: II

II
2011-14. .

II ............................................................................. 1
I ................................................................................. 3
1. ............................................................................................... 4
1.1. ........................................................................................... 4
1.2. ......................................................................................... 6
1.3. ..................................................................... 8
2. .......................................................................................... 10
2.1. ..................................................................... 12
3. ............................................................................................ 14
3.1. ................................................................................. 14
3.2. ............................................................................................ 17
3.3. .................................................................................................. 19
3.4. ........................................................................................... 20
3.5. .......................................................................................... 21
II ................................................................................... 22
4. .......................................................................... 22
4.1. ................................................................................... 22
4.2. ...................................................... 23
4.3. ................................................................................... 25
5. ............................................................................................................ 27
5.1. .................................................................................... 27
5.2. ................................................................................ 29
6. ......................................................................... 30
III ................................................................................. 32
7. ........................................................................................ 32
7.1. ....................................................................................... 32
7.2. .......................................................................................................... 34
7.3. ......................................................................................... 38
7.4. ........................................................................................... 40
IV ................................................................................................................... 43
8. .................................................................................................... 43
8.1. ................................................................................................ 44
8.2. ................................................................................................. 46
8.3. .............................................................................. 48
9. .......................................................................................... 50
9.1. ..................................................................................... 50
9.2. ....................................................................................... 52
V .............................................................................................. 54
10. ..................................................................... 54
10.1. ............................................................................ 54
10.2. ..................................................................... 55
10.3. ................................................................................... 56
10.4. ....................................................................................... 59
10.5. ................................................................................... 61
, 2011.

 : II
VI .............................................................................................. 68
11. ................................................................................................. 68
11.1. ................................................................................... 69
11.2. , ........................................................................ 74
11.3. ............................................................................................... 76
12. ................................................................................................ 77
12.1. .......................................................................... 78
13. ..................................................................................................... 81
13.1. .......................................................................... 81
13.2. ................................................................................. 84
VII ................................................................................. 88
14. ............................................................................................... 88
14.1. ..................................................................... 89
14.2. ...................................................................... 90
14.3. ............................................................................................... 91
15. ...................................................................................... 92
VIII ........................................................................................................... 94
16. ................................................................................... 94
16.1. ................................................................................. 94
16.2. ........................................................................... 96
16.3. ............................................................................................................ 98
16.4. ............................................................................................... 99
17. ................................................................................................... 101
17.1. ..................................................... 101
17.2. .................................................................. 101
17.3. ............................................................................... 104

, 2011.

 : II

I
(. , )
,
.
, ,
.
: Tri-GoniaMetron (--). 180
:
(90) ;
( 90);
( 90 180), .
:
;
;
.
, 1600. ....
(). ,
().
, 180. ....

.

( 150. ....)

.

,
.


4. 5.
,
.

.
Claudius Ptolemaeus, 90. 186. .

9.
14. , 14. 18. .

: , , , .

, 2011.

 : II
0.0.1. ( )
,
ACBD = ABCD + BCAD, .
:
, BAC = BDC = CAD =
CBD = . DCE = BCA = .
: CDE ~ ACB ACD
~ BCE. DE : CD = AB : AC BE : BC = AD
: AC, DEAC = CDAB BEAC =
BCAD. DEAC +
BEAC = CDAB + BCAD, . (DE + BE)AC =
CDAB + BCAD. DE + BE = BD
BDAC = CDAB + BCAD.

1.
.
b
a
b
a
sin , cos , tg = , ctg = .
b
a
c
c

:
sin
, ctg =
sin 2 cos 2 1 , tg =
cos
cos
, sin cos , tg = ctg .
sin
1
t
sin
, cos
, t = tg , (0-90)
1 t 2
1 t 2
.

1.1.

.

.
1.1.1. () ABC, AB
BC 20 10 , B = 50.
: , ABC
CD = h, AB
AD DB = q.
CD
h
BD
q
=
h = 10sin 50, cos 50
=
q
BD 10
CD 10
CD
h
10 sin 50

= 10cos 50. , ACD: tg =

=
=
20 10 cos 50
AD 20 q

BCD: sin 50

, 2011.

 : II
0,564425 5 . = 29,44. 60
, 60 , 0,4460 = 26,4 0,460 = 24 =
29 26 24.
1.1.2. :
) tg 15; ) sin 18.
:
) , ABC,
AB = AC = 2, ABC = BCA = 75, B
BD = 1.
AD =

3 , BCD

tg 15 = CD = AC AD = 2

3 . tg 15 = 2

3.

)
ABC, AB = AC = 1 ABC = ACB = 72. AD
, BE .
x
.
2
ABC BCE x : (1 x) = 1 : x,
1 1

x2 + x 1 = 0, x 2 x 1 0 .
4 4

BC = x. AE = BE = BC = x sin 18

1
5
1 5
1 5

, . x1, 2
.
x 0 , x
2
4
2
2
2

5 1
x1
. ,
2
5 1
, . sin 18 = / 2, . .
sin 18
4

1.1.3.
1. :
) ;
) .
2. , :

30
45
1
2
sin
2
2
3
2
cos
2
2
3
1
tg
3

60
3
2
1
2

3. :

, 2011.

 : II

4.
, :
7
5
) sin ;
) cos
;
13
25
15
21
) tg =
;
) ctg =
.
20
8
5. :
10
5
2
5
)
?
)

?
13 13
7
7
6. , :
1
1
) sin 15
) cos 2230'
2 3 ;
2 2 .
2
2

sin 3 x cos 3 x
7. tg x = 2,
.
sin 3 x cos 3 x
8.

3 sin x cos x
1 , tg x.
sin x 2 cos x

9. tg x + ctg x = a, tg2 x + ctg2 x.

10. sin x + cos x = a sin xcos x = b, b

11.

1 2
(a 1) .
2

cos
+ tg .
1 sin

12. 8 , 11 km
. .
[13,6 km; 98,97]

1.2.
,
(. as-simt ), (. bearing).
,

, 2011.

 : II
. 045
, 225 .
1.2.1.
() 050. 4
035.
?
: , A , D
= 050 (. North),
m = 4 km
(East), B D
(bearing) = 035.
C. ACD
DC
b
tg(90-) =
, . b = (m + d)ctg .

AC m d
DC b
BCD tg(90-) =
, . b = dctg .
BC d
m ctg
(m + d)ctg = dctg , BC = d
5,7 km,
ctg ctg
m ctg ctg
DC = b
8,1 km.
ctg ctg
BD2 = BC2 + CD2, . c2 = d2 + b2
d
c
9,9 km.
sin
, .
. ,
, .
1.2.2. A 100 ,
35. B
25. A B ?
: , CAD = = 35 (D)
A.
AC = b = 100 m.
B
CBD = = 25.
ABC AB2 = AC2 + BC2.
CD
BCD tg =
.
BC
CD h
ACD tg =
, . h = btg = 100tg 35 70 .
AC b
CD
b tg
100 tg 35
, a = BC
=
=
150 m.
tg
tg
tg 25

, 2011.

 : II

b 2 tg 2
, . c b 1 tg 2 ctg 2
tg 2
180 m. , AB 180 .
c2 = b2 + a2, c2 = b2 +

1.2.3.
1. 30
48. ?
2. 70 ,
9 m. 60 ?
3. A B 60 km. A
() 050, B
300. ?
4. CBE
= 20 CE = 10 cm.
EAF = 60,
AE EAC ?

5. , :

6. 110 cm2. x.

1.3.
A, B C, , ,
a, b c. R r
.
.
:

a
b
c

2R ,
sin sin sin

, 2011.

 : II
,
.
,
.
:

a2 = b2 + c2 2bccos ,
b2 = c2 + a2 2cacos ,
c2 = a2 + b2 2abcos .

, .

a ha
ab
abc
abc
=
= rs , s
.
P
sin =
2
4R
2
2
P s(s a)(s b)(s c) .
1.3.1.
1. 80 63.
34.
) ?
) ?
[20,5 m; 30,3m]
2. 2,44 (8 ) 7,32 m
(24 ). 11 m .
) ()
; () ?
) 23 m 21 m ,
()?
[36,8; 12,5;18,4]
3. .
4. .
5. ABC .

6. ABCD
0,5 . BD, ABD, BC, .

, 2011.

 : II

[55,7 cm; 51; 48,7 cm; 1957 cm2; 978272 cm3]

7. 7 km () 130, 5 km 060.
) ?
) () ?
[9,9 km; 101,7]

2.

, .
AD sin - ,
OA cos - ,
CD = tg - ,
DE = ctg - ,
1
OC = sec
- ,
cos
1
OE = csec
sin
.
,
:
AB = versin = 1 cos ,
BC = exsec = sec - 1.

, ,
.
, a, b c ABC
, . r,
R.

, 2011.

10

 : II
2.0.1. .
a
b
c

2R

sin sin sin

: , ABC
2R = A1C. A1BC
, 1
a
BC . sin
, .
2R
a
2R .
sin
c
b
2 R ,
2R

sin
sin
.
2.0.2. :
a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos ,
b 2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos ,

c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab cos .
: , h = CD
ABC c x
y.
h 2 a 2 y 2 b 2 x 2 , y c x

a 2 (c 2 2cx x 2 ) b 2 x 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 2cx . x b cos ,

. , .
2.0.3.
1. 5 9
.
) , 12?
) 25, ?
2. 7,32 . 30
, 32 . ?
3. 3,8 5,2 .
40. ?
4. 56, 20 104. 30 .
?
5. 6 8 .
, 1 10 .
6.
. .
, 2011.

11

 : II

2.1.

,


.
1 (
)
.

,


.
OA = cos - , OF = sin - , BC = tg , ED = ctg .
(BG)
(BOG) . 2 6,28319,
360. 2 = 360.

= 180, 90 , 60 , 45 , 30 , .
6
3
4
2
.
OB,
OG . ( BE)
3
3

0 , II
, III
, IV

2
2
2
2
2. , II , ,
.
3

2
( ) :
3
3

) sin
) cos
cos ;
sin ;
2
2

) tg
) ctg
ctg ;
tg .
2

2.1.1.

: OAB ODC ,

, 2011.

12

 : II
OD = - OA, ), CD = AB, ).
OB
B1, OC C1
OA1 B1 OD1C1 , A1
D1 ( OA
OD) .
) ) .
(x) f(-x) = f(x). (x) f(-x) = -f(x).
, , .
2.1.2.
1. :

I
II
III
+
+
sin
+
cos
+
+
tg
+
+
ctg

IV
+
-

2.
, .
3.
, .
:
DAC .

?

4.
( ), :

) sin cos ;
) cos sin ;
2
2

) cos sin ;
) sin cos .
2

5. (4.)
.
6. , ,
.
7. :

, 2011.

13

 : II
)

17
5
5
3
; )
; )
;
.
6
3
3
4

8. :
sin(2 ) cos(2 )
)
;
tg( 2 ) ctg( 2 )

sin(2 ) cos(2 )
.
tg( 2 ) ctg( 2 )

3.
2
sin 90 1, sin(45 45) sin 45 sin 45 .
2
, cos( ) cos cos , tg( ) tg tg .

sin 45

3.1.
:
sin( ) sin cos cos sin ,
cos( ) cos cos sin sin ,
tg tg
tg( )
,
1 tg tg
() .
3.1.1. ,
:
sin( ) sin cos cos sin .
: sin( )

GD GE ED BC ED

AD
AD
AD

BC AC ED CD

sin cos cos sin .

AC AD CD AD

3.1.2. ,
:
) sin( ) sin cos cos sin ;
) sin( ) sin cos cos sin .
)
1
R , (
2
1.3.) sin a , sin b sin c .
; AEO:
c/2
sin
c , . ,
1/ 2
c AD DB b cos a cos
( ) sin cos sin cos . c sin
sin( ( )) sin( ) , . ) ()

, 2011.

14

 : II
sin( ( )) sin cos( ) cos sin( ) sin cos cos sin ,
, .

3.1.3. 1,
.
: BC cos , CD sin ,
BCD
. CBA = 90 ,
CAB = BDE = + .
ADE . BDE
DE cos( ) , ADE DA

sin

cos

cos( )
. , ABC
sin

cos
.
cos( )
sin
sin
cos( ) cos cos sin sin .

3.1.4. ,
: cos( ) cos cos sin sin ,
, .
: , cos( ) sin(
sin((

) ) sin(

) cos cos(

cos( ) sin((
cos cos sin sin .

( ))

) cos cos cos sin sin .

) ) sin(

) cos cos(

) sin

3.1.5.
1. :
tg tg
tg tg
) tg( )
; ) tg( )
.
1 - tg tg
1 tg tg
2. ABC

sin( ) sin cos cos sin .
[ PABC PABD PADC
bc sin( ) ch sin bh sin ,
h c cos , h b cos ]

Leonard M. Smiley, University of Alaska Anchorage, Mathematics Magazine, December, 1999.

, 2011.

15

 : II

3. 2.2.1.
cos( ) cos cos sin sin .
[ cos( )

AB AC EC CD
AB EC
AG

cos cos sin sin ]

AC AD CD AD
AD
AD

4. :
) 75 ; ) 15 ; ) 105 .
5. II III . sin
) ; ) ; ) ; + .

5
4
cos ,
13
5

6. + = 45 (1 + tg )(1 + tg ).
7. tg(+) = a tg = b, tg .
8. tg

1
m
tg
, + .
2m 1
m 1

9.
(0.0.1.).

[ ABCD
1. CD = 1, BD = cos ,
BC = sin , AD = cos , AC = sin , AB = sin(+).

sin(+) = sin cos + cos sin .]
10. 2 .
[BE = cos , DE = sin , BDC = + , BC =
sin(+), ADE
cos sin
. ABC
AE
sin
sin( )
sin
,
cos sin
cos
sin
sin(+) = sincos + cossin]

Smiley, L. and Smiley, D. "Geometry of Addition and Subtraction Formulas.", Math. Mag. 72, 366,
1999.

, 2011.

16

 : II
11. .

[BC = cos , CD = hsin ,

AC = sin hsin , ABD = ,
cos h cos , x h sin( ) ,
x (sin h sin ) cos ,
sin( ) sin cos cos sin ]
12. .

[CBD = , AE = sin ,
DE = cos , BE = hcos ,
cos h sin , x h cos( ) ,
x (sin h cos ) cos ,
cos( ) cos cos sin sin ]
13. 3 .

[BF : BE = AD : DE,
DE
tan( )
BE
AD tan tan

]
BF 1 tan tan

3.2.
(3.1.) = :
sin 2 2 sin cos ,
cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 ,
2 tg
.
tg 2
1 tg 2
3

Ren, G. "Proof without Words: tan( )." College Math. J. 30, 212, 1999.

, 2011.

17

 : II

sin 3 cos 3
3.2.1.

4 cos 6 24 cos 2 .
sin cos
? cos 6 6 cos 2 0 .
3

: sin 3 3 sin 4 sin 3 , cos 3 4 cos 3 3 cos (.

sin 3 cos 3
. 3.2.2.3. )

sin cos
(3 4 sin 2 ) 3 (4 cos 2 3) 3 (2 cos 2 1) 3 (2 cos 2 1) 3
k
k
16 cos 3 2 12 cos 2 , sin 0 cos 0 , .
2
. cos 6 4 cos 3 2 3 cos 2
16 cos 3 2 4 cos 6 12 cos 2 , 16 cos 3 2 12 cos 2 4 cos 6 24 cos 2 .
k
,
, k Z.
2

3

sin 3 cos 3
sin 3 cos 3

0 ,

0 ,
sin
cos
sin cos
k
sin 3 cos cos 3 sin 0 , . sin 4 0 ,
, k Z.
2
m

, m Z ,
4
(2n 1)

, n Z.
4
3

3.2.2.
1. 2 :
7
) sin
, 90 180;
25
15
) cos , 180 270;
17
9
) tg .
40
2. tg = 2, :
) sin 2; ) cos 2; ) tg 2.
3. sin x , cos x , tg x :
) sin 3x ; ) cos 3x ; ) tg 3x .
4. :
) 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x ;

) 2 cos 2 x cos 2 x ;

, 1975. .

, 2011.

18

 : II
3
) cos 6 y sin 6 y sin 2 2 y .
4

1
) cos 4 y sin 4 y sin 2 2 y ;
2

5. 5

1 cos(2 x 630) sin(2 x 810)

=
1 cos(2 x 630) sin(2 x 630)

1 sin 2 x cos 2 x
= ctg x, x 135 + k360, k
1 sin 2 x cos 2 x
.

6. 6 cos 2, tg2 a tg 1 0 0

, a > 0.

3.3.
(3.2.) :

1 cos

sin
, . 2 sin 2 1 cos ;
2
2
2

cos

1 cos

, . 2 cos 2 1 cos ;
2
2
tg

1 cos
.
1 cos

3.3.1.
1. :

) ; )
.
12
8
2. , :
3
) tg , ;
4 2
3
12
) sin ,
;
13
2
24 3
) cos
,
2 .
25 2
3. :
1 cos 2 35
1 cos 50
)
; )
.
1 cos 70
1 sin 2 25
x
t :
2
1 t 2
2t
2t
cos
x

) sin x
;
)
; ) tg x
.
2
2
1 t 2
1 t
1 t

4. tg

5
6

, 1982.
, , 1970.

, 2011.

19

 : II
5. :
1 tg 2230'
)
; ) tg 75 tg15 .
1 tg 2230'
6. :
1 sin x cos x
cos x cos 2 x 1
x
)
ctg x .
tg ; )
1 sin x cos x
sin x sin 2 x
2

3.4.
3.4.1. :


,
sin sin 2 sin
cos
2
2


,
sin sin 2 cos
sin
2
2


,
cos cos 2 cos
cos
2
2


.
cos cos 2 sin
sin
2
2
: :
sin( x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y ,
sin( x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y .
, :
sin( x y) sin( x y) 2 sin x cos y ,
sin( x y) sin( x y) 2 cos x cos y .

x y
x y , x y , x
, y
,
2
2
. :
cos( x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y ,
cos( x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y ,
:
cos( x y) cos( x y) 2 cos x cos y ,
cos( x y) cos( x y) 2 sin x sin y .
.
3.4.2.
1. :
) cos 75 cos 15 ;
) sin 15 sin 105 ;
sin
105

sin
75

)
;
) cos 15 cos 105 .
2. :
) cos 30 cos 40 ;
) cos 2 3 cos 2 5 ;

) sin 2 3 sin 2 ;
) tg 15 + tg 75.

3. :
) sin 18 + sin 24 + sin 36 + sin 42;

) sin 20 + sin30 + sin 40 + sin 50;

, 2011.

20

 : II
) cos 24 + cos 30 + cos 34 + cos 40;

) cos 30 + cos 40 + cos 50 + cos 60.

4. :
) 2 4cos2;

) 3 4sin2.

5. , (0, 90):
)

;
)

6. :
) sin + sin = sin(+);

) sin sin = sin( ).

3.5.
3.5.1. :
( (

( ,

(
( .
: .
3.5.2.
1. :
) sin 75 cos 15;
) sin 15 sin 75;

) cos 135 cos 45.

2. :

) cos
) sin sin ;

) cos

3. :
)

cos

cos

4. n {1, 2, 3, } :
)

.
[ 2sin .]

5. :
) sin 20 sin 40 sin 80 =
) tg 10 tg 50 tg 70 =
6.

) sin 10 sin 50 sin 70 = ;

) tg 20 tg 40 tg 80 = .

[ sin .]

, 2011.

21

 : II

II
f1(x) = f2(x), f1(x) f2(x)
, x. , sin x + cos
3

x = 1 x 2m , x
2n , m
4
4
n .
, -,

= 1.
, -,
x + 2 = 3
= 1.

.
. , f1(x) = f2(x)
g1(x) = g2(x), f1(x) +
g1(x) = f2(x) + g2(x); 3 sin x + 2 = 1 3 sin x = -1.

4.
: 1.
sin x, cos x, tg x, ctg x
; 2. ;
3. , .

4.1.
:
1. sin2 + cos2 = 1;
sin

2. tg
, , k Z;
cos
cos
3. ctg
, k, k Z;
sin
4. tg ctg 1 ;
5. cos 2

1
;
1 tg 2

6. sin 2

tg
.
1 tg 2

4.1.1.
1. :
2
2
) sin x cos x sin x cos x 2 ;
1
) 1 tg 2 x
;
cos 2 x
2. :
cos x
sin x

cos x sin x ;
)
1 tg x ctg x 1

) sin 4 x cos 4 x sin 2 x cos 2 x ;

1
) ctg 2 x 1
.
sin 2 x

1
1
1
1

2
2
2
sin x cos x tg x ctg 2

, 2011.

2;
x

22

 : II
)
sin 3 x cos 3 x sin 3 x cos 3 x

2;
sin x cos x
sin x cos x

)
sin 6 x cos 6 x 2 sin 4 x cos 4 x sin 2 x 0 .

3. :

1 tg2 ( x 90) 2 1
1
sin ( x 270) sin 2 x ;
)
2
1 ctg ( x 270)
cos 2 ( x 90)
)

sin 3 ( x 1,5 ) cos(2 x)

cos x .
tg3 ( x 0,5 ) cos 3 ( x 1,5 )

4. :
3 sin x sin 3x
)
, x =
3 cos x cos 3x

sin x sin 3x sin 5 x

, x = cos x cos 3x cos 5 x
135.

5. :
1 sin x cos x
1
sin 2 x 2 cos x 1
1
)
;

2
3
3
2
2
cos x sin x sin x cos x
cos x sin x
tg x 1

sin 3 y cos 3 y sin 3 y cos 3 y sin 4 y cos 4 y

3.
)
sin y cos y
sin y cos y
sin 2 x cos 2 x
6. ,
sin 4 tg cos 4 ctg 4 8 .
[

2t 1 1 t sin cos ]

4.2.
(3.1.)
:
sin 3 3 sin 4 sin 3 ,
cos 3 4 cos 3 3 cos ,
3 tg tg3
tg 3
.
1 3 tg 2
(3.2.) t = tg ,
:
1 t 2
3t t 3
2t
2t
cos
2

tg
3

,
,
,
.
tg
2

sin 2
1 3t 2
1 t 2
1 t 2
1 t 2
, (3.3.) .

4.2.1. cos .
8

, 2011.

23

 : II

2 1 2 , cos 1 2 2 .
4
: cos 2
8
2
2
4
8 2
4.2.2. a b
e po [0, 2] :
a sin x + b cos x = c sin(x + ),
a cos x + b sin x = c cos(x ).
1 cos

: c a 2 b 2

a
b
a sin x b cos x a 2 b 2
sin x
cos x .
2
2
a2 b2
a b

a

2
2
a b

b

2
2
a b

1 ,

a
cos
, . [0, 2]
2
a b2
b
sin . (3.1.)
a2 b2
a sin x b cos x a 2 b 2 sin( x ) , a cos x + b sin x = c cos(x )
.
4.2.3.
1. :
)
)

1 tg 2
ctg tg 2 .
8
8
12 3 ;
2
2
1 tg
12
2. :
x y
) (cos x cos y) 2 (sin x sin y) 2 4 cos 2
;
2
x y
) (cos x cos y) 2 (sin x sin y) 4 sin 2
.
2
(1 sin cos )(1 sin cos )
2 .
3. 7
sin (1 sin )
[ 1 sin sin + sin2 cos2 = 2sin + 2sin2 ]

3
5
7
4. 8 sin 2 cos 2
sin 2
cos 2
2.
8
8
8
8

2 5
[ = sin 2 cos 2
cos 2 =
sin
8
8
8
8

5
5

sin 2 cos 2
sin 2
cos 2 2 ]
8
8
8
8
5. :
7
8

, 28. 1981.
, 14. 1976.

, 2011.

24

 : II
) sin x sin( x y) sin( x 2 y) ... sin( x 6 y) sin( x 7 y) =
7y

sin x
sin 4 y
2

;
y
sin
2
) cos x cos( x y) cos( x 2 y) ... cos( x 6 y) cos( x 7 y) =
7y

cos x
sin 4 y
2

.
y
sin
2
( (
(
[) .. = (
(
(

=
(
) .. =

)=

, =
6.

=
)=

) =

)) = ]

1 sin x
x
tg .
x
x
4 2
cos 2 sin 2
2
2

7. (4.2.2.) :
) sin 15 + cos 15; ) sin 15 sin 15;
2
2
3 1 cos 15
sin 15
4
4

3 1 .

8. (4.2.2.) :
sin x 3 cos x
sin x 3 cos x

tg x ; )
tg x .
)
3
3
cos x 3 sin x
cos x 3 sin x

9. sin + cos + sin cos < 2.

1
1

[, sin + cos = 2 cos 2 . , sin cos sin 2 .

2
2
4

1
< 2 2 .]
2

4.3.
x
y
z
4.3.1. x + y + z = 0 sin x sin y sin z 4 sin sin sin .
2
2
2
: (3.4.1.),
x y
x y
sin x + sin y + sin z = 2 sin
cos
sin( x y) = ( 3.2.) =
2
2
x y
x y
x y
x y
x y
x y
x y
= 2 sin
cos
2 sin
cos
2 sin
cos
cos
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

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25

 : II

( ) = 2 sin

x y
x
y
2 sin sin
=
2
2
2

z
x
y
4 sin sin sin , .
2
2
2

4.3.2.
1. :

i. sin sin sin 4 cos cos cos ;

2
2

ii. cos cos cos 1 4 sin sin sin

2
2
2
iii.

.
2. + + = 180 :

i. sin + sin sin = 4 sin sin cos ;

ii. sin2 + sin2 + sin2 2cos cos cos = 2;



iii. tg tg + tg tg + tg tg = 1.
3. + + = 90 :
i. sin2 + sin2 + sin2 + 2sinsinsin = 1;
tg tg cos 2

ii.
;
tg tg cos 2
iii. ctg + ctg + ctg = ctg ctg ctg .
4. + = :

i. sin sin sin 4 sin sin sin ;

2
2
2
2
2
2
ii. cos + cos + cos 2cos cos cos ;
iii. sin2 + sin2 + sin2 = 2(1 cos cos cos ).
5. , cos3 + cos3 + cos3 = 1,
120.
[ 3 + 3 + 3 = 540 cos3 = -cos(3 + 3) cos3 +
cos3 - cos3 cos3 + sin3 sin3 - 1 = 0. sin3 sin3 = (1 cos3)(1
cos3), (1 cos23)(1 cos23) (1 cos3)2(1
cos3)2 = 0. (1 cos3)(1 cos3)(1 cos3) = 0, = 120,
= 120, + 120.]
6.

sin sin sin

3 ,
cos cos cos

60.
sin 60
[ 3
sin cos 60 - cos sin 60 + sin
cos 60
cos 60 - cos sin 60 + sin cos 60 - cos sin 60 = 0, sin( - 60) +
sin( - 60) + sin( - 60) = 0, (4.3.1.)
60
60 60
4 sin
sin
sin
0 , = 60, = 60, =
2
2
2
60.]

, 2011.

26

 : II

5.
,
sin x cos x ,
, .

5.1.

a sin x b cos x c .
b
a 0, tg . cos
a
c
c
sin x cos cos x sin cos , sin( x ) cos ,
a
a
.
5.1.1. :

1
2
) cos( x ) ;
) sin( x 60)
;
6
2
2
) tg(x 30) 3 ;

3
) ctg ( x )
.
4
3

2
0,707
2
()
( ).
()
45 135. +
60 = 45, + 60 = 135.
()
k , .
, : +
60 = 45 + k360 + 60 = 135 + k360.
x1 15 k 360 x2 75 n 360 (k,nZ). ) ,
1


2

() .
3
,
,
, .
,

x12 2k , .
3 6

: ) ()

, 2011.

27

 : II
) 3
. 60
240,
:
x 30 = 60 + k180.
,
x = 90 + k180,
k .
a = b = c
, () . a = b = 0, c 0,
, . ab = 0, a2 + b2 0
(5.1.1.) ) ).
ab 0, c = 0,
) ). abc 0,
c
1 sin( x ) cos 1 , . a2 + b2 1 4.2.2.
a
5.1.2.
1. :
) sin x cos x 1 ;
) sin x 3 cos x 2 ;

) 3 sin x cos x 3 ;
) sin x cos x 1 .

2. :
) 3cos2x sin2x = 1 2sin x;
) 2 2 sin x = cos2x;
) sin y cos(x y) + cos y sin(x y) = 0,5; ) cos y cos(x y) sin y sin(x y) = 0,5.
3. :

) tg 2 x 1 ;
3

) ctg 3x 3 ;
4

) 2 cos 3x 2 ;
5

) 2 sin 2 x 1 .
6

4. :
) tg(2x + 30) + ctg(2x + 30) = 4;
) cos 2 x 3 sin 2 x 3 sin 2 x 1 ;
) sin3x - 3cos x = 1 + 2sin x cos2x ;
5. :
sin x cos y 3
)
;
cos
x
sin
y

) sin 2 x sin 2 x
.
4
8

sin x sin y 4
)
;
1
cos x cos y
2

, 2011.

28

 : II
tg x tg y 2
)
.
tg x tg y 1

sin x sin y 3
)
;
cos
x

cos
y

6. :

1
2
) cos( x ) ;
) sin( x 30)
;
3
2
2

3
) ctg ( x )
.
) tg(x + 45) < 3 ;
4
3

5.2.
f(x) = g(x) f(x) g(x) = 0,
.
h1(x)h2(x)h3(x) = 0,
h1(x) = 0, h2(x) = 0, h3(x) = 0, ... ,
.
5.2.1. sin2x + 2cos x = sin x + 1.
: sin2x + 2cos x sin x + 1 = 0,
(sin x + 1)(cos x ) = 0. ,
sin x = -1, cos x = . x1

2k ,

2
2l , k l .
3
5.2.2.
1. :
) tg2x + tg x 6 = 0;
) ctg2x + 3ctg x 4 = 0;
) cos2x 0,5cos x + 0,06 = 0;
) sin2x + 0,5sin x + 0,04 = 0.
x2

2. ( ):
) 6(sin x + cos x)2 (sin x + cos x) = 1;
) 3(sin x cos x)2 + (sin x cos x) = 2.
3. :
1 cos 2 y 1 cos 4 y
1 cos 2 y sin 2 y

3;
3.
)
)
1 cos 2 y sin 2 y
cos 2 y
sin 4 y
4. , :
sin z sin 3z
cos 2 z
0,6 .
0,6 ;
)
)
1 sin 2 z
1 cos 2 z
5. :

) tg x tg x 0 ;
) cos2x sin4x cos6x = 0;
4
4

2 cos x sin x
) sin2x + cos4x sin6x = 0;
0.
)
sin x cos x
6. :

, 2011.

29

 : II
) sin x + sin5x = 2;

) cos3x + cos5x = 2.

2k
[) x 2n
, 5n k + 1 = 0.]
2
10
5

6.
()
.
: sin x < 0, sin x > 0, cos x
< 0, ..., tg x > 0, .
6.0.1.
.
:
.

2x. ,

< 2x < , .

<x<

2,

+ 2k < x < + 2k, k
Z
(k ).

6.0.2. cos(x - ) < 0.

: cos <
.

( , 2 ). < x <

, + 2k < x - <

+ 2k, k

. + 2k < x <
+
2k , . x

( ,
)

k Z , 2k.

6.0.3. sin 3x cos 3x .

4
4

tg 3x 0 . ,
4

, (
), .
0. 3x

,0 ,
2 2

, 2011.

30

 : II
3
3 5
(2k ) . , 3 , ,
4 4 4 4
2k, k . ,

2k ,
2k x 2k 2k x
4
12
12
12
k Z.
6.0.4.
1. :

) |sin2x| > ;
) |cos(x - )| < ;

) |ctg3x| > 1.
) |tg(x )| < 1 ;
2. :
) sin x + cos x > 1;
) sin x cos x < 1;

) sin x cos x < 1;

) sin x + cos x > 1.

3. , :
) sin x + cos2x > 1;
) cos x sin2x < 0.
4. :
) |tg x + ctg x| <

) |tg x ctg x| > .

5. sin x sin2x < sin3x sin4x, x (0, /2).

6. : cos sin x, sin cos x ? ? ?

, 2011.

31

 : II

III
7.
y = f(x)
()
( x).
,
, ,
.
: ,
.
() ,
. sin x, cos x, tg x.

7.1.
y(x) = sin x, . , .

R, [1, 1]. (-) 0, , 2, 3,

..., ( 3,14). .
1, -1 (Y-)

, + 2, + 4, . ,
.
, ,
2, 1.
,
, (xR) y(-x) = -y(x).
y(x) = cos x, . , .

. , cos x = sin(x

+ ), sin x = cos(x ). , 2,
1. ,
( ).
-, , (xR) y(-x) = y(x).

, 2011.

32

 : II
y(x) =
tg(x), . .
(-) 0, , 2,
3, ... ,
3,14; 6,28; 9,42; ... . .
3,14.

, .
,

(-) =
,

,
, , .
1,57; 4,71; 7,85; ... .
,

() .

- ;
.
, .
y(x) = ctg(x), .
,

,
, , , .
= 0, , 2, 3, ... .
,
. , .
7.1.1.
1. :
) sin 120;
) cos 300;
) tg -210;

) sin -2;
) tg .
) cos ;
2. -4 6 :
) sin = 1;
) cos = 1;
) tg = 1.
3. y, -2 4 :
) y = 2sin ;
) y = 0.5cos ;
) y = -tg .
4. y, t -2 4 :
) y = sin 2t ;
) y = cos 0.5t ;
) y = tg(-t).
5. y, x -2 4 :
) y = 1 sin x;
) y = tg x 1 .
) y = 1 + cos ;
6. f(x), x -2 4 :

, 2011.

33

 : II
) f(x) = sin(x + );

) f(x) = cos(x );

) f(x) = tg( x).

7.2.
7.2.1. f : Df R , Df R ,
, t Df , t T Df , f(t + T) =
f(t). f.
: ,
{x}.
.
(-) ,
.

f(t) = c = const.
, R+. , (tR) f(t + T) = f(t) =
c.

f(t)
.
(),

.


.
,


.
: ,
, .


.

, 2011.

34

 : II

7.2.2. {x} = x [x], [x]

.
: , o -.
x
1
1,2
1,5
1,7
2
2,3
2,5
2,8
3
[x]
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
{x}
0
0,2
0,5
0,7
0
0,3
0,5
0,8
0

.

, f(x) = {x} = x [x], f(x + T) = x + T [x + T], f(x + T) =

f(x), x + T [x + T] = x [x]. T = [x + T] [x], . T Z.
1 .
7.2.3. f(x)
x R f(x + a) + f(x) = 0. f(x)
.
: (xR) f(x + a) = f(x).
+ f(x + 2a) = f(x + a) = f(x) . , (xR)
f(x + 2a) = f(x), f(x) = 2.
7.2.4. y = atg(bx + c).
: , = bx + c
. , b(x + T) + c = (bx + c) + .
T

.
b
7.2.5. f(x) = asinkx + bcoskx.
: a = rcos b = rsin , r a 2 b 2 f(x) =
rcossinkx + rsincoskx = rsin(kx + ). r
sin(kx + ). = kx +
, 2, ,
. (kx + ) + 2 = k(x + T) + . T = 2/k .
f(x).

, 2011.

35

 : II
7.2.6. sin2x.
1 cos 2 x
: sin 2 x

2
cos2x. , = 2/2 = .
7.2.7. ,
1 2,
1 2.
, y(x) = sinx + sin , 1 = 2 2 =
4, 4. , = (1, 2) = 4,
:

.
. (
) . , ,
:
= ( )/( ).
, 3/5 2/3 3 2 6, 5 3
1, 6/1 ()
. , ( , ) = (9, 15)/(10, 14) = 45/2;
:

= 25

= 21.

3 /5, 2 /3,
..., 2/3, 3/5, ... . , (/3, 3/2) = (, 3)/(2, 3)
= 3/1 = 3.
, , .
7.2.8. f(x) = sin3x.
3sin x sin 3x
3
3
: f(x) = sin3x =
= sin x sin 3x .
4
4
4
1 = 2, 2 = 2/3. , = (1, 2) =
2.
7.2.9.
1. :

, 2011.

36

 : II

2. : ) f(x) = 3 + 2sin
; ) f(t) = 5 3cos
.
3. :
) y = sin2x + cos2x;
) y = sin cos ;
) y = sin(x - ) + cos(x - ).
4. :
2

) f ( x) sin 3x
sin 2x ;
3
3

2
4
) f(x) = sin x + cos x;

) f ( x) sin x cos x ;
) f(x) = sin{x}.
[2; /2; /2; 1.]

5. :
) y = sin x + sin2x;
) y = cos3x cos2x;

) y = sin x + cos2x.

6. :

, 2011.

37

 : II

7.3.
,
. ,
, . ,
.
, ,

. , ,
, .
, y = Asin(t + ), A > 0, ,
t
. ,
.
.
, . ,
y = 2-tsin3t = 2-t t
.
()
() . ()
() .
7.3.1. y(x) = asin(bx + c),
y(x) = acos(bx + c), je |a|. ,

x
y ( x) 4 sin
3

4.

x (-5, 5),
(5, 15), .
7.3.2. y(x) = a1sin(bx + c) + a2 cos(bx + c) je
A a12 a22 .

a
a

: y(x) = A 1 sin(bx c) 2 cos(bx c) ,

A
A

a
a
A a12 a22 . , cos 1 sin 2 ,
A
A
2
2
a a
cos2 + sin2 = 1 2 =
A A

a12
a22
a12 a22

=
= 1. , y(x) =
a12 a22 a12 a22
a12 a22
A(cossin(bx + c) + sincos(bx + c)) = Asin(bx + c + ),
A a12 a22 .
, y(x) = 2sin5x + 3cos5x,

A 2 2 32 13 3,6.

, 2011.

38

 : II

7.3.3.
sin x sin 3x
y
1 cos 2 x
9 ( a , a > 0,
).
: 1 + cos2x > 0, . 2cos2x > 0,
x

k , k Z. sin3x = sin(x + 2x) = sin x cos2x + cos x sin2x

= = sin x (3 4sin2x) . y 2

cos x sin 2 x 2 sin 2 x, cos x 0

=
. ,
cos x
2 sin 2 x, cos x 0

cos x > 0 x (- , ) + 2k, cos x < 0 x ( ,

) + 2k, k Z.
3

k ,
: sin2x, = . : sin2x = 0, x = . : sin2x = 1 x
4
k = 0, 1, 2, .

.
7.3.4.
9

13. , 1971.

, 2011.

39

 : II
1. :

) y = 2sin(3x 4);
) y = -cos( 2x);

) y = 0,5tg(4x + ).

2. :

) y = 2sin2(x );
) y = -cos2(2x + );

) y = 1,5tg2(3x + ).

3. (7.3.2.) :
) y = sin2x + cos2x;
) y = sin cos ;
) y = sin(x - ) + cos(x - ).
4. :
) y = sin x + sin2x;
) y = cos3x cos2x;
) y = sin x + cos2x.
5. :
) f(x) = sin4x + cos4x;
) f(x) = 2sin2x + sin2x;
) f(x) = sin x + |sin x|;
) f(x) = cos x + |cos x|.
6. :
) f(x) = sin x cos2x;
) f(x) =
) f(x) = sin

x x
2

sin 2 x 2 sin x 1 ;

) f(x) = cos

x x
2

7.4.
:
a: a = arcsin b b = sin a, a [-/2, /2];
: a = arccos b b = cos a, a [0, ];
: a = arctg b b = tg a, a [-/2, /2];
: a = arcctg b b = ctg a, a [0, ].
:
y = arcsin x, x [-1, 1];
y = arccos x, x [-1, 1];
y = arctg x, x R;
y = arcctg x, x R.

, 2011.

40

 : II
:

7.4.1. arcsin x + arccos x = .

: = arcsin x. x = sin , cos 1 x 2 , [/2, /2] . , = arccos x.
x = cos sin 1 x 2 . sin( + ) = x2 + (1 x2) = 1,

2k , k Z. [-/2, /2] [0, ]

2

3
, , .
2
2 2

7.4.2. arccos sin .
7


: = arccos sin . cos sin [0, ].
7
7
9
9


2k , k
sin cos , cos cos
.
14
14
7
2 7
9
Z.
.
14
2
2
2
7.4.3. arcsin
arctg
arctg 1 2 .
2
2

2
2
2
: arctg
. arcsin
(0

1
4
2
2
4
2
2

2
0 ), arctg tg . , tg
, tg 1 ,
4
4
4
4
2

2
2

tg 2 1 , arctg 1 2 .
4
4

7.4.3.

1. : arcsin 0,5 ; arccos

2. :

) arctg x + arcctg x = ;
3. :

) arccos sin ;
5

; arctg(- ) ; arcctg 0.
) arccos(-x) = - arccos x.

) arcsin cos
5

, 2011.

41

 : II
8

) arctg ctg
3

8
) arctg tg
3

4. :
) arccos + arccos =arccos(

[ 7/10; -/10; -/6; /3]

) 2arctg + arctg14 = arctg

);

) arctg + arctg +arctg arctg = .

5. :
2x
) f ( x) arcsin
;
1 x2
) f ( x) arccos

1
;
x

) f ( x) arccos 1 x 2 ;
[a) D = R,
x2 2

) f ( x) arcsin

x2 2

2 x4 2x2 2
x
) f ( x) arcsin
;
x2
) f ( x) arccos( 2 sin x) .

2x
1 ; ) D = R, x4 2x2 + 2 = (x2 1)2 + 1 > 0
2
1 x

1
1 , . |x| 1; ) D = (-, 1]; ) = 0; ) 2sin x
x
2 x4 2x2 2
1, tj. -/6 + k x /6 + k, k Z.]
6. :
i. y = sin(arcsin x);
ii. y = arcsin(sin x);
iii. y = sin(arccos x);
iv. y = arcsin(cos x);
v. y = tg(arctg x).
[
1

1 ; )

, 2011.

42

 : II

IV
.
3000 .... , 10.
. 60.
10 10 ,
60 .
500 ....
() . 200
.

- 10 600
. ,
15. .
.
17. ,
. 19. .

8.
R :
N = {1, 2, 3, },
Z = {, -1, 0, 1, 2, },
Q = { | m Z n N},

I = R \ Q.

. , -7 -7/1,
1,5 . ,
,
.
8.0.1. 0,151515... .
: 0,151515... = . 100,
15,151515... = 100, . 15 + 0,151515... = 100. 15 + = 100,
99 = 15, = . ,

, 2011.

43

 : II

,
. ,
.
8.0.2. 2 .
: , .
m m
m
, x . = 2, 2 ,
n n
n
mm = 2nn. , m m = 2k, k
. m ,
2 nn = 2kk, n .
, ,
. .
. ,
, 2
.
, ,
.
2 1.
(. 1.41421...),
: (
) 3.14159... ,
() 2.71828... ( :
: = : =) 1.618034.
8.0.3.
1. : 0,222 ; 2,32323 ;
29,5175175 .
2. : , , 2 .
3. 3.
4. ,
. .

8.1.

:
8.1.1. (R) an aaa , n N
. , n , an a
n.
a1 = a, a2 = aa, a3 = aaa, ..., ak+1 = aka, je k = 1, 2, 3,
. , (a 2 ) 3 = a2a2a2 = a23 . ,
, .
, a2a3 = (aa)(aaa) = a2+3, a2:a3 = (aa): (aaa) =
. .
1
1
1
: a0 = 1, a 1 , a 2 2 , , a n n . ,
a
a
a
, ;

, 2011.

44

 : II
,
.
, .
, a2b2 = (aa)(bb) = (ab)(ab) = (ab)2. ,
,
.

,
.
8.1.2. , (m, n R):
1
1. (a 0) a0 = 1, , a n n ;
a
2.

m n

a mn ;

3. a m a n a mn a m : a n a mn ;
n

n n
n
an a
4. a b (ab) n , b 0.
b
b

,
.
8.1.3. :
32 30
0.6 0 0.11
1. )
;
)
.
2
2
0.6 2 (0.6) 1 0.11 (0.1) 2
1
2
2
2 3
3
3

2n 1
2. ) (x + x ) : (x x ), x n
2 1
;
-1

-1

) (a + 1)-1 + (b + 1)-1,
a = (2 + )-1, b = (2 )-1.

3. :
2

3a 1 x 2 10ax 3
, abxy 0;
) 2 3
2
5b y 9by

7m 2 p1 5m 1 p 3
) 1 3 : 2 1 , mnpq 0.
3n q 2n q

4. , > 0, b > 0, ab > 1 :

a

ba

1
2 1
a 2 a
b
b
)
.
b
a b
1
2 1
b 2 b
a
a

1
1

a a
b
b
a)
;
a
b
1
1

b b
a
a

5. :
) (75x + 30x + 12x)(5x 2x);

2 x 2x
)
2

2 x 2x

2

6. , x 0, x 1 :

, 2011.

45

 : II
) (xn x-n)(xn + x-n 2)-1 = (xn + 1)(xn
1)-1;

) (xn x-n)(xn + x-n + 2)-1 = (xn 1)(xn +

1)-1.

8.2.
820. . (
) inaudible,
(, ). surd
.
8.2.1. n-
. n- . n N a R.
n

a
n

1.
2.

a n a , n

a n | a | . 0

a . , m, n N a, b 0,
n

a nb an b ,

n am ,

am n a ,

3.

mn

4.

m n

5.

a mn a ,

a b n a n b

a na

, b 0.
b nb

8.2.2. :
) ;
) 5 3 ;

2 3 5

3 5 .

: ) , 253 > 95, ;

) : 2 3, : 8 9,
( < ); ) , : 2 +
6 2 5 .

62 5 =

5 1

6 2 5

= 1, 2 + 1,

+ 1. .
8.2.3. :
)
;
) (3 4 3 10 3 25 )(3 2 3 5 ) ;
: )

2 5
3

) 3 2 2 2 2 .
4 9 125 = 235 = 30 ; )

= 2 + 5 = 7; )

2 1 , 1.
8.2.4. :
1
5
)
;
)
;
2 3
3

3 2 2 =

( 2 1) 2 =

1
.
1 2 3

:
1
3
3

: )
; )
3
3 3

, 2011.

46

 : II

5
2 3
1
(1 2 ) 3
5(2 3 )

=
= 10 5 3 ; )
=

43
1 2 3 (1 2 ) 3
2 3 2 3

1 2 3
1 2 3
=
,
2
(1 2 ) 3
2 2

2 2 6
.
4

A B =

8.2.5. :

A A2 B

A A2 B
, A 0, B 0, A2 B.
2
.

A B A B x . 2 = 2(A + A2 B ) = 4

A A2 B
,
2

A B A B = 2

A A2 B
(1).
2

A B A B y . y2 = 2(A

A2 B ) = 4

A A2 B
,
2
A A2 B
(2).
2
, (1) (2)
.
8.2.5.
1. :

A B A B = 2

) 2 40 12 + 3 5 48 24 75 4 15 27 ;
) 5ab 6 5ab 3 5ab 4 .
2. :
) 0,5 0,3 ;

) ;

) 7

) ;

3,5

3. :
)
;
)

) 2 +

) 6 9 4 5 3 2 5 3 2 5 ;

2 3 ;

7 2 10

7 2 10 .

75 12 21 ;

2 2 3

4 2 2 6 ;

6 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 .

, 2011.

47

 : II
4. :
1
)
;
)
3 5
4
)
) 3
;
2 3 33 2

3
;
5 2
1
3

5
;
2 2 33 3
1
)
.
2 5 2 2 10
)

2 5 3 2 5

5. :
)

3 2 2 ;

42 3 ;

74 3 ;

a a
1 a3
6. =

1 a3
a a

, > 0.

3 32 6 .

, =

x x2 y2
,
2x

4 ax 3 4 a 3 x 1 ax
1 2 a a .
7. :
4

x x
a x
ax

8. :
1 x 2
2,
) x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 =
;
x2
2 x 1,
)

2 2a a 2 b 2

a2 b2 =

(a b) 3 (a b) 3 , a, b > 0, a > b.

8.3.
m
n

8.3.1. a n a m , m Z, n N.
, ,
. ,
1
3

1
4
8

1
2

2
3

= ( ) = 2 2

1
( 3)( )
2

=2

2 3

3 2

= 2

13
6

= 4 6 2 .

1
3

1
2

, 9 25
3
6

1
2

1
6

1
3

1
6

2
6

. 9 = 9 = 729 25 = 25 = 625
1

1/6, , . 9 2 > 25 3 .
2

a3 b3

8.3.2.
3

3
2

a b

3
2

aa b

a a b

2
3

2
3

3
2

a b

1
3

3
2

aa b2

a3 a a b b

a b

1
3

3
3
2
2
= a 3 a b = (a b)(a ab b ) =
2
a b
a 3 a b

a 2 ab b 2 , a, b > 0, a b.
8.3.3.
1. :

, 2011.

48

 : II

2
5

a b a

a b
5

1
3

a b 5 5 b 1

a
3

ab

2.
) 12 x

1
2 2

x 6 2 3

4
3

1
2

9b

1
2

3
2

3
2

a
b2

3
4

a b 2 6a b
b 4.

1
3

9b

4
3

b2

3
4

a 3b

5
3

, a 3 7 ,

3. :

a b
) 0,5
;
a b 0,5

x 0, 6 y 0,9
;
x 0, 4 y 0, 6

1
2

1
2

1
3

1
3

x 2x y y
;
x y
a b
2
3

a a b b

4. :

) 3a 6a 1

3a

1
2

6a 1

1
2

2
3

ax
ax
) 3
3
2(ax) 3 , a, x > 0;
3
3
a x
a x
1

1
1
12
x y 2 ( x y) 2
)
1
1
1
( x y) 2 x 2 y 2

x y
, x, y > 0;

2 xy

1
1
1
1

( x 2) 2 ( x 2) 2 ( x 2) 2 ( x 2) 2

, x > 2.
)
1
1 1
1
1 1

( x 2) 2 ( x 2) 2 ( x 2) 2 ( x 2) 2

5. :

1
1
1
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
a b
p q
p q

, q, a, b > 0;
)
, p q
1
1
p2 q2 2 p2 q2 2
2ab

1
1
1
1

) (m 1) 2 (m 1) 2 : (m 1) 2 (m 1) 2 , m ( p 2 q 2 ) : (2 pq) ,

p, q > 0;
6. :

, 2011.

49

 : II
1

2
2
1
1

p 3 1
p 3 1
p 1
2

) 1
1
1;
3 1
3
3
3
p 1

3
p 1
p 1

p 1

72 9q 4 q 3
q

:
)
1
1
8

2q
2 q3

1
3

1
4

1 .

9.

. ,
.
.
.
.

9.1.
9.1.1. i 1 i2 = -1
.
.
. ,
(, R), z = x + iy ,
. Re(z) = x
Im(z) = y. , Re Im .
, z = x + iy

z x 2 y 2 . C.

12 ,

49 =

49 (1) =

49 1 = 7i.

, i = i i = (-1)i = -i, i i i = i i = 1, i i 4 i i ,
, i53 = i52i = (i4)13i = 113i = 1i = i.
, 2i + 3i = 5i, (2 5i) + (3 + 4i) = (2 + 3) + (-5 + 4)i.
,
. (3 2i)(5 7i) = 15 21i 10i +14i2 =
15 31i 14 = 1 31i.
9.1.2. = x iy
z = x + iy.
, = 5 4i z = 5 + 4i,
3

z 5 4i 5 4i = 5 4i. ,
.
() . :
(5 4i) (5 4i) = (5 + 4i)(5 4i) = 25 20i +20i 16i2 = 25 + 16 = 41 R.
9.1.3. ,
z1 = 2 + 3i z2 = 5 4i
z = x + iy, .
: z1 + z2 = (2 + 3i) + (5 4i) = (2 + 5) + (3 4)i = 7 i,

, 2011.

50

 : II
z1 z2 = (2 + 3i) (5 4i) = (2 5) + (3 + 4)i = -3 + 7i,
z1z2 = (2 + 3i)(5 4i) = (25 + 34) + (-24 + 35)i = 22 + 7i,
2 3i 5 4i
2 23i
2 23
z1 : z2 =
=
= i .

5 4i 5 4i
25 16
41 41
z, C z = x + iy, ,
R z.
z C z = x + iy, x = 0
z, y = 0 . R C.
.
9.1.4. 3 1 ?
: .
3
1 x iy , x y , ( x iy ) 3 1 ,
x 3 3x 2 yi 3xy 2 y 3i 1 , x( x 2 3 y 2 ) y(3x 2 y 2 )i 1 .
:
x( x 2 3 y 2 ) 1 y(3x 2 y 2 ) 0 . , = 0
x 3 1 , x = -1. 3x2 = y2,
1
3
x , y
. ,
2
2
1
3 1
3
: -1,
i,
i
2 2
2 2
.
9.1.5.
1. :
)
+

; )

+
; )
+

.
2. , x + iy: ) i125; ) i27 + i33; ) i56 i71.
3. x + iy:
) (2 3i) + (-5 + 4i); ) (3 i)2 + (-7 +2i); ) (6 5i)(4 9i); ) (4 3i)(4 + 3i) + 2 +
i.
4. Re(z) Im(z) z:
3 5i
1 2i 1 i
7 5i
2 3i
i

2i.
) z
; ) z
; ) z
; ) z
7 2i 1 4i
4 3i
2 i 1 i
3 2i
5. :
) 3 + 4i; ) 5 12i; ) -7 + 24i; ) -8 15i.
6. z (z = x + iy):
) 2z 3 = 5 4i; ) 5z 4 = 2 + 3i; ) z2 + 2 = 1; ) 2 2z = i.
7. f(z) = z2 + 2iz 3 + 5i.
) f(3 + 4i) f(3 4i); ) f(7 + 3i) f(7 3i).
8. (z1, z2 C) : ) z1 z 2 z1 z 2 ; ) z1 z 2 z1 z 2 .
9. f(z) = z2 + 2z 3. f ( z ) f ( z ) z C.
10. z (z = x + iy):
) z z 1 2i ; ) z z 2 i ; ) z 2 2i ; ) z 2 3 4i .
11. z1. z = x + iy :

, 2011.

51

 : II

z
1
) z1 = 2 + 3i , Re( z1 z ) 1 Im ;
13
z1
z 1
) z1 = 3 2i, Re( z1 z ) 1 Im .
z1 13

9.2.
,

(z = x + iy),


.

.
z = 3 + 2i
(3, 2).
z = (3, 2),
.

,
,
.
z = x + iy
, = =

z x 2 y 2
, = xOz
.
x 2 y 2
= arctg( ), x =
cos y = sin . (
= const.), Oz ( = const.).
9.2.1. (z1,z2C) z1 z 2 z1 z 2 arg( z1 z 2 ) arg z1 arg z 2 .
: z1 z 2 1 (cos1 i sin 1 ) 2 (cos 2 i sin 2 ) =
1 2 cos 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2 icos 1 sin 2 sin 1 cos 2 =
1 2 cos1 2 i sin 1 2 .
n- z z1, ,
n- z. , z1 =
z = (z1)n, . (9.2.1.)
z1 n 1n cos n1 sin n1 , n z n cos i sin , 1 ,
n
n

1 , z1 z.
9.2.2. z6 = 5 C.

, 2011.

52

 : II
: 5 = 5 + 0i = 5 cos 2k i sin 2k ,
k ,
2k
2k

z k 6 5 cos
i sin
, 6
6
6

zk (k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 5): ,
1
1
3 6 1
3
3
6
, 5 i

, 6 5 , 6 5 i
5 i
2
2

2
2
2
2

1
3
6
.
5 i

2
2

, .
9.2.3.
1. : a + ia, -a +
ia, a ia, -a ia ?
2. z = x + iy , :
) (3 + 5i) z = 21 + i ; ) (2 7i) z = 13 + 34i ; ) (4 + 3i) z = 2 11i .
3. :
) Re(z) = Im(z); ) -1 Re(z) 1; ) 1 < |z| < 3; )

arg z

.
6
4
4. , , :
2

i
1
1 i
1 i
1
3i, -/2, , 1
,
,
, (2 3i)(1 + i),
.
2 2
3 1 i 3 1 i
1 i 3
5. z1. z : ) |z z1| = 1; ) arg(zz1) = .
6. z :
1
) |z + 1| = 2; ) |z i| < 1; ) arg(z 1) = /4; )
r.
z
7.

i,

2 3i , 5 1 i ,

, 2011.

1 .

53

 : II

V

( 2160-1700. ....) .
x2 + y2 = 100, y = x.

, . ( 325-270.
....) .
( 210-290. ....)
, ,
.
,
500. . ... .

10.

.
:
ax 2 bx c 0 ,
, a, b c a
0.
:
a( x ) 2 0 ,

4ac b 2
b

.
4a
2a
,
:
a 0,

b b 2 4ac
x
.
2a

.

10.1.

ax 2 bx c 0 , a 0,
,
(m1 x n1 )(m2 x n2 ) 0 , m1m2 0 .

m1m2 x 2 (m1n2 n1m2 ) x n1n2 0 ,
a m1m2 , b m1n2 n1m2 c n1n2 .
,
:
n
n
x1 1 ,
x2 2 .
m2
m1
K , ac , b.
, m1n2 n1m2 , ax 2 bx c 0
, 2011.

54

 : II
ax 2 m1n2 x n1m2 x c 0
.
a = 1
.
10.1.1.
1. :
3x 2
5
)
0 ; ) 4 x 2 9 0 ; )
1 ; ) 0 5x 13 0 ; )
3x 2
2x 1
( x 2)( x 3)( x 4) 0 .
1
2. : ( x 2 1)
0 x 1 = 0.
x 1
:
3. ) x 2 5x 6 0 ; ) x 2 12 x 13 ; ) x 2 2 x 15 0 ; ) x 2 15x 56 0 .
4.
3
a) x 2 0,1x 0,02 0 ;
) x 2 2 x 0 ;
4
2
) x ( 3 2 ) x 6 0 ;
3 2
6
) x 2
x
0.
2
4
5. ) 2 x 2 13x 15 0 ; ) 3x 2 19 x 14 0 ; ) 4 x 2 9 x 2 0 ; )
5x 2 21x 4 0 .
6. :
) -13 5; )

; ) 2 3i ; ) 2 + i 1+3i.
7. 16, 130. ?
8. 24 10 .
.

10.2.

ax 2 bx c 0 , a 0,
, .

2 b c
x x 0 ,
a a

b
b2
c

x 2 0,
2 a 4a
a

b b 2 4ac

0,

2a
4a 2

a( x ) 2 0 ,
2

4ac b 2
b

(a 0)

.
4a
2a

( ).
10.2.1.
:

, 2011.

55

 : II
1. ) x 2 2 x 2 0 ; ) x 2 4 x 1 0 ; ) x 2 3x 1 0 ; ) x 2 5x 7 0 .
1
2. ) 2 x 2 3x 4 0 ; ) 3x 2 4 x 5 0 ; ) x 2 3x 2 0 ; )
2
1 2 2
x x 9 0.
3
3
3.
) ( x 1)( x 2) ( x 2)( x 3) ( x 3)( x 4) 0 ;
) ( x 1)( x 2) ( x 2)( x 3) ( x 3)( x 4) 0 ;
x 1 2x 1 x 1 x 2
)
;

x 3 x2 9 x 3 x 3
2x 3
2x 3
4
2
2
) 2
.
x x 6 x 5x 6 x 4
4. 6 cm .
91 cm2. .
5. 9 m .
7 m. ?
6. 1
. ?
7.
.
8. , , .
24 km,
.
.

10.3.

ax 2 bx c 0 , a 0,
b 0 c 0 , b = 0 c = 0
.
:

b b 2 4ac
x12
.
2a
a, b c ,

.
10.3.1. amx2 (a 2 m 2 ) x am am( y 2 1) a 2 y m 2 y
.
. amx2 (a 2 m 2 ) x am 0

amy 2 (a 2 m 2 ) y am 0 ,
x12

( a 2 m 2 ) ( a 2 m 2 ) 4a 2 m 2
( a 2 m 2 ) ( a 2 m 2 ) 2 4a 2 m 2
y12
,
4am
2am

, 2011.

56

 : II

(a 2 m 2 ) (a 2 m 2 ) 2
(a 2 m 2 ) (a 2 m 2 ) 2
x12
y12
,
2am
2am
a m
a m
x12 { , } y12 { , } . , .
m a
m a
() :
D b 2 4ac .
D > 0 , .
D = 0 , .
D < 0 .
10.3.2. :
) x 2 (1 i) x i 0 ; ) x 2 1 i 3 .

1 i (1 i) 2
1 i (1 i) 2 4i
i
,

. ) x12
2
2
1
2
2
(i) (1 i)(i) i 0 , (1) (1 i)(1) i 0 .
) x12 1 i 3 = (. 9.2.2.)

1
3
2
i cos i sin
2
2

cos i sin , = 2 = 60 + k360, k

2
2

, x12 2 cos30 k 180 i sin30 k 180 . k Z,

, k = 0 k = 1,
3
1
i x2 2 cos 210 i sin 210
x1 2 cos 30 i sin 30 2
2
2

3
1
2
i , .
2
2
10.3.3.
1. :
) ax 2 0 ; ) ax 2 c 0 ; ) ax 2 bx 0 .
2. :
) 6 x 2 x 2 0 ; ) 4 x 2 8x 5 0 ;
1
) ix 2 (1 i) x 0 ; ) 3x 2 (2 3i) x 1 i 0 ;
2
2
) x 2ix i 3 0 ; ) x 2 2ix i 0 .
3. 4 x 2 2(a 1) x a 2 3a 2 0 1,
.
4. :
5x 9
3x 2 4 x 12
1
2

0.
)
; )
2
4(2 x 3)
2 x 1 (2 x 1) 2
4x 9
5. x 2 2mx m 2 n 2 0 (m 2 n 2 ) y 2 2my 1 0
. .
6. x 2 4 pqx q 2 (4 p 2 r 2 ) 0 y 2 2qry q 2 (4 p 2 r 2 ) 0
. .

, 2011.

57

 : II
7. :
) 2 x 2 x 1 3 0 ; ) 3x 2 x 1 6 0 ;
) x 1 x 2 4 ; ) x 2 4 x 2 1 .
8.
:
) (4 p 1) x 2 (5 p 4) x 1 0 ; ) (q 1) x 2 (5q 3) x 3q 0 .
9. p q:
a) ( p 3) x 2 2( p 1) x p 5 0 ; ) (1 q) x 2 2(1 q) x 2 q 0 .
10. :
) 2 cos 2 x 3 cos x 1 0 ; ) 2 sin 2 x 7 sin x 3 0 ; ) 2 cos 2 sin x 1 ;
) 2(sin x cos x) 2 1 0 .
) 3 tg x 1 3 ctg x 1 ; ) tg x ctg x 2 ;
11. .
) 21 90.
) P( x) x 2 25x 150 ,
x , P(x)
. 300 . ?
) 50 , 144
. .
) 1083
3 dm .
.
) ,
25 32 . .
310
?
)
. 992 ,
?
12. , :

2
1
1

) 2 x 2 3x 34 2 x 2 3x 280 0 ) x 5 x 6 0 ;
x
x

2
1
2
2
1
2
) y y y y 4 ; ) 4 y 12 y 12 y 4 y 47 ;
1
8,125 ;
) u 3 (8u 3 1) 1 8u 3 ; ) (u 2) 3
(u 2) 3

) 2v 3 7v 2 7v 2 0 ; ) 15v 3 19v 2 19v 15 0 .

13. :
) x 13 x 2 1 ;

) x 5 x 2 1 .

14. :
x 2 y 2 61
x 2 y 2 13
)
)
xy 30;
2 x 3 y 13;

, 2011.

58

 : II

x 2 y 2 13

1
) 1 1
;
x y
6

x2 y2
12

y
x
)
1 1 1;
x y 3

x 2 3xy 2 y 2 2
) 2
2
x 4 xy 3 y 1;

x 2 3xy 4 y 2 2
) 2
2
x xy y 1.

10.4.

ax 2 bx c 0 , (a 0)

ax 2 bx c a( x x1 )( x x2 ) ,
:
c
b
x1 x2
x1 x2 .
a
a
(Franois Vite, 1540 1603.)
,
(Vieta, 1579.).
(Albert Girard, 1595 1632. ).
10.4.1.
1. a = 1,
x1, x2:
) x1 = 5, x2 = -3;
) x1 = - , x2 = ;
) x1 = - , x2 = -2;
mn
) x12 7 4i ;
) x1 2 3 ,
) x12
.
1

mn
x 2 3;
2

2.
:
) x 2 11x 24 ;
) x 2 21x 110 ;
) x 2 9 x 52 ;
) 2 x 2 3x 1 ;

) 2 x 2 3x 2 ;

) 6 x 2 5x 6 .

3. x 2 (s 1) x s 1 0 s
19.
4. x 2 (v 1) x v 1 0 v
21.
5. x 2 px q 0 x1 x2
. , p = -5,
q = 6.
) x13 x23 ;
) x12 x22 x13 x23 ;
) x12 x22 ;
) x13 x23 ;

1 1
;
x1 x2

x1 x2
.
x2 x1

6. x 2 x 1 0 :

, 2011.

59

 : II

) x1

3 1
3 1
x2
;
3 1
3 1

) x1

1 i 3
1 i 3
x2
.
2
2

7. x 2 x 1 0 .
y 2 py q 0
1
1
y 2 x1 .
y1 x2
x2
x1
8. x 2 x 1 0 .
x 1
x 1
, : y1 1
, y2 2
.
x2 1
x1 1
9. x 2 2(m 1) x 1 m 2 0 .
m :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
10. (m 1) x 2 2(m 3) x 9 0 .
m :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
11. :
2
) 2(m 1) x 2 3mx 2m 1 0 ;
) (m 1) x 2 (2m 1) x m 0 ;
3
3
2
) mx 2 3(m 1) x m 0 ;
) (m 2) x 2 (m 2) x 2m 1 0 .
4
3
12.
, x1 x2 :
) x1 x2 x1 x2 0 x1 x2 ( x1 x2 ) ; ) x1 x2 x1 x2
x1 x2 ( x1 x2 ) 0 .
13. (2k 1) x 2 (k 2) x 2k 1 0 k :
1 1
) ( x1 x2 ) 3 0 ;
) x12 x22 2 ;

2.
)
x1 x2
14. m ,
n .
, :
) m = 2, n = 3 ;
) m = 6, n = 5 ;
) m = 12, n = 7 ;
) m = 4, n = 15 .

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 : II

10.5.

, .
10.5.1. 2 sin 2 x sin x 1 0 .
: , (2 sin x 1)(sin x 1) 0 ,

2 sin x 1 0 sin x 1 0 .

1
,
2
x1 30 k1 360 x2 150 k 2 360 ,
k1 k2 ,
.

5
2k1
2k 2 .
6
6
sin x

sin x 1 ,
x3 270 k3 360 ,
k3

3
2k 3 .
2
10.5.2. 2 sin 2 x 3 cos x 3 0 , x
[-, ].
: sin 2 x cos 2 x 1

2(1 cos 2 x) 3 cos x 3 0 ,

.

2 cos 2 x 3 cos x 1 0 , . 2t 2 3t 1 0
t cos x .

3 32 4 2 1 3 1 1

t12
=
4
22
0,5.
cos x 1 ,

x1 0 . , cos x 0,5 ,
: x23

.
3
10.5.3. tg x ctg x a . ,
4
a
.
3

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61

 : II
: .
1
ctg x
. t 2 at 1 0 ,
tg x
t tg x .

a a2 4
.
2
a < 2, . = 2,
t12

t = tg x 1 , x

k , k

. a > 2,
()
, t12 tg x12
, a

a a2 4
.
2

4
,
3

4
4

3 2,30940...
t12 3

0
2

x1 66,59 k 180 ,
x2 k 180 ,
k.
/180, .
0,017453... .
sin x
cos x
. tg x
ctg x
.
cos x
sin x
2
sin xcos x sin 2 x cos 2 x a sin x cos x , sin 2 x ,
a
.
10 :
1
1
sec x
csc x
.
cos x
sin x
10.5.4. sec 2 x 2 tan x 4 .
: 1 tg2 x sec 2 x

tg2 x 2 tg x 3 0 . (tg x 3)(tg x 1) 0 .

, . tg x 3 ,
tg x 1 . ,
x1 arctg( 3) 1,249046 x2 arctg( 1) 0,785398 . ,
x xk n , k {1, 2}, n {1, 2, 3, }.
,
.
10.5.5.
ax 2 bx c 0 ,
10

. 1.2.

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62

 : II
a c , b .

c
x
tg
a
cos 2
b
sin 2
sin cos cos 2 0 .
ac
2
cos sin 2 1 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2
, sin cos 12 sin 2 ,
2 ac
2 ac
sin 2 2
.
b
b
, .
,
, . b 2 4ac 0 ,
.
.
10.5.6. ABC, a = BC, b = AC
. , a = 14, b =16, =
40.
: a 2 b 2 x 2 2bx cos , x = AB
. x 2 2bx cos b 2 a 2 0 ,

tg 21

x12 b cos a 2 b 2 sin 2 .

.


,
a 2 b 2 sin 2 0 ,
. a b sin h , h
c.

B1B2C.
, . a
= h, ,
(B1 = B2).
, ,
AB1 AB2, x12.
, x12 16 cos 40 14 2 16 2 sin 2 40 , .
x12 12,25671 9,49879.
, 9,50 2,76.
.
10.5.7.
x 2 ax a 2 a 2

.
x 2 ax a 2 x 2

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63

 : II
: m : n = p : q (m + n) : (m n) = (p + q) : (p q).

2( x 2 a 2 ) a 2 x 2
2
.
2ax
a x2
aa 5
, x 2 ax a 2 0 , x12
.
2
10.5.8.
2

x x

a(a 1) .
x 1 x 1
:
2

x
x
x
x
x
x

a (a 1) ,

2
2
x 1 x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1
x 1
2

x
2x 2
x

a(a 1) ,

x 2 1
x 1 x 1
2

2x 2
2x 2
2 2
a(a 1) 0 .
x 1 x 1
,
1 (2a 1) 2
2x 2

,
2
x 2 1
2x 2
2x 2
a 2
1 a .
x 2 1
x 1
, a 0 a > 2 x12

a
.
a2

, a < -1 a 1 x34
, :
x1, x2, x3, x4 a [-1, 2];
a (0, 1);

a 1
.
a 1

x1, x2 a [-1, 0];

x3 x4 a [1, 2].

10.5.9.
3

(2 x) 2 3 (2 x)(7 x) 3 (7 x) 2 3 .

: u 3 2 x v 3 7 x u 3 v 3 9 ,
u 2 uv v 2 3 . , (u 3 v 3 ) /(u 2 uv v 2 ) = 9/3 = 3,
u 2 uv v 2 3 u v 3 (2, 1) (1,
2). , x1 = -6 x2 = 1.

p p 2 4q
,
2
: x1 x2 p x1 x2 q .
,
k = 1, 2, 3, x1k x2k q k .
:
x 2 px q 0 x12

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64

 : II
1. x1 x2 p ,
2. x1 x2 p 2 2q ,
2

3. x1 x2 ( x1 x2 )( x12 x1 x2 x22 ) p( p 2 3q) .

3

, , k 1, 2, 3, ... .
10.5.10. x1 x2 x 2 px q 0 ,
e S n x1n x2n , 11

S n pS n1 qS n2 0 , n 2.
: x px1 q 0 x22 px2 q 0 , x1n2
x

2
1
n2
2

( x1n x2n ) p( x1n1 x2n1 ) q( x1n2 x2n2 ) 0 , .

S n pS n1 qS n2 0 ,
.
, Sn .
S 0 x10 x20 2 , S1 x1 x2 p ,

S 2 pS1 qS 0 p 2 2q ,
S3 pS 2 qS1 p 3 3 pq ,

S 4 p 4 4 p 2 q 2q 2 ,
S5 p 5 5 p 3 q 5 pq 2 ,
S 6 p 6 6 p 4 q 9 p 2 q 2 2q 3 ,
S 7 p 7 7 p 5 q 14 p 3 q 2 7 pq 3 , ... .
7

1 7 1 7

10.5.11.
2 .
2

1 7
1 7
x2

2
2
x 2 px q 0 . p x1 x2 1 q x1 x2 3 . S 7 x17 x27 =

: x1

1 7 1 7

= -(-1)7 + 7(-1)5(-3)
p 7 p q 14 p q 7 pq

2 2
14(-1)3(-3)2 + 7(-1)(-3)3 = 343.
10.5.12.
1
1

, k N.
k
(1 2 )
(1 2 ) k
7

3 2

: x12 1 2 x 2 2 x 1 0 .
S k 2 S k 2S k 1 , p = -2 q = -1. k

11

, I, , , 1969.

, 2011.

65

 : II

1
1

S 1 S1 2S 0 2 2 2 2 ,
1 2 1 2
1
1

S 2 S 0 2S 1 2 2 (2) 6 ,
2
(1 2 )
(1 2 ) 2
1
1

S 3 S 1 2S 2 2 2 6 14 ,
3
(1 2 )
(1 2 ) 3
1
1

S 4 S 2 2S 3 6 2 (14) 34 ,
4
(1 2 )
(1 2 ) 4
1
1

S 5 S 3 2S 4 14 2 34 82 , ... .
5
(1 2 )
(1 2 ) 5
10.5.13.

n {1, 2, 3, }

k 1

3n 7 n 11n ... (4k 1) n .

: n = 2. x12 x22 p 2 2q
12 2 2 32 2 1 2 ,
32 4 2 7 2 2 3 4 ,
52 6 2 112 2 5 6 ,
...
2
2
(2K 1) (2K ) (4K 1) 2 2(2K 1) 2K .

2K

32 7 2 112 ... (4 K 1) 2 k 2 2 (2k 1) 2 K

k 1

k 1

k 2 4 2 k 2 k .
k 1
k 1
k 1
K ( K 1)(2K 1)
K ( K 1)
1 2 3 ... K
12 2 2 32 ... K 2
,
6
2

32 7 2 112 ... (4K 1) 2 =
1
1
2

= 2 K (2 K 1)(2 2 K 1) 4 K ( K 1)(2 K 1) K ( K 1)
6
2
6

K
= (32 K 2 24 K 2) .
6
n = 3, 4, .
10.5.14. 1. :
5(sin x cos x) 2 12(sin x cos x) 7 0 ;
i.
2K

ii.

tg x 2 ctg x 3 ;

iii.

tg( x 2 x) ctg 2 1 .

2. sin 2 x cos x 0 ?
3. sin(3x) sin x .
4.
2 x 2 3x 4 0 .
, 2011.

66

 : II
5. :
i. a = 6, b = 7, = 35;
ii. a = 39, b = 40, = 70.
a, b, c ABC
, , .
x 2 2x 4 x 2

6. 2
.
x 2x 4 4
2

x x
7.

c , a 0.
ax b ax b

8.

(18 x) 2 3 (18 x)(10 x) 3 (10 x) 2 7 .

9. (1 2 ) 2000 (1 2 ) 2000.
10. (1 i 3 )1999 (1 3 )1999.
11. (n 1) k (n 2) k ...(2n) k , k {1, 2, , 6}.
12. n :
12000 2 2000 ... n 2000 n + 1;
i.
ii.

12000 2 2000 ... (2n) 2000 n.

, 2011.

67

 : II

VI
2000. .... ,
.
. ,
,
.

11.

f ( x) ax 2 bx c ,
a 0, b c ,
. a =
0 f(x) = bx + c .

y ( x) x 2 x 2 ,
a = 1, b = - 1, c = -2.
:

();
-1 +2
,

() =
0;


.
,
.
11.0.1. (p
0):
( x h) 2 4 p( y k ) .
.
. :
1 2 h
h2
y
x
x
k .
4p
2p
4p
:
1
h
h2
a
k .
, b
, c
4p
2p
4p
, . ,
:
b2
1
b
p
, h
, k c
.
4a
2a
2a

, 2011.

68

 : II
, .

(, 380320. ....),
,
.
,
(, 262-190. ....)
.
, (290350. .)
.


,
.
(. ),
.
,

, .

11.1.

, 2011.

69

 : II
1. ,
.
2. , .
, :
( x h) 2 4 p( y k ) .
, . p ,
. () ,
.

3. , .
. ,
p . ,
.

4. , .
.

, 2011.

70

 : II

5. , .
, .
6. .

( x h) 2 4 p( y k ) ,





.

.

.
7. , . (1564-1642.)

.

, 2011.

71

 : II

,
. (Intimidator by
Bolliger & Mabillard, 2009), .
8. .
= 0,5

1
y x2 .
4
. OM = MA, (0, 0), (, ) (; -0,5).

- -
0,5.
B(x, 0).
OBM

OM2 = OB2 + BM2 = x2 + y2,

OM x 2 y 2 .
.
,
MA = |y + 0,5|.

x 2 y 2 | y 0,5 | .

1
y x 2 .
4
, = 0,5 .
9. , a a.
.

, 2011.

72

 : II
. , P , F
, d .

c.
F. F
d, c.
Q P c.
, PQ c.
P c.
PD d. PA PF
P , .
PA = PF.
PQA PQ PA cos .
PQD PQ PD cos .

PA cos PD cos ,
PF cos PD cos ,
cos
PF PD
.
cos
c () .
c .
, , PF = PD.
10.
1. :
) ( x 1) 2 8( y 3) ;
) ( x 1) 2 4(3 y) ;
) (2 x) 2 2( y 5) .

) (2 x) 2 6(5 y) ;

2. :
) F(0, 1), y = -1;
) F(0, -1), y = 1;
) F(1, -2), y = 3;
) F(-1, 2), y = -3.
3. :
) y x 2 ;
1
1
) y x 2 ;
6
2

) y x 2 ;
1
1
) y x 2 .
6
2

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73

 : II

11.2. ,
f(x) .
(a, b, c R, a 0):
f ( x) ax 2 bx c ,
.

f(x) = 0, , -.
,

b b 2 4ac
.
2a
, ,
y = f(x) , .

. , f ( x) x 2 x 2 , :
f(10) = 100 10 2 = 82,
f(100) = 10 000 100 2 = 9 898 ,
f(1000) = 1000 000 1000 2 = 998998 10002,

f(x) = x2 x 2 x2, x .
x12

,
. a 0,
, .
:
a > 0 => f(x) + , a < 0 => f(x)
, f .
:
a > 0 () ;
a < 0 .
,

:
y1 ( x) x 2 x 2 ,

y 2 ( x) x 2 3 x .
()
-1 2, ;
()
0 3 .
,

.

(, )
x x
1 2 , f ( ) .
2

, 2011.

74

 : II

c
b
, x1 x2 ,
a
a
(, )
D
b
, ,
4a
2a
D b 2 4ac . ,
, :
1 9
3 9
T1 , , T2 , .
2 4
2 4
. :
( 1) + 9/4,
+ 9/4 +;
3/2 ( 2) 9/4,
3/2 + 9/4 .
x1 x2

, .
, .
, .
, 1 , 2 .
, .
,
9

y1 , y 2 , ,
4

K1 , K 2 , .
4

11.2.1.
1. :
)
)
2
2
2
2( x y) 3( y 2 x) 5 y 8xy y ; 0,5( x 2 y) 2 0,5( y 2 x) 2 2,5 y 2 2 y x ;
2. :
1
) y x 2 , y 2x 2 y 0,5x 2 ;
) y 1 x 2 , y 1 2 x 2 y 1 x 2 ;
2
3. :
) y x 2 3 ;
) y x 2 3 ;
) y x 2 6 x 9 ;

) y x 2 6 x 5 .

4. , 1
2, 0. ?
) 1 = -2, 2 = 1 0 = 1;
) 1 = -1, 2 = 2 0 = -1.
5. , (, ),
0. .
) = 1, = -1 0 = 2;
) = 1, = 2 0 = 1.
, 2011.

75

 : II

6. , .
.
) A( -1,-1 ), B( 0, 0) C( 1, 2);
) A( -2,-2 ), B( -1, 2) C( 0, 0).
7. : ) y ax 2 2 x 1 ; ) y x 2 bx 1 .
i) ;
ii) .

11.3.
y ax 2 bx c , > 0
(1, 2), . , a
< 0

, .
11.3.1.

y 3x 2 3x 6

1 = -1, 2 = 2,

< 0 x (-1, 2),

y = 0 x {-1, 2},
> 0 x [-1, 2],
.
11.3.2.

y 3x 2 3x 6

1 = -2, 2 = 1,
< 0 x [-2, 1],
y = 0 x {-2, 1},
> 0 x (-2, 1),

.
11.3.3.
( x 2 x 2)( x 2 x 2) 0 .

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76

 : II
. ,

y1 x 2 x 2 y2 x 2 x 2 .
-1 2, -2 1. (-, -2)
-, ,
- .
, (-1, 1) 1 < 0 2 > 0, 12 < 0
, .
, (-2, -1)
,
,
.
, (1, 2) 1 < 0
2 < 0, 12 > 0
-
.
0
.
,
[-2, -1] [1, 2].
,

f1(x) f2(x)

f1(x) f2(x) 0
()
(11.3.3.).
13.3.4. :
1. ) 2 x 2 16 x 30 0 ; ) 3x 2 12 x 9 0 .
2. ) ( x x 2 )( x 2 x 1) 0 ; ) ( x x 2 )( x 2 x 1) 0 .
3. )
4. )
5. )
6. )

x2 x 2
x2 x 2
0 ; ) 2
0.
x2 x 1
x x 1
3 4x x 2
x2 x 2

0.
0
;
)
x 2 5x 4
2 x x2
x 2 2x 3
x 2 2x 3

5.
3
;
)
x2 x 1
x2 x 1
x2 x 2
x2 x 2
1 .
1 ; ) 2
x 2 2x 3
x 2x 8

12.

y a(x ) 2 ,
a 0, .

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77

 : II

y ax 2 2ax a 2 ,

y ax 2 bx c
b 2a , c a 2 ,

4ac b 2
b
.
, b
4a
2a
(11.2.) (, ) , >
0, a < 0.

12.1.
12.1.1. y = f (x) f(x+)
y1 = f (x) () y2 = f(x+2)
().

2 y1 = f (x)
( ) . ,

.
12.1.2. y = f (x) f(x) +
y1 = f (x) () y2 = f(x) + 2
().

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 : II

()
-, -.
12.1.3. y = f (x) f(x)
, y1 = f (x) () y2 =
f(x) (). 1
(-).

12.1.4. y = f (x) f-1(x)

, y = f (x) ()
y = f-1(x) (),
y = x, . .

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 : II

12.1.5. y = x2 .
1. a) y = (x 3)2; ) y = (x + 1)2; ) y = (x + 3)2 ; ) y = (x 1)2 .
2. a) y = x2 3; ) y = x2 + 1; ) y = 1 x2; ) y = 3 x2.
3. a) y = (x + 1)2 3; ) y = (x 2)2 + 1; ) y = 1 (x 1)2; ) y = 3 (x + 2)2.
4. a) y x , x 0; ) y x , x 0; ) y x , x 0; ) y x , x 0.
5. :
a) y = 2x2 3x + 5; ) y = -2x2 + 3x + 4; ) y = 0,5x2 x 2; ) y = -0,5x2 + x + 1.
6. :
a) y = x2 3|x|; ) y = -x2 + 2|x|; ) y =|x2 x| + x 2; ) y = |x2 + x| x + 1.
7. .

8. m R
y (m 1) x 2 (m 5) | x | m 2
= 1.
.
9. n R
y nx 2 (n 2) | x | n 1

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 : II
= 1.
.
10. :
) y x 2 ( p 1) x p( p 2) ; ) y x 2 (q 2) x q(q 1) .
11. :
) f ( x 1) x 2 3x 4 ; ) f ( x 2) x 2 2 x 3 .
12. 14
.
13. 12
.
14.
a) x6 + y6 x2 + y2 = n; ) x6 y6 x2 y2 = m.

13.

.
, .
, .

13.1.

1982. 2010.
1. S R p S
( p 3) x 2 2 px 6 p 0
.
.
:
D0
b2 4ac 0
(-2p)2 4(p 3)6p 0
4p2 24p2 + 72p 0 /:4
p2 6p2 + 18p 0
-5p2 + 18p 0

, :
p [0,

].

2. ,
P( x ) 6 x 3 5 x 2 2 x 1 .
. P(x) = 6x3 5x2 2x + 1 = 6x3 6x2 + x2 2x + 1 = 6x2(x 1) + (x 1)2 =
= (x 1)(6x2 + x 1) = (x 1)(6x2 + 3x 2x 1) = (x 1)[3x(2x + 1) (2x + 1)] =
= (x 1)(2x + 1)(3x 1).
, P(x) = 0 (x 1)(2x + 1)(3x 1) = 0
1 1
x = 1 x = - x = x 1, , .
2 3

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 : II
3. [-4, -1]
[4, 1].
. y ax 2 bx c , (a, b, c R a
0). (-4, 4) B(-1, 1), .
A) y(4) 4 4 a (4) 2 b (4) c 16a 4b c 4 .
B) y(1) 1 1 a (1) 2 b (1) c a b c 1 .
,
() . 3
5a b = 1, b = 5a. b , c = -4a.
A B
y ax 2 (5a 1) x 4 , .
, (, )
(-4, 4) B(-1, 1). ,
(-4, -1), -4, -1.
5a 1
5a 1
b
5a 1

,

4
1 .
2a
2a
2a
2a
1 3a
1 3a
0 . a > 0
0
2a
2a
: a . a < 0 ,
1
1
a ,0 . , a ,0 0,
9
9
. , =
1
1
y x 2 x 1 .
4
4
4. :
x xy y 11 ,

x 2 y xy 2 30 .
. :
x y u,
( x y) xy 11 ,
xy ( x y) 30 .
xy v .
u1 = 5, v1 = 6;
u v 11 ,
u2 = 6, v2 = 5.
uv 30 .
x1 + y1 = 5,
x2 + y2 = 6,
x1y1 = 6.
x2y2 = 5.
, : (x, y) = {(5,1), (1,5), (2,3), (3,2)}.
3
x .
5.
x 1
. 1,
x2 x 3
3
0 x 1 > 0 , .
x0
x 1
x 1
x > 1, x (1, +).
6. (1 x) 3 6( x 1) 2 4(1 x 3 ) .
. (1 + x)3 + 6(x 1)2 < 4(1 + x3)

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 : II
(1 + x)3 + 6(x 1)2 < 4(1 + x)(1 x + x2) (1 + x)3 + 6(x 1)2 4(1 + x)(1 x + x2)
<0
(1 + x)((1 + x)2 4(1 x + x2)) + 6(x 1)2 < 0 (1 + x)(-3 + 6x 3x2) + 6(x 1)2 <
0
-3(1 + x)(1 2x + x2) + 6(x 1)2 < 0 -3(1 + x)(x 1)2 + 6(x 1)2 < 0
-3(x 1)2((1 + x) 2) < 0 -3(x 1)3 < 0 (x 1)3 > 0 x 1 > 0
x > 1, . x (1, +).
7.
1 2 :
1. x 2 3ax 1 2a 2 0 , x12 x22 50 ;
2. x 2 6ax 1 8a 2 0 , x12 x22 50 ;
3. 2kx2 (4k 1) x 1 0 , x12 x22 3 ;
4. x 2 3ax a 2 0 , x13 x23 18 ;
5. x 2 2(a 3) x 11 3a 0 ,

1 1

1.
x1 x2

8. :
(k 2) x 2 2kx k 3 0
) ; ) ?
9.
x 2 ax 1 0 x 2 x a 0 .

.
10. x 2 px q 0
p q.
11. k
x 2 2(4k 1) x 15k 2 2k 7 0
.
12. :
4
5 x ;
a)
) ( x 2 4 x) 2 16 ;
x 1
3( x 1) 2 6( x 1) 9
) ( x 2 2 x) 2 1 ;
x;
)
2x 1
x 2 3x 4
3x 2
)
2
2;
)
x 1
x2 x 1
13. m
x 2 mx 2
3 2
2.
x x 1
14. :
x 3 2x 7 4x 9 ;
1.
2.

x 2 2 x 9 4 x 13 ;

3.

x 4 2x 5 4x 5 ;

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 : II
x 3 4 x 1 x 8 6 x 1 1 ;

4.
5.

x 1 3 x 3 x 1 0 ;

15. :
)
x
y 5

,
y
x 2
x y 5.

)
x
y 10

,
y
x
3
x y 10.

13.2.

1960. 1974. .
1. m
(3m 2) x 2 (m 1) x 4m 3 0

a) 1,
b) 1,
c) 1 ?

1
2
23
2
1
. ) 1 m , b) m , c) m .
2
3
47
3
2
2
2. y (k 1) x 2(k 1) x k 5 k
;
a)
;
b) k ;
c) k
.
. ) k1 k2
(k1 1) x 2 2(k1 1) x k1 5 (k 2 1) x 2 2(k 2 1) x k 2 5

(k1 k 2 ) x 2 2(k1 k 2 ) x k1 k 2 0
(k1 k 2 )( x 1) 2 0 , k1 k2 = 1. = -2. ,
(1, -2).
b) , . f(-x) =
f(x). (k 1) x 2 2(k 1) x k 5 (k 1) x 2 2(k 1) x k 5 , 4(k
1)x = 0. k = 1.
c) D 0, k + 1 > 0, f(0) > 0,
> 0.
2
2
2
D = 4(k 1) 4(k + 1)(k 5) = 4(k 2k + 1 k k + 5k + 5) = 4(2k + 6) 0, . k
3.
2(k 1)
0 , . k > 1, k <
k + 1 > 0, . k > 1. f(0) = k 5 > 0, . k > 5.
> 0, .
k 1
1.
, k 3, k > 1, k > 5, k > 1, k > 5.

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 : II
k 3, k > 1, k > 5, k < 1, .
, k > 5.
a2
b2

1 , a 0, b 0,
3.
x x 1
x 2 (a 2 b 2 1) x a 2 0
.
.
. a 2 y 2 (a 2 b 2 1) y 1 0 .
4. ax 2 bx c 0 (a 0) ,
a, b, c , x1 = cos , x2 = cos . a, b, c p
q y 2 py q 0 y1 = cos 2, y2 = cos 2.

(2c a) 2 2b 2
2a(2c a) 2b 2
q

,
.
a2
a2
x 2 ax b
5. 2
a, b, c, d
x cx d
= 0 3, = 1 ,
1.
. a = c = 2, b = 3, d = 1.
6.
(a b 2) x 2 2(a 1) 2 x a b 2 0
a b M(a, b)
. M,
a b : )
; ) .
.
) ()
a2 + b2 = 2
,
( )
a2 + b2 > 2
.
. p

) < a < :
a 2 < b < a + 2,
< a < 1 :
2<b<
,
<b<a+
2,
2 < a < + :
2 a < b < a 2 .
7.
1
1

1
tx ty
t , ().
)
( ). = ?

, 2011.

85

 : II
) ,
t1 t2

1 1
1.
t1 t 2
. ) (
). t 2 ( x y 2)t xy x y 0 .
, t = x t = y. t = x
= . ,
, t = y = .
. (x y)2 + 4,
.
2
1 , t = x + 2. , =
=
tx
.
1 1
) 1 , t1 0, t2 0. t1 + t2 = t1t2, .
t1 t 2
+ + 2 = + + , . = 2, .
+ + 0, + + 2 = 0, . .
8. 1 2
mx2 (m 1)( x 1) 0 (m 0).

2
2 x22

2 x1

( x) x2 x2 x1 x1
x2

x1

m. m ,
1 2 .

1
m 1 3m 1
.
, m 0 .

3
m
2
9. y x 2 kx 1 .
2

a)
k , , ,
.
b) k
.
k 4k2

. ) |k| 2 y x
.
2
4

|k| > 2 y = x2 kx + 1 x < x1 x > x2.

2

x1 < x < x2 y = x2 + kx 1, x21

k k2 4
.
2

(0, 1).
) |k| 2 ,
y = 1 x2 1 x 1.

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 : II
10. x2 + px + q = 0 ,
qy2 + (p 2mq)y + 1 mp = 0 m
0. m ?
. p2 4q 0, p < 0,
q > 0.

1 mp
p 2mq
0,
0.
( p 2mq) 2 4q(1 mp) 0 ,
q
q
p < 0, q > 0 m 0.

p2 4mpq + 4m2q2 4q + 4mpq 0, . p2 4q + 4m2q2 0, p2
4q 0.
1
1
m < 0 m , . m ,
p
p
p
1
p
p < 2mq, . m
.
, . 2q <
p 2q
2q
p
p2, . | p | 2q , m
.
2q
1
m : m
p
p
| p | 2q , m
| p | 2q .
2q
11.
b (a + 1)x2 + (2b 1)x + (a + b2) = 0
.
. 1 a .
12. ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 (a 0) .

a) ( )
ad = bc ac > 0;
b) ad = bc ac > 0
.
. ) mi .
a(mi)3 + b(mi)2 + c(mi) + d = 0 am3i bm2 + cmi + d = 0
(d bm2) + (cm am3)i = 0 d bm2 = 0, cm am3 = 0.
m 0 c qm2 = 0 d = bm2, c = am2.
adm2 = bcm2 ad = bc.
c am2 = 0 ac a2m2 = 0 ac > 0.
b) ad = bc ac > 0. ( 0)

a2x3 + abx2 + acx + da = 0 ax(ax2 + c) + abx2 + ad = 0.

ad = bc ax(ax2 + c) + abx2 + bc = 0 ax(ax2 + c) + b(ax2 + c) =
0
(ax2 + c)(ax + b) = 0. ax + b = 0 .
ax2 + c = 0 ac > 0.

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 : II

VII
14.

f ( x) b x , b > 0, b 1,
. ,
b , x
.
(
, ) , :
y
1
b x y b x b y , b xy b x , b 0 1 , b x x .
b
2 :
x y = 2x
x y = (0,5)x = 2x
0 1
0 1
1 2
1 0,5
2 4
2 0,25
3 8
3 0,125
4 16
4 0,0625
5 32
5 0,03125
(x, y) :

(y = 2x) , (y = 2x)
.
, f ( x) b x , b > 1 , 0 < b < 1
.
.
, 20, 21, 22, 23, ... , (0,5)0, (0,5)1, (0,5)2,
(0,5)3, ... ( ).
b x b3

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 : II
b . ,

x 3, b 1,

x 3, b 1.
b.

14.1.

f1(x) = f2(x)

.
, ,

b p ( x ) b q ( x ) , b > 0, b 1,
p(x) = q(x).
.
2
x

x
2

14.1.1. 9 3 .
. ( )
:
4
x
x
2
4 x
2 x
x
2
2
x 2 8 x 2 2 .

3 3 3 3
x 2

14.1.2. 2 3 2 3 4 .

. , .

2 3 2 3
,

x 2

2 3 2 3

22

2 3 t t x

4t x 1 0 , . t12x

4 3 1.

1
4 ,
tx

4 16 4
2 3.
2
x

2 3 2 3 , . 1 = 1.

2 3 2 3 2 3 , . 2 = -1.

14.1.3. 4 x 3

1
2

1
2

2 2 x1 .

1
2

1
2

. 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 x 2 1
1
1

1
1
2x
2x
1
x
x
2
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 x 1 3 x 3

3
2

3
4
22 x 3x

2
3
2x

22
23
22x
8
3
4 4 2

x .
x

3
2
3
3 3
3 3
3
3
x

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 : II
14.1.4.
1. 12 :
) 19
)

5
x 3

x6 19 2 ;

2

3

3x

2 x1 7 0,514 x

) a1 x 3 a x1 5 a13 x 1 .

2
;
3

2. 13 :
) 4

x 2

16 10 2

x 2

x 1

) 4 x 2 x ;
) 4 x2 17 2 x4 1 0 .

) 2 42 x 17 4 x 8 0 ;
3. :
) 4 x 3x1 3x1 2 2 x1 ;
) 7 2 x 2 3x1 3x2 2 x3 ;
) 23 x

12x

8x

4 x 1

32 x

8 x 2

) 7 3x1 5 x2 3x4 5 x3 ;
) 15 5 x 7 x1 9 5 x2 7 x3 ;
) 4 x 13 6 x1 9 x 0 .

4. :
x

) 7 48 7 48 14 ;

) 4 15 4 15 8 ;

5. :
) x x 2 1

x 4

x x 2 1

x4

2x

6. :
x 5
x 17
1
x 7
) 32 128 x 3 ;
4

) 2

7. :
) 3 x2 1 3 x2 1;

) 4 x 9 x 25 x 6 x 10 x 15 x .

sin 2 x cos x

1 2 sin2

x
2

) 2|x2| 2 x1 1 2 x1 1 .

14.2.
, y1 2 x ,
1 y2 2 x1 ,
3 y3 2 x1 3 .
3 , (-3, +),
( ) y = -3, (3 = 0) 2 x1 3 ,
0,58.

12
13

, , , , , 1994.

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 : II

14.2.1.
, , , , 1, 2 3.
1. ) f ( x) 2 x1 1 ;
) f ( x) 3 x1 2 .

0,5 x 1, x 0
2. ) f ( x) x
;
2 1, x 0;
3. ) y 2|x2| 1 ;

3 x 2 1, x 0
) f ( x) 3 x
.
2 1, x 0.
) y 0,5|x2| 1.

4. A B y a 2 kx ( a, k R):
) A(-1, 12), B(0, 3);
) A(-1, -12), B(0, -3).

14.3.

( ) ,
, .
14.3.1. y( x) 0,52 x 4 0,5 x 3 .
. y( x) 0,52 x 4 0,5 x 3

0,52 x 4 0,5 x 3 0 ,

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 : II

f (t ) t 2 4t 3 ,

t 0,5 x . ,
t (1, 3),
1 < t < 3.
, 1 0,5 x 3

1 0,5 x 0,5 x 3 , . 0,50 0.5 x
0,5 x 0,51,58 .
0 > x x > 1,58, . -1,58 < x < 0.
, x [-1,58; 0]
,
.
14.3.2. .
1/ x

1. ) 2

x2

1

4

2. ) 0,1x 0,14 x

3
)
7

2 x 3

x2

4. ) 2 x1 1 2 x1 ;

1 1|x|
)
9.
3

1;

) 25 x3 62512 x 0 ;

3. ) 2 4 x2 4 x 3 2 22 x x 8 0 ;
2

| x 2|

x 2 2 x

) | x | x

) 9
2

2 x2

2 1 ;

) 2 3 2 3 4 .

x 2 1

10 3

1 2
x 1
2

) | x 1 |

9x 3 0 .

x2

5x 3

2 2

1.

15.
9.2.1.
z = x + iy = r(cos + isin ),
y
r x 2 y 2 arctg ,
x
z x r cos y r sin .
(Leonhard Euler, 1707 1783),

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92

 : II
(Cotes, 1714):
ei cos i sin , 2,71828.


, , ,
.
() ,
e i


, .

e i 1 .
, (z = x + iy = rei )

i
z
r
z1 z 2 r1r2 ei (1 2 ) , 1 1 e i (1 2 ) , z n r n e in , n z n r e n ,
z 2 r2
r 0 , . (r)
, ( ) (z).

. ,

(1) x e i

e ix ,

| b |x ,
x 0,
b x ix
| b | e , x 0.
15.0.1. 1. Re(z) Im(z) z = i :
) = ; ) = ; ) = ; ) = ; ) = 2.
x

2. : ) ei1 i2 e i1 e i2 ; ) ei1 i2 ei1 : ei2 .

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 : II

VIII
16.
b () R:
f ( x) b x (b > 0, b 1)
. :
f 1 ( x) log b x (b > 0, b 1, > 0),
. b
.
I III
(: = ), .

() y1 2 x y11 log 2 x ,
x

1
() y 2 y 21 log 1 x .
2
2
(John Napier
of Merchiston , 1550 1617) (Jost Brgi, 1552
1632). 1614, 1620. .
, , ,
,
, .
1685. 1694. .

16.1.

(b > 0, 1),
16.1.1. y b x x log b y .

, . b (0, +)\{1}, y > 0.
, f ( f 1 ( x)) x f 1 ( f ( x)) x ,

16.1.2. (b > 0, 1, > 0)

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 : II

b logb x x log b b x x .
, , .:
f(x1) = f(x2) x1 = x2,
:
x1 x2 x1 x2
b logb x1x2 b logb x1 b logb x2
b logb x1x2 b logb x1 logb x2
log b ( x1 x2 ) log b x1 log b x2 .
16.1.3. , ,
.
.
16.1.4. , ,
, .
x
log b 1 log b x1 log b x2 .
x2
,
b > 0, b 1, x1 > 0, x2 > 0.
, .
16.1.5. log b x log b x , R ( : b > 0, 1, >
0).

. log b x y . ( 16.1.1.) x b x b
y
log b x , . y log b x .

.
.
16.1.6. log b x log b x , R \ {0}.

. log b x y . x b

x b y

x by

log b x y . .
1
16.1.7. log b x
, b, > 0, 1.
log x b
. log b x log x b 1 ( 5.)
log x b logb x 1 ( 2.) log x x 1 ,
. , .
log c x
16.1.8. log b x
, c > 0, 1.
log c b
. log b x log c b log c x
log c b logb x log c x log c x log c x , .
, .
,
10 2,72:
log x log10 x ln x log e x .

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95

 : II
,
10, (. log naturalis),
, ,
.
16.1.9. ,
.
16
1
1
) log 2
;
) log 0, 2 625 .
1. ) log 2
;
) log 3
;
81
243
512
3
2. ) 3log3 27 ;

) 2log2 1024;

) log 0,3 0,315 ;

3. .
12 x 2 5
35e 2
6a 3

ln
)
;
log
) log 3 3
4
2 ;
1
; )
3
7
y
11

7b 5 c
6a 3 b 2
4. :
) log 3 210 log 3 log 7 ;

) log 1 0.219 .
5

15 xe 3
) ln 4 4
8y 7

) log 25 12 log 5 3 log 5 4 ;

) log 7 50 log14 2 log14 5 ;
) log 5 6 log 2 log 3 ;
) log 30 8 log 30 3 log 30 5 .
5. :
) log 3 6 log 6 2 ;
) log 36 9 log 36 8 ;
) log 6 16 log12 27 ;
) log12 64 log12 3 ;
) log 49 28 log 7 2 .
6. log m x a , log n x b log mnp x c , log p x.
7. log 5 2 p log 5 3 q , log 30 60 .
8. log 7 2 p , log 2 10 q , log 4 11,2 .
9. log 3 5 m , log 5 10 n , log 25 112,5 .
10. log 20 b , log 2 log 5 ?

16.2.
,
, . ,
,
( , ).
.
16.2.1. log 2 x 5 .
: x > 0, (
16.1.1.) x 25 , . = 32.

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 : II
16.2.2. log 3 ( x 1) log 3 ( x 2) 1 .
: , x > 2.
log 3 ( x 1)( x 2) 1 ( x 1)( x 2) 31 x2 3x 1

3 13
3 13
. , x
3,30.
2
2
16.2.3. log 8 x log 4 x log 2 x 11 .
= 0 x12

: log 2 3 x log 2 x log 2 x 11

log 2 ( x x x) 11
3

x xx 2

11

1 1
1
3 2

11

11
6

11

1
6

x 2

x 2 x = 64.
.
: x1 = x2 log x1 log x2 .
6

16.2.4. x1log x 10 x .
: log x1log x log(10 x)

(1 log x) log x log10 log x log 2 x 1 log x 1 x 10 1 , . 1 =

10, 2 = 0,1.
16.2.5.
1. (, ) :
) 10 x 5 ;
) 7 e 2 x 9 ;
) log 4 (3x 1) 2 .
) 23 x1 32 x1 ;
[0,69897; 0,12566; -15,21237; 5]
2. :
11
) log 4 x log 8 x 5 ;
) log 3 x log 9 x log 27 x ;
12
) 4 log 2 x 2 log x 2 9 ;
) log x 9 3 log 9 x 4 ;
) log x 2 log x 2 log x 2 ;
) log x 3 log x 3 log x 3 0 .
16

64

3. a
) 3x log2 3 31log2 x 2 ;

logc b

logc a

81

, :
) 10 5log3 x1 x log3 5 15 .

:
4. log 5 log 4 log 3 log 2 x 0 .

2
.
3
6. log x log x 2 log x 3 ... log x 50 1275 .
5. log 2 x log 4 x log 8 x log16 x

7. 32( xlog3 2) 2 3log3 2 x .

8. x log5 x3 53(log5 x1) .
9. x log( 6 2 x ) x log 5 log 8 .
10. 1,3%.
2000. 6 .
?
11. 1000 ( ) 12%
, (compounded). )
10 ? ) 2000 ?
, 2011.

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 : II
[3105,85; 5 . 10 ]

16.3.
,
I III .
.
y1 log 2 x
y2 log 2 | x | .
( ).

y3 | log 2 x | y4 | log 2 | x || .

16.3.1. ,
0,5: y1 log 0,5 x , y2 log 0,5 | x | ,

y3 | log 0,5 x | y4 | log 0,5 | x || .

: ,
, .

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98

 : II

16.3.2. :
1. ) y 2log2 x ;
) y log 2 2 x .
2. ) y log( x 1) 2 ;

) y log 0,1 ( x 1) 1 .

3. ) y | log 3 ( x 1) | ;

) y | log 0,5 ( x 1) | .

4. ) y | log 0,5 ( x 2 1) | ;

) y | log( x 2 x) | .

5. ) y log 3 | x 1 | 2 ;

) y log 1 | x 2 | 1 .
3

6. ) y log x | log x | ;

) y log log | x | .

16.4.

f ( x) log b x ,
b > 0, b 1 x > 0, b > 1, 0 < b < 1.

log 2 5 log 2 4 , log 0,5 5 log 0,5 4 .
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 : II

16.4.1. log
:

2x 1
0.
2x 1

2x 1
2x 1
log 1 , .
0 , log
2x 1
2x 1

2x 1
1 , .
2x 1
, . ,
.
2x 1
2 x 1 (2 x 1)
2
1 0
0
0
2x 1
2x 1
2x 1
1
2 x 1 0 x , . x ( , ).
2
16.4.2. log 2 x3 x 2 1 .
:
2x + 3 > 0, 2x +
3
3 1, x2 > 0, x , x 1,
2
x 0.

log 2 x3 x 2 log 2 x3 (2 x 3) ,
: x 2 2 x 3 , 2x
+ 3 > 1; x 2 2 x 3 , 2x +
3 < 1. :
x 2 2 x 3 0 x > -1;
x 2 2 x 3 0 x < -1.
y x 2 2 x 3
-1 3,
,
.

3
x ,1 (1,0) (0,3) .
2
16.4.3. :
1. ) log( x 3) log( x 2) 1 ; ) ln(2 x 1) ln(2 x 1) 0 .
2. ) log 0,5 ( x 2 3x 3) 0 ; ) log 2 ( x 2 5x 7) 0 .
3. ) log 3 ( x 1) log 1 ( x 2) ; ) log 0, 2 ( x 2) log 5 ( x 3) .
3

4. ) log x (3x 1) 0 ; ) log x (3x 1) 0 .

5. ) log x (5x 3) 2 ; ) log x (5x 1) 2 .
6. ) log ( 2 x1) x 2 2 ; ) log (3 x1) x 2 2 .
7. ) log 2

| x 2 2 x | 4
| x 2 4 x | 3

0
log
0.
;
)
3
| x 2 | x2
x2 | x 5 |

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8. ) 0,7

log0 , 5 log3

3 x2
x 2 5

1 ; ) log 3 log 5

2x 1
x 1
log 1 log 1
.
x 1
2x 1
3
5

17.
17.1.

1. a) log x log y 2 x y 20 ;
) log x log y 3
2 log x 2 log y 1 ;

) log x log y log 2 x 2 y 2 5 ;

1
) log x ( y 18) 2 log y ( x 3) .
2

1
2. ) 3x 5 log y 4 x log y 4 ; ) 2 x y 6 log x 1 log y .
2
[(3,10); (5, 4)]
2
2
3. log 4 x log 2 y 0 x 5 y 4 0 .
[(1, 1), (4, 2)]
2
2
2
2
2
4. xy a log x log y 2,5 log (a ) .
1
1
1
1
5. log a x log a y 0 log a x log a y 1 (a > 0, a 1, m 0, n 0).
m
n
m
n
6. log 2 x log 4 y log 4 z 2 log 9 x log 3 y log 9 z 2

log16 x log16 y log 4 z 2 .

17.2.
.
, .
1. 14 4 x2 16 10 2 x2 .
: , . x
2 0. D = [2, +).

2 16 10 2
2

x 2

t , t > 0,
t 16 10t t 10t 16 0
10 100 64
t12
t = 8 t = 2 2 x 2 8 2 x 2 2 2 x 2 2 3
2
x 2
1
2
2 x 2 3 x 2 1 x 2 = 9 x 2 = 1 x = 11 x =
3. x {11, 3} D.
2. f R R
f ( x) 2 log 2 (1 x) .
: : 1 x > 0, . Df = (, 1). () Rf = (, +).

x 2

x 2

. 2
2

14

30.06.1982. 2. 3.

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 : II
( ) :
x = 1.
, f(x) = 0
log 3 (1 x) 0 1 x = 1 x = 0.
, f(x) > 0
log 3 (1 x) 0 1 x > 1 x < 0;
f(x) < 0
log 3 (1 x) 0 0 < 1 x < 1 0
< x < 1.
, (x1, x2 Df)(x1 >
x2) (1 x1 < 1 x2)
log 3 (1 x1 ) log 3 (1 x2 ) f(x1) <
f(x2).
.
log 1 x 1
3.
3. 15
log 3 x 40
. :
0, , ,
. log 3 x 40 0 1 x 1 0 3 x 40 0 x 1 0 .

3 x 40 1

x 1 1 x 40 0 x 1 x 40 x 41 . ,
D : x (40,41) (41,) .

log 1 x 1 3 log 3 x 40

1 x 1 x 40

x 1 x 41
x 1 ( x 41) x 41 x 2 83x 1680 0 x 41 x 48 D .
4. x f ( x) log( 2 sin x 1) .
. ,
1.
:
1
2 sin x 1 0 2 sin x 1 sin x .
2
:
5

x 2k ,
2k , .
6

k 6
5

D 2k ,
2k , k Z.
6

k 6
log 1 x 1 log 3 x 40
2

5. :
1) 2 42 x 17 4 x 8 0 ;
15

30.08.1982. 3. 4.

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102

 : II
2) 4 x2 17 2 x4 1 0 ;
x 5
x 7

x 17

1
3) 32 128 x 3 ;
4
x
x 1
4) 4 3 3x1 2 2 x1 ;

5) 7 3x1 5 x2 3x4 5 x3 ;
6) 7 2 x 2 3x1 3x2 2 x3 ;
7) 11 5 x 7 x1 9 5 x2 7 x3 .
6. :
1) log16 x log 4 x log 2 x 7 ;
2) log x 5 log x

5 2,25 log
3

5 .

7. :
4
1)
9

x 1

log 4
27
;

log 8
8
8
2) log 2 x
2;
log 2 x

3) log 2 x 10 log x 3 ;

4) log 5 x x 20 x x log 2 ;
5) 3 x1 32 x 28 ;
6) 9 x 91x 8 ;
7) 3

1
2

1
2

1
2

2 2 x1 ;

215

12 .

8)

13 x 5 13 x 5 2 13 x 12 ;

9)

15 x 9 15 x 9

8. : f ( x) 1 log x 32 .
1

9. x f ( x) sin x x g ( x) 3 x .

( g f ) 3( f g ) log 3 f 3g (1) . ?
6
6
6

10.

x f ( x) log a x 2 a 2 R.
x y

11. : 4 y x 32 log 3 ( x y) 1 log 3 ( x y) .

. : x 0 y 0.
x y
2
y x

x y
2 x log 3 ( x y)( x y) 1 2 5 x 2 y 2 3
y x
x
2
5 25 16
t 2t 5 2t 2 5t 2 0 t12
y
t
4

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103

 : II

x 1
x
1
2

x = 2y y = 2x.
y
2
y 2
(y = 1 x = 2) (x = i y = 2i). , (x, y) {(2, 1), (2, -1), (i, 2i), (-i, -2i)}.
t=2 t

17.3.

1959 1974,
.
, .
,
.
,
.
.

1959. .
, 1960. ,
1968, , 1970. .
1. OABC 1 OA M.
MB B OA P,
OC Q. OM x, OP y, OQ
z. y z x

log( y z) log y log z .

. CB AB QB MB CBQ = ABM. AMB
BCQ
,
CQ AM, . CQ = 1 x. , z = 2 x.
POQ PAB
z : y 1 : ( y 1) , . z( y 1) y
z
2 x
y

. log( y z ) =
z 1 1 x
(2 x) 2
2 x

=
log
2 x = log
1 x
1 x

2 log( 2 x) log(1 x) =
log( 2 x) log( 2 x) log(1 x) =
2 x
= log( 2 x) log
= log z log y , . log( y z) log y log z .
1 x
2.
log 2 x log x 2 2 sin 0 ?
. 0 < x 1. y log 2 x

y 2 2 sin y 1
0 . (*)
y
f ( y) y 2 2 sin y 1

D sin 2 1 .
, 2011.

104

 : II
sin 2 1 0 , , (y) f ( y) 0 .
(*) y < 0, . log 2 x 0 , 0
< x < 1. , (*) f(y) = 0, y > 0, . D = 0,

sin 1 y = 1. y = 1 sin 1 , .

2k , k = 0, 1, 2, .
2
, (*) , . y = 1, log 2 x 1 ,
= 2.
sin 2 1 0 ,
.
, : , 0 < x < 1;

2k (k = 0, 1, 2, ) , =

2.
3. 16
8
a) y( x) log 42 x 12 log 22 x log 2 , 1 < x < 64;
x
8

b) y( x) log 22 x log 22 x 3 log 2 2 , 1 < x < 8.

x

. a) = 8 81. b)
2
y log 2 xlog 2 x 3 .
.
1 < x < 8, . 0 log 2 x 3 ,
81
3
log 2 x , . x 2 2 . y ,
16
2
.
4. a 2 b 2 c 2 ,
log bc a log cb a 2 log bc a log cb a .
. a 2 b 2 c 2 a 2 (c b)(c b)
2.
5. > 0 :
log 2 x log x 2 2 cos 0 .
. , 0 < x 1.
> 1 log 2 x 0 , log 2 x
2, 2 | cos | 2 ,
log 2 x log x 2 2 , . = 2 = (2k + 1), k = 0,
1, 2, .
0 < x < 1 log 2 x 0 ,
2, 2 | cos | 2
.
: = (2k + 1), k = 0, 1, 2, , = 2; , 0 < x < 1.
. 2.
6.
16

, 1965. 1970.

, 2011.

105

 : II

1
log a x log c x log b ac log b a log b c ,
2
a, b, c, x 1.
. , .
1 log b x log b x
. = b 1,
log b x

2 log b a log b c
log b x

1 1
1
, . 2 log b a log b c log b c log b a
1

2 log b a lig b c
1
log b ac log b a log b c log b ac log b a log b c .
2
7. a > 1 0 < a < 1, x > 1
2
2
1
x 2liga x loga x ?
x
. , .

x 2loga xloga x x 1 . x >1

2 log 2a x log a x 2 1 log 2a x 2 log a x 3 0 3 log a x 1
. :
i.
a > 1, a 3 x a . a > 1 a 3 1 x >1 1 x a .
ii. 0 < a < 1, a x a 3 . 0 < a < 1 0 a 3 1 , a 3 1 x >1
1 x a 3 .
2

, a > 1 1 x a , 0 < a < 1 1 x a 3 .

8.
log b a 2 log c b 2 log a c 2
9

,
ab
bc
ca
abc
a > 1, b > 1, c > 1 ( 0 < a < 1, 0 < b < 1, 0 < c < 1).
.
(. I, c 17.2.7.) , log b a 0 ,

log c b 0 , log a c 0
2 log b a 2 log c b 2 log a c
8 log b a log c b log a c

3 3
=
ab
bc
ca
(a b)(b c)(c a)

(a b)(b c)(c a)

3 6
9
=
.
(a b) (b c) (c a)
abc
9.
2|x2| | 2 x1 1 | 1 2 x1 .
: = -3 -1.

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