CALCULUS I( with Analytic

Geometry)
MATH 21-1

Course Outcomes
1. Discuss comprehensively the fundamental concepts in
Analytic Geometry and use them to solve application
problems and problems involving lines.
2. Distinguish equations representing the circles and the
conics; use the properties of a particular geometry to
sketch the graph in using the rectangular or the polar
coordinate system. Furthermore, to be able to write the
equation and to solve application problems involving a
particular geometry.
3. Discuss and apply comprehensively the concepts,
properties and theorems of functions, limits, continuity
and the derivatives in determining the derivatives of
algebraic functions

4. Analyze correctly and solve properly application

problems concerning the derivatives to include
writing equation of tangent/normal line, curve
tracing ( including all types of algebraic curves and
cusps), optimization problems, rate of change and
related-rates problems (time-rate problems).
5. Discuss comprehensively the concept and
properties of the transcendental functions ; to
determine the derivatives and solve application
problems involving transcendental functions.

Long Quiz 1 Coverage

1

Mission and Vision of Mapua Instituteof Technology

Orientation and Introduction to theCourse
Discussion on COs, TLAs, and ATs of thecourse
Overview on student-centered learning C
and eclectic approaches to be used in the course.
Fundamental Concept of Analytic Geometry: Rectangular Coordinate System, Directed
Distance, Distance Formula
Division of Line Segment
Slope and Inclination of a Line
Angle Between Lines
Area of a Triangle/Polygon
Locus of a Moving Point

Normal Form of Equation of Line

Distance of Point from Line
Distance between Parallel Lines
Angle Bisector

Long Quiz 2 Coverage

Circle : Center at any point ( Include discussion on translation of axes)

3
CONICS: Properties and Application Involving the
Parabola, Ellipse and Hyperbola with
Vertex/ Center at any point with
Horizontal/Vertical/ Oblique Axis
4

Polar Curves and Parametric Curves; Sketching and Transformation to Rectangular forms of
equations

Long Quiz 3 Coverage

Limits:

Definition and Concepts

Theorems One-Sided Limits
Limits of Functions

Infinite Limits and Limits at Infinity: Evaluation and Interpretation

Squeeze Theorem: Limits of Expression Involving Transcendental Functions

Continuity : Definition and Theorem

Types of Discontinuity;
Relationship between limits and
Discontinuity
The Derivative and Differentiability of a Function:
Definition and concept
Evaluation of the Derivative of a Function
based on Definition (Increment Method or
Four-Step Rule Method)
Derivatives of Algebraic Functions Using the Basic Theorems of Differentiation and the Chain Rule
Higher Order and Implicit Differentiation

Long Quiz 4 Coverage

Applications : Equations of Tangent and Normal Lines
Application of the Concepts of the Derivative and Continuity on Curve Tracing ( Include all types of the Algebraic
curves, cusps)

Optimization Problems: Applied Maxima/Minima Problems

Rate of Change Problems; Related-Rate Problems (Time-Rate Problems)

Long Quiz 5 Coverage

Derivatives of the Exponential and Logarithmic Functions with Applications

Derivatives of the Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions with Application

The Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions: Definition, Properties and Derivatives

Logarithmic Differentiation: Variable with Variable Exponent

Grading Matrix
Assessment Tasks
Diagnostic
Examination
CPR 1
CO 2
Classwork 1
Quiz 1
CPR 2
CO 3
Classwork 2
Quiz 2
CPR 3
Class Presentation
CO 4
and Critique 1
Quiz 3
CPR 4
Class Presentation
CO 5
and Critique 2
Project
Quiz 4
CPR 5
CO 6
Quiz 5
Summative Assessment:
Final Examination
TOTAL
CO 1

Weight
(%)

Minimum Average for

Satisfactory
Performance (%)

10.0

7.00

2.0
1.0
9.0
2.0
1.0
10.0
2.0

1.40
0.70
6.30
1.40
0.70
7.00
1.40

1.0

0.70

10.0
2.0

7.00
1.40

1.0

0.70

5.0
10.0
2.0
7.0

3.50
7.00
1.40
4.90

25.0

17.5

100.0

70

CO1
Discuss comprehensively the
fundamental concepts in Analytic
Geometry and use them to solve
application problems and problems
involving lines.

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Lesson 1: Rectangular Coordinate

System, Directed Distance, Distance
Formula

OBJECTIVE:
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to illustrate properly and solve
application problems involving distance formula.

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
DEFINITION:

Analytic Geometry is the branch of

mathematics, which deals with the properties,
behaviours, and solution of points, lines, curves,
angles, surfaces and solids by means of algebraic
methods
in
relation
to
a
coordinate
system(Quirino and Mijares) .
It is a unified algebra and geometry dealing with
the study of relationships between different
geometric figures and equations by means of the
geometric properties and processes of algebra in
relation to a coordinate system ( Marquez, et al).

Two Parts of Analytic Geometry

1. Plane Analytic Geometry deals with
figures on a plane surface (twodimensional geometry, 2D).
2. Solid Analytic Geometry deals with solid
figures ( three-dimensional geometry,
3D).

DEFINITION:
Directed Line a line in which one direction
is chosen as positive and the opposite
direction as negative.
Directed Line Segment portion of a line
from one point to another.
Directed Distance the distance from one
point to another; may be positive or negative
depending upon which direction is denoted
positive.

RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
A pair of number (x, y) in which x is the first and
y the second number is called an ordered pair.
It defines the position of a point on a plane by
defining the directed distances of the point from
a vertical line and from a horizontal line that
meet at a point called the origin, O.
The x-coordinate of a point , known also as its
abscissa, is the directed distance of the point
from the vertical axis, y-axis; while the ycoordinate, also known as the ordinate, is its
directed distance from the horizontal axis, the xaxis.

DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

Horizontal Distance Between
Points
The horizontal distance between any two
points is the difference between the abscissa
(x-coordinate) of the point on the right minus
the abscissa (x-coordinate) of the point on the
left; that is,

Distance, d xright xleft

Vertical Distance Between Any Two Points

The vertical distance between any two
points is the difference between the
ordinate (y-coordinate) of the upper point
minus the ordinate (y-coordinate) of the
lower point; that is,

Distan ce

d yupper ylower

Distance Between Any Two Points

on a Plane
The distance between any two points on
a plane is the square root of the sum of
the squares of the difference of the
abscissas and of the difference of the
P1 x1, y1 ofand
P2 points.
the is,
points,
x2, y2 are
ordinates
the
That
if then

distan ce d

x2 x1

y2 y1

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. By addition of line segments verify whether the points
A ( - 3, 0 ) ,
B(-1, -1) and C(5, -4) lie on a straight
line.
2. The vertices of the base of an isosceles triangle are at
(1, 2) and
(4, -1). Find the ordinate of the third
vertex if its abscissa is 6.
3.
Find the radius of a circle with center at (4, 1), if a
chord of length 4 is bisected at (7, 4).
4. Show that the points A(-2, 6), B(5, 3), C(-1, -11) and D(8, -8) are the vertices of a rectangle.
5. The ordinate of a point P is twice the abscissa. This
point is equidistant from (-3, 1) and (8, -2). Find the
coordinates of P.
6. Find the point on the y-axis that is equidistant from (6,
1) and (-2, -3).

Lesson 2: DIVISION OF A LINE

SEGMENT

OBJECTIVE:
At the end of the lesson, they students
should be able to illustrate properly and solve
problems involving division of line segments.

Let us consider a line segment bounded by the

P1 points
x1, y1 and P2 x2 , y2
. This line segment
can be subdivided in some ratio and the point of
division can be determined. It is also possible to
determine terminal point(s) whenever the given
line segment is extended beyond any of the

given endpoints or beyond

both endpoints . If we
P1P
consider the pointr of
division/ terminal point to
be P (x, y ) and define
P1P2 the ratio, r, to be

x x1 ofr point
x2 xP1 are given by:
then the coordinates
y y1 r y2 y1

If the line segment is divided into two equal

parts, then the point of division is called the
midpoint. The ratio, r, is equal to and the
1 are given by:
coordinates of
xpoint
x1 P
x2 x1
2
1
y y1 y2 y1
2

or simply by:

1
x x1 x2
2
1
y y1 y2
2

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Find the midpoint of the segment joining (7, -2) and (-3, 5).
2. The line segment joining (-5, -3) and (3, 4) is to be divided
into five equal parts. Find all points of division.
3. The line segment from (1, 4) to (2, 1) is extended a
distance equal to twice its length. Find the terminal point.
4. On the line joining (4, -5) to (-4, -2), find the point which is
three-seventh the distance from the first to the second
point.
5. Find the trisection points of the line joining (-6, 2) and (3,
8).
6. Show that the points ( 0, -5), (3, -4), ( 8, 0) and ( 5, -1) are
vertices of a parallelogram.
7. What are the lengths of the segments into which the y-axis
divided the segment joining ( -6, -6) and (3, 6)?
8. The line segment joining a vertex of a triangle and the
midpoint of the opposite side is called the median of the
triangle. Given a triangle whose vertices are A(4,-4), B(10,
4) and C(2, 6), find the point on each median that is two-

Lesson 3: INCLINATION AND

SLOPE A LINE

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to use the concept of angle of
inclination and slope of a line to solve
application problems.

INCLINATION AND SLOPE OF A LINE

The angle of inclination of the line L or
simply inclination , denoted by
,
is
defined as the smallest positive angle
measured from the positive direction of the
x-axis to the line.
The slope of the line, denoted by m , is
defined as them
tangent
of the angle of
tan
inclination; thatP is,
x , y and P x , y
1

And if two points

are points on
y2be
y
1
the line L then them
slope
m
can
defined
as
tan
x2 x1

PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES

If two lines are parallel their slope
are equal. If two lines are perpendicular,
the slope of one line is the negative
reciprocal of the slope of the other line.
If m1 is the slope of L1 and m2 is the
slope of L2 then ,
m1or
m2 1.

Sign Conventions:
Slope is positive (+), if the line is leaning to the right.
Slope is negative (-), if the line is leaning to the left.
Slope is zero (0), if the line is horizontal.
Slope is undefined , if the line is vertical.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Find the slope, m, and the angle of
inclination of the line through the points
(8, -4) and (5, 9).
2. The line segment drawn from (x, 3) to (4,
1) is perpendicular to the segment drawn
from (-5, -6) to (4, 1). Find the value of x.
3. Show that the triangle whose vertices are
A(8, -4), B(5, -1) and C(-2,-8) is a right
triangle.
4. Find y if the slope of the line segment
joining (3, -2) to (4, y) is -3.
5. Show that the points A(-1, -1), B(-1, -5)
and C(12, 4) lie on a straight line.

ANGLE BETWEEN TWO INTERSECTING LINES

The angle between two intersecting lines is the
positive angle measured from one line (L1) to the
L
other ( L2).
2

m2 m1
tan
1 m1m2

L1

Where: m1 = slope of the initial side

m2 = slope of the terminal side
note : 180 0

Sample Problems
1. Find the angle from the line through the
points (-1, 6) and (5, -2) to the line
through (4, -4) and (1, 7).
2. The angle from the line through (x, -1)
and
(-3, -5) to the line through (2, -5)
and (4, 1) is 450 . Find x.
3. Two lines passing through (2, 3) make an
angle of 450 with one another. If the slope
of one of the lines is 2, find the slope of
the other.
4. Find the interior angles of the triangle
whose vertices are A (-3, -2), B (2, 5) and
C (4, 2).

AREA OF A POLYGON BY COORDINATES

Consider the triangle whose vertices are P1(x1,
y1), P2(x2, y2) and P3(x3, y3) as shown below. The
area of the triangle can be determined on the
y of its vertices.
basis of the coordinates

P3 x3 , y3

P1 x1 , y1

P2 x2 , y2

Label the vertices counterclockwise and

evaluate the area of the triangle by:
x1 y1 1
1
A x2 y 2 1
2
x3 y3 1
The area is a directed area. Obtaining a
negative value will simply mean that the
vertices were not named counterclockwise.
In general, the area of an n-sided polygon
can be determined by the formula :

1 x1
A
2 y1

x2

x3

x4

x5

. . xn

x1

y2

y3

y4

y5

. . yn

y1

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Find the area of the triangle whose
vertices are (-6, -4), (-1, 3) and (5, -3).
2. Find the area of a polygon whose
vertices are (6, -3), (3, 4), (-6, -2), (0, 5)
and (-8, 1).
3. Find the area of a polygon whose
vertices are (2, -3), (6, -5), (-4, -2) and
(4, 0).

Lesson 4: EQUATION OF A LOCUS

OBJECTIVE:
At the end of the lesson, the students
should be able to determine the equation of a
locus defining line, circle and conics and other
geometries defined by the given condition.

EQUATION OF A LOCUS
An equation involving the variables x and y is
usually satisfied by an infinite number of pairs of
values of x and y, and each pair of values
corresponds to a point. These points follow a
pattern according to the given equation and
form a geometric figure called the locus of the
equation.
Since an equation of a curve is a
relationship satisfied by the x and y coordinates
of each point on the curve (but by no other
point), we need merely to consider an arbitrary
point (x,y) on the curve and give a description of
the curve in terms of x and y satisfying a given
condition.

Sample Problems
1. Find an equation for the set of all points (x,
y) satisfying the given conditions.
2. It is equidistant from (5, 8) and (-2, 4).
3. The sum of its distances from (0, 4) and (0,
-4) is 10.
4. It is equidistant from (-2, 4) and the y-axis
5. It is on the line having slope of 2 and
containing the point (-3, -2).
6. The difference of its distances from (3, 0)
and (-3, 0) is 2.

Lesson 5: STRAIGHT LINES / FIRST

DEGREE EQUATIONS

OBJECTIVE:
At the end of the lesson, the
students is should be able to write the
equation of a line in the general form or
in any of the standard forms; as well as,
illustrate properly and solve application
problems concerning the normal form of
the line.

STRAIGHT LINE
A straight line is the locus of a point
that moves in a plane in a constant
slope.

Equation of Vertical/
Horizontal Line
If a straight line is parallel to the yaxis ( vertical line ), its equation is x =
k, where k is the directed distance of
the line from the y-axis.
Similarly, if a line is parallel to the xaxis ( horizontal line ), its equation is y
= k, where k is the directed distance of
the line from the x-axis.

General Equation of a Line

A line which is neither vertical nor
horizontal is defined by the general
linear equation
Ax + By + C=0,
C
A
where
A and B are

B
B
nonzeroes.
The line has y-intercept of
and
slope of
.

DIFFERENT STANDARD FORMS

OF THE EQUATION OF A
STRAIGHT LINE
A. POINT-SLOPE FORM:
If the line passes through the points ( x , y) and
y y1
(x1, y1), then the slope
.
m of the line is
x x1
Rewriting the equation we have

y y1 m x x1
which is the standard equation of the point-slope
form.

B. TWO-POINT FORM:
If a line passes through the points (x1, y1)
y2 y1
m the slope of the line is
and (x2, y2), then
x2 x1
.
Substituting it in the point-slope formula will
y2 y1
result to
x x1
y y1
x2 x1

the standard equation of the two-point form.

C. SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM:
Consider a line containing the point P( x, y) and
not parallel to either of the coordinate axes. Let the
slope of the line be m and the y-intercept ( the
yat
b point (0, b),
intersection point with the y-axis)
m
x 0 .
then the slope of the line is
Rewriting the equation, we obtain
y mx b

the standard equation of the slope-intercept form.

D. INTERCEPT FORM:
Let the intercepts of a line be the points (a,
0), the x-intercept, and (0, b), the y-intercept.
b
m

Then the slope of the line is defined by

a
.
Using the Point-slope
form, the equation is
b
y b x 0
written as

x y
1
a b
or simply as

the standard equation of the Intercept

Form.

E.

NORMAL FORM:

Suppose a line L, whose equation is to be found,

has its distance from the origin to be equal to p. Let
the angle of inclination
of p be .

Since p is perpendicular to L, then the slope of p is equal to the

negative reciprocal of the slope of L,
1
cos
m
cot , or m
tan
sin
Substituting in the slope-intercept form y = mx + b , we obtain
cos
p
y
x
sin
sin

or
x cos y sin p
the normal form of the straight line

Reduction of the General Form to the Normal

Form

A
B

The slope of the line Ax+By+C=0

is tan . BThe slope
B
A
of p which is
A
B
perpendicular to the line is therefore
sin ; thus,
.
A2 B 2
A
cos

A2 B 2

From Trigonometry, we obtain the values

A

A2 B 2

and

. B 2

B
A B
2

C
A B
2

2
2
2
Athe
B 2general
A2 equation
B2
Aof
Bthe
If we divide
straight line
x cos y sin p
by
, we have

or

PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR

LINES
Given a line L whose equation is Ax +
By + C = 0.
The line Ax + By + K = 0 , for any
constant K not equal to C, is parallel to
L;
and the Bx Ay + K = 0 is perpendicular
to L.

DIRECTED DISTANCE FROM A LINE TO A

POINT

The directed distance of the point P(x1, y1) from

Ax1 By 1 C
the
d
A2 B 2

line Ax + By + C = 0 is
where the radical takes on the sign of B.

note :
if d 0, the point

P1 x1 , y1

d1 0

is above the line

if d 0, the point
is below the line

Ax1 By 1 C 0

d2 0

P2 x2 , y2

Sample Problems
1. Determine the equation of the line passing through
(2, -3) and parallel to the line through (4,1) and (-2,2).
2. Find the equation of the line passing through point (2,3) and perpendicular to the line 2x 3y + 6 = 0
3. Find the equation of the line, which is the
perpendicular bisector of the segment connecting
points (-1,-2) and (7,4).
4. Find the equation of the line whose slope is 4 and
passing through the point of intersection of lines x + 6y
4 = 0 and 3x 4y + 2 = 0.
5. The points A(0, 0), B(6, 0) and C(4, 4) are vertices of
triangles. Find:
a. the equations of the medians and their intersection
point
b. the equations of the altitude and their intersection point
c.the equation of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides

6. Find the distance from the line 5x = 2y + 6 to the points

a.
(3, -5)
b.
(-4, 1)
c. (9, 10)
7. Find the equation of the bisector of the acute angles and
also the bisector of the obtuse angles formed by the lines x
+ 2y 3 = 0 and 2x + y 4 = 0.
8. Determine the distance between the lines:
a. 2x + 5y -10 =0 ; 4x + 10y + 25 = 0
b. 3x 4y + 25 =0 ; 3x 4y + 45 = 0
9. Write the equation of the line a) parallel to b)
perpendicular to 4x + 3y -10 = 0 and is 3 units from the
point ( 2, -1).
10. A line passes through ( 2, 2) and forms with the axes a
triangle of area 9 sq. units. What is the equation of the line?

REFERENCES
Analytic Geometry, 6th Edition, by Douglas F. Riddle
Analytic Geometry, 7th Edition, by Gordon
Fuller/Dalton Tarwater
Analytic Geometry, by Quirino and Mijares
Fundamentals of Analytic Geometry by Marquez, et
al.
Algebra and Trigonometry, 7th ed by Aufmann, et al.