The Inverse Hyperbolic Function and Their Derivatives

1. The Inverse Hyperbolic Sine Function

a) Definition
The inverse hyperbolic sine function is defined as follows:
y = sinh 1 x iff sinh y = x with y in (,+) and x in (,+)
f ( x ) = sinh 1 x : ( , ) ( , )

Domain: (, ) = R
Range: (, ) = R
b) Expression: Show that sinh 1 x = ln( x + x 2 + 1)
Proof
e x ex
Start with y = sinh x =
2
To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y.
1
e x ex
1
y=
2 y = e x x ; Let e x = z > 0 2 y = z z 2 2 zy 1 = 0
2
z
e

The quadratic equation in z gives: z = y y 2 + 1

Because z = e x > 0 choose z = y + y 2 + 1 e x = y + y 2 + 1 x = ln( y + y 2 + 1)

Now, interchange x and y to obtain:
y = sinh 1 x = ln( x + x 2 + 1)
sinh 1 x = ln( x + x 2 + 1)
c) Derivative

1+

2x

x2 +1 + x

( x + x 2 + 1) '
d
d
x2 +1
2 x2 +1
2
1
=
sinh x = [ln( x + x + 1)] =
=
=
dx
dx
x + x2 +1
x + x2 +1
x + x2 +1
d
sinh 1 x =
dx

1
x2 +1

1
x2 +1

2. The Inverse Hyperbolic Cosine Function

cosh hx = y : R (0,1) is not invertible
The restricted cosh hx = y : [0, ) (1, ) is invertible
a) Definition
The inverse hyperbolic cosine function is defined as follows:
y = cosh 1 x iff cosh hy = x with y in (1,+) and x in (0,+)
f ( x ) = sinh 1 x : (1, ) (0, ) Domain: (1, ) Range: (0, )
b) Expression: Show that sinh 1 x = ln( x + x 2 + 1)
Proof
e x + ex
Start with y = cosh x =
2
To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y.
e x + ex
1
y=
2y = ex + x ;
2
e
1
Let e x = z 1, x 0 2 y = z + z 2 2 zy + 1 = 0
z

The quadratic equation in z gives: z = y y 2 1

Because z = e x 1 choose z = y + y 2 1 e x = y + y 2 1 x = ln( y + y 2 1)
Now, interchange x and y to obtain:
y = cosh 1 x = ln( x + x 2 1)

cosh 1 x = ln( x + x 2 1)
c) Derivative

1+

2x

x2 1 + x

d
d
( x + x 2 1) '
2 x2 1
x2 1
2
1
cosh x = [ln( x + x 1)] =
=
=
=
dx
dx
x + x 2 1)
x + x 2 1) x + x 2 1)
d
cosh 1 x =
dx

1
x2 +1

1
x2 +1

3. The Inverse Hyperbolic Tangent Function

tanh x = y : R (1,1) is invertible
a) Definition
The inverse hyperbolic tangent function is defined as follows:
y = tanh 1 x iff tanh y = x with y in (1,+1) and x in (,+)
f ( x ) = tanh 1 x : (1,+1) ( , )
Domain: (1,+1) Range: (, )
1 x +1
b) Expression: Show that tanh 1 x = ln(
)
2 x 1
Proof
e x ex
Start with y = tanh x = x
e + ex
To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y.
1
ex x
x
x
e e
e ;
y= x
=
x
1
e +e
ex + x
e
1
z
2
z y = z 1 ( z 2 + 1) y = z 2 1 ( y 1) z 2 + y + 1 = 0
Let e x = z > 0 y =
1
z2 +1
z+
z
y +1
The quadratic equation in z gives: z =
1 y

Because z = e x > 0 choose z = +

y +1
y +1
y +1
x = ln(
ex =
)
1 y
1 y
1 y

Now, interchange x and y to obtain:

1 x +1
x +1
) = ln(
)
y = tanh 1 x = ln(
1 x
2 1 x
1 x +1
tanh 1 x = ln(
)
2 1 x
c) Derivative
d
d 1 x +1
1 d
x +1
1 d
tanh 1 x = [ ln(
)] =
[ln(
)] =
[ln( x + 1) ln(1 x)] =
dx
dx 2 1 x
2 dx
1 x
2 dx
1
1 1
1 1
1
1 1+ x +1 x
1
= [

+
]= [
]= [
]=
2 1+ x 1 x
2 1+ x 1 x
2 (1 + x)(1 x) 1 x 2
1
d
tanh 1 x =
dx
1 x2

4. The Inverse Hyperbolic Cotangent Function

coth x = y : (,0) (0, ) (,1) (1, ) is invertible
a) Definition
The inverse hyperbolic cotangent function is defined as follows:
y = coth 1 x iff coth y = x with y in (,0) (0, ) and x in (,1) (1, )
f ( x ) = tanh 1 x : ( ,1) (1, ) (,0) (0, )
Domain: (,1) (1, ) Range: (,0) (0, )
1 x +1
b) Expression: Show that coth 1 x = ln(
)
2 x 1
Proof
e x + ex
Start with y = coth x = x
e ex
To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y.
1
ex + x
x
x
e +e
e ;
y= x
=
x
1
e e
ex x
e
1
z+
2
z y = z + 1 z 2 ( y 1) = 1 + y
Let e x = z > 0 z 1, x 0 y =
1
z2 1
z
z
1+ y
The quadratic equation in z gives: z =
y 1

Because z = e x > 0 choose z = +

1+ y
1+ y
1+ y
ex =
x = ln(
)
y 1
y 1
y 1

Now, interchange x and y to obtain:

1+ x
1 1+ x
) = ln(
)
y = coth 1 x = ln(
2 x 1
x 1
1 1+ x
coth 1 x = ln(
)
2 x 1
c) Derivative
d
d 1 1+ x
1 d
1+ x
1 d
coth 1 x = [ ln(
)] =
[ln(
)] =
[ln(1 + x) ln( x 1)] =
dx
dx 2 x 1
2 dx
x 1
2 dx
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1 x 1+ x
1
= [

]= [
]= [
]=
2 1+ x 1 x
2 1+ x 1 x
2 (1 + x)(1 x) 1 x 2
1
d
tanh 1 x =
dx
1 x2

5. The Inverse Hyperbolic Secant Function

sec hx = y : (, ) (0,1]) is NOT invertible
Restrict sec hx = y : (0, ) (0,1]
a) Definition
The inverse hyperbolic secant function is defined as follows:
y = sec h 1 x iff sec hy = x with y in (0, ) and x in (0,1]
f ( x ) = sec h 1 x : (0,1] (0, )
Domain: (0,1] Range: (0, )

b) Expression: Show that

1+ 1 x2
sec h x = ln(
)
x
1

Proof

2
e + e x
To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y.
2
2
;
y= x
=
x
1
e +e
x
e + x
e
2
2z
Let e x = z > 1 , x > 0 y =
y= 2
z 2 y 2z + y = 0
1
z +1
z+
z
1 1 y2
The quadratic equation in z gives: z =
y
Start with y = sec hx =

Because z = e x > 1 choose z =

1+ 1 y2
>1
y

1+ 1 y2
1+ 1 y2
e =
)
x = ln(
y
y
Now, interchange x and y to obtain:
x

1+ 1 x2
)
y = sec h 1 x = ln(
x
1+ 1 x2
sec h 1 x = ln(
)
x
c) Derivative

d
d
1+ 1 x2
d
1
1
sec h x = [ln(
)] = [ln(1 + 1 x 2 ) ln x] = L =
dx
dx
x
dx
x 1 x2
d
1
sec h 1 x =
dx
x 1 x2

6. The Inverse Hyperbolic Cosecant Function

csc hx = y : (,0) (0, ) (,0) (0, ) is invertible
d) Definition
The inverse hyperbolic cosecant function is defined as follows:
y = csc h 1 x iff csc hy = x with y in (0, ) and x in (0,1]
f ( x ) = sec h 1 x : (,0) (0, ) (,0) (0, )
2
Expression Start with y = csc h x = x
e e x
To find the inverse solve for x and then interchange x and y.
2
2
y= x
=
x
1
e e
ex x
e
2
2z
y= 2
z 2 y 2z y = 0
Let e x = z > 0 , z 1, x 0 y =
1
z 1
z
z
1 1+ y2
The quadratic equation in z gives: z =
y
1+ 1+ y2 1
1+ y2
z=
= +
> 0 if y > 0
y
y
y
z=

1 1+ y2 1
1+ y2 1
1+ y2
=
= +
> 0 if y < 0
y
y
y
y
y

1+ y2
1+ y2
1
1
e = +
)
x = ln( +
| y|
| y|
y
y
x

1
1+ x2
)
Now, interchange x and y to obtain: y = csc h 1 x = ln( +
|x|
x
1
1+ x2
sec h 1 x = ln( +
)
|x|
x
e) Derivative
d
d
1
1+ x2
1
csc h 1 x = [ln( +
)] = L =
dx
dx
x
|x|
| x | 1+ x2

d
1
sec h 1 x =
dx
| x | 1+ x2

z=

1+ y2
1
+
y
| y|