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Leep 202
Leep 202
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
2.1 Overview
2.1.1 Inverse function
Inverse of a function f exists, if the function is one-one and onto, i.e, bijective.
Since trigonometric functions are many-one over their domains, we restrict their
domains and co-domains in order to make them one-one and onto and then find
their inverse. The domains and ranges (principal value branches) of inverse
trigonometric functions are given below:
Functions
Domain
Range (Principal value
branches)
y = sin1x
[1,1]
y = cos1x
[1,1]
y = cosec1x
R (1,1)
y = sec1x
R (1,1)
y = tan1x
y = cot1x
,
2 2
[0,]
, {0}
2 2
[0,]
,
2 2
R
(0,)
Notes:
(i) The symbol sin1x should not be confused with (sinx)1. Infact sin1x is an
angle, the value of whose sine is x, similarly for other trigonometric functions.
(ii) The smallest numerical value, either positive or negative, of is called the
principal value of the function.
19
2.
3.
,
2 2
sin1 (sin x) = x
cos1(cos x) = x
x [0, ]
tan1(tan x) = x
x
,
2 2
cot1(cot x) = x
x ( 0, )
sec1(sec x) = x
x [0, ]
cosec1(cosec x) = x :
sin (sin1 x) = x
cos (cos1 x) = x
tan (tan1 x) = x
cot (cot1 x) = x
sec (sec1 x) = x
cosec (cosec1 x) = x
x
x
x
x
x
x
:
:
:
:
:
:
, {0}
2 2
[1,1]
[1,1]
R
R
R (1,1)
R (1,1)
sin 1
1
x
cosec 1 x :
x R (1,1)
cos 1
1
x
sec 1 x
x R (1,1)
20
MATHEMATICS
1
cot 1 x
x
= + cot1x
tan 1
x>0
x<0
:
:
:
:
:
:
x
x
x
x
x
x
[1,1]
[1,1]
R
R
R (1,1)
R (1,1)
4.
5.
sin1x + cos1x =
x [1,1]
tan1x + cot1x =
x R
x R[1,1]
sec1x + cosec1x =
6.
x y
tan1x + tan1y = tan1 1 xy : xy < 1
x y
; xy > 1
tan1x tan1y = tan1 1 + xy
7.
2tan1x = sin1
2x
1 x2
1 x 1
1 x2
1 x2
x0
1 < x < 1
2tan1x = cos1
2x
1 x2
2.2 Solved Examples
Short Answer (S.A.)
2tan1x = tan1
3
.
2
Solution If cos
3
2 = , then cos =
3
.
2
3
2
13
= cos1
6
.
6
9
8
13
.
6
1
cos (2 + ) = cos cos
6
6
3
> 0, being in
2
.
6
21
9
.
8
= tan1 tan +
8
1
= tan tan =
8
8
1
Example 5 Evaluate tan (tan ( 4)).
22
MATHEMATICS
Solution
1
+ cos 1 =
+ = .
3
3 3
3
2
3
1
1
Example 7 Evaluate: sin cos sin 2
1
1
Solution sin cos sin
3
2
sin 1 cos
1
= sin
1
2
.
6
Example 8 Prove that tan(cot1x) = cot (tan1x). State with reason whether the
equality is valid for all values of x.
Solution Let cot1x = . Then cot = x
or, tan
= x tan 1 x =
2
2
1
1
1
So tan(cot x) = tan = cot = cot cot x = cot(tan x)
2
2
The equality is valid for all values of x since tan1x and cot1x are true for x R.
1 y
Example 9 Find the value of sec tan
.
2
1
Solution Let tan
which gives
Therefore,
y
y
= , where , . So, tan = ,
2
2
2 2
sec=
y2
4
2
4 + y2
y
1
Example 10 Find value of tan (cos1x) and hence evaluate tan cos
8
.
17
tan(cos1x) = tan =
Therefore,
1 cos 2
1 x2
=
.
x
cos
2
Hence
8
1
8
15 .
17
tan cos 1 =
=
8
17
8
17
1
Example 11 Find the value of sin 2cot
5
12
5
5
Solution Let cot1 = y . Then cot y =
.
12
12
1
Now sin 2cot
5
12
= sin 2y
= 2
= 2siny cosy
12
13
since cot y < 0, so y 2 ,
5
13
120
169
1
Example 12 Evaluate cos sin
1
Solution cos sin
1
= cos sin
3
1
= 4 1 4
1
4
sec 1
4
3
1
4
3
1 1
+ cos 1
sec 1
= cos sin
4
3
4
4
1
3
1
3
cos cos 1
sin sin 1 sin cos 1
4
4
4
4
2
3 15 1 7
= 4 4 4 4
1
3
1
4
4
3 15 7
16
23
24
MATHEMATICS
3
17
tan1
=
5
31
4
3
3
= , then sin = , where ,
5
5
2 2
3
3
, which gives = tan1 .
4
4
2sin1
3
17
tan1
5
31
= 2 tan1
17
31
= 2 tan1
3
17
tan1
4
31
3
2.
17
24
17
tan 1 4 tan 1
tan 1
=
31 = tan1
1 9
7
31
16
24 17
tan 1 7 31
=
=
1+ 24 . 17
4
7 31
1
1
1
+ tan1 + tan1
7
8
18
1 1
7+8
1 1
tan
+ tan
=
1
1
18
1
7 8
1
(since x . y =
1
, if x > 0)
x
1 1
. < 1)
7 8
3 1
+
tan 1 11 18
1 3
1 1
+ tan
= tan
=
1 3 1
11
18
11 18
1
= tan
65
195
1
= tan
1
3
25
(since xy < 1)
= cot1 3
tan x
tan 1 > 1
4
tan 1 > 1 > tan1 (1).
tan 1 > 1 >
p/2
p/4
p/2
2
= x and tan1
3
3 = y so that tan x =
2
and tan y =
3
( )
12 1 37
+ = .
13 2 26
3.
26
MATHEMATICS
1 x 1
1
tan 1
= tan x, x > 0
+
x
1
2
Solution
1 x
1
From given equation, we have 2 tan 1
= tan x
1+ x
2 = 3tan 1 x
= tan 1 x
6
4
x=
1
3
x 1 (1 x) 2 + (1 x) 1 x 2 = 1 x 2
x 2 x x 2 + 1 x 2 (1 x 1) = 0
x
2 x x 2 1 x 2 = 0
x = 0
or
2x x2 = 1 x2
x = 0
or
x=
1
.
2
1
Solution From the given equation, we have sin1 6x = sin 6 3 x
2
1
sin (sin1 6x) = sin sin 6 3 x
2
6x = cos (sin1 6 3 x)
27
36x2 = 1 108x2
x=
144x2 = 1
1
12
Note that x =
1
1
is the only root of the equation as x =
does not satisfy it.
12
12
Example 20
Show that
1 sin cos
2 tan1 tan .tan = tan
2
cos + sin
4 2
.tan
2
4 2
1
Solution L.H.S. = tan
1 tan 2 tan 2
2
4 2
2 tan
1
1 2 x
since 2 tan x = tan
1 x 2
1 tan
2
2 tan
2 1 + tan
1
2
= tan
2
tan
2
1 tan 2
2 1 + tan
2
. 1 tan 2
2
= tan 1
2
2
2
1
tan
tan
1
tan
+
2
2
2
2 tan
28
MATHEMATICS
2
1 tan
2
tan 1
2
2
2
1 + tan 1 tan
+ 2 tan 1+ tan
2
2
2
2
1 tan 2
2
2
2
2
1+ tan
1+ tan
2
2
tan 1
2
1 tan
2 tan
2+
2
2
2
1+ tan
1+ tan
2
2
sin cos
tan 1
cos + sin
2 tan
2 tan
= R.H.S.
(A) ,
2 2
(B) ,
2 2
(C) , {0}
2 2
(D) (0, )
(A) , {0}
2 2
(B)
(C) (0, )
(D) ,
2 2
[0, ]
29
3
2, 2
(C) (0, )
(A)
(B)
[ , 2]
(D) [2, 3]
(A)
3
5
(B)
7
5
(C)
10
(D)
10
40 + 3
3
1
1
Solution (D) is the correct answer. sin cos
= sin cos 8 +
5
5
3
3
1
1
= sin cos
= sin sin
5
2 5
1
= sin sin = .
10
10
2
9
(B)
2
9
(C)
34
9
(D)
Solution (A) is the correct answer. cos1 (cos (680)) = cos1 [cos (720 40)]
= cos1 [cos ( 40)] = cos1 [cos (40)] = 40 =
2
.
9
1+ x 2
x
x
(B)
1+ x 2
30
MATHEMATICS
(C)
1
x
(D)
1 x 2
.
x
cosec =
1 + cot2 =
Example 27 If tan1x =
(A)
1
x
1
x2
cosec2 =
cot =
1
x2
1 x 2
.
x
2
5
(C)
3
5
(D)
. Therefore
2
2
10
cot1x =
=
.
5
2
10
1
(C) ,
2
(B) [ 1, 1]
1
2
(D) [2, 2]
1
1
x .
2
2
4
5
(A)
2
3
(B)
(C)
4
3
(D)
31
5
.
3
1
1
sin 1
= sin sin = sin sin = .
3
3
3
Example 30 The greatest and least values of (sin1x)2 + (cos1x)2 are respectively
(A)
5 2
2
and
4
8
(B)
and
2
2
(C)
2
2
and
4
4
(D)
2
and 0 .
4
2sin 1 x sin 1
4
2
2
sin 1 x + 2 sin 1 x
4
1
2
1
+
2
sin
x
sin
x
=
2
8
2
1
2
2
sin
x
+
=
4 16
2 2
2 2
2
+ ,
2
i.e.
i.e.
5 2
.
4
32
MATHEMATICS
(A)
(B)
(C)
2
3
(D)
2
.
3
10
1
sin 1 sin 600
= sin sin
180
3
2
2
1
1
= sin sin 4 = sin sin
3
3
1
1
= sin sin = sin sin = .
3
3 3
(B) (0, 1)
(D)
(B) [0, ]
(C) 5, 3 5, 3
(D) 5, 3 3, 5
3 x 5
x 5, 3 3, 5
(B) [1, + 1]
(A) [1, 1]
( , )
(C)
33
(D)
Solution (A) is the correct answer. The domain of cos is R and the domain of sin1 is
[1, 1]. Therefore, the domain of cosx + sin1x is R [ 1,1] , i.e., [1, 1].
Example 35 The value of sin (2 sin1 (.6)) is
(A) .48
(B) .96
(C) 1.2
Solution (B) is the correct answer. Let sin1 (.6) = , i.e., sin = .6.
Now sin (2) = 2 sin cos = 2 (.6) (.8) = .96.
Example 36 If sin1 x + sin1 y =
(A)
(B)
(C) 0
(D)
2
3
(D)
3
4
.
2
1
1
cos x + cos y =
2
2
2
cos1x + cos1y =
.
2
1
1 3
+ tan 1 is
Example 37 The value of tan cos
5
4
(A)
19
8
(B)
8
19
(C)
19
12
1
1 3
+ tan 1 = tan
Solution (A) is the correct answer. tan cos
5
4
1
1 4
+ tan 1
tan
3
4
34
MATHEMATICS
= tan tan 1
4 1
3+4
1 19 19
= tan tan = .
8 8
1 4 1
3 4
Example 38 The value of the expression sin [cot1 (cos (tan1 1))] is
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C)
1
3
1 2
2
1
=
)] = sin [cot1
]= sin sin
3
3
2
4
1
Example 39 The equation tan1x cot1x = tan1
has
3
(A) no solution
(B) unique solution
(C) infinite number of solutions
(D) two solutions
Solution (B) is the correct answer. We have
tan1x cot1x =
2
3
tan1x =
i.e., x = 3 .
3
, =
2
2
(B) = 0, =
(C) =
, =
2
2
(D) = 0, = 2
(D)
2
.
3
+
+
sin1x +
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
0 sin x + (sin x + cos x)
0 2sin1x + cos1x
sin1 x 2
2
(B) 11
(C) 13
(D) 15
5
13
1
+ cos cos
.
6
6
1.
1
Find the value of tan tan
2.
1
Evaluate cos cos
3.
4.
5.
6.
3
2
2 cot 1 3
1
3
7.
cot 1
1
3
1 4
+ tan .
2
3
tan 1 sin
35
36
7.
MATHEMATICS
tan 1
x ( x + 1) + sin 1 x 2 + x + 1 =
.
2
8.
1 1
1
Find the value of the expression sin 2 tan
+ cos tan 2 2 .
3
9.
,
4
1 1
1 1
Show that cos 2 tan
= sin 4 tan
.
7
3
11.
1 x2
1 x 2
12.
13.
1
Find the simplified form of cos
14.
1
Prove that sin
8
3
77
sin 1
sin 1
.
17
5
85
15.
1
Show that sin
5
3
63
cos 1
tan 1
.
13
5
16
16.
1
Prove that tan
17.
1
Find the value of 4 tan
1 x 1 x
1
cos 1 x 2
2
3
4
3
cos x
sin x , where x
,
.
5
5
4 4
1
2
1
+ tan 1 = sin 1
.
4
9
5
1
1
tan 1
.
5
239
37
4+ 7
4 7
and justify why the other value
3
3
1 1 3
sin
2
4
18.
19.
is ignored?
If a1, a2, a3,...,an is an arithmetic progression with common difference d, then
evaluate the following expression.
d
d
d
d
1
1
1
tan tan 1
+ tan
+ ... + tan
+ tan
1 + a1 a2
1 + a2 a3
1 + a3 a4
1 + an 1 an
21.
2 , 2
(B)
(0, )
2
Which of the following is the principal value branch of cosec1x?
(C)
[0, ]
(D)
(A)
2 2
(B)
23.
[0, ]
2
(D)
2 , 2
2 , 2 {0}
(A)
(C)
22.
(0, )
(B)
3
5
(B)
cos
(C)
33
5
is
7
5
(C)
10
(D)
1
.
2
(D)
10
38
MATHEMATICS
24.
25.
26.
[1, 2]
[0, 1]
1
If cos sin
28.
1
The value of cos cos
3
2
(B)
If tan1 x + tan1y =
If sin
2a
1 a2
(D)
.96
(D)
sin 1.5
3
2
5
2
(D)
7
2
(D)
(D)
(C)
5
6
(C)
1
2
is
7
6
4
, then cot1 x + cot1 y equals
5
5
1
is equal to
(B)
(A)
31.
(C)
30.
2
5
(B)
(A)
29.
[1, 1]
none of these
1
5
(A)
27.
(B)
(D)
x 1 is
(B)
cos
2
5
1 a 2
1 a2
(C)
tan 1
3
5
2x
, where a, x ]0, 1, then
1 x 2
the value of x is
(A)
(B)
a
2
(C)
(D)
2a
1 a 2
32.
1
The value of cot cos
(A)
33.
25
24
7
25
(B)
(B)
5 2
2
(D)
39
is
25
7
24
25
(C)
1
2
cos 1
2
5
(D)
7
24
(D)
is
52
5
1 cos
Hint :tan =
2
1 + cos
34.
(B)
4 tan1 x
2x
1 x2
0
is equal to
(C)
36.
37.
1 + cos 2 x = 2 cos 1 (cos x)in , is
2
(A)
0
(B)
1
(C)
1
1
If cos x > sin x, then
35.
(A)
(C)
1
< x1
2
1 x <
1
2
(B)
0x<
(D)
x>0
(D)
1
2
Infinite
40
MATHEMATICS
1
The principal value of cos1 is__________.
2
39.
3
The value of sin1 sin is__________.
5
40.
41.
1
The set of values of sec1 is__________.
2
42.
43.
44.
3 is__________.
14
45.
sin 1 x + cos 1 x
3
,when x =
The value of expression tan
is_________.
2
2
46.
If y = 2 tan1 x + sin1
47.
48.
2x
1 x2
x y
The result tan1x tan1y = tan1 1 + xy is true when value of xy is _____
1
The value of cot (x) for all x R in terms of cot1x is _______.
State True or False for the statement in each of the Exercises 49 to 55.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
n
> , nN , is valid is 5.
4
54.
55.
1 1
41