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Principles of Differential Relaying
Principles of Differential Relaying
Patrick Arendse
Specialist Engineer
Secondary Systems
Iin
Zone of
protection
Iin = Iout
Iin
Zone of
protection
Iin
Iout
Idiff
Iin = Iout
I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
I3
Current Balance
Translay
Low Z
High Z
(Unbiased diff protection)
REF
Buszone
Generator
Motor
Biased Differential
Solkor
Trfr
Generator
Motor
Feeder
I2
Protected
Object
i2
A
i1
i
i2
I diff
I1 I 2
protection.
No relay current implies, VAB = 0, relay at electrical
midpoint.
I2
Protected
Object
i2
i1
I1
Protected
Object
i2
R
i1
V1
Resistor
R
R
Resistor
R
V2
Current Balance
Translay
Low Z
High Z
(Unbiased diff protection)
REF
Buszone
Generator
Motor
Biased Differential
Solkor
Trfr
Generator
Motor
Feeder
only
RS
M
R
RS
IOP = relay settings current
(Note: relay impedance neglected)
VS
I op
Current Balance
200/1
High Impedance
Example
REF
30MVA,
132kV/11,
Z = 10%
200/1
If3
= 12.5kA
(1042A @132kV)
If1
= 2.0kA
Current Balance
High Impedance
Example
REF
Current Balance
High Impedance
Example
RLD
RCT
CTN
RS
XM
XM
XM
XM
RRELAY
200/1
REF
Current Balance
High Impedance
Example
RLD
XM
XM
VS
RCT
CTN
RS
XM
REF
IR
RRELAY
200/1
IF
Current Balance
High Impedance
Example
AS 60044.1 or Class PL
AS
REF
Current Balance
High Impedance
Example
RLD
RCT
0.5
1.0
RS
XM
XM
XM
10A
REF
CTN
200/1
VS
RRELAY
B
IF
Current Balance
High Impedance
Example
For the given out of zone line fault will have 10A flowing in the
neutral CT secondary circuit.
This will generate a voltage, VS = 10 (0.5 + 1) = 15V
between points A-B.
If relay operating current is say 20mA then RS = 15V/20mA
= 750 .
Required CT kneepoint voltage
2 VS = 30V.
REF
Rest/2
Rest/2
Oper
Diff
Relay
ect2 I2
Restraint
Region
ect2 I2
ect1 I1
ect1 I1
I-DIFF>
80
I-STAB
Slope 1 = 30%
0.15A
IDIFFmin>
= 200mA
TP1
0.5A
TP2
ITOT
rest
TOT
I TOT
I1
I2
2
0.5 0.5
2
0.5A
The relay will now use 30% of this ITOT to derive its actual
restraint current, i.e. Irest = 0.3 x 0.5 = 0.15A (see point
P on the restraint characteristic).
Now if IDIFF > 0.15A relay operation results.
Alternatively, 0.15A is the minimum diff current required
for relay operation if the system loading is 0.5A (sec).
I rest
Idiff
0.3 I TOT
0.5 0.5
0.2 0.3
2
0.35A
Thus greater restrain here with the 7SD for the same
throughcurrents.
I TOT
Type B,
I TOT
Type C,
I TOT
Type D,
I TOT
I1
I2
2
I1
I2
I1 I 2
2
SIEMENS 7SD
SEPAM 80 Series
max I1 , I 2
motor diff
SEPAM 80 Series
trfr diff
5 settings
IREST,
IDIFF(min)
Operating
Region
S2
Restraint
Region
S1
IDmin
ITP1
ITP2
ITOT
RCTP
RLDP
RLDQ
M1
I21P
CT P
RCTQ
I21Q
IR
XP
RRELAY
E2P
E2Q
XQ
VR
IMP
I2Q
I2P
CT Q
IMQ
M2
END P
END Q
I 2 P R LDP
R CTP
E 2Q
I 2 Q R LDQ
R CTQ
Limiting case
I 2 P I 2 Q R RELAY
I 2Q
(3.1)
I 2 P R RELAY (3.2)
E 2P
I 2 P R LDP
R CTP
(3.3)
E 2Q
I 2 Q R LDQ
R CTQ
(3.4)
IMP = IR.
FOC
MP
MQ
ROC
RCTP
RLDP
RLDQ
M1
I21P
CT P
RCTQ
I21Q
IR
XP
RRELAY
E2P
E2Q
XQ
VR
IMP
I2Q
I2P
CT Q
IMQ
M2
END P
END Q
IROC
IMP
IMQ
VHV MAXTAP
TR NOM
VHV NOM
where
VHV-MAXTAP
VHV-NOM
TRNOM
IFLA LV
CTR CFLV
CTR LV
CTRCFLV
CTRCFHV
and
IHV
IFLA LV
TR MIN
CTR HV
CTR CFHV
S1
IDIFF
100 %
ITOT
LV
420MVA
3 23kV
VHV MAXTAP
TR NOM
VHV NOM
ILV
IHV
IFLA LV
TR MIN
CTR HV
450.5 530
530 23
19.587
0.555 1.8 1
CTR CFHV
10543
19.587
1500
3.28 1.177 A
IDIFF
ITOT
1.177 1
IHV
ILV
2
S1
0.177 A
1.177 1
1.0885 A
2
0.177
100 % 16.26%
1.0885
IDIFF
ITOT
IHV
S1
1.177 1
ILV
0.177A
1.177 1 2.177 A
0.177
100%
2.177
8.13%
IDIFF
I TOT
1.177 1
max I HV , I LV
S1
0.177A
max 1.177,1
1.177 A
0.177
100 % 15.04%
1.177
ITOT
Type C: ITOT
2 IFLA
2 IFLA
2
2 IFLA
2 IFLA
max 2 IFLA
2 IFLA
thus ITP2 = 2
thus ITP2 = 2
IDIFF
Type A:
ITOT
IHV
ILV
ILV
IHV
IHV
2
IHV
2
.
and so slope
IHV
IHV
2
100
200%
IDIFF
Type B:
ITOT
IHV
IHV
ILV
ILV
IHV
IHV
and so slope
IHV
IHV
100 100%
IDIFF
Type C:
ITOT
IHV
ILV
IHV
IHV
and so slope
IHV
IHV
100 100%
B
C
IDmin
ITP1
A
B
C
D
=
=
=
=
ITP2
ITOT
RLDQ RCTQ
M1
IR
XP
IMP
RRELAY
E2P
VR
CT Q
I2P
M2
END P
END Q
IF
HI
IF
K1 K 2
CTR
TP3
TP1
IS2 = 1
Restraint characteristic of the P541
ITOT
Id
I TOT
I1
I2
2
I1 I 2
I1
I1
2
Type 1
I1
(4.1)
(4.2)
I rest
I S1
k 1 I TOT
I S1
k1
I1
2
(4.3)
I1
I S1
k1
I1
2
or
I1
I S1
k1
1
2
(4.4)
Id
I1 I 2
I rest
I S1
k 1 I TOT
I TOT
I1
I2
2
f 2 I S2
(4.5)
and so
S1
I1
I2
I S1
S2
k 1 f 2 I S2
(4.6)
Id
I2
I1 . Then
I1 I 2
I1 I 2
(4.7)
Substituting get,
I1
I1
I2
I2
2 f 2 I S2
I S1
k 1 f 2 I S2
(4.8)
(4.9)
f 2 I S2
1
I S1
2
1
k 1 f 2 I S2
2
(4.10)
I2
I1
2 f 2 I S2
(4.11)
Id
I1
I2
I TOT
f 3 I S2
(4.12)
Here f3 determines how far to the right of IS2 does TP3 lie.
Need an expression for the restraint function when ITOT > IS2.
Equation is of the form y = mx + c.
As the slope necessarily equals k2, have y = k2 x + c.
Need to find a point on the restraint characteristic in order to
determine c.
Choose x = IS2 = ITOT. Use Irest = IS1 + k1 IS2 and so point is
(IS2, IS1 + k1 IS2).
I S1
I S2 k 1
k2
(4.14)
I rest
k 2 f 3 I S2
I S1 I S 2
k1
k2
(4.15)
Id
I1 I 2
I1
and
I2
I1 . Then
I1 I 2
I2
I1
I2
Two equations:
I1
I2
2 f 3 I S2
I1
I2
or
I1
2 f 3 I S2
I2
k 2 f 3 I S2 I S1 I S2 k 1
(4.16)
k2
(4.17)
I2
k 2 f 3 I S2 I S1 I S2 k 1
2
and
I1
2 f 3 I S2
k2
2 f 3 I S2
(4.18)
I2
(4.19)
2
rest
Is
2
TOT
I
32
I 2rest
8 0.0052
2
I TOT
8
32
2
I TOT
0.0002
4
I rest
I TOT
2
Thus have
Id
get
2
rest
2
I TOT
0.0002
4
I1 I 2
I TOT
I1 I 2
2
132kV
30MVA
132/11kV
YNd1
11kV
IA
ia
ia
IB
IC
ib
ib
IC
IB
ic
ic
ia = ia - ic
ib = ib - ia
ic = ic - ib
IC
IB
direction of rotation
ib
ic
IC
IB
direction of rotation
IA
ia
ia
IB
IC
ib
ib
IC
IB
ic
ic
ia = ia - ic
ib = ib - ia
ic = ic - ib
ia
ia
-ic
IA
IC
ib
IB
ic
(PPS)
(NPS)
IA
IB
IC
ia
ib
ic
ic
ib
(NPS)
(PPS)
IA
ia
ia = ia - ic
ia
ib = ib - ia
ic
ib
ic = ic - ib
IC
ic
ib
IB
IA
IC
ib
IB
ic
(PPS)
(NPS)
IA
IB
IC
ia leads IA by 30
ic leads IB by 30
ib leads IC by 30
IC
ib
ic
ic
ib
(NPS)
ia
(PPS)
IA
ia
ia
ic
ib
ic
ib
IB
IA
IC
ib
IB
ic
(PPS)
(NPS)
IA
IB
IC
ib
ic
ic
ib
ib lags IB by 90
ic leads IC by 150
IC
(NPS)
ia leads IA by 30
ia
(PPS)
IA
ia
ia
ic
ib
ic
ib
IB
IA
IC
ib
IB
ic
(PPS)
(NPS)
IA
IB
IC
ib
ic
ic
ib
ic leads IC by 150
ib lags IB by 90
IC
(NPS)
ia leads IA by 30
ia
(PPS)
IA
ia
ia
ic
ib
ic
ib
IB
IA
IC
ib
IB
ic
(PPS)
(NPS)
IA
IB
IC
ib
ic
ic
ib
ib leads IC by 30
ic leads IB by 30
IC
(NPS)
ia leads IA by 30
ia
(PPS)
IA
ia
ia
ic
ib
ic
ib
IB
ib leads IC by 30
ic leads IB by 30
ia
ia
ib
There is nps rotation on the HV side but nps on
the LV side. What must the relay vector group
numeral be set to?
ic
IA
IC
ic
ib
In reality both HV and LV sets of currents phasors are rotating in the
clockwise direction (NPS) relay sees a Yd1 phase relationship in
all 3 phases.
Relay vector numeral was set to 1 again, a few tests were
conducted and the diff relay was stable!!!
PHEW!!!
IB
Thank you!