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Formulae for Quantitative and Data Interpretation sections

Algebra
2

1.

(a + b)(a b) = a b

2.

(a + b + c) = a + b + c + 2(ab + bc + ca)

3.

(a b)2 = a2 + b2 2ab

4.

(a + b + c + d) = a + b + c + d + 2(ab + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd)

5.

(a b) = a b 3ab(a b)

6.

(a + b)(a2 + b2 - ab) = a3 + b3

7.

(a - b)(a + b + ab) = a - b

8.

(a + b + c)(a + b + c - ab - bc - ca) = a + b + c 3abc

when a + b + c = 0, a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
9.

(x + a)(x + b) (x + c) = x3 + (a + b + c) x2 + (ab + bc + ac)x + abc

10.

(x a)(x b) (x c) = x (a + b + c) x + (ab + bc + ac)x abc

11.

a4 + a2b2 + b4 = (a2 + ab + b2)( a2 ab + b2)

12.

a4 + b4 = (a2 2ab + b2)( a2 + 2ab + b2)

13.

a + b = (a + b) (a

n-1

n-2

b+ a

n-3

b a

n-4

n-1

b +.. + b )

(valid only if n is odd)

14.

an bn = (a b) (a n-1 + a n-2 b + a n-3 b2 + a n-4 b3 + + bn-1){were n N)

15.

n(n + l)(2n + 1) is always divisible by 6.

16.

n(n - 1) is always divisible by 6

17.

n2+ n is always even

18.

n + 2n is always divisible by 3

19.

Product of n consecutive numbers is always divisible by n!.

20.

If n is a positive integer and p is a prime, then np n is divisible by p.

21.

|x| = x if x 0 and |x| = x if x 0.

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Permutations & Combinations

n
1. Pr = n!/(n-r)!
n
2. Pn = n!
n
3. Cr = n!/(n-r)!r!
n
4. Cn = 1
5. nP0 = 1
n
6. C0 = 1
n
n
7. Cr = Cn-r
n
n
n
n
n
8. C0 + C1 + C2 +...+ Cn = 2
Arithmetic Progressions
Tn = a + (n-1)d
Sn = n/2[2a + (n-1)d]
Geometric Progressions
(n-1)

Tn = ar

Sn = a(r 1 )/ (r-1)
S = a/(1-r)
Sum of squares of first n natural numbers = n * n+1 / 2
Sum of squares of first n natural numbers = n (n+1)(2n+1) / 6
Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers = [n (n+1)/2]

Factorials
n! = 1*2*3*...*(n-1)!
n! = n*(n-1)!
LCM * HCF = Product of 2 numbers

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Time, Speed & Distance

Speed = Distance/Time
1 km/hr = 5/18 m/s
Average Speed = Total Distance/Total Time
Relative Speed
For trains
Time = sum of the lengths of two trains / relative speeds of two trains
For boats & streams
Speed (downstream) = S boat + S stream
Speed (upstream) = S boat S stream
Set Theory
n(A U B U C) = n(A) + n (B)+ n(C) n(A n B) n(A n C) n(B n C) + n(A n B n C)
n(A U B) = n(A) + n (B) n(A n B)
Alligations
The ratio of the weights of the two items mixed will be inversely proportional to
the deviation of attributes of these two items from the average attribute of the
resultant mixture.
Eg. Price as an attribute
W1/W2 = ( X2 - X ) / ( X - X1 )
Ratio & Proportion
If a:b and c:d are two ratio then
a:b > c:d if ad > bc
a:b < c:d if ad < bc
a:b = c:d if ad = bc

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If a:b=c:d, then b:a = d:c (Invertendo)

If a/b = c/d, then a/c = b/d or a:c = b:d (Alternendo)
If a:b = c:d, then (a+b):b = (c+d):d (Componendo)
If a:b = c:d then (a-b):b = (c-d):d (Dividendo)
If a:b = c:d then a+b:a-b :: c+d:c-d (Componendo Dividendo)
If a<b, then for x>=0
(a+x)/(b+x) > a/b and (a-x)/(b-x) < a/b
If a<b, then for x>=0
(a+x)/(b+x) > a/b and (a-x)/(b-x) < a/b
If a>b, then for x>=0
(a+x)/(b+x) < a/b and (a-x)/(b-x) > a/b
Simple Interest SI = PRT / 100
Here P = principal, R = rate per annum, T = time in years
Amount A = P + PRT/100 = P [1 + ( RT / 100 )]
Compound interest = Principal * {1 + Rate/100} * Time Principal
Amount = Principal * {1 + Rate/100 } * Time
Profit = Selling Price Cost Price
Loss = Cost Price Selling Price
Percentage Profit = Profit/CP * 100
Percentage Loss = Loss/CP * 100
Discount = Marked Price Selling Price
Discount Percentage = Discount/Marked Price * 100

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Geometry
Circle
1.

The perpendicular from the center of a circle to a

chord of the circle bisects the chord. In the figure
below, O is the centre of the circle and OM
perpendicular AB. Then, AM = MB.

2.

Equal chords are equidistant from the centre.

Conversely, if two chords are equidistant from the
centre of a circle, they are equal.

3.

4.

5.

6.

C
B
P

In the following figure, two chords of a circle, AB

and CD, intersect at point P. Then, AP * PB = CP *
PD.
The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the
centre is double the angle subtended by it at any
point on the remaining part of the circumference.
In the above figure, a=2b.
If 2 tangents are drawn to a circle from an exterior
point, the length of two tangent segments are
equal. Also, the line joining the exterior point to the
centre of the circle bisects the angle between the
tangents.
The angle that a tangent to a circle makes with a
chord drawn from the point of contact is equal to
the angle subtended by that chord in the alternate
segment of the circle. In the figure above, PA is the
tangent at point A of the circle and AB is the chord
at point A. Hence, angle BAP = angle ACB.

b
a

A
P

B
C

0
0
A

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Triangle
<900

>900

900

Right

7.

8.
9.
10.

11.
12.

13.

14.

Obtuse

<900

<900

Acute

An exterior angle of a triangle is an angle that is a linear pair (and hence

supplementary) to an interior angle. The measure of an exterior angle of a
triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the two interior angles that are
not adjacent to it (exterior angle theorem).
The sum of the measures of the three exterior angles (one for each vertex) of
any triangle is 360 degrees.
Triangle inequality: The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle
always exceeds the length of the third side.
Two triangles that are under a correspondence are said to be similar if every
angle of one triangle has the same measure as the corresponding angle in the
other triangle and the corresponding sides have lengths that are in the same
proportion.
In a right triangle, the acute angles of a right triangle are complementary.
If the legs of a right triangle have the same length, then the angles opposite
those legs have the same measure. Since these angles are complementary, it
follows that each measures 45 degrees. By the Pythagorean theorem, the
length of the hypotenuse is the length of a leg times 2.
In a right triangle with acute angles measuring 30 and 60 degrees, the
hypotenuse is twice the length of the shorter side, and the longer side is equal
to the length of the shorter side times 3.
Area of Triangle S = 1/2 x b x h
where S is area, b is the length of the base of the triangle, and h is the height
or altitude of the triangle.
S = abc/(4R) = r*s
where r = inradius, s = (a+b+c)/3 and R = circumradius

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15.

Pythagoras Theorem: AC2 = AB2 + BC2

Points, lines and circles associated with a triangle

Circumcenter: A perpendicular bisector of a triangle is a straight line passing
through the midpoint of a side and being perpendicular to it, i.e. forming a right
angle with it. The three perpendicular bisectors meet in a single point, the triangle's
circumcenter; this point is the center of the circumcircle, the circle passing through
all three vertices.
If the circumcenter is located on one side of the triangle, then the opposite angle is a
right one. More is true: if the circumcenter is located inside the triangle, then the
triangle is acute; if the circumcenter is located outside the triangle, then the triangle
is obtuse.

Orthocenter: An altitude of a triangle is a straight line through a vertex and

perpendicular to (i.e. forming a right angle with) the opposite side. This opposite
side is called the base of the altitude, and the point where the altitude intersects the
base (or its extension) is called the foot of the altitude. The length of the altitude is
the distance between the base and the vertex. The three altitudes intersect in a
single point, called the orthocenter of the triangle. The orthocenter lies inside the
triangle if and only if the triangle is acute.

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Incircle: An angle bisector of a triangle is a straight line through a vertex which cuts
the corresponding angle in half. The three angle bisectors intersect in a single point,
the incenter, the center of the triangle's incircle. The incircle is the circle which lies
inside the triangle and touches all three sides.

Interior Angle Bisector Theorem: If AD is the angle bisector of A in triangle ABC,

then
AB/BD = AC/CD

Median: A median of a triangle is a straight line through a vertex and the midpoint
of the opposite side, and divides the triangle into two equal areas. The three
medians intersect in a single point, the triangle's centroid. The centroid cuts every
median in the ratio 2:1, i.e. the distance between a vertex and the centroid is twice
the distance between the centroid and the midpoint of the opposite side.

Apollonius Theorem: In any triangle ABC, if AD is a median, then AB2 + AC2 =

2(AD2+DC2)

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Quadrilaterals
Any four-aided closed figure is called a quadrilateral. By imposing certain conditions
on the sides and/or angles of a quadrilateral, we can get the figures trapezium,
parallelogram, rhombus, rectangle, and square.
0
The sum of four angles of a quadrilateral is equal to 360 . If the four vertices of a
quadrilateral lie on the circumference of a circle (i.e., if the quadrilateral can be
inscribed in circle) it is called a cyclic quadrilateral. In a cyclic quadrilateral, sum of
0
opposite angles = 180 .
Areas
Trapezium = * (sum of parallel sides) * height
Parallelogram = base * height
Rhombus = * product of diagonals
Rectangle = length * breadth
2
2
Square = side = * diagonal
Diagonal of a rectangle = sqrt(length2 + breadth2)
Diagonal of a square = 2 * side

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Commonly Misspelt Words

Incorrect
Absense
Acommodate
Adultary
Agression

Correct
Absence
Accommodate
Adultery
Aggression
Amateur

Incorrect
Independant
Innoculate
Intrested
Itenerary,
Itinarary
Kindergarden

Amature,
Amatuer
Apparant
Arguement
Arithmatic
Athiest
Beleive
Bell weather
Bais
Bouyant
Buerau
Burgler
Cemetry
Coleague
Committment
Commited
Commitee
Definate
Defination
Disasterous
Extasy
Embarassment
Emminent
Excede

Correct
Independent
Inoculate
Interested
Itinerary
Kindergarten

Apparent
Argument
Arithmetic
Atheist
Believe
Bellwether
Bias
Buoyant
Bureau
Burglar
Cemetery
Colleague
Commitment
Committed
Committee
Definite
Definition
Disastrous
Ecstasy
Embarrassment
Eminent
Exceed

Liason
Leiutenent
Maintenence
Mathamatics
Momento
Mischievious
Niece
occassion
Occurance
Ommission
Perseverence
Pnemonia
Possesion
Pottassium
Preceed
Preffered
Presance
Privilege
Pronounciation
Questionairre
Que
Reciept

Liaison
Lieutenant
Maintenance
Mathematics
Memento
Mischievous
Niece
Occasion
Occurrence
Omission
Perseverance
Pneumonia
Possession
Potassium
Precede
Preferred
Presence
Privilege
Pronunciation
Questionnaire
Queue
Receipt
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Commonly Misspelt Words

Incorrect
Exellent
Exhilerate
Firey
Flourescent
Foriegn
Grammer
Gaurantee
Guidence
Heirarchy
Hygeine
Imaginery

Correct
Excellent
Exhilarate
Fiery
Fluorescent
Foreign
Grammar
Guarantee
Guidance
Hierarchy
Hygiene
Imaginary

Incorrect
Reffered
Relieve
Rennaisance
Seize
Separate
Tommorow
Untill
Upholstry
Vaccuum
Villify
Weird

Correct
Referred
Relieve
Renaissance
Seize
Separate
Tomorrow
Until
Upholstery
Vacuum
Vilify
Weird

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Verbal Compendium Do not confuse

adoptive with adopted: children are adopted, but parents are adoptive.

adverse, 'unfavourable, bad', with averse, which means 'strongly disliking

or opposed to', as in I am not averse to helping out.

affect and effect: affect means 'make a difference to', whereas effect
means 'a result' or 'bring about (a result)'.

amoral with immoral: amoral means 'not concerned with morality', while
immoral means 'not conforming to accepted standards of morality'.

appraise with apprise: appraise means 'assess', while apprise means

'inform'.

augur, 'be a sign of (a likely outcome)', with auger (a tool used for boring).

calendar: a machine in which cloth, paper, or the like, is smoothed, glazed,

etc., by pressing between rotating cylinders., whereas calendar a table or
register with the days of each month and week in a year

censure with censor: censure means 'express strong disapproval of',

whereas censor means 'suppress unacceptable parts of (a book, film, etc.)'.

climactic, 'forming a climax', while climatic, means 'relating to climate'.

complacent, 'smug and self-satisfied', with complaisant, which means

'willing to please'.

complement, 'a thing that enhances something by contributing extra

features', with compliment, which means 'an expression of praise' or
'politely congratulate'.

continuous and continual: continuous primarily means 'without

interruption', and can refer to space as well as time, as in the cliffs form a
continuous line along the coast; continual, on the other hand, typically
means 'happening frequently, with intervals between', as in the bus service
has been disrupted by continual breakdowns.

council, an administrative or advisory body, with counsel, advice or

guidance.

definite ('certain, sure') with definitive, which means 'decisive and with
authority'.
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discreet, 'careful not to attract attention or give offence', with discrete,

which means 'separate, distinct'.

egoism and egotism: it is egotism, not egoism, that means 'excessive

conceit or self-absorption'; egoism is a less common and more technical
word, for an ethical theory that treats self-interest as the foundation of
morality.

exceptionable ('open to objection; causing disapproval or offence') with

exceptional ('not typical' or 'unusually good').

fawn with faun: a fawn is a young deer, and a light brown colour; a faun is a
Roman deity that is part man, part goat.

flaunt with flout; flaunt means 'display ostentatiously', while flout means
'openly disregard (a rule)'.

forego and forgo: forego means 'precede', but is also a less common
spelling for forgo, 'go without'.

hoard with horde: a hoard is a store of something valuable; horde is a

disparaging term for a large group of people.

the possessive its (as in turn the camera on its side) with the contraction it's
(short for either it is or it has, as in it's my fault; it's been a hot day).

loath ('reluctant; unwilling') with loathe, 'dislike greatly'.

loose with lose: as a verb loose means 'unfasten or set free', while lose
means 'cease to have' or 'become unable to find'.

militate, which is used in the form militate against to mean 'be an

important factor in preventing', with mitigate, which means 'make
(something bad) less severe'.

naturism (nudism) and naturist (a nudist) with naturalism and naturalist:

naturalism is an artistic or literary approach or style; a naturalist is an
expert in natural history, or an exponent of naturalism.

officious, 'asserting authority or interfering in an annoyingly domineering

way', with official, which means 'relating to an authority or public body'.

ordinance, 'an authoritative order', with ordnance, which means 'guns' or

'munitions'.

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perquisite and prerequisite: a perquisite is a special right or privilege

enjoyed as a result of one's position; prerequisite is something that is
required as a prior condition for something else; prerequisite can also be an
adjective, meaning 'required as a prior condition'.

perspicuous, 'expressing things clearly', with perspicacious, which means

'having a ready understanding of things'.

principal, 'first in order of importance; main', with principle, which is a

noun meaning chiefly 'a basis of a system of thought or belief'.

proscribe with prescribe: proscribe is a rather formal word meaning

'condemn or forbid', whereas prescribe means either 'issue a medical
prescription' or 'recommend with authority'.

regretful, 'feeling or showing regret', with regrettable, which means 'giving

rise to regret; undesirable'.

stationary and stationery: stationary is an adjective with the sense 'not

moving or changing', whereas stationery is a noun meaning 'paper and
other writing materials'.

titillate and titivate: titillate means 'excite', whereas titivate means 'adorn
or smarten up'.

tortuous, 'full of twists and turns' or 'excessively lengthy and complex', with
torturous, which means 'characterized by pain or suffering'.

turbid and turgid: turbid is generally used in reference to a liquid and

means 'cloudy or opaque'; turgid tends to mean 'tediously pompous' or, in
reference to a river, 'swollen, overflowing'.

unsociable with unsocial and antisocial: unsociable means 'not enjoying

the company of or engaging in activities with others'; unsocial usually
means 'socially inconvenient' and typically refers to the hours of work of a
job; antisocial means 'contrary to accepted social customs and therefore
annoying'.

venal ('susceptible to bribery; corruptible') with venial, which is used in

Christian theology in reference to sin (a venial sin, unlike a mortal sin, is not
regarded as depriving the soul of divine grace).
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who's with whose; who's is a contraction of who is or who has, while

whose is used in questions such as whose is this? and whose turn is it?

wreath and wreathe: wreath with no e at the end means 'arrangement of

flowers', while wreathe with an e is a verb meaning 'envelop, surround, or
encircle'.

General Knowledge List of websites

www.ibef.org

www.generalknowledgetoday.com

www.snapshot.scmhrd.edu

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