;gpy; gf;f vz;fis GFj;Jtjw;fhd 3.ciu
mbf;Fwpg;Gfis cUthf;Ftij tpsf;Ff.
topKiwfis vOJf
4. thp ,ilntspia khw;Wjy; gw;wp tpthp.
5.gf;ftbtikg;G vd;why; vd;d?
6.gf;fq;fspd; Xuq;fis khw;w &yu; vt;thW
gad;gLfpwJ?

re;jpuh ngz;fs; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp Nrj;jpahNjhg;G

jp.jpUkiy -M.Sc.,B.Ed.,

ghlk; -6-ml;ltizr; nrayp (Spread Sheet)

1.kpd;
ml;ltizr;nrayp
vd;why;
vd;d? 1.ml;ltizr;nraypapd;
ed;ikfs;
ahit?
2.ml;ltizr;nraypapd; gad;ghLfs; ahit? 2.];lhu; fhy;f; -y; cs;s vz; fzpj ,af;fpfs;
3.ml;ltizr;nraypahy; tpisAk; ed;ikfs;
gw;wp vOJf.
4 vOJf 4.tof;fpy; cs;s ml;ltizr; 3.Fill /AutoFill fl;lis vd;gJ vd;d? tpsf;Ff
nraypfisf;
Fwpg;gpLf. 4.rhu;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh je;J tpsf;Ff.
5.ml;ltizr;nraypia vt;thW Nrkpg;gha;? 5.Njjpf;fzf;fL
P vd;why; vd;d? vfh je;J tptup?
6.juTfis
gjpg;gha;T
nra;jy;
(Editing) 6.ml;ltizj;jhis tbtikj;jy; gw;wp tptup?
vd;why; vd;d?
7.ml;ltizj;jhspy; Ez;ziwfs;> tupirfs;>
7.];lhu; fhy;f; - y; ghu;itapL ,af;fpfs; gw;wp neLtupirfis Nru;j;jy;> ePf;Fjy; gw;wp vOJf.
vOJf
8.ml;ltizj;jhspy; nghUs; Nru;j;jy; (Insert
8.gug;G (Range) vd;why; vd;d?
Object) gw;wp vOJf.
9.jdpj;j
Ez;ziw
ghu;itaply;
Xg;gPl;L 9.gy
ml;ltizj;jhs;fSld;
nray;gly;>
Ez;ziw Kftup NtWgLj;Jf
ml;ltizfis
mr;rply;
Mfpad
gw;wp
10.rhu;Gfs;
vd;why;
vd;d?
v.fh
jUf tpsf;Ff.
11.Ez;ziwapy; cs;s juit khw;w KbAkh? 10.];lhu; Mgp]; fhy;rpy; ml;ltiz tbT+l;ly;
Mk; vdpy; vt;thW?
fUtpg;gl;ilapy; cs;s FWk;glq;fspd; Ntiyfs;
ahit?
12.Njjpf;fzf;fPL vd;why; vd;d?
ml;ltizapy;
vt;thW
tiuglq;fis
13.jhNd
tbtikf;fty;y
ml;ltizj;jhs; 11.xU
cUthf;
f
KbAk;
.
vd;why; vd;d?
14.];lhu; fhy;fpy; ciu ,af;fp gw;wp vOJf 12. (Fill fl;lis) /ml;ltizr; nraypiaf;
15.ml;ltizj;jhspy;
rpw;wiwfspd; nfhz;L vz; tupiria cUthf;Ftha;.
13. Ez;ziwg;ghu;itaply; (Cell Referencing)
neLtupirapd; mfyj;ij vt;thW khw;Wtha;?
16.ml;ltizr;
nraypiaf;
nfhz;L gw;wp tpthp.
33>30>27 vd;w vz; tupiria cUthf;Ff
17.ml;ltizj;jhspy; rpwg;Gf;Fwpfis vt;thW
Nru;g;gha;?
18.];lhu; fhy;f; - y; juTf;fzf;fPL gw;wp
vOJf
ghlk; -7-juTj; jsk; (Data base)
1.fzpg;nghwp
top
juTr;
nrayhf;fj;jpd;
1.juT>jfty; tiuaW / NtWghL
ed;
i
kfs;
ahit?
2.juT nrayhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
3.jutpd; tiffs; ahit?
2.juTj;jsj;ij ifahSjy; (Manipulation of
4.juT nrayhf;fj;jpd; gzpf;$Wfs; ahit? Database) gw;wp tptup
5.iftop juTr; nrayhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d? 3.juTj;jsj;jpd; tiffs; ahit?
6.fzpg;nghwp top juTr; nrayhf;fk; vd;why; 4.tpdty;fs; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; gad; kw;Wk;
vd;d?
mjid vt;thW cUthf;Ftha;?
7.juTj;jsk; vd;why; vd;d?
5.gbtk; tbtikj;jy; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff
8.juTj;jsj;jpd; %d;W cWg;Gfs; ahit? 6.];lhu;
Mgp];
Ng]py;
mwpf;if
9.tupirahf;fy;
vd;why;
vd;d? cUthf;FjYf;fhd topKiwfs; ahit?
10.juTj;jsj;jpid gjpg;gha;T nra;jy; vd;why; 7.xU ciu Mtzj;jpy; Calc Cell gad;ghl;il
vd;d?
nrUFjy; gw;wp vOJf
11.Kjd;ikj;jpwTNfhy;
vd;why;
vd;d? 8.juTj;js
ml;ltiz
xd;iw
ciu
12.juTj;js Nkyhz;ik mikg;G (DBMS) Mtzj;jpy; Nru;jj
; y; gw;wp vOJf.
vd;why; vd;d?
9.tbfl;bfs; (Filters) gw;wp tpthp.
13.juTj;js Nkyhz;ik mikg;gpd;
10.iftopr;
nrayhf;fKiwf;Fk;>
fzpg;nghwp
nghJg;gpupTfs; ahit?
topr; nrayhf;f Kiwf;Fk; cs;s xg;gPL>
14.gw;Gy tupirahf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
NtWghL.
15.tbfl;bfs; vd;why; vd;d? mtw;wpd;
tiffis tpsf;Ff
16.gbtk; vd;why; vd;d?
17.tpdtYf;Fk;>tbfl;lYf;Fk;
cs;s
NtWghL
vd;d?

re;jpuh ngz;fs; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp Nrj;jpahNjhg;G

jp.jpUkiy -M.Sc.,B.Ed.,

ghlk; -8-gy;Y}lfk;- mwpKfk; (Multimedia) 5 - kjpg;ngz; ,y;iy

1.gy;Y}lfk; vd;why; vd;d?
MMS- MULTIMEDIA MESSAGING SYSTEM
2.CBT & WBT NtWgLj;Jf
3.Fwpg;G tiuf GIF & JPEG
CBT COMPUTER BASED TUTORIAL
4.mirTg;glq;fspd;
tiffs;
ahit? WBT WEB BASED TUTORIAL
5.xspf;fhl;rp
FWf;fy;
Kiwfs;
ahit? GIF GRAFIC INTERCHANGE FORMAT
tpsf;Ff
JPEG- JOINT PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPERTS GROUP
6.cUkhw;w
njhopy;El;gk;
tiuaW? MIDI-MUSICAL
INSTRUMENT
DIGITAL
7.cUf;Fiyj;jy; vd;why; vd;d?
INTERFACE
8.Kg;gupkhz mirTg;glq;fs; cUthf;Fjypd; AIFF- AUDIO INTERCHANGE FILE FORMAT
epiyfs; ahit?
MPEG MOVING PICTURES EXPERTS GROUP
9. Fwpg;G tiuf AVI,MIDI,AIFF,MPEG
AVI- AUDIO VIDEO INTERLEAVE
10.,yf;f Kiwahf;fy; vd;why; vd;d? 11.cs;
xyp >xspf;fhl;rp Fwpg;G tiuf.
ghlk; -9-epfo;j;Jjy; (Presentation) 5 - kjpg;ngz; ,y;iy
1.epfo;j;Jjiy
vt;thW
cUthf;fyhk;? 7.Custom Animation Fwpg;G tiuf
2.epfo;j;Jjypy; Master page d; gad; 8.Xj;jif Neuk; vd;why; vd;d?
vd;d?
3.rpy;Yfis
Nru;jj
; y;>ePf;Fjy;> 9.Star office Impress
y;
if
mwpf;if
khw;Wg;ngauply; gw;wp vOJf.
cUthf;Fjy; gw;wp vOJf
4.xU epfo;j;Jjypy; glj;ij vt;thW Nru;g;gha;? 10. epfo;j;Jjypy; Slide Sorter view d; gad;
5.xU
epfo;j;Jjypy;
gpd;dzpia
vt;thW vd;d?
khw;Wtha;?
11. rpy;Y khw;W Kiw Slide Transition vd;why;
6.epfo;j;Jjiy jdpg;gadhf;Fjy; vt;thW?
vd;d?

njhFjp - 2
1.rp++nkhopapd; top nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;ff; fUj;Jf;fs;(Object Oriented Concepts using C++)
5 - kjpg;ngz; ,y;iy
1.nghUs; - tiuaW
3.gy;YUthf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
2.ciunghjpahf;fk;-tiuaW
4.nghUs; Nehf;F epuyhf;fj;jpd; gyd;fs; ahit?
2. rp++ nkhopapd; Kd;Ndhl;lk; (Overview of C++) 5kjpg;ngz; ,y;iy
1.tpy;iyfs; vd;why; vd;d?tiffis vOJf 14.,d
tiuaiw
(typeof)
Fwpg;G
tiuf
2.rpwg;Gr;nrhw;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf 15.vz;ZU Fwpg;G tiuf
3.khwpypfs; vd;why; vd;d?
16. rp++ nkhopapd; Nrkpg;G ,dq;fs; ahit?
4.tpLgLtupir vd;why; vd;d?
17.kjpg;gpypj; jutpdj;jpd; gad; vd;d?
5.ru epiyAU- Fwpg;G tiuf
18.Rl;b khwpfs; Fwpg;G tiuf
6.nraw;Fwp tiuaW
19.el;rj;jpuf;Fwp Fwpg;G tiuf
7.rp++ nkhopf;Nf cupj;jhd nraw;Fwpfis 20.khwpfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf
gl;baypL
21.khwpapd; mwptpg;Gf; $w;wpd; mikig vOJf
8.rp++ nkhopapy; cs;s xg;gPl;L nraw;Fwpfis 22.gz;Gzu;j;jpapd; tpisTfs; ahit?
Fwpg;gpLf
23.,d khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d?
9.epge;jidr;nraw;Fwp Fwpg;G tiuf
24.sizeof nraw;Fwp Fwpg;G tiuf
10.kjpg;gpUj;J nraw;Fwpfs; vd;why; vd;d?
25. rp++ nkhopapy; njhlu;GWj;jk; vd;why; vd;d?
11.rp++ nkhopapd; epWj;jw;Fwpfs; VNjDk; 4 26. cs;Siu ,d khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh
gw;wp tptup.
jUf kw;Wk; ghlGj;jf fzf;Ffs;
12.juT
,dq;fspd;
tiffs;a
ahit?
13.juTfis gpupj;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;ahit?

1.
2.
3.
4.

3.mbg;gilf;$w;Wfs; (Basic Statements)

kjpg;gpUj;J nraw;Fwp vfh je;J tptup 1. rp++ nkhopapy; cs;s VNjDk; xU
if, if..else, dowhile, nested if, switch klf;if tptup (for, while, dowhile, switch)
$w;wpd; nghJtbtj;jpid vOJf.
2. if, if..else, nested if $w;wpd; gw;wp tpthp.
Continue fl;lisapd; gad; vd;d?
klf;Ffs; vd;why; vd;d? tiffs;
ahit?
3

re;jpuh ngz;fs; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp Nrj;jpahNjhg;G

jp.jpUkiy -M.Sc.,B.Ed.,

4.nraw;$Wfs; (Functions)
1.nraw;$W vd;why; vd;d? gaid vOJf 1. kjpg;G %yk; mioj;jy; vfh je;J tptup
2.Kd;tbT epuy; ngau;g;gpf;F vt;tifahd 2. Fwpg;G %yk; mioj;jy; v.fh je;J tptup
jftiy toq;FfpwJ?
3.khwpfspd; tiunay;iy fspd; tifia
3.nraw;$W Kd; tbtpd; gad;ghL vd;d? tptup.
4.kjpg;G %yk; mioj;jy;> Fwpg;G %yk; 4. inline nraw;$Wfs; gw;wp tpthp.
mioj;jy; NtWgLj;Jf
5.inline nraw;$Wfs; Fwpg;G tiuf.
6.Nfhg;G tiunay;iy Fwpg;G tiuf.
5.fl;likg;Gj;jutpdk; - mzpfs; (Structured Data Type Arrays) 5 - kjpg;ngz; ,y;iy
1.mzp vd;why; vd;d?
8.mzpapd;
gupkhzq;fs;
2.mzpfspd; tiffis tpsf;Ff
vt;thnwy;yhk; ,Uf;f KbAk;?
3.xU
gupkhz
mzpapd;
fl;lis 9.,U gupkhz mzpapd; epidtf xJf;fPL
mikg;gpid v.fh je;J tptup
vt;thW fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ?
4.ruq;fs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh jUf
10. strlen ( ) Fwpg;G tiuf
5.Write( ) nraw;$W- Fwpg;G tiuf
11. strlcpy ( ) Fwpg;G tiuf
6.gets(
)
nraw;$WFwpg;G
tiuf 12. strcmp( ) Fwpg;G tiuf 13.ruq;fspd;
7.,Ugupkhz mzp tptup
mzp tptup
6. ,df;FOf;fSk; nghUs;fSk; (Classes and Objects) 5 - kjpg;ngz; ,y;iy
1.,df;FO vd;why; vd;d?
7.Static
juT
cWg;Gfs;
Fwpg;Gtiuf
2.,df;FO
tiuaWg;gpd;
,U
gFjpfs; 8.nghUs;fspd;
mzpfs;
Fwpg;G
tiuf
ahit?
9.,df;FOtpy;
cs;s
mZfpay;Gfs;
3.juT
mUtkhf;fk;
vd;why;
vd;d? ahit?
4.ciwnghjpahf;fk;
vd;why;
vd;d? 10.cWg;G
nraw;$wpd;
gpd;dyikgg;G
5.,df;FO
tpd;
cWg;Gfs;
ahit? vd;why; vd;d?
6.nghUs;fSf;F epidtf xJf;fPL vt;thW
nra;ag;gLfpwJ?
7.gy;YUthf;fk; (Polymorphism)
1.nraw;$W
gzpkpFg;G
vd;why;
vd;d? 1.nraw;$W gzpkpFg;G(Function Overloading)
2.nraw;Fwp
gzpkpFg;gpy;
nraw;$Wfs; vd;why; vd;d? v.fh je;J tptup
vt;thW ,af;fg;gLfpwJ?
2.
nraw;Fwp
gzpkpFg;G(Operator
3.nraw;$W
gzpkpFg;gpd;
tpjpKiwfs; Overloading) vd;why; vd;d? v.fh je;J
ahit?
tptup
4.nraw;Fwp
gzpkpFg;G
vd;why;
vd;d? 3. nraw;Fwp gzpkpFg;gpd; tpjpKiwfs;
5.nrawFwp
gzpkpFg;gpd;
tpjpKiwfs; ahit?
ahit?
4.nraw;Fwp
gzpkpFg;G
vtw;iwnay;yhk;
6.gzpkpFf;f Kbahj nraw;Fwpfs; ahit? toq;FfpwJ?
7.nraw;Fwp
gzpkpFg;gpy;
eilngWk;
nray;ghLfs; ahit?
8.Mf;fpfSk;> mopg;gpfSk; (Constructors and Destructors)
1.Mf;fp vd;why; vd;d?
1.gpio jpUj;jk;
2.Mf;fpapd; nray;ghLfs; ahit?
2.ntspaPL
3.efy; Mf;fp Fwpg;G tiuf
3.Mf;fp gzpkpFg;G v.fh je;J tptup
4.Mf;fp tiuaWg;G kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jYf;fhd tpjpKiwfs; ahit?
5.mopg;gpfs; vd;why; vd;d?
6.mopg;;gp tiuaWg;G kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jYf;fhd tpjpKiwfs; ahit?
9.kuGupkk; (Inheritance)
1.kuGupkk; vd;why; vd;d?
1.gpio jpUj;jk;
2.kuGupkj;jpd; gyd;fs; ahit?
2.ntspaPL
3.kuGupkj;jpd;
tiffs;
ahit? 3.kuGupkj;jpd (Inheritance) tiffis v.fh
4.jUtpf;fg;gl;l
,df;FOtpid je;J tptup
mwptpg;gjw;fhd
nghJ
tbtk;
vd;d?
5.mZfpay;G tiuaW?
4

re;jpuh ngz;fs; Nky;epiyg;gs;sp Nrj;jpahNjhg;G

jp.jpUkiy -M.Sc.,B.Ed.,

6.fUj;jpay; ,df;FOf;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

10.rKjhaj;jpd; kPJ fzpg;nghwpapd; jhf;fk; (Impact of Computers on Society)
5 - kjpg;ngz; ,y;iy

1.nrhy;
nrayhf;fk;
vd;why;
vd;d? 4.kpd; fw;wy; vd;why; vd;d?
2.czu;r;rp nfhs;fyd;fs; vd;why; vd;d? 5.kpd; tq;fp Nrit Fwpg;G tiuf
3.fy;tpapy; fzpdpapd; gq;F vd;d?
6.epidT rl;lfk; Fwpg;G tiuf
11.jfty; njhopy;El;gk; rhu;e;j Nritfs; (IT Enabled Services)
5 - kjpg;ngz; ,y;iy

1.kpd;
murhz;ik
Fwpg;G
2.miog;Gjtp
ikaq;fs;
Fwpg;G
3.juT Nkyhz;ik Fwpg;G tiuf

tiuf 4.kUj;Jt ngau;ghtzk; Fwpg;G tiuf

tiuf 5.fzpg;nghwp juthf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
6. jfty;
vOJf

njhopy;El;gk;

rhu;e;j

Nritfs;

12.fzpg;nghwp ed;ndwp (Computer Ethics)

5 - kjpg;ngz; ,y;iy

1.fzpg;nghwp
ed;ndwp
vtw;wpw;F
Njitg;gLfpwJ?
2.fzpg;nghwpf;Fw;wk; vd;why; vd;d?
3.
fzpg;nghwpf;Fw;wq;fis
gl;baypLf
4.cupikapyh efyhf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?

5. er;R epuy; - Fwpg;G tiuf

6.muz;
cilj;jy;
vd;why;
vd;d?
7.fzpg;nghwp Neuk; fsthlg;gly; vd;why;
vd;d?
8.fzpg;nghwp ed;ndwp vd;why; vd;d?

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