Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Noikhoa
Noikhoa
B Y t
Bnh hc v iu tr
ni khoa
(kt hp ng - ty y)
(Sch o to bc s y hc c truyn)
M s: D.08.Z.24
Ch bin: PGS. TS. Nguyn Th Bay
Nh xut bn y hc
H ni - 2007
1
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Ch o bin son
V Khoa hc & o to, B Y t
Ch bin
PGS.TS. Nguyn Th Bay
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Li gii thiu
Thc hin mt s iu ca Lut Gio dc, B Gio dc v o to v B
Y t ban hnh chng trnh khung o to bc s y hc c truyn. B Y t t
chc bin son ti liu dy - hc cc mn c s, chuyn mn v c bn chuyn
ngnh theo chng trnh trn nhm tng bc xy dng b sch chun v
chuyn mn m bo cht lng o to nhn lc y t.
Sch Bnh hc v iu tr ni khoa kt hp ng - Ty y c bin son
da trn chng trnh gio dc ca i hc Y Dc Thnh ph H Ch Minh
trn c s chng trnh khung c ph duyt. Sch c cc nh gio giu
kinh nghim v tm huyt vi cng tc o to bin son theo phng chm:
kin thc c bn, h thng; ni dung chnh xc, khoa hc, cp nht cc tin b
khoa hc, k thut hin i vo thc tin Vit Nam.
Sch Bnh hc v iu tr ni khoa kt hp ng - Ty y c Hi
ng chuyn mn thm nh sch v ti liu dy - hc chuyn ngnh bc s y
hc c truyn ca B Y t thm nh vo nm 2006. B Y t quyt nh ban
hnh l ti liu dy - hc t chun chuyn mn ca ngnh Y t trong giai
on 2006-2010. Trong qu trnh s dng, sch phi c chnh l, b sung
v cp nht.
B Y t xin chn thnh cm n cc cn b ging dy B mn Khoa Y
hc c truyn, Trng i hc Y Dc Thnh ph H Ch Minh ginh nhiu
cng sc hon thnh cun sch ny, cm n PGS. TS. Nguyn Nhc Kim;
PGS. Nguyn Vn Thang c, phn bin cun sch c hon chnh, kp
thi phc v cho cng tc o to nhn lc y t.
V ln u xut bn, chng ti mong nhn c kin ng gp ca
ng nghip, cc bn sinh vin v cc c gi ln xut bn sau c hon
thin hn.
V Khoa hc v o to
B Y t
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LI NI U
Bnh hc v iu tr l hai mn hc c tm quan trng c bit mang
tnh quyt nh trong ngh nghip ca mi ngi thy thuc.
p ng kp thi yu cu ca sinh vin v hc vin v cng hng
ng vic bin son sch gio khoa trong d n Gio dc i hc ca i hc Y
Dc TP.HCM ca B Y t, chng ti bin son cun Bnh hc v iu tr ni
khoa kt hp ng - Ty y ny.
Trong thi i bng n thng tin nh hin nay, vic tip cn vi nhng
tin b khoa hc k thut khng kh, gip chng ta bit rng s tin b
mnh m trong lnh vc chn on ca y hc hin i, s ra i ca nhng
thuc mi gp phn lm cho iu tr ni khoa khng ngng pht trin, tuy
nhin ngi ta cng nhn nhn rng y hc c truyn c mt vai tr nht
nh i vi cc bnh mn tnh v nhng phng php t dng thuc y hc
c truyn (YHCT) n khng dng thuc nh chm cu, dng sinh, xoa
bp bm huyt, tp luyn, cch n ung h tr cho iu tr v phng bnh
mt cch tch cc v hiu qu.
Quyn Bnh hc v iu tr ni khoa kt hp ng - Ty y c hnh
thnh t vic hiu chnh, b sung, sa cha gio trnh bnh hc v iu tr kt
hp a ra ging dy nhiu nm ti Khoa Y hc c truyn i hc Y Dc
TPHCM, b sung thm mt s bi mi cng nhng ni dung t cc kt qu
nghin cu v bnh hc kt hp v ng dng iu tr bng YHCT trong nhng
nm gn y. Ni dung sch c phn thnh 31 bi tng ng vi 31 bnh
in hnh ca bnh hc ni khoa ph bin, hay gp trong lm sng thuc v
cc phn: tim mch, h hp, bnh l xng khp.
Chng ti (ch bin v tp th cc tc gi) c gng th hin tnh kinh
in, tnh hin i v tnh thc t trong vic bin son sch gio khoa ny,
qua chng ti tham kho nhiu t liu ca nhiu tc gi trong v ngoi
nc, chng ti xin trn trng cm n cc tc gi .
D ht sc c gng, nhng thiu st l iu kh trnh khi, rt mong
nhn c kin nhn xt v ng gp ca cc bn sinh vin - hc vin, cng
qu ng nghip quyn sch ngy c tt hn
Chn thnh cm n
Ch bin
PGS.TS. Nguyn Th Bay
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MC LC
Li gii thiu
Li ni u
Tng huyt p
Thiu mu c tim
34
X m ng mch
53
Vim ph qun cp v mn
63
Hen ph qun
86
110
Vim d dy
120
Lot d dy t trng
127
Ri lon hp thu
144
165
Vim gan mn
174
X gan
192
Si mt
214
223
Si tit niu
241
252
271
Thiu mu
300
Bnh i tho ng
327
Bnh bo ph
367
380
383
399
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BSCK II Nguyn Th Li Na
420
Bi no
BSCK II Nguyn Th Li Na
429
440
469
482
497
Thoi ho khp
520
538
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Bi 1
TNG HUYT P
MC TIU
1. Nu c nh ngha v nhng yu t dch t hc ca bnh tng
huyt p.
2. Trnh by c nguyn nhn v c ch sinh bnh tng huyt p theo
l lun y hc c truyn.
3. Chn on c 3 th lm sng tng huyt p theo y hc c truyn.
4. Trnh by c nhng nguyn tc iu tr tng huyt p theo y hc
hin i v y hc c truyn.
5. Trnh by c phng php iu tr tng huyt p (dng thuc v
khng dng thuc ca y hc c truyn).
6. Gii thch c c s l lun ca vic iu tr tng huyt p bng y
hc c truyn.
1. I CNG
1.1. nh ngha
Tng huyt p l mt hi chng lm sng do nhiu nguyn nhn khc
nhau gy nn, ni ln tnh trng gia tng p lc mu trong cc ng
mch ca i tun hon.
Theo OMS, ngi ln c huyt p (HA) bnh thng, nu huyt p ng
mch ti a < 140 mmHg (18,7 kpa) v huyt p ng mch ti thiu <
90 mmHg (12 kpa). Tng huyt p khi huyt p ng mch ti a 160
mmHg (21,3 kpa) v huyt p ng mch ti thiu 95 mmHg (12 kpa).
Huyt p ng mch ti a cn gi l huyt p tm thu, huyt p ng
mch ti thiu cn gi l huyt p tm trng.
1.2. Phn loi
1.2.1. Da theo nh ngha
Tng huyt p gii hn khi tr s huyt p trong khong 140/90 < PA <
160/95 mmHg
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TH CHT YU
(gin, lo s, stress)
BNH LU NGY
N UNG
KHNG NG
Error!
Can dng
vng
Can
m h
Dng
thng cang
Thn
m h
H ha
bc ln
Thn
dng h
m
thp
Lm tc tr
thanh khiu
3. CHN ON
3.1. Chn on theo y hc hin i
3.1.1. Triu chng lm sng
Bnh nhn tng huyt p thng khng c triu chng (tr khi h c t
tng t bin, tr s huyt p 220/110 mmHg).
Nhng triu chng chc nng ca tng huyt p li l nhng triu chng
khng c hiu nh mt mi, au u vng gy nh mch p, nng
phng mt, chy mu cam, au ngc, kh th, ri lon th gic v ting
ni.
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HATT (mmHg)
HATTr (mmHg)
Ti u
<120
<80
Bnh thng
<130
<85
130-139
85-89
THA gii hn
140-149
90-94
THA 1 (nh)
140-159
90-99
160-179
100-109
THA 3 (nng)
180
110
THA tm thu n c
>140
<90
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Huyt p (mmHg)
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Rt cao
Cao
Cao
Rt cao
Rt cao
Rt cao
Rt cao
>3 yu t nguy c
hoc tn thng c quan ch
hoc tiu ng
Tnh trng lm sng i km
+ Yu t nguy c:
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Bnh thn: suy thn (creatinin huyt >2mg/dl), bnh thn do tiu
ng
Bnh y mt: xut huyt hoc xut tit ng mch vng mc, ph
gai th.
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3.2.3. Th m thp
Triu chng ni bt trong th bnh l ny:
Ngi bo, tha cn.
Li dy, to
Bnh nhn thng t than phin v triu chng au u (nu c, thng l
cm gic nng u) nhng d than phin v t nng chi di
Thng hay km tng cholesterol mu
Mch hot.
4. IU TR, D PHNG V THEO DI
Mc tiu ca iu tr v d phng bnh tng huyt p l gim bnh sut
v t sut bng phng tin t xm ln nht nu c th. C th l lm gim v
duy tr HATT <140mmHg v HATTr <90mmHg hay thp hn na nu bnh
nhn dung np c.
ch li ca vic h huyt p l ngn nga c tai bin mch mu no,
bo tn chc nng thn v ngn nga hoc lm chm din tin suy tim.
Phng php thc hin bng iu chnh li sng n c hoc i km vi
thuc iu tr.
Chin lc iu tr c ra nh sau:
Nhm nguy c cao v rt cao: iu tr ngay bng thuc.
Nhm nguy c trung bnh: theo di huyt p v yu t nguy c khc t
3-6 thng. Nu HATT 140mmHg hoc HATTr 90mmHg th dng thuc.
Nhm nguy c thp: theo di huyt p v yu t nguy c khc t 6-12
thng. Nu HATT 150mmHg hoc HATTr 95mmHg th dng thuc.
Vic iu tr tng huyt p cha c bin chng bao gm trc tin v
lun lun l nhng iu chnh v sinh hot n ung, k mi n vai tr ca
thuc v nht l ch ton b v nguy c cc bnh l mch mu.
4.1. iu tr khng dng thuc
Mc tiu kinh in l gi c huyt p di ngng 160/90mmHg m
khng gy ra nhng kh chu (lm cho bnh nhn t chi cch iu tr).
Mc tiu cng l lm cho ngi bnh thay i thi sng nhm lm
gim nguy c cc bnh mch mu. Cng cn c mc tiu lm gim hoc
chm vic dng thuc, iu ny i khi c th t c hoc lm tt hn
vic tr liu bng thuc, bao gm: gii hn Na+, vn ng th lc, cn
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V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Thin ma
Qun
Cu ng
Qun
Hong cm
Thn
Chi t
Thn
Tang k sinh
Thn
H th
Thn
trng
Thn
Phc linh
ch mu
Ngu tt
Thn - T - S
Tc dng
Vai tr
Qun
Trc nh
Qun
Cu ng
Qun
Sinh a
Thn
Bch thc
Thn
Tang dip
Thn
Phc thn
Cc hoa
Bi mu
Cam tho
+ Cng thc huyt s dng gm: hnh gian, thiu ph, can du, thn du,
thi kh, phi dng, ni quan, thi dng, bch hi, n ng.
b. Th thn m h
Php tr:
+ T m, ghm dng.
+ T b can thn.
Nhng bi thuc v cng thc huyt s dng:
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Thc a
Qun
Ngu tt
Qun
R nhu
Thn
Trch t
Ngt, hn: li tiu, thanh ph can phong nhit, thm bng quang,
thp kh
To nhn
Hoa he
Tc dng
Vai tr
Thc a
Qun
Hoi sn
Qun
Sn th
Thn
n b
Phc linh
Trch t
Tc dng
Vai tr
H th
Qun
Thc a
Qun
Hoi sn
Qun
ng quy
Thn
Trch t
Si h
Bnh can, h st
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+ Cng thc huyt s dng: thn du, phc lu, tam m giao, can du,
thi xung; gia gim: thn mn, ni quan, bch hi, a th huyt.
c. Th m thp
Php tr: ha m tr thp.
Bi thuc v cng thc huyt s dng: bi thuc h p (xut x 30 cng
thc thuc), gm:
Thc a
20g
Ngu tt
10g
R nhu
20g
Trch t
10g
20g
To nhn
10g
Hoa ho
10g
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T lng gi
I. Cu hi 5 chn 1:chn cu ng
1. T l ngi ln mc bnh tng huyt p Vit Nam
A. 1-2%
B. 3-5%
C. 6-12%
D. 12-16%
E. 16-20%
2. T l ngi trn 40 tui mc bnh tng huyt p
A. 0,5%
B. 1%
C. 3-4%
D. 5-8%
E. 11-15%
4. Yu t khng lin quan n tng huyt p
A. S tch tui
B. i sng cng thng
C. Ung ru
D. Di truyn
E. Tnh trng tha cn
5. Theo YHCT, n ung khng ng cch gy tng huyt p theo c ch
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A. au cng u nh mch p
B. Ngi mt mi, mch huyn sc v lc
C. au nng ngc, li dy nht, mch hot
D. Cm gic nng trong ngi, bc rc, mch hot
E. au u d di, chng mt, mch nhanh v cng
9. Nguyn tc iu tr tng huyt p th can dng xung
A. Ha m tr thp
B. T m ghm dng
C. T b can thn
D. Dn ha quy nguyn
E. Bnh can ging nghch
10. Nguyn tc iu tr tng huyt p th thn m h
A. Ha m tr thp
B. S can l kh
C. T b can Thn
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D. Dn ha quy nguyn
E. Bnh can ging nghch
11. Nguyn tc iu tr tng huyt p th m thp
A. Ha m tr thp
B. T m ghm dng
C. T b can thn
D. Dn ha quy nguyn
E. Bnh can ging nghch
II. Cu hi nhn qu
1. a. Trong hi chng can dng xung, c du hiu run ry, co git bi v
b. Can dng xung l do can huyt h, nay can huyt km nn khng
nui dng c cn
A. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b c lin quan nhn qu
B. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b khng lin quan nhn qu
C. Nu a ng, b sai
D. Nu a sai, b ng
E. Nu a sai, b sai
2. a. Trong hi chng can dng xung, c du hiu run ry, co git bi v
b. Can dng xung c th dn n can nhit ng phong
A. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b c lin quan nhn qu
B. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b khng lin quan nhn qu
C. Nu a ng, b sai
D. Nu a sai, b ng
E. Nu a sai, b sai
3. Trong bi thuc h p (gm thc a, ngu tt, r nhu, toan to nhn,
m , trch t, hoa ho) cha chng can dng xung
a. Hai v thc a, ngu tt cng tng tu vi nhau, bi v
b. Hai v ny cng c tnh i xung nn lm cho dng ging
A. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b c lin quan nhn qu
B. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b khng lin quan nhn qu
C. Nu a ng, b sai
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D. Nu a sai, b ng
E. Nu a sai, b sai
4. Trong bi thuc h p (gm thc a, ngu tt, r nhu, toan to nhn,
m , trch t, hoa ho) cha chng can dng xung
a. V r nhu lm qun, bi v
b. R nhu c tc dng bnh can tim dng
A. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b c lin quan nhn qu
B. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b khng lin quan nhn qu
C. Nu a ng, b sai
D. Nu a sai, b ng
E. Nu a sai, b sai
5. Trong bi Thin ma cu ng m cha chng can phong ni ng (gm
thin ma, cu ng, hong cm, chi t, tang k sinh, h th ch, trng,
phc linh, ch mu, tho quyt minh, ngu tt)
a. Hai v thin ma, cu ng tng tu vi nhau, bi v
b. C hai u c tc dng thng thanh ging trc
A. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b c lin quan nhn qu
B. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b khng lin quan nhn qu
C. Nu a ng, b sai
D. Nu a sai, b ng
E. Nu a sai, b sai
6. Trong bi Thin ma cu ng m cha chng can phong ni ng (gm
thin ma, cu ng, hong cm, chi t, tang k sinh, h th ch, trng,
phc linh, ch mu, tho quyt minh, ngu tt)
a. Ba v tang k sinh, trng, ngu tt tng tu vi nhau, bi v:
b. C 3 v u b can thn
A. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b c lin quan nhn qu
B. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b khng lin quan nhn qu
C. Nu a ng, b sai
D. Nu a sai, b ng
E. Nu a sai, b sai
7. Trong bi Thin ma cu ng m cha chng can phong ni ng (gm
thin ma, cu ng, hong cm, chi t, tang k sinh, h th ch, trng,
phc linh, ch mu, tho quyt minh, ngu tt)
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a. V phc linh lm t, bi v
b. Phc linh c tnh nh tm an thn
A. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b c lin quan nhn qu
B. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b khng lin quan nhn qu
C. Nu a ng, b sai
D. Nu a sai, b ng
E. Nu a sai, b sai
8. Trong bi Linh dng cu ng thang cha chng can phong ni ng
(gm linh dng gic, trc nh, cu ng, sinh a, bch thc, tang dip,
phc thn, cc hoa, bi mu, cam tho)
a. Hai v trc nh, cu ng cng tng tu vi nhau, bi v
b. C hai u c tc dng trn kinh tc phong
A. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b c lin quan nhn qu
B. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b khng lin quan nhn qu
C. Nu a ng, b sai
D. Nu a sai, b ng
E. Nu a sai, b sai
9. Trong bi Linh dng cu ng thang cha chng can phong ni ng
(gm linh dng gic, trc nh, cu ng, sinh a, bch thc, tang dip,
phc thn, cc hoa, bi mu, cam tho)
a. Hai v sinh a, bch thc u lm thn, bi v
b. Hai v u c tc dng sinh tn
A. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b c lin quan nhn qu
B. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b khng lin quan nhn qu
C. Nu a ng, b sai
D. Nu a sai, b ng
E. Nu a sai, b sai
10. a. Trong phng huyt iu tr chng thn m h (gm thn du, phc
lu, tam m giao, can du, thn mn, thi xung), chm b huyt phc lu bi v
b. B huyt phc lu b thn thy theo nguyn tc con h b m
A. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b c lin quan nhn qu
B. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b khng lin quan nhn qu
C. Nu a ng, b sai
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D. Nu a sai, b ng
E. Nu a sai, b sai
11. a. Trong phng huyt iu tr chng thn m h (gm thn du, phc
lu, tam m giao, can du, thn mn, thi xung), chm t huyt thi xung
thanh can ho, bi v
b. Chm huyt ny theo nguyn tc m thc t con
A. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b c lin quan nhn qu
B. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b khng lin quan nhn qu
C. Nu a ng, b sai
D. Nu a sai, b ng
E. Nu a sai, b sai
12. a. Trong phng huyt iu tr chng thn m h (gm thn du, phc
lu, tam m giao, can du, thn mn, thi xung) chm b huyt thn mn
thanh tm ho, bi v
b. Chm huyt ny theo nguyn tc con h b m
A. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b c lin quan nhn qu
B. Nu a ng, b ng, a v b khng lin quan nhn qu
C. Nu a ng, b sai
D. Nu a sai, b ng
E. Nu a sai, b sai
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Bi 2
THIU MU C TIM
MC TIU
1. Nu c nh ngha v nhng yu t dch t hc ca bnh thiu mu
c tim.
2. Trnh by c nguyn nhn v c ch sinh bnh thiu mu c tim
theo l lun YHCT.
3. Chn on c 5 th lm sng thiu mu c tim theo YHCT.
4. Trnh by c nhng nguyn tc iu tr thiu mu c tim theo
YHHD v YHCT.
5. Trnh by c phng php iu tr thiu mu c tim (dng thuc v
khng dng thuc ca y hc c truyn).
6. Gii thch c c s l lun ca vic iu tr thiu mu c tim bng
YHCT.
1. I CNG
1.1. nh ngha
Bnh c tim thiu mu c xem l hu qu ca tnh trng x m ng
mch vnh tim (xem bi x m ng mch). Tnh trng teo hp ng mch vnh
ng k, ng thi vi nhng ri lon c ch iu ha co tht v gin n mch
vnh l nhng yu t hnh thnh nhng triu chng rt phong ph ca bnh.
1.2. c im dch t hc
Bnh c tim thiu mu l nguyn nhn ch yu nh hng n t l t
vong v t l bnh tt trn ngi sau tui 40. T vong do bnh tim mch
chim khong 40% trn tng s t vong. Thng k cho thy c khong 800.000
trng hp nhi mu c tim mi, 450.000 trng hp nhi mu c tim ti pht
v 520.000 t vong/nm.
Bnh c tim thiu mu tc ng rt ln n chm sc y t ca mt nc.
Ti M, nm 1989, bnh c tim thiu mu c 56 triu t khm bnh, 455
triu ngy hn ch lm vic, 184 triu ngy nm vin v mt 23 triu ngy
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cng. Bnh thiu mu c tim hin ng hng th 3 v loi bnh phi nm vin
ngn ngy (sau sinh v chn thng). chn on v iu tr bnh c tim
thiu mu rt tn km.
2. NGUYN NHN, BNH SINH
2.1. Theo y hc hin i
2.1.1. Nhim m x mch
L nguyn nhn trong 90% cc trng hp.
2.1.2. Nhng nguyn nhn khc (10%)
Tn thng thc th ng mch vnh tim.
Vim ng mch vnh do giang mai, vim quanh nt ng mch, tc
mch vnh do cc mu t xa n.
V c ch bnh l bnh c tim thiu mu c lin quan cht ch n s cn
bng ca 2 yu t cung cp v nhu cu oxy ca c tim. Do , nhng yu t
thun li sau c th c tm thy trong bnh l ny nh:
Khi s cung cp oxy cho c tim khng : thiu mu nng.
Khi nhu cu s dng oxy gia tng: tng huyt p, ph i tht tri, hot
ng th lc t ngt gia tng
2.2. Theo y hc c truyn
Bnh thiu mu c tim c th xut hin vi bnh cnh au ngc (vi rt
nhiu mc khc nhau) hoc khng c biu hin lm sng (bnh c pht
hin tnh c trong khi khm, iu tr mt bnh l khc). Nh vy, c th tm tt
cc triu chng c nng thng gp trong bnh l c tim thiu mu gm:
Nhng triu chng c th gp trong bnh l x m ng mch (xem bi
x m ng mch).
au ngc cn gi l tm thng; nu km kh th th c gi l tm t,
tm trng, hung hip thng.
Qua vic phn tch c ch bnh sinh ton b cc chng trng thng gp
ca YHCT trong bnh c tim thiu mu, c th bin lun v c ch bnh sinh
theo YHCT nh sau:
Nguyn nhn ca bnh l ny theo YHCT c th l:
Do tht tnh nh gin, lo s, gy tn thng 2 tng can v thn m.
Do bnh lu ngy, th cht suy yu, m (huyt) v dng (kh) suy, h
ha bc ln, nung nu dch thnh m, m ha gp li gy bnh.
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TH CHT YU
(gin, lo s, stress)
BNH LU NGY
N UNG
KHNG NG
Error!
Can
m h
Thn
m h
m
thp
Thn
dng h
H ha hun
t tn dch
Lm tc tr
kinh mch
TM THNG TM TRNG
HUNG T M THP
3. CHN ON
3.1. Chn on theo y hc hin i
3.1.1. Suy mch vnh mn
a. Khi no th ngh n vic tm kim suy mch vnh mn?
Nhng yu t nguy c: nhng ngi au ngc, c nguy c thiu nng
vnh (bng 2.1)
Bng 2.1. Nhng yu t nguy c ca tim mch
Yu t
nguy c
Ni dung bnh
Tui tc
Di truyn
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Phng nga
Thuc l
C gim c 1% lng
cholesterol ton phn th gim
c 2-3% nguy c NMCT
Gia tng c HDL tng ng
vi gim nguy c bnh mch
vnh
Tng huyt
p
Lm gim c 1mmHg ca
huyt p ti thiu s lm gim
2-3% nguy c NMCT
Tiu ng
Cha r
Bo ph
Tng
triglycerid
mu
Tng acid
uric mu
Yu t ny thng kt hp vi nhng yu t
nguy c khc. Do khng th nh gi
nguy c ca n ring l c
Ru
Trng thi t
vn ng
Thuc nga
thai ung
Nu dng 1 ly ru vang/ngy
lm gim 35-55% nguy c
NMCT
Nu ti lp trng thi vn
ng s lm gim 35-55%
nguy c NMCT
Nguy c ny s tng ln gp 39 ln nu c
km ht thuc > 20/ ngy
Estrogen
sau tt kinh
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au ngc
+ in hnh: au ngc vi cc tnh cht co tht hoc cm gic nng nh
b . au tng khi c ng, khi gng sc (lm ngi bnh s khng
dm c ng).
+ V tr au: sau xng c, lan ln hm, vai, tay.
+ au ngc c th bt u t t v ch ko di khong vi pht.
+ Khng in hnh au c cm gic chn, tc ngc (lm bnh nhn chm
hoc ngng bc). V tr khng in hnh hm hoc tay. C v nh
au khng tng khi gng sc v khng gim vi nm ngh.
C mt chu k kh r rt: nh cao ca triu chng ny l 4 gi sau khi
thc dy (thi im m noradrenalin cao nht trong ngy).
Ch : ty theo mc ca tnh trng lo u, ca nhng yu t nguy c
ca XMM, m chng ta thy cn thit hay khng thc hin cc xt nghim
cn lm sng xc nh.
Kh th: trong nhiu trng hp kh th ch xut hin n c v l triu
chng ch yu (c xem nh tng ng au ngc).
Nhng trng hp khng c triu chng lm sng:
+ Nhng trng hp bnh mch vnh ang c iu tr: l nhng
ngi m chng ta mun kim tra hu qu ca vic iu tr (nh lm
cu ni, nong rng mch vnh). Thng lm phim mch vnh
(coronarographie).
+ Nhng trng hp c bnh ng mch (ng mch chu hay ng
mch no). y l nhng ngi c nguy c t vong rt cao do thiu
nng vnh. V vy, lut bt buc trn nhng ngi ny trc khi tin
hnh phu thut phi tin hnh xc nh c suy mch vnh? ( trnh
tai bin phu thut).
b. Xc nh suy mch vnh mn bng cch no?
Chn on suy mch vnh c khi khng phi d dng, cn da vo
nhng yu t sau:
+ au ngc.
+ Nhng yu t nguy c: phi, di truyn, ht thuc, t vn ng th lc,
bo ph, tng huyt p, stress, ch n nhiu m, tiu ng.
+ Khm lm sng (mc ch ch yu):
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vim mng ngoi tim cp, nhi mu phi, cng nh trng hp au ngc do
nguyn nhn ngoi tim.
Ngoi ra, cng tht s kh phn bit c gia au ngc khng n nh
v trng hp nhi mu c tim cp khng c sng Q (nhi mu di ni tm
mc). Trng hp ny thng dng cc xt nghim v men tim chn on
phn bit.
c. Phi thc hin nhng xt nghim cn lm sng g?
EKG khng quan trng trong trng hp ny.
EKG gng sc l chng ch nh (cng nh vi nghim php vi persantin).
Cc xt nghim men tim: CPK, CPK-MB, SGOT, SGPT, LDH, troponinetest.
Mch vnh : rt quan trng v nh hng rt ln vo iu tr.
3.2. Chn on theo y hc c truyn
Da vo nguyn nhn v c ch bnh l YHCT, bnh l thiu mu c tim
theo YHCT c th c biu hin di nhng th lm sng sau y:
3.2.1. Th kh tr huyt
au vng tim tng cn (tha tht hoc lin tc).
Cht li tm hay c im huyt.
Mch trm, t, sc.
3.2.2. Th can thn m h
au ngc (nu c) thng c tnh cht hoc co tht, hoc nhi nh kim
m. Ngi d b kch thch, cu gt.
Tnh trng u oi, mt mi thng xuyn.
au nhc mi lng m .
Hoa mt chng mt, tai, u nng, au m .
Cm gic nng trong ngi, bt rt, thnh thong c cn nng phng
mt, ng tm phin nhit, ng km, c th c to bn.
Mch trm, huyn, sc, v lc.
3.2.3. Th m thp
au ngc (nu c) thng c tnh cht nh c mt vt nng chn trn
ngc, thng km kh th.
Ngi bo, tha cn; li dy, to.
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Nu LDL > 130 - 160 mg% v c < 2/5 yu t nguy c ==> iu tr bng
tit ch (nhiu cht x + tri cy) (xem bi x m ng mch).
Nu LDL > 130 - 160%: c >2/5 yu t nguy c: ==> tit ch + thuc.
Nu LDL > 160%: c < 2/5 yu t nguy c: ==> tit ch + thuc.
NB: tit ch gim cholesterol l sa i ch n t nhiu cht bo no
sang bo khng no.
Thuc YHH v YHCT iu tr gim cholesterol mu (xem bi x m
ng mch).
4.1.2. Lm gim s tiu th O2 ca c tim
S tiu th O2 ty thuc nhp tim, co bp ca c tim, khng lc ca
huyt p khi tim co (huyt p ng mch), khng lc ca tm trng (huyt
p tim tri cui tm trng). Thuc YHH hoc thuc YHCT u phi lm th
no p ng c yu cu ny.
YHCT c nhng bi thuc tham gia vo c ch ny qua vic lm gim
huyt p (xem bi tng huyt p). YHH c 3 nhm thuc phc v cho yu cu
ny gm: chn beta, nhm khng calci, dn xut nitrit.
Chn beta: rt hiu qu v lm gim nhp tim, gim co c tim, gim huyt
p tm thu. Do , loi ny c chng minh phng nga tt t vong sau
nhi mu c tim.
Nhm khng calci: c tc dng lm gim co c tim, gim huyt p. Cn
ch nhm nifedipin v lm tng nhp tim, c kh nng lm tng nguy c
thiu mu. Thuc hay dng l tildiem (diltiazem), isoptin (verapamil). C th
phi hp gia chn beta v nhm khng calci v rt hiu qu chng au ngc
nhng c bt li l lm chm nhp tim nhiu.
Nhm dn xut nitrit: dng t 100 nm tr au tht ngc v gim
c p lc lm y tht tri v nh th lm gim ti tm trng. Loi
nhanh: dng di li hoc xt (spray). Loi iu tr cng c: c cc dng dng
ngoi da (khng c dng 24/24, nn b ra lc ng), dng thuc ung LP.
Dng phi hp vi chn beta trong suy mch vnh rt tt. Cnh nhm ny c
nhm molsidomin (corvasal (R)) 6 - 12mg/24h chia 3 ln. C ch ging nh
nhm dn xut nitrit.
Vic nh gi da trn kt qu nhp tim chm r rng hoc c ch c
nhp tim nhanh tng trn 115 ln/pht khi lm nghim php gng sc. Cng
c th kim tra hiu qu vi EKG gng sc ==> nghim php gng sc ko di
hn v lm c nhng bc cao hn ca nghim php gng sc.
4.1.3. Chng tnh trng to mng x va
Aspirin liu thp 75 - 100 mg: rt thng dng. c chng minh lm
gim tn sut nhi mu c tim.
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Thc a
Qun
Ngu tt
Qun
R nhu
Thn
Trch t
Ngt, hn: li tiu, thanh ph can phong nhit, thm bng quang
thp kh
To nhn
Hoa he
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+ Bi thuc Lc v a hong hon gia quy thc gm: thc a 32g, hoi
sn 16g, sn th 8g, n b 12g, phc linh 12g, trch t 6g, ng quy
12g, bch thc 8g. Bi ny thng c s dng khi tng huyt p c
km triu chng au ngc, au vng tim.
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Thc a
Qun
Hoi sn
Qun
Sn th
Thn
n b
Phc linh
Trch t
Tc dng
Vai tr
H th
Qun
Thc a
Qun
Hoi sn
Qun
ng quy
Thn
Trch t
Si h
Bnh can, h st
+ Cng thc huyt s dng: thn du, phc lu, tam m giao, can du,
thi xung, thn mn, ni quan, bch hi, a th huyt.
4.4.3. Th m thp
Php tr: ha m tr thp.
Nhng bi thuc v cng thc huyt s dng:
Bi thuc h p gia o nhn, hng hoa (xut x 30 cng thc thuc)
gm: thc a 20g, ngu tt 10g, r nhu 20g, trch t 10g, m 20g, to
nhn 10g, hoa ho 10g, o nhn 12g, hng hoa 8g.
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V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Thc a
Qun
Ngu tt
Qun
R nhu
Thn
Trch t
Ngt, hn: li tiu, thanh ph can phong nhit, thm bng quang
thp kh
To nhn
Hoa he
o nhn
Hng hoa
Tc dng
Vai tr
Nhn sm
Qun
Ph t
Qun
ng quy
Thn
an sm
Nhc qu
Ba kch
T
T, s
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V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Nhn sm
Qun
Mch mn
Thn
Ng v t
Hong k
Cam tho
Tc dng
Vai tr
Ph t
Thn
Can khng
Thn
Nhc qu
Thn
Nhn sm
Qun
Bch trut
Phc linh
Ng V T
Trn b
Cam tho
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V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Phc thn
Qun
Toan to nhn
Qun
Long nhn
B huyt, kin t
Qun
Nhn sm
Thn
Hong k
Thn
Bch trut
Thn
ng quy
Vin ch
i to
Mc hng
Cam tho
Ut kim
+ Cng thc huyt s dng: n trung, c khuyt, t du, cch du, thi
bch, phong long, ni quan.
T lng gi
I. Cu hi 5 chn 1: chn cu ng
1. Yu t khng phi l nguyn nhn ca bnh c tim thiu mu
A. Nhim m x mch
B. Tng huyt p
C. Vim ng mch vnh do giang mai
D. Vim nt quanh ng mch
E. Tc mch vnh do cc mu ng
2. Yu t khng tham gia vo c ch bnh c tim thiu mu theo YHCT
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A. in tim gng sc
B. in tim holter
C. Chp nhp nhy c tim kch hot vi dipyridamol
D. Siu m tim
E. Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerid
5. Bnh nhn c triu chng au ngc khng n nh (angor instable),
phi lm xt nghim g?
A. in tim
B. in tim gng sc
C. in tim holter
D. Siu m tim
E. Men tim: CPK, CPK-MB, SGOT, SGPT, LDH
6. Triu chng lm sng gp trong thiu mu c tim th kh tr huyt
A. au ngc nh c vt nng
B. au ngc m , hi hp, kh th
C. au ngc, cht li tm hoc c im huyt
D. au nhi ngc nh co tht, ng tm phin nhit
E. au ngc d di, t hn, ngi lnh
7. Triu chng lm sng gp trong thiu mu c tim th can thn m h
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A. .
B. .
C. .
D. .
2. Khi no ngh n co tht mch vnh/thiu mu c tim mn
A. .
B. .
3. Nguyn tc tr liu YHH suy mch vnh mn
A.
B.
C.
D.
.
.
.
.
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Bi 3
X M NG MCH
MC TIU
1. Nu c nh ngha v nhng yu t dch t hc ca bnh nhim m
x mch.
2. Trnh by c nguyn nhn v c ch sinh bnh nhim m x mch
theo l lun YHCT.
3. Trnh by c nhng nguyn tc iu tr nhim m x mch theo
YHHD v YHCT.
4. Trnh by c phng php iu tr v phng bnh nhim m x
mch ca y hc c truyn.
5. Gii thch c c s l lun cu vic iu tr nhim m x mch bng
YHCT.
1. I CNG
X m ng mch l nguyn nhn dn u gy t vong v tn tt cc
nc pht trin. Mc d bnh kh ph bin, nhng mt vi tnh cht c bn
ca bnh vn cha c hiu bit y .
Atherosclerosis, tn gi ca bnh ni ln tnh trng tch t ca m (athere,
gruel, cho) lm thnh trong ca mch mu b dy ln (sclerosis: dy cng).
Bnh khng xut hin trn tt c cc ng mch ca c th. Thng
thng n xut hin ng mch ch bng, k n l ng mch vnh tim
trc khi tn cng n cc ng mch chu v ng mch no (cc ng mch
cnh ngoi, ng mch v, ng mch nch khng bao gi thy x m d cha
r l do).
Ch nhng bin chng ca bnh mi lm thy r bnh: trong mt thi
gian di, tin trin ca x m ng mch rt yn lng, khng triu chng v
n thun ch l nhng thay i v gii phu. Nhng sang thng trn di
dn trong lng ng mch lm dng mu chy chm li, to nn tc nghn
mch a n nhng hi chng thiu mu cp v mn.
Nhng bin chng ca x m ng mch gm (bng 3.1):
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Bin chng
au tht ngc
Nhi mu c tim (NMCT)
t t
Suy tim
Di n
Cp mu di n
ng mch cnh
ng mch no
ng mch thn
Suy thn
Huyt p cao
ng mch mc treo
Thiu mu mc treo
Nhi mu mc treo
ng mch chi di
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20 - 29
2g/l = 5,16mmol/l
30 - 39
> 40
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hoc ng mch phi (tr khi tnh mch saphene trong tnh trng
ng mch ha hoc c tnh trng tng p ng mch phi).
Tnh trng huyt p cng tng, tnh trng pht trin gii phu ca
XMM cng nhiu v bin chng XMM cng ln.
Hin nay cha c chng minh r rng gim huyt p lm gim s pht
trin XMM, nhng chng minh c mi quan h gia gim huyt
p v gim bin chng thiu mu no v thiu nng vnh.
2.1.3. Ht thuc l c xp vo nhng nguyn nhn ca nhng bin
chng ca XMM
Tn s ca NMCT, t t, vim tc ng mch chi di mn tnh u
tng mt cch ng k vi s kin ht thuc l. Khng thy c mi lin h
gia ht thuc l v s pht trin gii phu ca XMM.
2.1.4. Nhng yu t nguy c ca bin chng XMM t mnh m hn
Tnh trng gim vn ng th lc
Stress
Bo ph
Tng triglycerid (TG) mu
Dng thuc nga thai ung
2.1.5. Nhng yu t nguy c rt ln ca XMM nhng khng c cch nga
Phi nam
Tui
Yu t di truyn
2.2. Theo y hc c truyn
X m ng mch l bnh l rt ph bin: nh trn nu, phn ln
mng x va khng gy ra triu chng v rt nhiu trng hp khng
bao gi c biu hin triu chng lm sng. Trong khi nhng bnh
danh YHCT ch yu c da trn nhng triu chng chc nng khi
bin chng ca bnh xut hin.
Da vo nhng c s l lun YHH v YHCT, c th bin lun v c ch
bnh sinh bnh l XMM theo YHCT nh sau:
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Tht tnh
(gin, lo lng)
(stress ko di)
Can m
h
m (huyt)
h
Dng (kh)
h
n ung
khng ng
m
thp
H ha hun t
tn dch
m ho
Tc tr kinh mch
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Cholesterol >2g/l
Tng m trong
mu phi hp
Bo khng no
Sa v cht ch bin t sa
M ng vt
Du hng dng
n
King
Rau
Tri cy
S hn
Heo
Thc n nng
B, b
Du u phng
Yaourt
Sa, b, pho mt
Gim
Bnh m
Tht heo
Bnh nng
Tht cu
Khoai ty
Tht b
u H Lan
Tht vt
Bp
C hi
Go
C mi
Bt
Chui
Ru
Nho
Trng ming c ng
Tri cy kh
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Ch n lm gim triglycerid:
King: thc n ngt, bnh ga-t, s-a, xi-r, chocolat, ru
3.2. Thay i cch sng
Cng nhm loi b nhng yu t nguy c nh:
B ngay thuc l.
Gi thi tm thn thch hp, lc quan, trnh cng thng thn kinh
(xem bi thi tm thn trong cuc sng - dng sinh v hc thuyt m
dng ng hnh).
Phi hp vi ch n: thit lp ch vn ng th lc u n/ngy,
nht l ngi cao tui. Nguyn tc ca ch tp luyn ny l dng
nhiu c t u i bt dng c tim. Thc hin nhng bi tp dng
sinh u n (xem bi th gin - th 4 thi - nhng bi tp cc t th
nm, ng).
3.3. iu tr tch cc, ng n nhng bnh c lin quan
iu tr bnh tng huyt p, tiu ng (xem phn bnh l tng huyt
p, tiu ng).
iu tr gim cholesterol mu bng thuc.
C ch
Nhm
fibrat
Tc dng
Tc dng ph
Ch nh
Liu dng
Lipanthyl 100300mg/ 24h
- Lipur (R)
(gemfibrozil)
900mg/24h
- Ciprofibrat
Lipanor (R):
100mg/24h
- Bezafibrat,
befizal (R): 400600mg/24h
Nhm c
ch HMG
-CoA
reductase
Gim
30%
cholesterol, rt
hiu qu trong
tng cholesterol
mu gia nh
- au c
- Tng
transaminases
v CPR
- Tng nh tc
dng cc thuc
chng vitamin K
Tng
cholesterol
mu
n
thun
Simvastatin
Zocor (R)
Lodals (R)
10-20mg/24h
Pravastatin
Vasten (R)
Elisor (R)
10-40mg/24h
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Nhm
resin
(dng v
tc dng
ph h
tiu ho,
dng phi
vi
hp
nhm 2)
Chelation cc Gim
Tng
15% - To bn
acid mt c cholesterol
cholesterol
- RLTH
cha
gia nh
- Gim tc dng
cholesterol
cc thuc chng
vitamin K, digital
v kch t gip
Cholestyramin
Ngh
6-8g
Ngu tt
Li tiu;
Tc dng ph
v chua ng, huyt, hnh
tnh bnh, khng (sng), b can
thn, mnh gn
c;
ct (chn)
vo 2 kinh can,
thn
12-16g
Ti
Phm m h
ni nhit, thai
sn ch dng,
hi ming
Questran (R)
3-6 gi /24h
4-8g
T lng gi
I. Cu hi 5 chn 1: chn cu ng
1. Bnh l no khng do bin chng ca x m ng mch (XMM) trn
tim
A. au tht ngc
B. Nhi mu c tim (NMCT)
C. Tng huyt p
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D. t t
E. Suy tim
2. C ch bnh nhim m x mch theo YHCT
A. Can m h gy ni nhit
B. Huyt h sinh huyt nhit
C. Huyt h sinh huyt
D. Kh h sinh kh tr
E. m thp
3. Ch n no khng c li cho bnh XMM
A. Nhiu rau
B. Nhiu tri cy
C. Nhiu c
D. Nhiu du phng
E. Thc n nng
4. Dc liu no c tc dng lm h cholestorol trong mu
A. Sinh a
B. Cc hoa
C. C xc
D. Trch t
E. Hoa i
5. Ngh l v thuc c tc dng
A. Bnh m
B. Khoai ty
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C. Tri cy kh
D. Thc n ung c ng
E. Yaourt
2. lm gim cholesterol trong mu, cn king
A. Trng
B. Tht heo
C. Tht b, b
D. Sa
E. C
3. lm gim triglycerides trong mu, cn king
A. Du hng dng
B. Bnh ga-t
C. Chocolat
D. Thc n ung c ng
E. Ru
4. iu tr XMM, tt nht
A. Phng bnh
B. n ung ng cch
C. Thay i cch sng
D. iu tr bnh c lin quan
E. Dng thuc h cholesterol mu
5. Cng dng ca c xc
A. An thn
B. H huyt p
C. Li tiu
D. H cholesterol mu
E. Cha au khp
6. Cng dng ca ngh
A. Khng khun
B. Kch thch tiu ha
C. Nhun gan mt
D. Lm lnh vt lot
E. St trng
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Bi 4
VIM PH QUN CP V MN
MC TIU
1. Nu c nh ngha v nhng yu t dch t hc ca bnh vim ph
qun cp v mn.
2. Trnh by c nguyn nhn v c ch sinh bnh ca bnh vim ph
qun cp v mn theo l lun YHH v YHCT.
3. Chn on c 9 th lm sng ca bnh vim ph qun cp v
mn theo YHCT.
4. Trnh by c nhng nguyn tc iu tr ca bnh vim ph qun
cp v mn theo YHH v YHCT.
5. Trnh by c phng php iu tr ca bnh vim ph qun cp
v mn (dng thuc v khng dng thuc ca y hc c truyn).
6. Gii thch c c s l lun ca vic iu tr bnh vim ph qun
cp v mn bng YHCT.
1. I CNG
1.1. nh ngha
Vim ph qun cp (VPQC) l tnh trng vim nhim cp tnh nim mc
cy kh ph qun. Thng tin trin t nhin ht, hoc cui cng sau iu tr
s lnh hn bnh v hot ng h hp hon ton tr li bnh thng.
Vim ph qun mn tnh (VPQM) l mt bnh c lin quan vi s tip
xc lu di vi nhng cht kch thch ph qun khng c th, i i vi s
tng tit nim dch cng mt s thay i v cu trc ca ph qun. V mt
lm sng, c coi l VPQM khi bnh nhn c ho khc ko di t nht 90 ngy
trong mt nm v trong 2 nm lin tc. Ho khc c loi tr l khng do cc
bnh khc nh lao, gin ph qun, p - xe, bi phi v.v (Lancet, 1965). nh
ngha trn ch nu c mc ti thiu khi u ca VPQM, v VPQM bao gm
nhng trng thi bnh l nng nh khc nhau, t ho khc m gim, n
nhng t suy h hp thng xuyn m tin lng cng khng km nguy him
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Vi khun
Vim ph qun cp
Vim ph qun mn
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Virus
(+++)
RSV
Syncytial Virus)
(Respiratory
(+++)
Adenovirus,
influenza virus
Para.
Vt l
D ng
Di truyn
(-)
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Ln
Trung bnh
Nh
Cu trc
Nhiu tuyn v sn
cng
Nhiu c
Tn thng
gii phu
Co tht, tc, xp
Hy hoi
Biu hin
lm sng
Ho khc
Kh th tng lc
Kh th r v dn thng
xuyn
Thm d
chc nng
Cha c
Hi chng tc nghn,
ri lon thng kh
Ri lon vn chuyn kh
(tiu ph qun)
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c. Cn lm sng
X quang phi:
+ Giai on u gn nh bnh thng.
+ Giai on tin trin bnh:
Triu chng tim mch: thn ng mch phi gin to, tht (P) to.
FEV1/FVC
FEV1 so vi d on
70%
80%
< 70%
80%
II
< 70%
III
< 70%
IV
< 70%
< 30%
Tng dung tch cn chc nng: nh gi bng cng thc th tch cn/
tng dung tch phi.
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Cc nguy c c th mc tm ph mn:
C 3 mc :
Loi A (cha c tng huyt p phi): SaO2 bnh thng, PCO2 gia 45 v
55mm, th tch hng cu bnh thng.
Loi B: huyt p phi c th 30 - 50 mmHg v c kh nng mt b khi
thy SaO2 gim di 0,92 (92%), PCO2 gia 55 - 7mmHg, d tr kim tng, s
lng hng cu tng.
Loi C: chc chn c tng huyt p phi v thng c suy tim phi:
SaO2 gia 0,51 v 0,53 (51 - 53%), PCO2 tng 9,31 - 13,3Kpa (70 - 100mmHg),
d tr kim trn 30mEq, th tch hng cu tng.
Cn c vo cc du hiu tng i n gin trn, c th d on tnh
trng huyt p tiu tun hon v qua s hnh thnh tm ph mn.
Kh ph thng.
Gin ph nang.
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d. Ph thn dng h
Triu chng ging nh chng ph kh h km thm nhng triu chng
ca thn dng h nh au lng mi gi, lit dng, tay chn lnh, s
lnh, tiu tin nhiu ln, mch trm t nhc.
Ho, m nhiu, ngc sn y trng, ming kht m khng mun ung
nc, nn.
Lng v tay chn lnh, hoa mt, chng mt, th ngn, hi hp, li bu,
ru li trng trn.
4. IU TR V CHM SC
4.1. iu tr
4.1.1. Th phong hn
Php tr: pht tn phong hn v ha m (tn hn tuyn ph, n ph tn
hn).
Cc v thuc thng dng l: ma hong, ta t, bch ch, ct cnh... Cc
bi thuc thng dng l: Hnh t tn, Ch thu tn, T t ging kh thang.
Nhng bi thuc v cng thc huyt s dng:
+ Bi T t ging kh thang: bn h 12g, hu phc 8g, tin h 8g, chch
tho 4g, nhc qu 4g, t t 16g, ng quy 12g, sinh khng 3 lt,
trn b 8-12g.
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
T t
Qun
Sinh khng
Thn
Nhc qu
Thn
Hu phc
Trn b
Tin h
ng quy
Bn h ch
Cam tho
T - S
T
T - S
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Kinh gii
Qun
Ct cnh
Tuyn ph ging kh
Thn
Trn b
Kin t ch khi
Thn
T uyn
Ha m ch khi
Bch b
Ch khi ha m
Bch tin
Ch khi ho m
Cam tho
n trung, ha v
+ Cng thc huyt s dng gm: i chy, phong tr, phong mn, lit
khuyt, n trung, phong long.
4.1.2. Th phong nhit
Php tr: pht tn phong nhit, s phong thanh nhit, tr m (thanh
nhit tuyn ph).
Cc v thuc thng dng cha l: l du ti, bc h, hoa cc,... Cc
bi thuc thng dng cha nh: Ngn kiu tn, Ma hnh thch cam
thang, Tang cc m, V kim thang.
Nhng bi thuc v cng thc huyt s dng:
+ Bi Tang cc m gia gim: tang dip 20g, ct cnh 16g, cc hoa 10g,
cam tho 8g, hnh nhn 16g, l cn 16g, lin kiu 12g, bc h 8g.
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Tang dip
Qun
Bc h
Thn
Cc hoa
Thn
Lin kiu
Thn
Hnh nhn
Ct cnh
L cn
Cam tho
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+ Cng thc huyt s dng gm: i chy, phong tr, phong mn, lit
khuyt, n trung, phong long, khc tr, hp cc.
4.1.3. Th kh to
Php cha: thanh ph, nhun to.
Cc v thuc thng dng l: t t, l h, thin mn, sa sm, mch mn,...
Cc bi thuc thng dng l: Tang cc m, Thanh to cu ph thang...
Nhng bi thuc v cng thc huyt s dng:
+ Bi Hong lin gii c thang (dng khi mi mc bnh): hong lin
30g, hong cm 20g, hong b 20g, chi t 20g.
Phn tch bi thuc
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Hong lin
Qun
Hong cm
Qun
Hong b
Qun
Chi t
Thn, s
Bi Thanh to cu ph thang: tang dip 20g, a giao 8g, thch cao 16g,
mch mn 12g, nhn sm 5g, hnh nhn 6g, cam tho 8g, t b dip 8g,
ma nhn 8g.
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Nhn sm
Qun
Tang dip
Thn
T b dip
Thn
Thch cao
Thn
M en
Mch mn
Thn
A giao
Thn
Hnh nhn
Cam tho
Thn, t
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Cng thc huyt s dng: i chy, phong tr, phong mn, lit khuyt,
n trung, phong long, khc tr, hp cc.
4.1.4. Th m nhit
Php tr: thanh ha nhit m v nhun to ha m (tuyn ph ha
m nhit, thanh ph ha m).
Cc bi thuc thng dng: Nh trn thang gia thm bi mu, tri mu;
Tiu hm hung thang; Sinh lch t i to t ph thang; Nhun ph
thang; T m thanh ph thang; Bch hp c kim thang; Bi mu qua lu
thang...
+ Bi Bch hp c kim thang: sinh a 12g, thc a 18g, bch hp 12g,
mch mn ng 12g, bi mu 10g, thc dc 10g, huyn sm 8g, ct
cnh 8g, sinh cam tho 10g
Phn tch bi thuc
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Bch hp
Qun
Mch mn
Qun
Huyn sm
Thn
Sinh a
Thn
Thc a
Thn
Bi mu
Thc dc
Ct cnh
T, s
T ha gii c, iu ha cc v thuc
T, s
4.1.5. Th m thp
Php tr: to thp ha m ch khi, n ha thp m.
Cc v thuc thng dng: ht ci trng, bn h ch, trn b, t t, ct
cnh, bch tin... Cc bi thuc thng dng l: Nh trn thang, Lc
qun t thang, L trung ha m hon...
+ Bi Nh trn thang gia v: trn b 10g, thng trut 8g, bn h 8g,
bch trut 12g, phc linh 10g, cam tho 10g, hnh nhn 12g, sinh
khng 6g.
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Trn b
L kh ha m
Qun
Bn h
Qun
Phc linh
Kin t, li thp
Thn
Bch trut
Thng trut
To thp, kin t
Cam tho
n trung, ha v
Hnh nhn
Sinh khng
Ging nghch ha m
+ Bi Lc qun t thang: nhn sm 10g, cam tho (chch) 6g, bch trut
9g, trn b 9g, phc linh 9g, bn h 12g.
c dng khi t h khng ch c thp, khng vn ha c thy
cc, dch ngng t li m thnh m.
Phn tch bi thuc
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Nhn sm
Qun
Cam tho
n trung, ha v
Bch trut
Kin t, to thp
Thn
Trn b
L kh ha m
Phc linh
Bn h
Thn
T
+ Cng thc huyt s dng gm: t du, ph du, thn du, tc tam l, hp
cc, tam m giao.
4.1.6. Th ph kh h
Php tr: b ch ph kh.
Cc v thuc thng dng: ng sm, bch trut, hong k,... Cc bi
thuc thng dng l: Bo nguyn thang, Ngc bnh phong tn, Qu chi
gia hong k thang,...
+ Bi Ngc bnh phong tn gm: hong k, bch trut, phng phong
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Hong k
B kh, c biu
Qun
Bch trut
Phng phong
Thn
+ Bi Bo nguyn thang gm: nhn sm, hong k, nhc qu, cam tho.
Phn tch bi thuc
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Nhn sm
i b nguyn kh
Qun
Hong k
ch kh, c biu
Qun
Nhc qu
Tr dng, tn hn
Thn
Cam tho
n trung, ha v
4.1.7. Th ph m h
Php tr: t dng ph m, t m, ging ha.
Cc v thuc thng dng: sinh a, huyn sm, a ct b, ngc trc, an
b, bch hp... Cc bi thuc thng dng l: Nht m tin, Lc v hon
+ Bi Nht m tin gia gim gm: bch thc 8g, a ct b 4g, sinh a
8g, cam tho 3g, mch mn 12g, thc a 20g, tri mu 4g.
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Mch mn
Qun
Sinh a
ng, hn, vo tm, can, thn: thanh nhit, lng huyt, dng m,
sinh tn
Thn
a ct b
Thn
Bch thc
Tri mu
Cam tho
+ Cng thc huyt s dng: thi uyn, thin lch, tam m giao, ph du,
thn du.
4.1.8. Th ph t u h
Php tr: kin t, ch ph.
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Nhn sm
Qun
Bch trut
Thn
Bch linh
Ngt, bnh; vo tm, t, ph, thn: li niu, thm thp, kin t, an thn
Thn
Bch bin
u
Thn
Hoi sn
Thn
Sa nhn
Ht sen
Ct cnh
Cam tho
+ Cng thc huyt s dng gm: thi uyn, thin lch, trung ph,
kh hi, n trung, tam m giao, ph du, thn du, t du, mnh mn,
phc lu.
4.1.9. Th ph thn dng h
Php tr: n thn np kh, b ph kh
Cc v thuc thng dng ph t ch, nhc qu, ng sm, hong k...
Cc bi thuc thng dng l: Hu quy n gia gim, Bt v qu ph gia
gim,...
+ Bi Hu quy m: thc a 32g, nhn sm 8g, nhc qu 4g, trng
12g, cam tho 4g, hoi sn 16g, k t 8g, ph t ch 2g, sn th
du 8g.
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V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Ph t
Qun
Qu
Qun
Thc a
Qun
Hoi sn
Qun
Sn th
Thn
n b
Phc linh
Trch t
+ Cng thc huyt s dng gm: thi uyn, thin lch, trung ph, quan
nguyn, kh hi, n trung, tam m giao, mnh mn, ph du, thn du,
t du, phc lu.
4.2. Tp luyn dng sinh
c ch nh trong nhng trng hp vim ph qun mn. C th t tp
luyn mi ng tc dng sinh khng hn ch v ty theo sc khe ca c th,
nhng cn nht l cc ng tc sau:
Luyn th su.
Luyn th ra ti a: th 3 th, thi chai.
Luyn th: th 4 th v c k mng.
Xoa tam tiu.
T lng gi
Cu hi 5 chn 1: chn cu ng
1. Nhm nguyn nhn no sau y c tnh quyt nh gy bnh VPQ mn
A. Di truyn + d ng
B. Vt l + d ng
C. Ha hc + vi khun
D. Virus + vt l
E. Vi khun + d ng
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A. Ph qun ln
B. Tiu ph qun
C. Nhu m phi
D. Tiu ng mch phi
E. Kh ph qun
3. Cc du hiu: vim nhim ph qun tng t, tm ti thng xuyn
hay tng lc, gy st km mt nc, l m km bun ng ban ngy, nhp tim
nhanh bo ng c th mc
A. Vim ph qun mn
B. Kh ph thng
C. Tm ph mn
D. Suy h hp cp
E. Vim phi tc nghn
4. Bi thuc Nh trn thang (gm: trn b, bn h, phc linh, cam tho)
c th ch nh iu tr vim ph qun mn th
A. Th phong nhit
B. m thp
C. T h
D. Kh to
E. Ph m h
5. Bi Lc qun t thang (gm: nhn sm, bch trut, phc linh, cam
tho, trn b, bn h) dng ch nh vim ph qun mn th
A. Phong nhit
B. Phong hn
C. Kh to
D. T h
E. Thy m
6. Bi thuc T t ging kh thang (gm: bn h, hu phc, tin h, chch
tho, nhc qu, t t, ng quy, sinh khng, trn b) c ch nh iu tr
vim ph qun th
A. Phong hn
B. m thp
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C. T h
D. Th thp
E. Thy m
7. Bi thuc Ch thu tn (gm: kinh gii, bch b, t uyn, trn b, ct
cnh, cam tho, trong v kinh gii) c tc dng v vai tr
A. Phong hn
B. Phong nhit
C. m thp
D. Kh to
E. Thy m
9. Bi thuc Tang cc m (gm: tang dip, ct cnh, cc hoa, hnh nhn,
l cn, lin kiu, bc h, cam tho) thng ch nh iu tr VPQ mn th
A. Phong nhit
B. Th thp
C. Kh to
D. m thp
E. Thy m
10. Nguyn nhn no sau y lm tn thng ph, lm kh tn dch m
sinh ra cc chng: ho khan khng c m, hoc c t m dnh, mi hng kh,
st, nhc u, u li kh, mch ph sc
A. Phong hn
B. Th thp
C. To ha
D. Tu sc v
E. Tht tnh ut nhit
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11. V hong cm trong bi Hong lin gii c thang (gm: hong lin,
hong cm, hong b, chi t) c ch nh iu tr th kh to thng gp
trong VPQ cp nhm vo tc dng
A. m thp
B. m nhit
C. Kh to
D. Phong nhit
E. Ph m h
13. V hong k trong bi thuc Bo nguyn thang (gm: nhn sm,
hong k, nhc qu, cam tho) ch nh iu tr VPQ mn th ph kh h) c
vai tr v tc dng
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Bi 5
HEN PH QUN
MC TIU
1. Nu c nh ngha v c im dch t hc bnh hen ph qun.
2. M t c nguyn nhn, bnh sinh, ca hen ph qun theo y hc c
truyn v y hc hin i.
3. Nu c cc th lm sng ca Hen ph qun theo YHH v YHCT.
4. Trnh by c vic iu tr Hen ph qun theo YHCT.
5. Gii thch c c s l lun ca vic iu tr hen ph qun theo
YHCT.
1. I CNG
1.1. nh ngha
1.1.1. nh ngha ca OMS (1974)
Hen ph qun (HPQ) l bnh c nhng cn kh th do nhiu nguyn
nhn khc nhau, km theo du hiu lm sng tc nghn ton b hay mt phn
ph qun, c th phc hi c gia cc cn. Tnh trng tc nghn do tng t
ngt nhng cn tr ng h hp c lin quan hoc khng lin quan n c
ch min dch.
1.1.2. nh ngha ca Hi Phi hc M (1975)
Hen ph qun l bnh c c im tng tnh phn ng ng h hp do
nhiu nguyn nhn.
1.1.3. nh ngha ca Charpin (1984)
Hen ph qun l mt hi chng ca nhng cn kh th v m, hi chng
tht nghn v tng tnh phn ng ca ph qun do nhiu yu t kch thch v
c bit do acetylcholin.
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Khng d ng
Khng nhim trng
Typ I
Typ III
Hen ph qun d ng thuc 3 loi typ I, III, IV (theo cch phn loi ca Gell v Coombs)
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Ri lon tm thn
Gng sc
Aspirin
Sng n
Typ I
Khng nhim trng
Hen ph qun
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Yu t ha
ng ng
Histamin
Co tht c ph qun
(tc th)
Thm nhim
bch cu i toan
Leucotrien
S c ch p ng vi khng nguyn ht vo
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m m c kt t sinh ra ph.
Trong ngoi cng ng, khi c iu kin phong hn th thp to ha lm
tn thng l pht cn ngay.
Ngoi lc dm, nu ung ru, n lnh, lao ng vt v, nhp phng
qu nhiu cng c th pht cn c.
Khi pht cn th kh lnh ph du, cng vi m m ti ph, cng da
vo nhau, ngn lp cc ca ng thng iu ph kh khng cho th ht, rng
sc th ht th pht ra ting kh kh.
Theo Ni kinh, mi xung ngc ln u thuc v ha, hi th ngn gp
m lun lun khng hi th gi l suyn. Suyn th cp bc y l do kh b
ha ut m m m nhy dnh ph v.
Hn t xm phm, m m ng bn trong quyt lnh thi m, kh b
ut, hn t cng lm b b ph khiu, kh ca 2 kinh th dng minh v thi
dng l phn biu ca ph, ngc ln hung cch m sinh ra thc suyn.
Ngi c tinh huyt h km, m h, h ha bc, kh ha khng tr v
ngun a ngc ln. Thng thng th ph pht kh ra, thn np kh vo,
nhng v thn h, khng thc hin c chc nng b tng do li long ha
bc ln dn n ph b thng lm cho th ra ht vo gp rt; ha khng b
thy c ch, dng khng b m lim np li, do nguy c m vong dng
thot cht trong chc lt.
D l hen hay suyn bnh lu ngy cng tn thng ph - t - thn sinh ra
ph m h, ph kh h, t kh h, t dng h, thn m h v thn dng h.
3. CHN ON
3.1. Chn on theo y hc hin i
3.1.1. Lm sng
Da vo triu chng ca cn hen in hnh chn on cn hen.
Da vo cc triu chng c nng v thc th chn on ngoi cn v
bin chng.
3.1.2. Cn lm sng
ang cn hen nu soi X quang lng ngc thy hai ph trng qu sng,
cc khoang lin sn gin rng, xng sn nm ngang v c honh 2
bn b y xung thp.
Gia cc cn hay ngoi cn cc triu chng lm sng ln X quang ni
trn khng cn, tuy nhin c th lm mt s th nghim nh nghim
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php gng sc, nghim php dng acetylcholin vn pht hin c tnh
trng tng hot tnh cc ph qun.
Thc hin cc chn on cn lm sng khc chn on nguyn nhn
v bin chng (nh da vo chc nng h hp).
3.1.3. Chn on hen ph qun khi
Qua cn cp chc nng h hp tr v bnh thng.
p ng c ngha vi thuc gin ph qun ng ht hoc 2 tun
corticoid ng ton thn (prednison 30 - 40mg/ngy), hoc 6 tun
corticoid ng ht.
FEV1 sau FEV1 trc 200ml v
FEV1 sau FEV1 trc
FEV1 trc
Chn on bc hen:
Bc hen
80%
< 20%
II
80%
20 - 30%
III
61 - 79%
> 30%
IV
60%
> 30%
dao ng PEF =
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Ting ni yu
Tinh thn u oi
Li nht
Ngoi ra cn c chng: tn dch kh ro, ngi nng, hng vng tc, t
m hi, sc mt tng lc, li , mch vi nhc.
Thn h:
Nu thn m h suyn:
+ Ho, kh th
+ au hng
+ Mt , vt v
+ Lng bn tay chn nng
+ Mch t sc.
Nu thn dng h suyn:
+ n lnh
+ Vn ng l suyn xut hin v tng ln
+ Sng mu bn chn
+ Tay chn lnh
+ Mch vi hoc trm nhc.
Triu chng bo nguy:
+ Kh nghch ln, th gp vt v
+ Chn lnh, m hi u
+ i tin lng
+ Mch ph i m khng c lc.
4. BIN CHNG
4.1. Nhim trng phi
Thng xy ra ngi hen lu nm: bnh nhn c st, kh th khng ch
th th ra m c th ht vo, m c, t bo i toan c thay th bng t
bo a nhn trung tnh, cn hen thng ko di.
4.2. Gin ph nang
Trong cn hen, cc ph qun hp li, do khi ht vo th cc c h hp
can thip vo nn thng c sc cn; th th ra (th ng) khng kh khng
ra ht nn li lm ph nang n ra, lu ngy cc ph nang mt dn tnh n
hi, n ra ri khng co li c nn khng kh b ng, oxy vo phi t,
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dioxyd carbon khng ra c gy tnh trng thiu oxy v tng dioxyd carbon.
y l tnh trng suy h hp mn.
4.3. Suy tim phi
Mch mu ca ph nang co li c khi b tc lm cn tr tiu tun hon.
Trong nhiu nm tim phi gin dn v to ra; bnh nhn c mi thm, gan to,
ri i n suy tim khng hi phc.
5. D phng V TIN LNG
Hin nay vic xc nh trong tng lai xa ca mt ngi hen ph qun
cn kh, song nh gi tng lai gn cn da trn:
5.1. Lm sng
Tn sut cn hen: s cn hen trong mt khong thi gian quan st cho ta
khi nim v d kin tin trin ca cn hen; cn hen cng gn nhau tin lng
cng xu.
5.2. Ph dung k
Th tch th ti a/giy v h s Tiffeneau. Cc ch s ny cng thp th
hen cng nng.
Tnh nhy cm cholinergic: ngng acetylcholin cng thp th hen cng
nng.
S hi phc nhng ri lon tc nghn di nh hng ca cht kch thch
giao cm: p ng vi isoproterenol cng trn vn th tin lng cng tt.
Th tch cn: th tch cn cng tng l hen cng nng.
iu kin mi trng sinh sng v cng tc.
6. IU TR
6.1. Nguyn tc v mc tiu iu tr
iu tr hen ph qun thng c 3 mc tiu:
iu tr tn gc lm cho bnh khi hon ton: nu pht hin c cc
nguyn nhn gy bnh c th iu tr tn gc, tuy nhin vic lm ny rt
kh v hen ph qun thng do nhiu nguyn nhn phi hp, rt t khi
ch c nht mt nguyn nhn, do vy bnh c th tm khi mt thi
gian di ri li ti pht.
iu tr triu chng ko di:
+ Gin ph qun: dng thuc kh dung.
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Ma hong
Qun
Qu chi
Thn
Thc dc
iu ha danh v
Thn
Bn h
T tn
Ng v t
X can
Can khng
n trung, tn hn
Khon ng hoa
Cam tho
n trung ha v
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Tc dng
Vai tr
T t
Qun
Sinh khng
Thn
Nhc qu
Thn
Hu phc
Trn b
Tin h
ng quy
T, S
Tc dng
Vai tr
Ma hong
Qun
Hnh nhn
Thn
Bn h ch
Thn
Tang bch b
Trc lch
Thanh nhit
Cam tho
n trung, ha v
Hong cm
Thanh ph nhit
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Ma hong
Qun
Qu chi
Can khng
n trung, tn hn
T tn
Bn h ch
Ng v t
Hnh nhn
Thc dc
Cam tho
n trung, ha v
Qun, thn
Tc dng
Vai tr
Ma hong
Qun
Hnh nhn
Li ph, h kh
Thn
Cam tho
n trung, ho v
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V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Ma hong
Qun
Thch cao
V ngt, cay, tnh hn; vo 3 kinh ph, v, tam tiu: thanh nhit,
ging ha, tr phin, ch kht
Thn
Hnh nhn
Cam tho
b. To nhit
Php tr: thanh kim, ging ha.
Bi thuc T bch tn, gm: tang bch b, a ct b, ngnh m, cam tho
Phn tch bi thuc
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Tang bch b
Qun
a ct b
Thanh nhit
Thn, t
Ngnh m
Ha trung, kin t
Thn
Cam tho
n trung, ha v
6.2.4. H suyn
a. Ph m h
Php tr: t m, b ph, nh suyn.
Bi thuc Sinh mch tn gia v: ng sm 16g, sa sm 12g, mch mn
12g, ngc trc 8g, ng v t 6g, bi mu 12g
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Nhn sm
Qun
Mch mn
Thn
Ng v t
Thn
Hong k
Cam tho
Chm cu: chm b ph du, cao hoang du, chin trung, thn du, t du,
quan nguyn.
b. Ph kh h
Php tr: b ph, c biu, ch kh, nh suyn.
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Cc bi thuc:
+ Bi thuc Ngc bnh phong tn gia gim: hong k 12g, t t 12g,
phng phong 8g, bch trut 12g.
Phn tch bi thuc
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Hong k
B kh, c biu
Qun
Bch trut
Thn
Phng phong
Thn
T t
Tc dng
Vai tr
Qu chi
Qun
Hong k
B kh, c biu
Qun
Bch thc
ng sm
B t, kin v, ch kh
i to
B t, ch v, dng tm
Ng v t
Gng
T
Thn
Tc dng
Vai tr
ng sm
Qun
Phc linh
Thn
Bch trut
Kh n, kin t, to thp
Thn
Trn b
Bn h
Cam tho
ch kh, b trung, ha v
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Chm cu: cu cc huyt t du, ph du, v du, quan nguyn, thn du, tc
tam l.
d. Thn dng h
Php tr: n thn np kh.
Bi thuc Kim qu thn kh hon: can a hong 20g, n b 7g, hoi sn
10g, qu chi 4g, trch t 7g, ph t 4g, phc linh 7g, sn th 10g
Phn tch bi thuc
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Ph t
Qun
Qu chi
Qun
Can a hong
Qun
Hoi sn
Thn
Sn th
n b can thn
Thn
n b
Phc linh
Trch t
e. Thn m h
Php tr: t m, b thn.
Cc bi thuc:
+ Bi thuc T quy m: thc a 20g, phc linh 10g, sn th 10g, hoi
sn 10g, k t 10g, cam tho 6g
Phn tch bi thuc
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Thc a
B huyt, b thn
Qun
Cu k t
Qun
Sn th
Thn
Hoi sn
Thn
Phc linh
Chch tho
n b t v, iu ho cc v thuc
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Thc a
T m, b thn
Qun
Hoi sn
Qun
n b
Phc linh
Trch t
Mch mn
Ng v t
Sn th
T
Thn
Thn
Chm cu.
+ Thn dng h: quan nguyn, kh hi, thn du, mnh mn, ph du,
chin trung.
+ Thn m h: chm b cc huyt trn v thm tam m giao, thi kh.
T lng gi
Cu hi 5 chn 1: chn cu ng
1. Trn lm sng triu chng no sau y xut hin s bo hiu tin
lng xu ca bnh hen
A. St, ho nhiu
B. Kh th
C. V m hi
D. Cn hen cng gn nhau
E. Ho khc m c c
2. Triu chng khc nhau c trng gia lnh ho v nhit ho l
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A. Lnh ho
B. Nhit ho
C. Thc suyn do phong hn
D. Thc suyn do ni hn
E. H suyn
5. Bi thuc nh suyn thang (gm: ma hong, hnh nhn, cam tho,
hong cm, tang bch b, trc lch, bn h ch) thng c ch nh iu tr
A. Lnh ho
B. Nhit ho
C. Thc suyn
D. H suyn
E. C B v C u ng
6. V thuc nh lch t trong bi thuc i to t ph thang (gm: nh
lch t, i to iu tr chng thc suyn) c tc dng
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A. Thc suyn
B. H suyn
C. Lnh ho
D. Nhit ho
E. C thc suyn ln lnh ho
10. Bi thuc Sinh mch tn gia v (gm: ng sm, mch mn, sa sm,
ng v, ngc trc, bi mu) ch nh iu tr h suyn th
A. Ph m h
B. Ph kh h
C. T h
D. Thn m h
E. Tm ph kh h
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Bi 6
MC TIU
1. Phn loi c cc nhm ri lon vn ng thc qun.
2. Gii thch c c ch bnh sinh ca cc ri lon vn ng thc qun
trn c s sinh l ca nhm c vng thc qun v vi sinh thc qun.
3. Phn bit c cc nhm triu chng chc nng c th ca cc
nhm ri lon vn ng thc qun.
4. Gii thch c c ch bnh sinh ca cc chng kh nut, co tht thc
qun v Globus pharyngeal cng php tr tng ng theo y hc c truyn.
5. Nhn thc c cc nhm ri lon vn ng c hc ca thc qun
lun n gia mt bnh l c tnh.
1. NH NGHA
Cc ri lon vn ng ca thc qun l nhm bnh chng lin quan n
chc nng vn ng ca thc qun, bao gm cc nhm bnh l ca c vng
thc qun v c trn vch thc qun m triu chng ch yu thng l kh
nut (dysphagia) au ngc v nn ma (regurgitation).
2. NHC LI SINH L v GII PHU CA THC QUN
Thc qun c 2 chc nng chnh:
Chuyn thc n t ming n d dy.
Ngn chn s tro ngc thc n t d dy ln thc qun trong chc
nng th hai s c m trch bi 2 c vng vn lun ng li trong khi
nut.
H thng c vng ca thc qun gm c vng trn v c vng di.
C vng trn gm c co tht Crico pharyngeus v Inferior pharyngeal,
vn l nhng c vn c iu khin bi cc neuron vn ng di, nhng c
vn ny khng c trng lc cng nh khng b chi phi bi cc dy thn kinh
c ch. Do s ng li ca c vng trn l do tnh n hi ca chnh n v
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tnh trng lc ca dy thn kinh iu khin n (neuron kch thch) trong khi
s m ra ca n li do s thay i v tr ca Larynxsuprahyoid
C vng di l c trn c iu khin bi h thng thn kinh ph
giao cm, bao gm cc si kch thch v si c ch. S ng li ca c
vng di l do bi trng lc ca n v c iu ho bi h thng
ph giao cm kch thch trong khi s m ra ch p ng vi h ph
giao cm c ch.
Cc cht dn truyn thn kinh ca si kch thch l acetylcholin, trong
khi ca cc si c ch l VIP v nitric oxyd. Ngoi ra chc nng ca c
vng di cn c b sung bi nhm c vn ca honh cch m.
Vai tr ch yu ca c vng di l ngn chn
s tro ngc thc n t d dy ln thc qun. Do
ta cng cn bit nhng yu t sau y c nh
hng ti n:
+ Nhng yu t gy th gin: d dy trng
hi, cht bo, thuc l, tr, c ph, c-ca,
beta
adrenergic
agonist,
dopamin,
cholecystokinin, secretin, VIP, calcitonin
gene related peptid, adenosin, nitrat.
+ Nhng yu t gy co tht: M2 muscarinic
receptor angonist, alpha adrenergic agonist,
gastrin, subtance P, prostaglandin F2 .
3. PHN LOI
3.1. Nhm ri lon vn ng c vn thc qun
3.1.1. Lit hu hng (oropharyngeal paralysis)
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V thuc
Dc l
Liu
Vai tr
Si h
12g
Qun
Bch thc
12g
Thn
Phc linh
12g
ng quy
12g
Thn
Bch trut
12g
8g
T, S
(Phn gii thch tnh v quy kinh, qun thn t s xin xem sch Bnh hc kt hp
tp I)
T lng gi
1. Cc nhm ri lon vn ng thc qun bao gm
A. Ri lon vn ng c trn v c vn
B. Achalasia v chng co tht thc qun lan to
C. Achalasia v globus pharyngeal
D. Achalasia v hi chng thc qun do bnh x cng b
E. Achalasia v chng lit hu hng
2. C ch bnh sinh ca hi chng crico pharyngeal bi nhim l
A. Lit c hu (pharyngeal)
B. Lit c hyoid
C. Co tht thc qun
D. Co tht c vng di
E. Co tht c vng trn
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Bi 7
VIM D DY
MC TIU
1. Phn loi c cc bnh vim d dy theo tnh cht m hc, v tr v c
ch bnh sinh.
2. M t c cc c im m hc ca vim d dy mn.
3. Lit k c cc phng php iu tr thch ng vi cc loi vim d
dy cp cng nh mn.
4. Phn tch c mc ch iu tr ca bi thuc Hong k kin trung
thang trn cc th vim d dy mn.
5. Nhn thc c vim d dy mn typ B n cha mt nguy c ung th ho.
1. I CNG
Vim d dy hay vim nim mc d dy l mt nhm bnh mang tnh
cht vim ca nim mc d dy bao gm nhng khc nhau v hnh nh lm
sng, c im m hc v c ch gy bnh.
Thng thng nhng phn loi v vim d dy u t nn mng trn:
Tnh cht cp hay mn ca lm sng
Hnh nh m hc
S phn b theo v tr
C ch bnh sinh
2. BNH HC
2.1. Theo y hc hin i
2.1.1. Vim d dy cp
a. Phi hp vi Helicobacter Pylori (HP)
Khi u ca s nhim HP l s tng acid dch v tm thi v sau
khong 1 nm s l tnh trng gim acid.
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ny s gia tng theo tui k t khi bnh nhn b nhim HP (chim 78%
ngi trn 50 tui v 100% ngi trn 70 tui), thi gian qu ca
hin tng vim t khu tr n lan to trung bnh l 15 - 20 nm.
Nguyn nhn ch yu ca bnh l do HP. Hnh nh m hc cho thy s
tm nhum dy c ca lympho v tng bo lp lamina propia v s thm
nhp bch cu a nhn vo lp biu b cng nh lun lun tm thy HP trong
giai on vim nng. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cng c th tm thy khng th khng
t bo thnh v khng gastrin.
Vim d dy do HP mn s a n vim teo d dy: nhiu im hoi t,
teo d dy v gy d sn tuyn nim mc d dy cng nh chnh s iu tr
bng cc thuc c ch s tit HCl s pht trin thm hin tng teo d dy v
lm tng nguy c ung th, adenocarcinoma (nguy c ny cao gp 3 - 6 ln
ngi c huyt thanh (+) vi HP). Do chn on xc nh nn sinh thit
cc vng nghi ng vim.
Tuy nhin, v c ch bnh sinh gia loi vim d dy typ B vi
adenocarcinoma r nn khng c iu tr c hiu cho loi vim d dy ny.
Ngoi ra s nhim trng vi HP lin quan n bnh lypophoma, t bo
lympho B mc thp m vic iu tr bng khng acid s khin loi lympho
ny thoi trin.
Vim d dy typ A (body predominant, autoimmune, chronic atrophy):
loi ny t gp hn, tn thng vim thng nh v vng y v thn
d dy, bnh thng phi hp vi thiu mu c tnh (pernicious anemia).
V phng din min dch hc, ngi ta thy c s lin quan gia bnh
vim d dy typ A, bnh thiu mu c tnh v mt s bnh t min khc da
trn nhng d liu huyt thanh hc sau y:
+ Khng th chng t bo thnh c trong 90% huyt thanh ngi b
thiu mu c tnh v trong 50% huyt thanh ngi b vim d dy
typ A.
+ Huyt thanh ca nhng ngi c h hng vi bnh nhn thiu mu c
tnh c vim teo d dy v v acid dch v, c khng th chng t bo
thnh vi tn sut cao hn ngi bnh thng.
+ Trong iu tra v huyt thanh hc ca mt qun th ngi ta nhn
thy khng th chng t bo thnh c mt trong: 20% trng hp
ngi trn 60 tui, 20% trng hp bnh nhn suy tuyn ph gip,
bnh Adisson v bch bin; khong 50% ngi thiu mu c tnh c
khng th chng tuyn gip; khong 30% ngi b bnh tuyn gip c
khng th chng t bo thnh.
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Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Hong k
12g
Qun
Cam tho bc
12g
Thn
Bch thc
12g
Gia: cao lng khng 6g, can khng 6g, i to 5 qu, thc a 20g.
Phn tch bi thuc (xem lot d dy - t trng - Sch bnh hc v iu
tr tp III).
Ngoi ra, vi vim d dy tm nhum lm ba cu (lymphocytic gastritis)
v bch cu i toan (eosinophilic gastritis) trong c ch t min ng vai
tr nht nh cng c th dng bi thuc trn vi l do:
Hong k c tc dng iu ha min dch, thc y chuyn ho protid.
Cam tho bc c tc dng c ch min dch (do c ch men 5 reductase
ca cortisol) a n ko di tc dng ca cortisol.
Thc a c tc dng c ch min dch nhng khng c ch hot ng ca
v thng thn.
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T lng gi
1. C ch bnh sinh ca bnh vim d dy no sau y khng lin quan
n yu t min dch?
A. Vim d dy typ B
B. Vim d dy typ A
C. Bnh Menetriez
D. Vim d dy tm nhum bch cu lm ba
E. Vim d dy tm nhum bch cu eosin
2. Hnh nh m hc ca vim nng trong vim d dy l
A. S tm nhum t bo vim
B. S ph n cc tuyn d dy
C. S hu hoi cc tuyn d dy
D. S bin d cc tuyn d dy
E. S ri lon cu trc tuyn d dy
3. Hnh nh m hc ca vim teo trong vim d dy l
A. S tm nhum t bo vim
B. S ph n cc tuyn d dy
C. S hu hoi cc tuyn d dy
D. S bin d cc tuyn d dy
E. T bo vim ri rc
4. Hnh nh m hc ca teo d dy trong vim d dy l
A. S tm nhum t bo vim
B. S ph n cc tuyn d dy
C. S hu hoi cc tuyn d dy
D. S bin d cc tuyn d dy
E. Ct d dy
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Bi 8
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c c ch bnh sinh ca lot d dy-t trng theo YHH.
2. Trnh by c c ch bnh sinh ca chng v qun thng theo YHCT.
3. Lit k v gii thch c c ch tc dng ca cc dc phm dng
trong iu tr lot d dy-t trng.
4. Lit k v gii thch c cng dng ca cc nhm thuc v cng thc
huyt dng trong cc th lm sng ca chng v qun thng.
1. NH NGHA
Lot d dy-t trng l s mt cht ca nim mc d dy-t trng.
Lot d dy-t trng l mt bnh kh ph bin, vi chng 5 - 10% dn s
c vim lot d dy-t trng trong sut cuc i mnh v nam gii hay gp gp
4 ln n gii (ti Bc Vit Nam t l mc bnh c tnh 5 - 7% dn s), thng
gp 12% - 14% trong cc bnh ni khoa v chim 16% trong tng s cc ca
phu thut trong mt nm.
Ngoi ra nh ni soi, ngi ta cn pht hin khong 26% bnh nhn b
lot d dy-t trng m khng h c triu chng au cng nh khong 30 40% bnh nhn c au kiu lot d dy-t trng nhng li khng tm thy
lot.
Lot d dy-t trng c nhng t tin trin xen k vi nhng thi k n
nh m chu k thay i ty ngi. Hng nm trung bnh c khong 50%
ngi b lot c t au phi iu tr v trong t tin trin c th c nhng
bin chng nguy him nh chy mu, thng, hp... v d c phu thut cp
cu t l t vong vn cao (khong 22%).
Cc iu tra v dch t hc cn cho thy mi lin quan gia
lot d dy t trng vi hi chng Helicobacter Pylori, trong
khong 30 - 60% ngi b lot t trng v 70% ngi b lot d dy
c s hin din ca HP
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Sau cng, tuy lot d dy-t trng khng phi l mt bnh kh cha
nhng t l ti pht li rt cao, thng k cho thy t l ti pht ca lot t
trng l 80% trong vng 1 nm v lot d dy l 50% trong vng 5 nm.
2. C CH BNH SINH
2.1. Theo y hc hin i
Lot d dy-t trng l kt qu ca s mt cn bng gia
mt bn l yu t ph hy nim mc d dy - t trng v mt
bn l yu t bo v nim mc d dy - t trng
Lot d dy - t trng =
Yu t ph hy nim mc
Yu t bo v nim mc
Trong
Yu t ph hy nim mc: HCl v pepsin.
Yu t bo v nim mc: cht nhy, HCO3.
Hng ro nim mc d dy
Theo nhng nguyn nhn gy hot ho yu t ph hy nim mc d
dy-t trng c th k n:
S cng thng thn kinh do cc stress tm l ko di gy nn trng thi
cng ph giao cm m kt qu s gy tng tit HCl v tng co bp c
trn d dy.
S hin din ca xon khun Helicobacter Pylori (HP) s hy hoi t bo
D nim mc t trng (l t bo tit somatostatin c tc dng c ch tit
gastrin), qua s gy tng tit HCl.
Ngc li, nhng nguyn nhn lm suy gim yu t bo v nim mc d
dy li l:
S cng thng thn kinh do cc stress tm l ko di s lm cc t bo
nhy nim mc d dy gim bi tit HCO3.
Ru v cc thuc gim au chng vim non steroid ngoi vic thng qua
c ch ti khuych tn ion H + cn c ch s tng hp prostaglandin do
ng thi va lm tng tit HCl va hy hoi t bo nim mc d dy
cng nh lm gim s sinh sn t bo nim mc d dy.
Corticoid v cc dn xut ca n qua c ch gim tng hp glucoprotein
(mt thnh phn c bn ca cht nhy) s lm gim yu t bo v nim
mc d dy.
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Gin d, ut c
Lo ngh,
toan tnh
S TIT
n ung tht
thng
KIN VN
T
CAN
HN T
V KH
UT TR
Ha UT
HUYT
T V
H HN
3.CHN ON
3.1. Theo y hc hin i
3.1.1. Triu chng lm sng
Ni chung cc triu chng c nng v du hiu lm sng ca bnh lot
d dy-t trng thng ngho nn, ch trong nhng t tin trin bnh nhn
mi c au vng thng v, ri lon tiu ha.
a. Nhng cn au vng thng v
Ko di t 15 pht - 1 gi, c th khu tr bn (T) nu l lot d dy
hoc bn (P) nu l lot t trng. Cn au c th lan ra vng hng sn (P)
hoc c th chi ra sau lng (nu lot thnh sau d dy).
Cn au c tnh chu k v tr nn au dai dng lin tc nu l lot lu
ngy hoc lot x chai.
Cn au thng xut hin lc i, v m v gim ngay sau khi ung sa
hoc dung dch antacid nu l lot t trng; thng xut hin sau khi n hoc
t thuyn gim vi antacid nu l lot d dy.
Cn au c tnh cht qun tht hoc nng rt, hoc nng n m .
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Trong cn au, khm c th pht hin thy vng thng v khng khi
s nn.
b. Nhng ri lon tiu ha
To bn: rt thng gp.
Nn ma, bun nn thng xy ra trong trng hp lot d dy nhng t
xy ra trong lot t trng nu khng c bin chng.
Bnh nhn n vn ngon ming nhng c cm gic chm tiu, thng l
nng, trng bng hoc hi, chua sau cc ba n.
3.1.2. Du hiu cn lm sng
chn on lot d dy-t trng , ngi ta c th dng phng php:
Gin tip: nh ht dch v cho thy c tng HCl t do 2 gi sau khi kch
thch d dy trong trng hp lot t trng. Ngc li tnh trng v acid
dch v sau khi kch thch bng pentagastrin gi n mt kh nng ung
th d dy nhiu hn.
Trc tip: nh X quang d dy - t trng vi nhng hnh nh trc tip
nh hnh chm, hnh hoc cng mt on hoc i khi l mt ti
Hawdeck vi 3 mc baryt, nc, hi cng vi nhng hnh nh gin tip
nh tng trng lc, tng nhu ng. Ngoi ra trong nhng trng hp
lot t trng cn c hnh nh du ch chun hoc tampon ca toa xe
la (tampon du wagon). Tuy nhin nhng lot di 0,5cm s khng th
thy c v ngc li nhng lot ln hn 3cm cn phi ngh n mt
ung th.
Tuy nhin chnh xc nht vn l ni soi d dy - t trng bng ng mm
(fibroscope) v sinh thit lot chn on phn bit vi lot ung th
ha (97% trng hp) c 8% lot c v lnh tnh trn X quang nhng li
c pht hin l c tnh nh ni soi.
Ngoi ra, hin nay vi quan nim v vai tr ca Helicobacter Pylori trong
bnh sinh lot d dy-t trng (hin din 80 - 100% trong nhng lot khng
do steroid hoc non steroid), ngi ta cn chn on s nhim HP bng cc
test chn on nhanh nh:
Rapid urease test campylobacter like organism, nui cy mu sinh thit
d dy hoc 13C hoc 14C labelled urea breath test v chn on bng
huyt thanh min dch.
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nhy cm
LI khuyn
90 - 95%
90 - 98%
Cn n ni soi
2. M hc
70 - 90%
3. Cy
90 - 95%
4. Huyt thanh
95%
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3.2.4. T v h hn
Hay gp lot d dy-t trng mn tnh, ti pht nhiu ln hoc ngi
gi vi triu chng au vng thng v mang tnh cht m lin tc hoc cm
gic y trng bng sau khi n. Yu t khi pht thng l ma lnh hoc
thc n tanh lnh lm au tng. Triu chng i km l chn n, bun nn,
phn c lc lng, st, nhy nht, li nht bu, ru li trng dy nht, mch
nhu hon v lc.
4. IU TR
4.1. Theo y hc hin i
Nhm mc ch:
Lm lnh lot.
Loi b xon khun Helicobacter Pylori.
Phng chng ti pht.
Theo di v pht hin trng thi ung th ha.
Vic iu tr ni khoa lot d dy-t trng bao gm mt ch n ung
hp l v thuc nh sau:
4.1.1. Ch n ung
Cho n nay, vic thc hin ch n ung gm cc thc n mm, khng
gia v, nhiu tri cy khng ch g cho vic lm lnh lot cng nh ch n
sa v kem cng khng lm cho tnh trng lot xu hn.
Do tt nht bnh nhn nn trnh nhng thc n no gy au hn
hoc gy ri lon tiu ho xu hn; ng thi bnh nhn phi king c ph,
ru v c bit l thuc l.
4.2.2. Thuc iu tr
a. Nhm antacid: c th nh maalox vi liu s dng 30ml ung sau ba
n t 1 - 3 gi v trc khi ng, thi gian iu tr nn ko di t 1 - 2 thng.
Cc thuc thuc nhm ny cng c tc dng ngn nga ti pht nhng
cn ch cc antacid c th gy tiu chy (do c Mg) hoc to bn (do c Al)
hoc hi chng Milk - Alkali (do c cha calcium carbonat) hoc gy nhim c
thn kinh trn ngi suy thn do c cha Mg v aluminium.
b. Sucralfat: c tc dng bao ph lot v gn kt vi pepsin, nn dng
1g trc ba n 1 gi v trc khi i ng hoc dng 2g x 2 ln/ngy.
Thuc c tc dng ngn nga ti pht.
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V thuc
Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Si h
8g
Qun
Bch thc
8g
Thn
Phc linh
10g
ng quy
8g
Thn
Bch trut
8g
8g
T, S
Ut kim
6g
Thn
Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Hng ph
8g
Qun
Cc tn
12g
T, s
Xng b
8g
Thn
12g
Ngh vng
6g
Thn
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C s l lun
Tc dng
Trung qun
M huyt ca v
Cha chng au
trng bng
Li cu
Lc huyt ca can
T can kh thc
Hnh gian
Bnh can
Thi xung
Bnh can
Thn mn
Bnh can
C s l lun
Tc dng
Ni nh
Thanh t ho t v
Hp cc
Thanh nhit, t ho
Ni quan
Giao hi huyt ca tm bo v
m duy
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Chm cu: chm t thi xung, huyt hi, hp cc. Nu bnh nhn xut
huyt tiu ha c km ri lon huyt ng hc nn x tr cp cu bng
YHH
Tn huyt
C s l lun
Tc dng
Thi xung
Bnh can
Huyt hi
Hot huyt
Hp cc
Dc l
Liu
Vai tr
Hong k
10g
Qun
Can khng
6g
Thn
8g
Thn
Hng ph
8g
Thn
Bch thc
8g
Cay, nng: n t v
6g
Thn
i to
3 qu
Gia i hi 4g, ch tr nhn 8g, bch u khu 4g, tho qu 0,6g; ngy
dng 1 thang.
+ Nu bnh nhn mt mi, chn n lm ging th bi hong k 16g, cam
tho chch 12g.
+ Nu bnh nhn y trng bng, tiu lng th bi thm can khng
8g, cao lng khng 8g.
Chm cu: n chm hoc cu nhng huyt quan nguyn, kh hi, tc
tam l, thi bch, phong long, t du, i , thiu ph.
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Tn huyt
C s l lun
Tc dng
Quan nguyn
B nguyn kh
Kh hi
B ca kh
B nguyn kh
Tc tam l
Hp huyt ca v
Kin v
Thi bch
Nguyn huyt ca t
Phong long
Lc huyt ca v
T du
Du huyt ca t
Ho huyt ca t
Thiu ph
Hunh ho huyt ca tm
T lng gi
1. Hu qu ca cc stress tm l ko di s khng gy nn
A. Tng co bp c trn d dy
B. Tng tit HCl
C. Gim bi tit HCO-3
D. Gim sn nim mc d dy
E. Khng cu no ng
2. Vai tr ca Helicobacter Pylori trong c ch gy lot d dy-t trng
khng phi l
A. Hy hoi t bo D nim mc d dy
B. Bin i cu trc phn t cht nhy
C. Gim tng hp glucoprotein ca cht nhy
D. Tit cc men, c t v interleokine
E. Cn tr s tng hp cht nhy
3. C ch tham gia gy lot no sau y khng do ru, khng do cc
thuc gim au chng vim corticoid, non steroid v thuc l
A. Cn tr s ti mu nim mc d dy
B. Tng tit HCl qua c ch ti khuch tn ion H +
C. Gim sn t bo nim mc d dy do c ch tng hp prostaglandin
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C. Cu gt
D. Mch huyn
E. Lnh au
9. Triu chng no sau y khng c trong th ho ut
A. au nng rt
B. Nn thc n chua ng
C. Mi li l lot
D. Li sm
E. Ming ng hi
10. Triu chng no sau y khng c trong th huyt
A. au cm gic nh kim chm
B. Cht li tm
C. Mch hot
D. Nn ra nc trong
E. i cu phn en
11. Triu chng no sau y khng c trong th t v h hn
A. au m , lin tc
B. y trng bng sau n
C. Tiu chy phn nhy nt
D. Tri lnh au tng
E. au bng v m
12. Tc dng ph no sau y khng c trong khi s dng lu di cc
thuc trong nhm antacid
A. Tiu chy
B. Long xng
C. Nhuyn xng
D. To bn
E. Hi chng Milk - Alkali
13. Thuc no sau y c hiu qu cao trong lot d dy-t trng do s
dng cc thuc chng vim gim au non sterod
A. Antacid
B. Misoprostol
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C. Sucralfat
D. H2 receptor antagonist
E. c ch bm proton
14. Tc dng dc l no sau y khng c trong php s can, l kh
A. An thn
B. Tng tit HCO3
C. Chng co tht c trn tiu ho
D. Chng tit HCl
E. Trung ho acid dch v
15. Tc dng dc l no sau y khng c trong php thanh ho tr ut
A. Chng co tht
B. Chng tit HCl
C. Khng vim bng c ch bn thnh mch
D. Khng vim bng c ch c ch leucotrien
E. Tng cng tun hon nim mc d dy
16. Tc dng dc l no sau y khng c trong php n trung kin t
A. Kch thch tiu ho
B. Kch thch tit dch v
C. Tng tit HCO3 ca t bo nim mc d dy
D. iu ho nhu ng d dy rut
E. Ci thin tun hon nim mc d dy
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Bi 9
RI LON HP THU
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c cc triu chng lm sng trong hi chng ri lon hp
thu.
2. Phn loi c cc c ch ca ri lon hp thu.
3. Trnh by c c ch bnh sinh ca hi chng ri lon hp thu theo
quan im ca YHCT.
4. Trnh by c cc triu chng c nng, du hiu lm sng v xt
nghim gip chn on 18 nguyn nhn a n ri lon hp thu.
5. Trnh by c 2 th lm sng ca hi chng ri lon hp thu theo
YHCT.
6. a ra c cc phng php iu tr cho18 nguyn nhn gy ra ri
lon hp thu.
7. Trnh by c tc dng dc l ca cc php tr theo YHCT.
1. NH NGHA
Mt bnh l c chn on l ri lon hp thu khi
lng m hin din trong phn vt qu 14g mi ngy
Trong hi chng ri lon hp thu, ngoi biu hin ton thn nh st cn,
mt mi, huyt p thp cn c nhng du hiu lm sng cc h khc nh:
Tiu ho: au bng, snh bng, vim li, vim li, tiu chy.
Sinh dc, tit niu: i m, tng ur mu, v kinh, gim ham mun tnh
dc.
Huyt hc: thiu mu, chy mu t nhin.
C xng: au nhc trong xng, tetani, t tay chn.
Thn kinh: cc bnh l thn kinh ngoi vi.
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bnh
Sprue,
bnh
Whipple,
Hu thin tht iu
Thn (ho)
T (th)
Ging
Thng
trc
thanh
H li thanh cc
Can
Thn
Tm
Ph
Mt m,
v kinh,
co rt,
vp b
au trong xng,
i m,
yu mi 2 chn
Hay qun
Mt mi,
on kh,
da lng kh
Tht teo,
chn tay,
bi hoi
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Hng iu tr:
Gii quyt triu chng bng cisaprid 5 - 10mg x 3 ln/ngy.
3.6. Tropical sprue
Chim t l 5 - 10% dn s vng nhit i (Nam n, Phi Lut Tn )
C th do suy dinh dng hoc nhim trng nhim c. Triu chng l
biu hin ca thiu Fe, B12, folat, tiu phn m, gim hp thu xylose (cho bnh
nhn ung 25g D. xyclice, nu sau 2 gi lng xylose trong mu < 30mg hoc
sau 5 gi lng xylose < 4g trong nc tiu l bt thng).
Chn on xc nh khi:
Tropical sprue ch c chn on (+) khi khng tm thy s hin din
ca bo t hoc dng bo ca cc loi k sinh trng trong 3 mu phn
xt nghim.
Sinh thit:
+ Thay i cu trc ca cc nhung mao rut.
+ S tp trung cc bch cu n nhn lp lamina propia.
Nhng ngi c triu chng tiu chy ko di km theo nhng du hiu
ca suy dinh dng (malabsorption) vn tng sng nhng vng
nhit i nh Nam n, Phi Lut Tn v qun o Caribean.
Hng iu tr:
Sulfonamide hoc tetracyclin.
Acid folic.
Dng lin tc trong 6 thng, cc triu chng s c ci thin t 1 - 2 tun.
3.7. Sclero derma
Do gim vn tnh rut a n lon khun kt hp vi tn thng thnh
rut v thiu mu nim mc rut.
Triu chng ch yu l tiu phn m chim 1/3 trng hp ngoi cc biu
hin sang thng da.
Sinh thit rut non cho thy c hin tng ho si quanh tuyn Brunnel.
Hng iu tr:
Cisaprid 10mg x 3 ln/ngy ung.
Erythromycin 500mg x 4 ln/ngy ung chng lon khun rut cho
n khi cy phn bnh thng.
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Hng iu tr:
S dng bactrim liu cao trong 1 nm nhng t l ti pht rt cao 40%,
trong trng hp ti pht, c bit nhng bnh nhn b l ln c th s dng
n chloramphenicol.
3.9.2. Intestinal lymphoma
Loi nguyn pht xy ra nam gii > 50 tui. Bnh nhn b suy dinh
dng vi:
Triu chng lm sng v sinh thit ging nh celiac sprue.
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au bng + st.
Tc rut.
Chn on xc nh:
Sinh thit rut non cho thy lp lamina propia tm nhum bi cc t bo
ging lymphoma v tng bi tit IgA.
Hng iu tr:
Gii phu hoc x tr.
Bnh nhn sng t 4 thng - 4 nm; cht v thng rut, chu mu, tc rut.
3.10. Do mt protein qua ng rut
Mt protein qua ng rut do nhng c ch sau y:
Do nim mc rut b vim lot: vim lot i trng, ung th t bo tuyn
d dy - rut, bnh Menetriez, lot d dy-t trng.
Do nim mc rut b tn thng: celiac spue.
Do ri lon dng bch dch a n tt nghn: cc nguyn nhn gy ph
i hch bch huyt trong bng.
Vim tht mng ngoi tim, suy tim huyt, suy tun hon mc treo,
bnh valve tim bn phi.
Chn on xc nh:
Ph ton thn gia albumin v globulin/mu m khng c bnh thn
hoc gan i km.
Gim lympho bo trong cc nguyn nhn gy cn tr dng bch dch.
Da vo s bi tit albumin c gn ng v phng x 125I hoc 51Cr, nu
bi tit qua phn > 2% hoc > 4% trong 24 - 48 gi l bt thng.
o lng 1 antitrypsin bi tit theo phn (nu > 2,6mg/1g phn l bt
thng) nhng khng c dng nh gi cc tn thng d dy bi
v 1 antitrypsin s b phn hu trong mi trng acid.
Hng iu tr: cha bnh nguyn nhn.
3.11. S khim khuyt chc nng nim mc rut
3.11.1. Bnh Crohn
Hu qu l ri lon tun hon gan rut ca mui mt, l mt tnh trng
lon khun ng rut cng nh lm tn thng nim mc rut v thnh rut
a n mt protein qua rut. Triu chng ch yu l tiu phn m, h calci
mu, h B12 v albumin trong mu.
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Herpesti
Celiac Sprue
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D. Intestinal lymphangiectasia
Chn on xc nh:
Da vo:
Sinh thit cho thy cc nhung mao rut ngn hoc bin mt, gim sn
cc ct nhung mao, tn thng b mt biu b v tm nhum bch cu
n nhn.
Ri lon hp thu xylose.
Nhng biu hin lm sng sinh ho v sinh thit s ci thin sau khi
king n thc phm c cha gluten.
Hng iu tr:
80% s p ng tt vi ch n king gluten, nu khng kt qu c th do
suy ty, lot hng hi trng, collagenous, sprue v intestinal lymphoma.
Vic s dng glucocorticoid hoc 6 - mercaptopurine vn cn bn ci.
Bin chng:
Tin trin thnh cc khi u tn sinh ng tiu ho hoc lymphoma
rut non, c bit l nhng trng hp khng p ng vi ch n
khng c gluten.
Tin trin thnh bt tr hoc collagenous sprue vi tin lng rt xu.
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Huyt hc: a phn m 40g/ngy, gim calci mu, gim B12, gim
lymphocyt, tng bi xut 131 iod labelled AlB/phn.
Hng iu tr:
Ch n t m (medium chain fatty acid).
4. CHN ON V IU TR CC TH LM SNG CA hi chng
RI LON HP THU THEO YHCT
4.1. T bt kin vn
Triu chng: ngi mt mi, chn n, i chy sng phn, sc mt nht
nht km ph dinh dng, cht li nht bu, mch nhu hon.
Php tr: kin t tr vn, nhm mc ch
+ Kch thch tiu ho bng cch tng tit dch v nh trn b, sa nhn.
+ iu ho nhu ng v trng lc rut gim au bng, tiu chy
nh: ng sm, bch trut, cam tho bc, sa nhn.
+ Gip tiu ho cc carbonhydrat: hoi sn.
Bi thuc tiu biu: T qun hoc Sm linh bch trut tn.
Phng dc: T qun gia hoi sn, d sao.
V thuc
Dc l
Liu
Vai tr
Bch trut
12g
Qun
ng sm
12g
Thn
Phc linh
8g
Thn
Trn b
8g
Thn
Sa nhn
6g
Thn
Hoi sn sao
12g
Thn
d sao
12g
Thn
6g
T, S
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Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Ph t ch
8g
Qun
Nhn sm
12g
Thn
Can khng
6g
Thn
Bch trut
12g
Thn
Ph c ch
12g
Thn
Ng th du
6g
Thn
Nhc u khu
Cay, m, hi c: n t sp trng
6g
Thn
Ng v t
6g
Thn
6g
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T lng gi
1. Triu chng tiu ho no sau y khng do ri lon hp thu a n
A. au bng
B. Snh bng
C. Vim li
D. To bn
E. Tiu chy
2. Triu chng huyt hc no sau y khng do ri lon hp thu a n
A. Thiu mu huyt tn
B. Thiu mu thiu B12
C. Thiu mu thiu st
D. Chy mu t nhin
E. Ban xut huyt di da
3. C ch bnh sinh ca ri lon hp thu trong hi chng Zollinger Ellisson l do
A. Lon khun ng rut
B. Thiu ht men lipase
C. Bt hot men lipase
D. Gin on tun hon rut ca mui mt
E. Gim nng mui mt trong rut
4. C ch bnh sinh gy ri lon hp thu trong bnh Crohn l do
A. Tc h bch dch mc treo rut
B. Tn thng nim mc rut
C. Gim b mt hp thu ca rut
D. Thiu ht men lipase
E. Bt hot men lipase
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14
14. Chn on ri lon hp thu do x cng b bng sinh thit rut non
cho thy
A. Lp lamina propia tm nhum i thc bo cha cc glucotrotein
nhum PAS (+)
B. Ho si quanh tuyn Brunnel
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Bi 10
MC TIU
1. Lit k c nhng yu t c lin quan n vic khi pht hi chng
i trng d kch ng.
2. Trnh by c c ch bnh sinh ca hi chng ny theo YHCT.
3. Lit k c nhng tiu chun hng n chn on hi chng i
trng d kch ng.
4. Trnh by v phn tch nhng bin php cn thc hin chn on
xc nh hi chng i trng d kch ng.
5. Trnh by nhng th lm sng ca chng i trng d kch ng theo
YHCT.
6. Lit k tc dng dc l ca nhm thuc trong iu tr hi chng ny
theo YHH.
7. Lit k tc dng dc l ca cc php tr hi chng ny theo YHCT.
8. ra c mt php tr thch hp cho tng th lm sng.
1. NH NGHA
Hi chng i trng d kch ng l mt ri lon vn ng ca d dy rut c biu hin bng s thay i thi quen i cu cng vi au bng m
khng h pht hin c mt tn thng thc th no.
L mt hi chng kh ph bin cc bnh nhn trong tui 30 - 40, t
l 10 - 22% dn s, chim khong 25 - 50% s bnh nhn n khm ngoi tr
cc chuyn khoa tiu ha vi t l n mc bnh gp 2 ln nam gii
2. C CH BNH SINH
2.1. Theo y hc hin i
Ngi ta khng tm thy mt tn thng thc th no i trng ca
bnh nhn, ngoi tr mt tnh trng ri lon vn ng i trng. iu c bit
l ngi ta nhn thy hi chng i trng d kch ng c lin quan n:
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CAN MC
TM HO
V TRNG
TM HY
LO U, M THC
THT THNG
TM T LNG H
3. CHN ON
3.1. Theo y hc hin i
Nn ngh n hi chng i trng d kch ng nu mt bnh nhn lin
tc trong 3 thng lun lun c nhng triu chng hoc nhng t ti pht ca:
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Ni soi trc trng Sigma (trn nhng ngi 40 tui v nhng bnh
nhn c tiu chy).
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V thuc
Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Si h
12g
Qun
Bch trut
12g
Thn
Bch linh
12g
Thn
Bch thc
12g
Thn
Hong cm
12g
Thn
Bc h
8g
Thn
Trn b
6g
Thn
Gng ti
Cay, hi m: ho t v
6g
Thn
Ut kim
6g
Thn
Ch xc
6g
Thn
Cam tho bc
8g
C s l lun
Tc dng
Ni quan
Hnh gian
Thiu ph
Hunh ho huyt ca tm
Thin xu
M huyt ca i trng
Can du
Bi du huyt
T can m
Trung qun
M huyt ca v
Tc tam l
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Dc l
Liu
Vai tr
To nhn
8g
Qun
Phc thn
8g
Qun
Hong k
12g
Thn
Bch trut
12g
Thn
Nhn sm
16g
Thn
ng quy
12g
Mc hng
6g
Vin ch
8g
i to
12g
Chm cu: chm b t du, v du, tc tam l, tam m giao, ni quan, thn
mn
Tn huyt
C s l lun
Tc dng
T du
Du huyt ca t
Kin t
V du
Du huyt ca v
Kin v
Tc tam l
Trung qun
M huyt ca v
Tam m giao
M huyt ca i trng
Ni quan
Thn mn
Du th huyt ca tm
Ging ho
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T lng gi
1. Yu t no sau y khng lin quan n vic khi pht hi chng i
trng d kch ng
A. Trng thi tm l
B. Lon thn kinh chc nng
C. Ch n ung
D. Nng prollactin mu
E. Cholescystokinin
2. Theo c ch bnh sinh ca YHCT, tng ph no s b ri lon cng
nng trong chng i trng d kch ng
A. Can t thn
B. Tam can thn
C. Tm can t
D. Can ph thn
E. Ph t thn
3. Triu chng no sau y khng c trong tiu chun hng ti chn
on hi chng i trng d kch ng
A. Phn nhy mu
B. au bng
C. To bn
D. Tiu chy
E. Trng bng
4. Phng php cn lm sng no sau y l khng cn thit trong chn
on loi tr hi chng i trng d kch ng
A. Soi phn tm KST ng rut
B. Chp X quang i trng
C. Cng thc mu
D. Ni soi i trng - trc trng
E. Sinh thit i trc trng
5. Triu chng no sau y khng c trong th can kh ut kt
A. Lun xc ng
B. y trng bng sau n
C. To bn xen k tiu chy
D. Tiu chy lc m sng
E. Gim au bng sau khi i cu
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Bi 11
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c c ch bnh sinh ca vim gan mn tnh do virus v
vim gan t min.
2. Trnh by c c ch bnh sinh ca bnh vim gan mn tnh theo YHCT.
3. Trnh by c cc triu chng lm sng v cn lm sng chn
on nguyn nhn vim gan mn tnh.
4. Trnh by c 4 th lm sng ca bnh vim gan mn tnh theo YHCT.
5. Lit k c cc phng php iu tr ca cc th lm sng vim gan
mn tnh do siu vi v do t min.
6. Trnh by c tc dng dc l ca cc php tr bnh vim gan mn
tnh theo YHCT.
1. NH NGHA
Vim gan mn tnh l mt bnh bao gm mt lot nhng ri lon gan c
nguyn nhn v mc trm trng khc nhau, trong hin tng vim v
hoi t lin tc ko di trn 6 thng
2. PHN LOI
Trc y da vo tnh cht khu tr hoc lan ta ca tn thng gan m
ngi ta phn thnh 3 loi:
Vim gan mn tnh tn ti (persitent hepatitis).
Vim gan tiu thy (lobular hepatitis).
Vim gan hot ng (active hepatitis).
Nhng hin nay s phn loi li da vo:
Nguyn nhn.
Trng thi m hc (grade).
Din tin (stage).
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3. Vim khong ca
4. Ho si
Mc
im
Khng c
PN nh
PN va
PN nng
PN + BN trung bnh
PN + BN nng
10
Khng c
Nh
Trung bnh
Nng
Khng c
Nh
Trung bnh
Nng
Khng c
Lan to quanh ca
Ho si bc cu
X gan
4
22
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Theo :
im
Tn thng
Khng c hoi t ho si
Ho si quanh ca nh
Ho si bc cu
X gan
STAGE
t hoc nh
Khng hoc nh
Nh
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THP NHIT T
N UNG
TU C
LAO LC
S tit
Ut kt
CAN
HIP THNG
T V
Vn ho
S tit
THP NHIT
HONG N
HONG N
4. CHN ON
4.1. Theo y hc hin i
4.1.1. Vim gan mn tnh do virus
Biu hin lm sng c th t nh n nng nh mt mi, vng da dai
dng hoc tng t. Ring trong vim gan mn tnh do virus C biu hin lm
sng thng l m v ch tr nn nng trn nhng bnh nhn c nghin
ru, c bnh nhim sc t st hemochromatosis hoc thiu 1 antitrypsin.
Ngoi ra, nu trong vim gan mn tnh do virus B thng c cc triu chng
ngoi gan do c ch phi hp khng th khng nguyn virus B nh vim khp,
vim cu thn, vim nt a ng mch v vim mch mu kiu
leukocytoclastic th trong vim gan mn tnh do virus C thng c cc triu
chng ngoi gan khng do phc hp min dch nh hi chng Sjgren, liken
phng, ri lon chuyn ha forpyrin biu hin da mun.
V mt cn lm sng th SGPT tng t 100 - 1000UI v lun cao hn
SGOT (ring vim gan mn tnh do virus C hoc khi vim gan virus B mn
chuyn thnh x gan th ch s SGPT thp hn SGOT).
Phosphotase tng nh hoc bnh thng.
Bilirubin tng 3 - 10mg%.
Albumin mu gim, thi gian prothrombin ko di xy ra trong giai on
cui hoc nng.
V sau cng chn on vim gan mn tnh do loi virus no, ta cn
ch n mt s huyt thanh chn on sau y:
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+ Vim gan t min typ III: vi ANA (-) v anti KLM1 (-), ng thi c
khng th tun hon chng li khng nguyn gan ho tan (solube
liver antigen).
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INF
Lamivudin
SGPT tng
Hnh nh m hc c trng
Cn p ng min dch
Mt p ng min dch
Khng
Khng
Bnh gan cn b
Bnh gan mt b
Khng
Khng
Khng p ng vi IFN
Khng
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6-12 thng
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Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Nhn trn
20g
Qun
Bch trut
12g
Thn
Phc linh
12g
Thn
Tr linh
8g
Thn
Trch t
12g
Thn
Qu chi
6g
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Dc l
Liu
Vai tr
Hong cm
12g
Qun
Hot thch
12g
Qun
i phc b
12g
Thn
Phc linh
8g
Thn
Tr linh
8g
Thn
u khu
8g
Thn
16g
Mc thng
12g
Nhn trn
20g
Cam tho bc
4g
T, s
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V thuc
Dc l
Liu
Vai tr
Si h
12g
Bch thc
8g
Thn
Ch thc
6g
Thn
Xuyn khung
8g
Thn
Hu phc
6g
Thn
Cam tho bc
6g
Thn
ng quy
8g
Thn
i to
8g
Thn
Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Si h
12g
Bch thc
12g
Bch trut
12g
Qun
ng sm
12g
Thn
Phc linh
8g
Thn
Cam tho bc
6g
Trn b
6g
Thn
Bn h ch
8g
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Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Sa sm
12g
Qun
Sinh a
12g
Thn
N trinh t
An thn
12g
Thn
Mch mn
12g
Bch thc
12g
K t
12g
H th ch
12g
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T lng gi
Trong giai on virus vim gan sao chp m di truyn (replicat) chn
on huyt thanh no sau y s dng tnh
A. HBsAg
B. HBeAg
C. AntiHBe
D. AntiHBg
E. AntiHBs
2. Trong giai on virus vim gan sao chp m di truyn (replicat) hnh
nh m hc no ca vim gan s khng hin din
A. Can - thn
B. T - thn
C. Tm - t
D. Can - t
E. Tm - thn
5. Trong vim gan mn tnh do virus C, cc triu chng s tr nng khi
bnh nhn c
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D. Chn n
E. au vng gan
6. Trong vim gan mn do virus giai on cui hoc nng, xt nghim
cn lm sng cho thy
A. au tc vng gan
B. St m
C. i tin phn nho
D. Ngi mt mi
E. Mch huyn
9. Triu chng no sau y khng c trong th can m h ca chng
hong n, hip thng
A. St m
B. Mt ng
C. i tin phn nho
D. Lng bn tay, bn chn nng
E. Kht nc
10. Triu chng no sau y khng c trong th can nhit t thp ca
chng hong n, hip thng
A. Da vng xm
B. au tc vng gan
C. Bng y trng
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A. Hot ho ribonuclease
B. Thc y s thi loi t bo gan b nhim virus
C. c ch men ADN polymerase
D. Gia tng hot tnh killer cell
E. Ngn chn procollagen typ III
14. Tc dng dc l no sau y khng nm trong php tr thanh nhit
tr thp
A. Li mt v tng mt
B. Bo v t bo gan
C. H st
D. c ch ADN polymerase (ca ch rng ca)
E. Tng kh nng min dch
15. Tc dng dc l no sau y khng thuc php tr s can kin t
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C. Bo v t bo gan
D. iu ho chc nng min dch
E. Khng virus vim gan
16. Tc dng dc l no sau y khng thuc php tr t dng can m
A. An thn
B. Chng thoi ho m gan
C. iu ho chc nng min dch
D. iu ho vn tnh rut
E. H st
17. Bi Si h s gan thang (gm si h, bch thc, ch thc, xuyn
khung, hu phc, cam tho bc, ng quy, i to), s phi bi thm v no
trong iu tr vim gan t min
A. Sa sm
B. Cu k t
C. Bch thc
D. H th
E. Mch mn
19. Bi thuc Nhn trn ng linh (gm nhn trn, bch trut, phc linh,
tr linh, trch t, sa tin, ng sm, d), nn bi thm v no trong iu tr
vim gan mn tnh do virus
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Bi 12
X GAN
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c c ch bnh sinh ca 4 loi x gan: do ru, do virus,
do mt, do tim.
2. Trnh by c c ch bnh sinh ca hi chng x gan theo YHCT.
3. Trnh by c triu chng lm sng v du hiu cn lm sng ca 4
loi x gan.
4. Trnh by c cc th lm sng hi chng x gan.
5. Trnh by c hng x tr 4 loi bin chng ca x gan: c trng,
xut huyt, hn m gan v vim phc mc nguyn pht.
6. Trnh by c tc dng dc l ca 3 php tr hi chng x gan theo
YHCT.
1. NH NGHA
X gan l mt bnh l c nhiu biu hin lm sng phn nh mt tn
thng nhu m gan khng hi phc, bao gm s ho si lan to phi hp vi s
thnh lp ca o nhu m gan tn sinh. Nhng hnh nh ny l kt qu t:
S hoi t t bo gan.
S sp h thng vng ni m nng .
S ng cc m lin kt.
S ri lon h mch mu.
S tn to nhng nt nhu m gan.
Din tin bnh l ny c th coi nh l con ng chung cuc ca bt c
loi tn thng gan mn tnh no.
Hnh nh lm sng ca x gan s phn nh mc trm trng ca tn
thng hn l nguyn nhn ca cc bnh a ti x gan. Trong :
S mt chc nng ca khi t bo gan s a ti vng da, ph, ri lon
ng mu v hng lot cc ri lon bin chng khc.
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Tu c
Thp nhit t
S tit
T v
Can
Vn ho
Thp nhit
Hong n
Chn n,
y bng
Tiu phn
sng
Trng thng
C nhc
teo nho
Chy mu
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3. CHN ON
3.1. Theo y hc hin i
3.1.1. X gan do ru
Bnh gan m thng khng c triu chng v kh nhn bit.
Vim gan do ru thng chn n, bun nn, mt mi, st cn, cm gic
kh chu trong bng v vng da; st 390C gp trong 1/2 trng hp; gan
to, au; lch to gp trong 1/3 trng hp, c du sao mch. Nng hn c
th l c trng, ph, xut huyt v bnh cnh no gan.
X gan: triu chng lm sng c th m , kn o trong 40% trng hp,
thng thng bnh nhn chn n v suy dinh dng a n st cn, teo
c, vng da ngy mt tng dn, xut huyt tiu ho, c trng v bnh
cnh no gan.
Khm gan c th c triu chng gan to hoc bnh thng hoc nh, ngoi
ra cn c nhng du hiu vng da, lng bn tay son, mng tay mt knh
ng h (clbbing finger), lch to, thiu mu, c trng v hoc ph ton
thn. n ng c triu chng v to, teo tinh hon, rng lng. Ph n b
ri lon kinh nguyt.
Xt nghim cn lm sng cho thy:
+ SGOT tng nh trong giai on gan m, i khi c tng phosphatase
alkalin v bilirubin.
+ Trong giai on nng hn SGOT tng 300 UI.
SGOT
>2
SGPT
C du hiu thiu mu, tng nng lch v thiu mu huyt tn.
Thi gian prothrombin ko di.
ALB mu gim, globulin mu tng (do s kch thch h vng ni m), i
khi c tng amoniac mu.
Bt dung np glucose.
Gim natri v kali mu do hin tng cng aldosteron.
nh gi tin lng mt ngi x gan do ru, ngi ta thng dng
ch s:
4,6 x [ (prothrombin control) tim + total Bil m/l ]
> 32
Disriminant fraction =
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<1
globulin tng.
Trong giai on nng hn, c th gp albumin mu gim v prothrombin
time ko di.
Chn on nguyn nhn da vo test huyt thanh (xem bi vim gan mn).
3.1.3. X gan do mt nguyn pht
nhng trng hp pht bnh c triu chng, 90% trng hp gp ph
n tui 35 - 60.
u tin nga lng bn tay, bn chn, mt mi.
Sau nhiu thng, nm vng da xut hin, da tr nn sm mu nhng
vng phi ra nh sng.
Tnh trng tiu phn m v ri lon hp thu a n:
+ Thiu vitamin D vi triu chng au xng do nhuyn xng hoc
long xng.
+ Thiu vitamin A vi triu chng qung g.
+ Thiu vitamin E vi triu chng vim da.
+ Cng vi tnh trng suy t bo gan v tng p ca.
Bnh nhn ch sng t 5 - 10 nm k t khi c triu chng u tin ca
bnh.
Xt nghim cho thy:
+ Phosphatase alkalin tng gp 2 - 5 ln so vi tr s bnh thng.
+ 5 nucleotidase tng, glutamyltranspeptidase tng.
+ Tng lipid mu v xut hin lipoprotein X.
+ Bilirubin ton phn tng 30mg%.
+ Transaminase tng 150 - 200VI.
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Chn on xc nh:
+ 90% AMA dng tnh vi hiu sut > 1:40
+ Nu AMA (-) nn lm thm xt nghim tm:
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S chn on da trn:
Bnh nhn c bnh gan, bnh thn
kinh hoc mt ri lon tm thn m
nguyn nhn khng xc nh.
Anh ch em rut c ngi b bnh
Wilson.
Vng Keyser-Fleischer trn gic mc.
Nng ceruloplasmin/mu <20mg%.
Tng transaminase mu ko di,
khng gii thch c.
Chn on chc chn khi sinh thit gan cho thy hnh nh vim gan lan
to cng vi s xut hin nhng nt x (macronodular cirrhosis) v nng
ng (Cu) trong gan > 250g%.
3.1.6. Bnh hemochromatosis
Khong 50% bnh nhn s din tin ti x gan v 30% din tin ti ung
th gan.
Bnh c biu hin:
+ Gan to (95%).
+ Tng sc t da (90%) vi mu en ca kim loi.
+ i tho ng (65%).
+ Bnh khp (25- 50%).
+ Suy tim, lon nhp tim (15%).
Ngoi ra cn c nhng biu hin ca suy tuyn sinh dc (hypogonadism)
suy thng thn, suy gip v ph gip.
Cc xt nghim gip chn on nh:
+ St huyt tng: 180 - 300 g%.
+ Total iron binding capacity: 200 - 300g%.
+ Transferin saturation: 50 - 100%.
+ Serum ferritin: 900 - 6000g/l.
3.1.7. Bnh porphyria cutanea tarda
Bnh biu hin bng nhng sang thng da nh mn, bng nc nhng
vng da phi ra nh sng, sau chuyn thnh nhng mng trng hoc tng
sng ho, tng sc t hoc nhng sang thng nh x cng b. Chn on xc
nh da trn s xut hin porphyrin trong nc tiu (nc tiu sm en).
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- To shunt h ca gan
qua TM cnh
- To shunt TM ch v
xoang bng
Nu nhum Gram c kt
qu hoc bch cu > 250
trong mm3 c th ngh ti
vim phc mc nguyn pht
(80-85%
l
E.
coli,
Streptococcus v Klebsiella)
Khng p ng
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- Octreotid (50-100g/)
- Somatostatin (250g/)
Hoc vasopressin tim truyn
0,1 - 0,4V/pht (+ nitroglycerin)
iu tr duy tr
Tht bi
1. Tip tc tht hoc x ho TM
Khng kim
sot uc
t vn ni shunt
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Du rung vy
No
+/ -
Sng 3 pha
II
L m, lm ln
Sng 3 pha
III
Sng 3 pha
IV
Hn m, c p ng vi kch thch au
nhng s mt dn
Sng delta
X tr bng cch:
Loi b protein ra khi ch n ca bnh nhn.
Xc nh nhng yu t tham gia nh xut huyt tiu ho, ri lon nc
in gii, thuc an thn, nhim trng, to bn v.v... v phi iu chnh
ngay.
Thuc:
+ Lactulose sirop (30 - 60ml/gi) hoc lactulol (10 - 20ml/ngy) sao cho
bnh nhn phi i tiu chy.
+ Neomycin 0,5g - 1g x 4 ln/ngy (c th s dng metronidazol).
+ Vic s dng men thc y chuyn ho NH3 thnh ur (dc phm
ornithin carbamin transferase) levodopa, bromocryptin, cc cht ng
phn keto ca cc acid amin cha c nh gi l c hiu qu.
+ Trong trng hp hn m do benzodiazepin c th dng flumazenil
lm cht i khng.
e. Hi chng gan thn
L mt tnh trng suy thn trn bnh cnh x gan m khng tm thy
mt tn thng thc th no thn. Nguyn nhn a n hi chng ny
tng t nh bnh cnh no gan. C th mt s mt cn bng trong chuyn
ho acid arachidonic gy ra ri lon ny.
Chn on da vo tnh trng t nhin:
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d ngng thuc li
tiu v bi hon nc
in gii y .
Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Si h
12g
Bch thc
8g
Thn
Ch thc
6g
Thn
Xuyn khung
8g
Thn
Hu phc
6g
Thn
Cam tho bc
6g
Thn
ng quy
8g
Thn
i to
8g
Thn
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Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Si h
12g
Bch thc
12g
Bch trut
12g
Qun
ng sm
12g
Thn
Phc linh
8g
Thn
Cam tho bc
6g
Trn b
6g
Thn
Bn h ch
8g
Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Ph t ch
12g
Qun
Qu chi
6g
Thn
Can khng
6g
Thn
Phc linh
12g
Thn
Hu phc
6g
Thn
Trch t
12g
Thn
i phc b
12g
Thn
Xuyn tiu
6g
Thn
Hong k
12g
Thn
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Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Thc a
12g
Qun
Sn th
8g
Thn
Hoi sn
12g
Thn
Phc linh
8g
Thn
an b
8g
Thn
Trch t
8g
Thn
Bch trut
12g
Thn
ng quy
8g
Thn
a ct b
12g
Thn
Bch mao cn
20g
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Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Nguyn hoa
4g
Qun
Cam toi
4g
Thn
i kch
4g
Thn
i to
10 qu
T, s
Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Khng hong
4g
Qun
Khin ngu
10g
Thn
Cn b
12g
Thn
Hi to
10g
Thn
Qu tm
6g
nh lch
12g
+ Nn kim tra ion khi dng thuc cng h trc thy ko di.
4.2.5. Hnh kh ho
Mc ch: gin mch, chng s ngng tp tiu cu gy tnh trng thuyn
tc trong h tnh mch ca nh xch thc, xuyn khung, hng hoa, o
nhn, an sm, nga trut.
C th: trong chng kh tr huyt th dng bi Cch h trc thang
V thuc
Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
o nhn
12g
Qun
Hng hoa
8g
Qun
ong quy
12g
Xch thc
20-30g
Thn
an sm
12g
Qun
Tam lng
8g
Qun
Nga trut
8g
Qun
Hng ph ch
8g
Thn
Ch xc
8g
Thn
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T lng gi
1. Du hiu lm sng no sau y khng phi l hu qu ca s mt
chc nng khi t bo gan
A. Vng da
B. C trng
C. au vng gan
D. Lit dng
E. Sao mch
2. Du hiu cn lm sng no sau y l hu qu ca s mt chc nng
khi t bo gan
A. Tng SGOT
B. Ko di thi gian prothrombin
C. Tng globulin mu
D. Tng SGPT
E. Tng gamma glutamyl transferase
3. Du hiu lm sng no sau y l hu qu ca tng p lc tnh mch
ca
A. Lch to
B. Ph 2 chn
C. Xut huyt di da
D. Lit dng
E. V kinh
4. Trong c ch bnh sinh ca chng trng v hong n, ri lon cng
nng ch yu nm tng
A. Tm
B. Can
C. T
D. Ph
E. Thn
5. c im cn lm sng ca x gan do ru l
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C.
SGOT
SGPT
>2
A. Transaminase tng
B. Bilirubin tng +++
C. Albumin mu gim
D. Prothrombin time ko di
E. Amoniac mu tng
7. X gan do tim c t ra khi ngoi du hiu x gan c trng bnh
nhn cn c triu chng
A. au vng h sn phi
B. Kh th
C. Suy tim phi
D. Ph ton thn
E. Gin tnh mch di li
8. Triu chng no sau y khng gp trong th can ut t h
A. Chn ph
B. Chn n
C. Tc nng vng gan
D. i tin phn nt
E. Bng trng
9. Triu chng no sau y khng gp trong th t thn dng h
A. S lnh
B. Chn ph
C. Bng trng
D. Hot tinh
E. Tay chn lnh
10. Triu chng no sau y khng gp trong th m thp h nhit
A. C trng
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B. Chn ph
C. St hm hp
D. Sc mt trng nht
E. Chy mu da nim
11. Triu chng no sau y khng c trong th kh tr huyt
A. au tc hng sn
B. Bng trng
C. Ngi gy
D. Mi li tm
E. Mch khn
12. Ch nh dng corticoid cho ngi x gan do ru khng c t ra
khi bnh nhn c
A. Cn nng mi ngy
B. Lng nc vo ra mi ngy
C. Ion mu v nc tiu
D. Lng m trong ch n mi ngy
E. Du tnh mch c xp mi ngy
14. ngn nga bnh cnh no gan xy ra sau khi xut huyt do v
gin tnh mch thc qun, phng php no sau y khng cn thit
A. n nh huyt ng hc
B. Tht tho phn
C. S dng lactulose
D. S dng ornitin carbamin transferase
E. S dng neomycin
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A. Li tiu
B. Ty x
C. Ci thin chuyn ho protid gan
D. Bo v t bo gan
E. Kch thch tiu ho
17. Tc dng dc l no sau y khng c trong php tr t m li thp
A. Li tiu
B. c ch min dch
C. c ch virus vim gan B
D. Tng chuyn ho m ti gan
E. Cm mu
18. Tc dng dc l no sau y c trong php tr hnh kh ho
A. Li tiu
B. Ty x
C. Chng ngng tp tiu cu
D. Cm mu
E. Ci thin chuyn ho protid gan
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Bi 13
SI MT
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c c ch bnh sinh ca 3 loi si mt theo YHH.
2. Trnh by c c ch bnh sinh ca si mt theo YHCT.
3. M t c cc triu chng ca si mt theo YHH v YHCT.
4. Lit k cc ch nh iu tr si mt theo YHH.
5. Phn tch cch cu to bi thuc YHCT iu tr si mt theo dc l
c truyn v dc l hc hin i.
1. NH NGHA
C ch v s bi xut mt: mt trong gan l mt dung dch ng trng
vi thnh phn in gii nh huyt tng. Trong khi mt trong ti mt li
khc vi mt trong gan do cc ion clo v bicarbonat c hp thu qua lp
biu b ca ti mt.
Thnh phn ca mt gm 82% l nc, 12% l acid mt, 4% l lecithin v
cc phospholipid cn cholesterol khng este ho ch chim 0,7%. Nhng thnh
phn cn li nh bilirubin kt hp, cc protein (IgA, cht chuyn ho ca cc
hormon, nhng protein c chuyn ho gan) nhng cht in gii, cht
nhy v nhng cht chuyn ho ca thuc.
Acid mt trong gan v trong ti mt cn gi l cc acid mt s cp nh
cholic v chenodeoxy cholic vn c tng hp t cholesterol trong gan, c
kt hp vi glycin v taurin. Trong khi cc acid mt th cp l deoxycholat
v lithocholat vn l cc acid mt nguyn pht b chuyn ho bi cc vi khun
trong rut. Ngoi ra cn c mt acid mt th pht l ursodeoxycholat vn l
mt d phn ca chenodeoxycholic.
Trong mt thnh phn mt bnh thng, t l kt hp vi
cholesterol ca glycin v taurin l 3:1. S ho tan ca cholesterol
trong mt s tu thuc vo t l gia acid mt v lecithin cng nh
nng ca cc thnh phn lipid c trong mt. Chnh s thay i cc
yu t ny s a n s thnh lp si mt.
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Cholesterol
Bnh thng
Tng hp
0,5g acid
mt mi
ngy
Acid mt
>4mM
Hng trng
Na
0,5g
acid mt
Hi trng
i trng
S bi xut acid mt vo
rut cn tu thuc vo chc nng
ca ti mt v c vng Oddi vi c ch iu ho ca mt hormon l
cholecystokinin (CCK) vn c bi xut t nim mc t trng p ng cho
vic tiu ho cht m v cc acid amin trong thc n, tc dng CCK l:
Gy co bp ti mt.
Gin c vng oddi.
Tng s bi tit mt ca gan a n s thc y mt bi xut vo t
trng.
Si mt gp rt nhiu cc nc phng Ty. Ring ti M chng xut
hin khong 20% n gii v 8% nam gii trong tui 40. Tnh trung bnh
nm c khong 1 triu trng hp mi.
Ring v loi si sc t (vi thnh phn chnh l calcium bilirubinat) li
thng xut hin cc nc Vin ng v c lin quan mt thit vi bnh l
nhim trng ng mt.
2. C CH BNH SINH
2.1. Theo y hc hin i
2.1.1. Si cholesterol (80%)
Loi si thnh cholesterol monohydrat chim 50% m c ch c th l do:
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N UNG THT IU
S tit
V
CAN
BNH LU
NGY
T
S
tit
THP
NHIT
3. CHN ON
3.1. Theo y hc hin i
3.1.1. Triu chng lm sng
Cn au qun mt (biliary colic) vi cm gic au d di hoc tc nng
vng thng v hoc h sn phi vi hng lan ln gia hai vai hoc vai
phi. Cn au thung khi pht kh t ngt, ko di t 30 pht n 5 gi,
sau du dn hoc bin mt rt nhanh. Mt t au qun mt nh th
thng ko theo cm gic m, cng tc vng h sn c ngy hoc hn.
Bun nn, nn ma thng xy ra trong cn.
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Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
40g
Qun
12g
Thn
Chi t
Nhn trn
12g
Thn
Ch xc
8g
Ut kim
8g
Trong :
+ Theo th kh tr, ta c th gia thm hng ph, mc hng mi
th 8g tng tc dng l kh ch thng.
+ th thp c th gia thm i hong 8g tng tc dng ho thp.
Ngoi ra vic s dng mt ngan (vt xim) trong vic iu tr si mt
cholesterol cn ang nghin cu.
T lng gi
1. C ch no sau y khng tham gia trong qu trnh to si mt cholesterol
A. S nhim trng ng mt
B. S siu bo ho thnh phn bilirubin khng kt hp
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C. S gim co bp ca ti mt
D. S gia tng t l mucin trong dch mt
E. S gia tng t l apolipoprotein trong dch mt
3. C ch bnh sinh ca si mt theo YHCT l
A. Can kh ut
B. V kh bt ging
C. Thp nhit can m
D. Ri lon cng nng s tit ca can m
E. Ri lon cng nng s tit ca can
4. Triu chng no sau y thng xy ra trong cn au qun mt
A. y bng
B. hi
C. Si bng
D. St
E. Bun nn
5. K thut cn lm sng no sau y tin li v chnh xc cho vic chn
on si mt
A. Siu m
B. X quang khng sa son
C. Chp ti mt cn quang
D. o bilirubin mu
E. o phosphatase alkalin
6. K thut cn lm sng no sau y gip nh gi chnh xc kch thc
v s lng si mt
A. Siu m
B. X quang bng khng chun b
C. Chp ti mt cn quang
D. Ni soi mng bng
E. Radio pharmacertical
7. Ursodeoxycholic acid c ch nh cho si mt:
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A. Li thp, thng lm
B. Li thp, thoi hong
C. Li thp, thanh nhit
D. Ph kh, tiu tch
E. Hot huyt ch thng
10. Trong bi thuc trn, v thuc no sau y c c hai tc dng li mt
v tng mt
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Bi 14
MC TIU
1. Nu c nh ngha v cc yu t nguy c gy nhim trng tit niu.
2. Nu c cc loi vi khun thng hin din trong nhim trng tit
niu.
3. Trnh by c 2 c ch xm nhp ca vi khun trong nhim trng
tiu v phn tch c cc yu t to thun cho nhim trng tit niu.
4. Trnh by c c ch bnh sinh ca nhim trng tit niu theo
YHCT.
5. Nu c 6 tiu chun chn on xc nh nhim trng tit niu
bng phng php cy nc tiu.
6. Trnh by c cc th lm sng ca nhim trng tit niu theo
YHCT.
7. Nu c 7 nguyn tc trong iu tr nhim trng tit niu v phn
tch c c s l lun iu tr nhim trng tit niu theo YHCT.
1. I CNG
Nhim trng tit niu c 2 loi:
Nhim trng cht c cha ng (tc l nc tiu) vi ngha l c s
hin din ca vi trng trong nc tiu vi mt cao.
Nhim trng vt cha ng (tc l vim nhu m thn hay ng tit
niu trn hoc di).
Nhim trng tit niu bao gm c nhim trng vt c cha ng ln
vt cha ng. Trong 2 yu t (s hin din ca vi khun v vim ng
tit niu) th s hin din ca vi khun l ch yu.
Bnh thng, trong iu kin t nhin c t nht 3 c ch bo v chng
nhim trng ca h tit niu:
+ Dng nc tiu y tri, loi b vi trng xm nhp ngc dng.
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Yu t tn tr
Yu t quyt nh
khng
yu
Ngc
dng
Nhim c
c th, thn
Hn lon
thn kinh c
ng tiu
B tc ng
tit niu
Bch dch
Bch dch - mu
nhim trng
- Da, mn nht
- H hp: vim bch hu, phi
- Rut: vim rut non, rut gi
- Xng: vim ty sng
- Rng hm mt: su rng, vim li
- B phn sinh dc: vim vi, vim
tin lit tuyn
- Chn thng
- Si
- Bu
- Chy in
ng xm nhp
Mu
Thng
tn
ng
nc tiu
ng tiu
trc tip
Th thut v phu
thut niu khoa
- Xm nhp thng
- R r
- Ming niu qun lc ch
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THP NHIT T
PH BNG QUANG
THP NHIT UT KT
NHIT LM
HUYT LM
THCH LM
LAO LM
3. CHN ON
3.1. Chn on theo y hc hin i
Chn on lm sng nhim trng tit niu: nhng biu hin lm sng
ca nhim trng tit niu l vim ng tit niu v nhim c. Nhim
c gy st, mt mi; vim ng tit niu di lm i but, i nhiu
ln, i mu; vim ng tit niu trn v thn sinh au lng, i m
hoc protein niu.
Cc biu hin lm sng ca nhim trng tit niu thng khng gip cho
chn on cng nh nh v c ch nhim trng l ng tit niu trn hay
di.
C nhiu bnh nhn i ra vi trng m li khng c du hiu lm sng
no c. Cng nh c nhng ngi c i ra vi trng v c hi chng niu o
cp th khong 2/3 l nhim trng ng tit niu di v 1/3 l nhim trng
ng tit niu trn. ph n c triu chng i kh v i rt th ch
60 - 70% trng hp l c i ra vi trng.
Theo kinh in, chn on xc nh l nhim trng tit niu th s
lng khm vi trng cy c trn mt mu nc tiu ly gia dng phi
hn 105 khm/1ml nc tiu. Tuy nhin:
+ Nu ph n c triu chng i ra m (bch cu): s lng khm vi
trng cy c trn mt mu nc tiu ly gia dng ch t 102 - 104
khm vi mt trong cc dng nh E. Coli, Kleb v Proteus hoc S.
Saprophyt cng chng t l nhim trng tiu.
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3.2.3. Lao lm
Ngi mt mi, au m 2 bn tht lng, tiu lt nht, nc tiu ri r,
tiu xong au ngm h b (thng gp trong vim mn hoc ph i tuyn tin
lit) hoc thng xuyn i c, i dt, li ru vng mng, mch t sc
v lc.
4. IU TR
4.1. Nguyn tc iu tr
Cc phng php cy nc tiu, nhum Gram v cc k thut chn on
khc phi c thc hin trc khi iu tr. Khi c kt qu cy phi da vo
khng sinh iu tr.
Xc nh cc yu t tham gia gii quyt trit .
Thuyn gim triu chng lm sng khng c ngha l sch vi trng.
Sau mt liu trnh iu tr phi nh gi l thnh cng hay tht bi. Nu
c nhim trng li, phi xc nh l cng dng vi khun hay khc dng, thi
gian ti pht l sm (2 tun sau khi ngng iu tr) hay mun.
Sau iu tr, s ti pht xy ra sm v cng mt dng vi khun th c th
l c cng lc mt nhim trng ng tiu trn cha c gii quyt xong
hoc mt nhim trng khc m o. Trong khi , s ti pht mun thng
l ti nhim mt dng vi khun mi.
Nhim trng tit niu mc phi trong cng ng v mi b ln u tin
thng nhy cm vi khng sinh.
Vi bnh nhn b nhim trng tit niu ti i ti li, gn y c ln nhp
vin hoc c lm th thut niu khoa th c th do nhn vi cc loi khng
sinh.
4.2. iu tr c th theo y hc hin i
4.2.1. Vim bng quang cp
Ngi ta c th dng 1 liu duy nht mt trong cc loi thuc sau y:
Trimethoprim 400mg, sulfamid 2g, fluoroquinolon, amoxicillin 3g (tuy
nhin v 80% vim bng quang cp l do E. coli v E. coli nhn vi
amoxicillin trong 1/3 trng hp nn phng php ny t hiu qu). Liu 1 ln
duy nht nn dng cho nhng bnh nhn c th theo di c sau iu tr.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta c th dng cc loi thuc ni trn vi liu trnh 3 ngy lin
tc. Tt nht nn theo liu trnh 7 - 14 ngy c bit n bnh nhn c biu
hin vim i b thn, nhng bnh nhn c bt thng cu trc h niu hoc
c vi trng nhn thuc.
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Vim i b thn cp him a n suy thn chc nng hoc bnh thn
mn tnh. N thng ti pht hn ti nhim.
i ra vi trng khng triu chng nu khng c bnh l khc i km th
khng gy tn thng thn.
Nhim trng tit niu trong thai k c kh nng gy non hoc h thai.
4.4. Phng nga
ph n c hn 2 ln nhim trng tit niu trong 6 thng nn t vn
d phng.
Ung nhiu nc sao cho mi ngy c th tiu c trn 2 lt.
i tiu trc khi i ng, sau khi giao hp, bt k lc no cm thy mt
tiu.
Khng dng mng chn m o v thuc dit tinh trng nga thai m
nn chuyn sang phng php khc.
Sau khi giao hp nn s dng mt trong cc khng sinh sau y:
trimethoprim 150mg, bactrim 80/400mg, cephalexin 250mg, nitrofurantoin 50
hoc 100mg. Lin tc s dng mt trong cc loi khng sinh theo liu trnh
sau y: trimethoprim 250 mg mi ti, trimethoprim v sulfamethoxazol 40/
200mg mi ti, trimethoprim v sulfamethoxazol 40/200mg x 3 ln/tun,
cephalexin 250mg mi ti, norfloxacin 200mg mi ti.
Vi nhng ngi vim tin lit tuyn hoc trc v sau gii phu tin lit
tuyn hoc ph n c thai vi nc tiu c vi trng khng triu chng c th
dng ngy 1 ln hoc 3 ln/1 tun vi 1 trong 2 khng sinh sau y bactrim
80/400 mg, nitrofurantoin 50mg.
4.5. iu tr theo y hc c truyn
4.5.1. Th nhit lm
Php tr: thanh nhit li thp vi mc ch:
+ H st vi cc dc liu nh hot thch, cam tho.
+ Li tiu nh c mch, bin sc, mc thng, sa tin t.
+ Khng khun t cu vng, Proteus, Enterobacter nh: chi t, i
hong, cam tho.
Bi thuc s dng:
+ Bi thuc Bt chnh tn: hot thch 12g, c mch 12g, bin sc 12g,
mc thng 8g, chi t 12g, i hong 8g, sa tin t 12g, cam tho bc 8g.
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V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Mc thng
ng, hn: ging tm ha, thanh ph nhit, li tiu, thng huyt mch
Qun
Bin sc
Thn
C mch
Thn
Hot thch
Thn
Sa tin t
Ngt, hn, khng c: li tiu thanh can phong nhit, thm bng
quang thp kh
Qun
Sn chi
Qun
i hong
ng, hn: h v trng tch tr, t huyt phn thc nhit, h huyt,
ph trng h
Cam tho
4.5.2. Th huyt lm
Php tr: thanh nhit gii c lng huyt ch huyt vi mc ch:
+ H st: hot thch, sinh a.
+ Li tiu: mc thng, m trc dip.
+ Khng khun: cc loi vi khun gy bnh t cu E. coli, Proteus,
Herpes simplex th cn dng cc v nh: ng quy, chi t, tiu k,
trc bch dip.
+ Cm mu nh: chi t, ngu tit, b hong, tiu k, trc bch dip.
Bi thuc s dng:
+ Bi thuc Tiu k m (T sinh phng): sinh a 40g, tiu k 20g, hot
thch12g, mc thng 12g, b hong sao 20g, m trc dip 12g, ngu
tit 30g, ng quy 20g, chi t 12g, trc bch dip 20g.
Phn tch bi thuc
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Tiu k
Qun
Sinh a
Qun
Hot thch
Thn
Mc thng
Thn
B hong sao
Thn
m trc dip
Thn
ng quy
Chi t sao
Ch huyt
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T lng gi
Cu hi 5 chn 1: chn cu ng
1. Trc khun E. coli thng xut hin trong cc nhim trng tit niu
A. Bnh nhn l ph n
B. Bnh nhn t thng tiu
C. Bnh nhn c si thn
D. Bnh nhn c bt thng gii phu hc h niu
E. Bnh nhn hay b ti nhim
2. S c mt cc trc khun Gram (+) trong nhim trng tit niu khng
gi n
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A. Ph n
B. n ng
C. Bnh nhn c si thn
D. Bnh nhn b suy kit
E. Bnh nhn ang dng thuc c ch min dch
7. ngi ph n tr, yu t no sau y khng to thun cho s nhim
trng tit niu
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A. Kh huyt tr
B. H ho vng ng
C. T bt nhip huyt
D. Ho nhit t tm dn xung tiu trng
E. Thp nhit ut kt
10. Chn on nhim trng tit niu bng phng php cy nc tiu s
khng chnh xc khi
A. i rt
B. i au
C. i c
D. i mu
E. i khai
12. Triu chng no sau y khng c trong 2 th nhit lm v huyt lm
A. i rt
B. i au
C. i mu
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D. i c
E. i ra du m
13. Nhim trng tit niu ti pht sau 2 tun thng do
A. 1 - 3 ngy
B. 3 - 5 ngy
C. 5 - 7 ngy
D. 7 - 14 ngy
E. 14 - 21 ngy
15. Khng sinh no thng dng d phng nhim trng tit niu ti
pht
A. PNC
B. Amoxicilin
C. Bactrim
D. Kanamycin
E. Doxycyclin
16. Vi bi thuc Bt chnh tn (gm: hot thch, c mch, bin sc, mc
thng, chi t, i hong, sa tin t, cam tho bc) c th tng liu 2 v no
trong trng hp c i mu
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Bi 15
SI tit NIU
Mc Tiu
1. Trnh by c nh ngha, c im dch t hc v quan nim ca
YHCT v bnh si tit niu.
2. Trnh by c nguyn nhn, bnh sinh ca bnh si tit niu theo
YHH v YHCT.
3. Nu c ni dung chn on 3 th lm sng ca si tit niu theo
YHCT.
4. Trnh by c nguyn tc iu tr ni khoa, ch nh iu tr ngoi
khoa, php tr v bi thuc iu tr cc th lm sng bng YHCT.
5. Phn tch c cc bi thuc, phng huyt p dng iu tr ba th
bnh lm sng ca si tit niu.
1. I CNG
Bnh thng trong nc tiu c cc cht ha tan nh calci, phosphat,
oxalat nhng vi nng thp. Khi nng cc cht trn cao vt qu
ngng, trong iu kin l ha nht nh nu gp nhng yu t thun li th
s to thnh si tit niu.
Si tit niu bao gm: si thn, si niu qun, si bng quang, si niu o.
1.1. nh ngha
Si tit niu l mt bnh thng gp v hay ti pht ng tit niu do s
kt thch ca mt s thnh phn trong nc tiu iu kin l ha nht nh.
Si gy nghn tc ng tit niu m hu qu c th dn n nc
thn v hu hoi t chc thn, gy nhim khun v gy au, nh hng n
sc khe v tnh mng ca ngi bnh.
1.2. c im dch t hc
Si tit niu l bnh ph bin trn th gii, tuy nhin s phn b
khng ng u. Bnh t gp chu Phi, cn chu M t l trung bnh l
20 ngi/10000 ngi mi nm.
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Li , ru vng.
Mch sc.
3.7.2. Th kh huyt tr (tng ng vi si niu i ra mu)
Khi i tiu thy au tc v nng trc m nang, tiu tin mu ti, i
tiu khng ht.
Nc tiu va c mu va c.
Li c im huyt.
Mch khn.
3.7.3. Th thn h (tng ng si tit niu c bin chng)
Tiu t, c c m, bnh m , st ko di.
Ngi mt mi, bng trng hoc ph thng, sc mt trng bch.
Li nht bu, ru trng dnh.
Mch t sc v lc.
4. IU TR
4.1. Nguyn tc chung
Gim au (khi chn on c th).
Khng sinh chng vim nhim khi cn thit.
Thay i pH nc tiu; ung nhiu nc (>2 lt/ngy).
Ch n ung ph hp.
Ch nh phu thut khi vin si ln iu tr ni khoa khng kt qu, si
c bin chng
iu tr ni khoa nhm gii quyt nguyn nhn v c ch to si, c tc
dng hn ch ti pht si, gim bt cc ch nh ngoi khoa v trnh cc bin
chng khc ngoi thn.
4.2. iu tr theo y hc c truyn
4.2.1. Th thp nhit
Php tr: thanh nhit, bi thch, tr thp, li niu.
Phng dc:
+ Bi thuc nam kinh nghim dn gian
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40g
Sa tin t
20g
Ut kim
16g
Ngu tt
10g
Trch t
10g
Tc dng
Vai tr
Sinh a
Qun
Qun
Trc dip
Ngt, nht, hn; vo kinh tm, tiu trng: thanh tm ha, li niu
Thn
Mc thng
ng, hn; vo thn, bng quang: ging ha, li tiu tin, thng
huyt mch
Thn
Cam tho
T, s
Sa tin t
K ni kim
Ngt, bnh; vo kinh ph, t: tiu thy cc, l t v, cha tiu mu,
mn nht
4.2.2. Th kh huyt tr
Php tr: l kh hnh tr, thng lm bi thch.
Phng dc:
+ Bi thuc nam
o nhn
8g
Ut kim
8g
Ngu tt
8g
Ch xc
6g
20g
Sa tin t
12g
K ni kim
8g
12g
Bch mao cn
16g
Ngu tt
8g
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Qun
o nhn
Qun
Hng hoa
Qun
ng quy
Thn
Xch thc
ng, hn; vo kinh can, t, ph: hot huyt, hnh huyt, ch thng
Thn
Ch xc
Xuyn khung
Ngu tt
Si h
Hn lin tho
Cam tho
T, s
4.2.3. Th thn h
Php tr: b thn, li niu, thng lm.
Phng dc:
+ Bi thuc nam kinh nghim dn gian
Dy t hng
30g
Th phc linh
20g
C mi
30g
T gii
30g
16g
Ht sen
30g
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Qun
Ph t
Qun
Thc a
Qun
Hoi sn
Thn
Sn th
Thn
n b
Phc linh
Trch t
Ngt, mt; vo kinh thn, bng quang: thanh t thp nhit bng
quang, li thy
Sa tin t
Ngt, hn; vo kinh thn, ph, bng quang: thanh ph, thm
kh bng quang
5. PHNG BNH
Gii quyt nhng d tt trn ng niu.
Phng v tr bnh long xng.
Trnh cc thc n c cha nhiu cc cht calci, phosphat, oxalat
Ung nhiu nc hng ngy (trn 2 lt).
Gi v sinh, chng vim nhim ng niu.
T lng gi
1. Si niu thng gp nht v tr
A. Si niu qun trn
B. Si niu qun di
C. Si bng quang
D. Si thn
E. Si niu o
2. Nguyn nhn gy si niu (chn cu sai)
A. Cc cht ha tan trong nc tiu nh calci, phosphat vt qu ngng
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C. Thn h
D. Can ut t h
E. Bng quang h hn
8. Bnh si niu vi tiu au tc, cm gic nng trc m nang, tiu mu
ti, tiu khng ht, li c im huyt mch khn
A. Thp nhit
B. Kh huyt tr
C. Thn h
D. Can ut t h
E. Bng quang h hn
9. Bnh si niu vi tiu t, c, c m, m ko di, ngi mt mi, bng
trng hoc ph thng, sc mt trng, li nht bu, ru trng dnh, mch t
sc v lc
A. Can ut t h
B. Bng quang h hn
C. Thn h
D. Kh huyt tr
E. Thp nhit
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Bi 16
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c c im gii phu h thn kinh v mch mu tip
liu cho b phn sinh dc nam.
2. Phn loi v phn tch c cc nguyn nhn ca s suy sinh dc nam.
3. Trnh by c ch bnh sinh ca chng lit dng v di tinh theo YHCT.
4. Trnh by cc phng php thm khm lm sng v cn lm sng
chn on nguyn nhn ca s suy nhc sinh dc nam.
5. Lit k v trnh by c cc tc dng dc l ca ty dc iu tr
chng suy nhc sinh dc nam.
6. Trnh by c cc tc dng dc l ca cc php tr chng suy sinh
dc nam theo YHCT.
1. NH NGHA
Suy sinh dc nam l mt hi chng kh ph bin, chim 52% dn s nam
tui t 40 - 70 (Boston), trong ngi n ng khng th t c s cng
dng , s xut tinh hoc c hai.
Mt ngi n ng b ri lon chc nng tnh dc thng
than phin v nhng tnh trng nh mt ham mun, khng th
khi pht hoc duy tr s cng dng, khng th xut tinh hoc
xut tinh sm hoc khng th t c khoi cm
Suy sinh dc nam c th l th pht do bi mt bnh h thng, do bi s
lm dng cc loi thuc hoc b mt bnh l h sinh dc, tit niu v ni tit
hoc ch do bi tm l.
c th hiu r hn c ch cng nh phng php iu tr ca bnh bt
lc, chng ta nn c mt ci nhn ton cnh v c ch sinh l v bnh l ca
bnh bt lc.
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2. C CH CA S CNG DNG
Bnh thng dng vt c phn b bi 3 loi si thn kinh sau y:
Si somatic dn truyn cm gic xut pht t dorsal nerve ca dng
vt, truyn lung cm gic t da dng vt v quy u vo n nhng
hch r lng S2 - S4, qua dy thn kinh pudendal, trong nhng si
truyn lung cm gic t quy u l free ending nerve.
Trong khi si vn ng dn truyn xung ng t ty sng v v no
v.v... s khi u t S3 - S4 theo thn kinh pudendal n nhm c hang v
hnh hang cng vi nhng si giao cm hu hch phn b n ph tinh
hon, thng tinh, ti tinh, c vng trong ca bng quang iu ha s co
tht ng b nhp nhng ca cc cu trc ny trong lc xut tinh.
Si ph giao cm tin hch xut pht t S2 - S4 bng qua thn kinh chu
i n tng chu (plexus) pelvic.
Si giao cm xut pht t vng xm inter lateral medio ca T11 - L2 i
dc theo chui hch giao cm cnh ct sng n m ri h v trn, n
thn kinh h v i vo m ri chu pelvic.
Nhng si thn kinh thc vt sau khi phi hp vi nhau trong m ri
pelvic s i n dng vt theo thn kinh cavernous dc theo mt sau bn ca
prostate trc khi xuyn qua c sn chu ngay bn ngoi niu o, cch xa
niu o mng n cho ra mt vi si i vo th xp ca dng vt, trong khi
nhng si cn li i vo th hang v dc theo nhng nhnh cui ca ng
mch pudendal v tnh mch hang.
Ngoi vai tr ca ty sng p ng li kch thch cng dng bng s
m cn c vai tr quan trng ca no b trong vic iu ho cc kch thch
thng qua phn x ty:
+ Cc lung kch thch do tng tng, do nhn, do ngi, do nghe, do
thy thng qua v no, thalamus, rhiencephalic v limbic s i n
vng medial preoptic anterior hypothalamus, vng ny s tc ng
nh mt trung tm iu phi m kt qu cui cng s gy nn cng
dng.
+ Trong khi phc hp amygdaloid (amydaloid complex) ca no li c tc
dng ngc li.
Mc du h ph giao cm l yu t khi pht ca s cng dng nhng s
chuyn dng ca dng vt sang th cng cng li l hin tng ca mch mu.
Trong tnh trng mm (bnh thng), cc ng mch, tiu ng mch v
cc khong xoang trong th hang ca dng vt u co tht li di tc ng
ca thn kinh giao cm, trong khi nhng tiu tnh mch gia xoang v dense
junica albuginea (xung quanh th hang) li m ra t do.
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Ni nhn
(lo lng t tng)
THN M
TO TIT
MNG TINH
HOT TINH
(thn kh bt c)
THP TRC
DNG NUY
LIT DNG
4. CHN ON
4.1. Theo y hc hin i
4.1.1. Bnh s
Trc mt bnh nhn than phin v chng suy sinh dc nam nn hi
bnh nhn than phin v loi suy sinh dc nam no, v tin s ca bnh i
tho ng, cc bnh l v thn kinh ngoi vi hoc cc ri lon chc nng
bng quang, v chng khp khing cch hi, thi gian cng dng ban m
(nocturnal penile-time) trung bnh ko di 100 pht/m (thng xy ra trong
thi k REM ca gic ng).
4.1.2. Khm thc th
Khm dng vt tm cc mng ho x mt lng dng vt (thng gp
trong bnh peyroni).
+ Khm tinh hon v h thng lng, v: nu tinh hon < 3,5cm nn ngh
ti hypogonadism nu thy v to hoc rng lng nn ch ti tnh
trng tng prolactin.
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< 0,6
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ny rt r khi n nhng thc n cay nng hoc ung nhiu ru, c ph hoc
thc khuya).
Ring chng dng nuy hoc lit dng thng c biu hin di 2 th
lm sng sau y:
a. Tm t lng h: hay s st, a nghi, thng xuyn hi hp, mt ng
hoc mng m, hay qun, ngi mt mi, sc mt vng ti, n km bng y,
tiu lng, li nht bu, mch t nhc.
b. Mnh mn ho suy (thn kh bt tc): au lng, ng t, chng mt, tai,
s lnh, tay chn lnh, sc mt trng, t hn, tiu trong di, mch trm nhc.
5. IU TR
5.1. Theo y hc hin i
iu tr chng suy sinh dc nam theo YHH thng tp trung vo 2
hng sau:
Mt ham mun.
Hoc/v ri lon cng dng.
V thng c chia thnh nhng phng php sau y:
Tm l liu php.
Thuc: qua ng ung, tim vo th hang, thm qua niu o, qua da.
Gii phu.
C hc liu php.
5.1.1. Thuc ung
a. Testosteron: thuc ch c tc dng gy ham mun v ch c hiu qu
trn bnh nhn gim nng tuyn sinh dc (hypogonadism).
Liu s dng 25mg 1 ln tim bp.
Nu dng lu nn theo di kch thc tin lit tuyn, chc nng gan v
lipid mu.
b. Bromocryptin: ch c hiu qu trn chng bt lc do prolactin trong mu
cao.
Liu ti a mi ngy l 5mg - 7,5mg.
Ring i vi nhng bnh nhn b prolactin trong mu cao do u tuyn yn
(1 - 2%) nn xt nghim gii phu bnh.
c. Yohimbin: l indol alkaloid, c tc dng i khng 2 adrenergic
receptor. Thuc c hiu qu trn chng bt lc do tm l hoc do ngun gc ng
mch giai on sm.
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V thuc
Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Si h
12g
Qun
16g
Thn
Phc linh
8g
Thn
Vin ch
8g
Thn
Long ct
16g
Thn
Khim thc
12g
Thn
Lin nhc
12g
Thn
Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Ph t ch
8g
Qun
Nhc qu
12g
Thn
Thc a
12g
Hoi sn
8g
Sn th
6g
K t
12g
ng quy
12g
trng
12g
Th ty t
8g
20g
Kim anh t
30g
Khim thc
30g
Lin tu
5g
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Bi thuc tiu biu: Thy lc n (gm: khim thc v kim anh t), c
th trong bnh cnh thp nhit c th dng:
V thuc
Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Hong b nam
12g
Qun
B cng anh
20g
Thn
Kh sm
10g
Thn
T gii
16g
Thn
Khim thc
30g
Kim anh t
30g
Tc dng
Liu
Vai tr
Ph t ch
8g
Qun
K t
8g
Thn
Thc a
12g
Thn
Hoi sn
8g
Thn
ng quy
8g
Thn
trng
12g
Thn
Th ty t
8g
Thn
Nhc qu
4g
Thn
12g
Thn
Cp gii
08g
5.2.5. n b tm t
n b tm t nhm mc ch bi dng th lc v cung cp nhiu acid
amin trong c arginin (mt tin cht nitric oxyd).
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Dc l
Liu
Vai tr
Long nhn
B huyt, kin t
12g
Qun
To nhn
8g
Qun
Phc thn
8g
Qun
Hong k
12g
Thn
Bch trut
12g
Thn
Nhn sm
16g
Thn
ng quy
12g
Mc hng
6g
Vin ch
8g
i to
12g
20g
Cp gii
8g
Thc a
12g
T lng gi
1. Si somatic vn ng xut pht t r lng S3 - S4 s phn b n
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C. Ti tinh
D. Th hang dng vt
E. Th xp dng vt
3. C ch ca s cng cng dng vt l do:
A. Nitric oxyd
B. VIP
C. Calcitonin gene - related peptid
D. Norepinephrin
E. Non adrenergic non cholinergic
5. Nguyn nhn ca s mt ham mun khng do
A. Hypogonadism
B. Thiu ht androgen
C. Ri lon tm l
D. Lm dng thuc gy nghin
E. Finasterid
6. Nguyn nhn ca s khng cng dng do tng protactin mu
A. Cc thuc gy nghin
B. Cc thuc chng cholinergic
C. Cc thuc chng trm cm
D. Phenothiazin
E. Cc thuc c ch giao cm trung ng tr reserpin v methyldopa
7. Nguyn nhn ca s khng cng dng do bnh l thn kinh khng
xp loi vo
A. Bnh Peyronie
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A. Hi chng Lerich
B. X m ng mch pudendal
C. X m ng mch cavernous
D. B. Peyronie
E. R r tnh mch gia xoang hang
9. Nu bnh nhn khm v l do khng cng dng c, ta khng cn
phi khai thc iu g trong bnh s
A. Tin cn v bnh i ng
B. Tin cn v mt stress tm l ko di
C. Tin cn s dng thuc
D. Thi gian cng dng ban m
E. Tin cn v mt bnh l thn kinh
10. Nu bnh nhn khm v l do mt ham mun, ta khng cn khai thc
iu g trong bnh s:
A. Mt stress tm l ko di
B. Mt bnh l ri lon cm xc, lo u
C. Mt bnh l tai mi hng
D. Tin cn i tho ng
E. Tin cn s dng thuc
11. Trn mt bnh nhn b chng bt lc, lc khm thn kinh khng cn
phi khm
A. Vn ng t ch 2 chn
B. Phn x hnh hang
C. Phn x gn xng 2 chn
D. Cm gic nng 2 chn
E. Cm gic su 2 chn
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A. Thn m h
B. Thp trc
C. Thn kh bt c
D. Dng nuy
E. Lit dng
14. Triu chng no sau y khng c trong th tng ho vng ng
A. Ng t
B. Hi hp
C. Dng vt hay cng
D. Khng ham mun
E. Mng tinh
15. Triu chng no sau y khng c trong th tm thn bt giao
A. au eo lng
B. T hn
C. Hot tinh
D. Ng canh t
E. Chn tay lnh
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A. S st
B. Hay qun
C. Bng y
D. Cu gt
E. Tiu lng
18. Testosterol ch c hiu qu trn chng bt lc do
A. Prolactin mu tng
B. Gim nng tuyn sinh dc
C. Hi chng Lerich
D. Chng cng au dng vt
E. B. Peyronie
19. Bromocryptin c hiu qu trn chng bt lc do
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A. c ch giao cm ngoi vi
B. Cung cp tin cht nitric oxyd
C. Bnh tnh dc tnh
D. Gy ham mun
E. Sinh tinh
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MC TIU
1. Nu c nh ngha, c im dch t hc v quan nim v vim sinh
dc n theo YHCT.
2. Nu c nguyn nhn, bnh sinh, cc biu hin lm sng ca vim
sinh dc n theo YHH v YHCT.
3. Chn on c cc th lm sng ca vim sinh dc n theo YHCT.
4. Trnh by c nhng nguyn tc v cc phng php ng dng iu
tr vim sinh dc n theo YHH v YHCT.
5. Trnh by v gii thch c c s l lun ca vic iu tr vim sinh
dc n bng YHCT.
1. I CNG
1.1. Khi nim
Vim sinh dc n l loi bnh ph khoa thng gp (trong c c bnh
thuc nhm bnh x hi ly truyn ch yu qua tip xc tnh dc v nhim
cc loi vi khun thng thng do c hi). cc nc ang pht trin, 3 bnh
vim nhim ng sinh dc do vi khun (lu, nhim Chlamydia v giang mai)
nm trong s 10 n 20 bnh mc cao nht gy nh hng n ch s sc khe
v sinh sn hng nm cho ngi ph n do cc bin chng nh vim vi trng,
v sinh, thai ngoi t cung v t vong chu sinh.
Cc tc nhn gy bnh ph bin nht l lu cu, Chlamydia trachomatis,
xon khun Trepomenema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis, nm
Candida albicans, cc virus.
Ngun ly ch yu l nhng ngi trng thnh c tip xc giao hp,
nhm nguy c ly lan cao l gi mi dm.
ng ly: ly truyn qua ng sinh dc, tuy nhin vn c th ly qua
khi dng chung dng c, o qun
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1.2. nh ngha
c im lm sng khi u bng tnh trng vim nim mc c quan
sinh dc n, gy vim ti ch, sau lan theo chiu di b phn sinh dc v
gy bnh ton thn. Triu chng chung l c nhiu huyt trng. Vim sinh
dc phn lm 2 hi chng lm sng chnh:
Vim sinh dc di gm: vim m h, vim m o, vim c t cung.
Vim sinh dc trn (vim tiu khung) gm: vim t cung, vim phn ph.
1.3. Quan nim vim sinh dc n theo y hc c truyn
Cc biu hin ca vim nhim b phn sinh dc n nm trong phm vi
m t ca chng i h.
i c ngha dy tht lng qun, h c ngha phn di.
Theo ngha rng (Ni kinh): i h l bnh pht sinh phn di lng
qun, bao gm tt c cc bnh thuc kinh i, thai, sn. Theo ngha hp: i
h dng ch mt cht dch do, nht, chy t trong m o ra lin min
khng dt, thng hay gi l kh h hay huyt trng.
Trong phm vi ny mun trnh by chng i h c biu hin l c cht
dch tit ra t m o ngi ph n trong tnh trng vim nhim b phn sinh
dc bao gm tt c cc tn c phn loi theo mu sc, tnh cht ca dch tit
nh sau: bch i, hong i, bch dm, bch bng, thanh i, bch trc, xch
i, hc i, xch bch i, ng sc i.
2. NGUYN NHN, BNH SINH V BIU HIN LM SNG THEO y
hc hin i
2.1. Vim sinh dc c h thng do vi trng lu
2.1.1. Nguyn nhn
Do vi khun Neisseria gonorrhrea (lu cu), thuc nhm Gram m, do
Neisser tm ra nm 1879. Vi khun di chuyn tng hi bm vo nim mc ca
b phn sinh dc. Lu cu rt yu, cht rt nhanh nhit thng, n ch
pht trin c mi trng c m, nhit thch hp, nhiu kh CO2
v giu cht dinh dng. i sng khong 4 gi v c 15 pht li phn chia
mt ln.
2.1.2. Dch bnh hc
Khong 99% bnh ly truyn do giao hp gia nam v n, ph n mang
mm bnh c kh nng ly truyn bnh qua nhiu thng, nhiu nm.
2.1.3. Sinh bnh hc
Bnh khi u bng tnh trng vim cp ca niu o, vim tuyn
Bartholin v nim mc m o, c t cung. Vi khun lu xm nhp vo
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Trichomonas
vaginalis
Nm
Tp trng
Vim sinh dc n
Vim niu o,
vim tuyn
bartholin
Vim nim
mc m
o, c t
cung
Vim ni mc
t cung
Cp
Mn
VIm phn ph
Cp
Mn
Bin chng
-
Vim vi trng
V sinh
Thai ngoi t cung
T vong chu sinh
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2.1.5. iu tr
Nguyn tc: iu tr ng, sm v liu, lun iu tr c cho ngi
chng hoc bn tnh.
Thuc khng sinh: procain penicillin hoc tetracyclin, clarithromycin
(nu d ng).
2.2. Vim sinh dc do nhng nguyn nhn khc
2.2.1. Vim m o v c t cung do Trichomonas vaginalis
a. Sinh bnh hc
Bnh thng pH m o acid, pH = 4,5 - 5 (do vi trng Doderlein bin i
glycogen t bo m o thnh acid lactic. Khi pH m o b kim, d b
Trichomonas xm nhp. T l nhim bnh chim khong 25% s ph n c
vim sinh dc, ph n v sinh km, thng ly qua giao hp.
b. Triu chng
t nga rt m o, t au khi giao hp.
Huyt trng nhiu, long, vng hi xanh, c bt, hi.
Nim mc c t cung v m o c nhiu nt lm tm.
c. Chn on
Soi ti dch m o: tm c Trichomonas bi trong git dung dch sinh
l.
Nhum Gimsa.
d. iu tr: metronidazol (flagyl), hiu qu 95%.
2.2.2. Vim m o v c t cung do nm Candida albicans
a. Sinh bnh hc: nm Candida bnh thng tm thy trong ng tiu ha,
cc hc t nhin v c s bnh qun gia cc tp khun sng cng sinh, khng
gy bnh. Nu dng khng sinh ba bi hoc corticoid, c th gim sc
khng th nm Candida s tng trng v gy bnh. T l nhim bnh l 10%
tng s vim sinh dc, thng xy ra bnh nhn tiu ng, dng khng
sinh nhiu
b. Triu chng
Nga m h, m o nhiu.
Huyt trng mu trng c, c, ln cn.
Nim mc m o sng , ph n c cn trng nh sa bm vo c t
cung hoc thnh m o.
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c. Chn on
Soi ti vi KOH 10%: 40 - 80% cc trng hp thy si t nm v bo t
nm.
Nhum Gram: 70 - 80% trng hp thy si t nm v bo t nm.
d. iu tr: mycostatin t m o, ung 500000 n v mi ln 1 vin,
3 ln/ngy x 14 ngy
2.2.3. Vim m o, c t cung do tp trng
a. Sinh bnh hc: loi t cu chim u th, ph n mang nhng chng vi
khun khng gy bnh nhng khi sc khng yu do bnh nhim trng,
hoc khng sinh ba bi th cc chng vi khun tng c lc v gy bnh.
b. Triu chng
Nga m o t, t au do giao hp.
Huyt trng vng nh m, lng nhiu.
c. Chn on: tm vi trng bng nhum Gram, cy trng.
d. iu tr: la chn khng sinh theo khng sinh , t thuc m o.
2.2.4. Vim ni mc t cung
a. Vim ni mc t cung cp
Thng gp sau sinh (do st nhau hay nhim trng i), sau no thai
nhim trng, do vi trng lu.
Triu chng v chn on vim ni mc t cung cp: ty thuc vo triu
chng ca vi trng gy bnh, tu sc khng ca bnh nhn v ty
tnh trng dn lu ca bung t cung
+ Vim nh: st nh, c sn dch hi.
+ Vim nng: st cao mch nhanh, c m t t cung chy ra, c t cung
vim .
+ Vim tc tnh mch: t cung ln, co li km, di ng t cung rt au.
+ Lm xt nghim: ly dch m o, cy trng chn on.
+ Cn chn on phn bit:
Vim b thn.
iu tr:
+ Khng sinh theo khnh sinh , liu cao.
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b. Vim phn ph mn
Thng xy ra sau vim phn ph cp m iu tr khng y .
Triu chng:
+ Ging nh vim ni mc t cung mn: t cung to; hai phn ph n,
dy, hi au.
+ Khm c khi au dnh cnh t cung (hai bn), c th c bc p xe
hai bn phn ph.
iu tr:
+ Khng sinh liu cao.
+ Corticosteroid, chm nng.
+ Vt l tr liu bng ln sng in ngn.
+ Phu thut nu iu tr ni khoa khng kt qu.
3. NGUYN NHN, BNH SINH V BIU HIN LM SNG THEO y
hc c truyn
Nguyn nhn sinh chng i h do ni nhn, ngoi nhn, bt ni ngoi
nhn.
Ni nhn: do tnh ch bt n, th cht suy nhc nh hng ch yu n
2 tng can v t (can kinh ut ha, t kh suy yu). Sch Ph thanh ch
n khoa vit: H t kh h, can kh ut, u c th sinh ra bnh i h.
Ngoi nhn: phong hn, thp nhit, m thp d xm phm vo c th
khi c th ang lao thng qu gy kh huyt hao tn, nhng ch khi
t nhp n phn bo lc th mi gy ra chng i h.
Bt ni ngoi nhn: do n ung no say qu m giao hp, hoc dng nhiu
cht cao lng m v hoc ung dng thuc kh to lu ngy tn thng
ti m huyt lm dng kh b nn xung cng to thnh chng i h.
Tuy rng c nhiu nguyn nhn sinh ra bnh nhng ch khi bnh t
gy bnh ca bo cung lm cho mch xung, nhm b thng tn mi l
nguyn nhn chnh ca cc bnh i h, nh khi chc nng t b ri lon,
t dng mt kh nng vn ha c thp trc nh tr bn trong phi
chy xung bo cung, lm ri lon mch xung, nhm mi pht sinh ra
chng i h.
Hu qu ca bnh lu ngy s nh hng ti nguyn kh lm c th suy
yu c hi cho vic sinh sn, truyn ging nn cn ch v sinh b phn sinh
dc, bo v sc khe lu di.
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NI NHN
NGOI NHN
BT NI NGOI NHN
PHONG HN
TNH CH
THP NHIT
M THP
CAN T
M HUYT
BO LC
DNG KH
I h
(30 th LS)
Bch i
(8 th LS)
Bng i
(3 th LS)
i ng sc
Xch bch i
(5 th LS)
Hc i
(2 th LS)
Thanh i
(2 th LS)
Xch i
(2 th LS)
Bch dm
(2 th LS)
Hong i
(2 th LS)
Bch trc
(3 th LS)
Ty thuc vo mu sc, tnh cht biu hin bnh, lm sng YHCT chia
ra lm nhiu loi: bch i, bng i, xch bch i
3.1. Bch i
Bch i l t dng ch mt th nht mu trng, do, ko di nh si
t trong m o chy ra.
3.1.1. Nguyn nhn
Do ngoi nhn: phong hn hoc thp nhit hoc m thp xm phm vo
bo lc lm ri lon v thng tn n bo cung ng thi lm tn
thng m kh m sinh ra bch i.
Do ni nhn tht tnh, lm ri lon chc nng ca can, t, thn m sinh
bnh.
Do phng dc qu lm tn thng nguyn kh cng sinh bnh.
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3.1.2. Cc th lm sng
a. Th t h
T h nn thp th b hm xung, t tinh khng gi c to vinh
huyt m chy xung cht trng nhn.
Triu chng xut hin lng i nhiu, u oi, sc da vng, chn tay
lnh, chn ph, tiu lng. Nu km can ut ha nhit th cht i do dnh
hi, mu vng, tiu sn v au.
b. Th thn h
K kinh bt mch thuc thn kinh, khi thn tinh suy th i mch git
xung.
Triu chng xut hin lng i t, mu trong, lai rai, r r, sc mt xanh
bc, tinh lc yu, u chong. Nu km thn dng suy s tiu nhiu ln, u
chong, yu mi lng gi.
c. Th kh ut
Lng i xung khi nhiu khi t, tinh thn khng thoi mi.
Ngc sn tc, au v, chng mt, hi hp.
hi, nn, n t, ru li bc nhn, mch huyn hot.
d. Th phong hn
Lng i nhiu, mu trong nh nc, s lnh, chi lnh, tiu trong di.
e. Th thp nhit
Lng i nhiu, cht i nhn, mu c tanh hi, nga m h, tiu tin
khng thng, chong vng, mt mi, ru li dy nhn, mch nhu.
f. Th m thp
Lng i ra nhiu, ging nh m.
Ngi bo bu, u oi, chong vng, ngc y tc, bng nng n, n t,
m nhiu, nn o, li nht, ru li trng nhn, mch huyn hot.
g. Th h hn
Lng i t, sc trong, ko di khng dt, sc mt xanh, tinh lc yu,
chi lnh, chong vng, hi hp, on kh, ru li mng, mch tr vi.
h. Th h nhit
Bch i lu ngy, ming ng, hng kh au.
Ng tm phin nhit, hi hp, lo s.
Li hng n, khng ru.
Mch h, t, sc.
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c. Th kh ut
Do tnh ch ut c, gin d lm tn hng tm t, huyt khng quy v
kinh c nn sinh i h xch bch. Triu chng xut hin ngoi du xch
bch i, bnh nhn cn than phin v tnh trng bc bi, kh ng; ng thi
n ung khng ngon.
d. Th h hn
i h xch bch lu ngy khng bt, bng di au, m o au, chn
tay lnh, sc mt xanh bc, tng trng h hn.
e. Th h nhit
Do m h phin nhit, ni ha thnh. Triu chng km chong vng, tm
phin, mt ng, ming kh, c kht, to bn, tiu t.
3.4. Xch i
Trong m o chy ra th nc dnh mu nn gi l xch i. Xch i
khng phi l huyt dch, chy r r lai rai khng dt. Tht ra i h rng
l thuc v kinh lu (rong kinh) xen ln vi sc trng l xch bch i h cho
nn kh phn bit r. Chng bnh ny c th tng ng vi y hc hin i l
rong huyt hoc kh h do bnh c tnh t cung.
3.4.1. Nguyn nhn
Do thp nhit sinh ha.
C th do tm ha, can ha vng ln lu ngy lm kh huyt h tn. Kh
h khng nhip c huyt m gy bnh.
3.4.2. Cc th lm sng
a. Th thp nhit
Lng i nhiu, cht nht, dnh hi tanh, ming ng, hng kh kht,
kh ng, to bn, tiu vng t, tiu au, li hng ru vng, mch hot sc.
b. Th h nhit
Xch i tanh hi, c.
+ Nu huyt h km can ha vng: c triu chng tc ngc, au hng
sn, nng ny, d gin, mch huyn t.
+ Nu huyt h km tm ha vng: chong vng, ngc phin, ng
khng yn, hng kh kht nc, li hng, cht li nt n m
sng, mch h t km sc.
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3.5. Hong i
i h mu vng nh nc tr, c nhn c mi hi thi. Chng ny
tng ng trong phm vi kh h do nhim trng ca y hc hin i. Trn
lm sng chia ra hai th bnh l kh h v thp nhit.
3.5.1. Th thp nhit
Do thp nhit phm vo nhm mch, nn nhm mch khng sinh tinh
ha kh c, nung nu m thnh hong i.
Triu chng xut hin i h mu vng, tanh hi nng nc, m h sng
au.
3.5.2. Th kh h
i h vng trng, lai rai khng dt, trung kh hao tn dn, tinh lc yu
km.
3.6. Thanh i
i h nh mu nc u xanh, nht c chy xung t m o, mi hi
thi. Tng ng trong phm vi kh h do nhim trng ca y hc hin i.
Tht ra, trn lm sng thanh i khng phi tht xanh m l mu tro nhn
hi pha ln mu xanh vng, kh nhn nh c. Lm sng cng chia thanh
i lm hai th bnh l th thp nhit v h tn.
3.6.1. Th thp nhit
Thp nhit can kinh nh tr trung tiu, chy vo bo cung, kh ut
nghch tch t lu ngy thnh bnh.
Triu chng: i h vng trng, pha mu xanh, hi thi, sc mt xanh
vng, tinh thn u ut, au u, ngc sn y tc, n km, li hng nh sc
xanh, ru li vng nht, mch huyn sc.
3.6.2. Th h tn
Chng thanh i lu ngy khng gim n ni can thn u h: hoa
mt, mt m km triu chng h nhit.
3.7. Hc i
3.7.1. Triu chng
i h sc en nh nc u en, c th c hoc lng, trong nh nc,
mi hi thi. Bnh chng ny tng ng vi chng kh h do bnh c tnh
t cung ca YHH.
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3.7.2. Cc th lm sng
a. Chng ha nhit
Do nhit qu nung c gy nn bnh. Nhit ny do v ho qu vng kt
hp vi ha mnh mn, bng quang, tam tiu nung nu cn kh ri bin
thnh mu tro, chn on l ha nhit ti cc im th bin thnh chng
hc i.
Triu chng: dch huyt trng, trong hong i c xen ln sc en, dnh,
nhn tanh hi, ngi bn chn nng ny, kht nc. Sc mt vng, m h
sng au, tiu tin sn, au rt.
b. Th thn h
Lu h en l v thn suy nhc, mu en thuc thn.
Triu chng: gia i h xch bch, c sc en v c mi hi. Sc mt
xanh bc hi vng, g m , da kh, u chong mt hoa, st v chiu, au
bng v lng gi, to bn, tiu gt, , li hng nt n, mch h t sc.
3.8. i ng sc
3.8.1. Triu chng
i h l cht nha nht, c mu xanh vng, vng , trng en. Nm
mu ln ln, tt c u c mi thi. Chng ny tng ng trong phm vi
YHH l kh h do bnh c tnh t cung. y l chng bnh nng trm trng.
3.8.2. Cc th lm sng
a. Th ng tng h
Do ng tng u h, ng sc cng chy xung mt lt, l huyt sinh
ra bnh.
Triu chng: chng i h ng sc lu ngy khng dt, xut hin triu
chng h hn nh sc mt xanh bc, s lnh, tinh thn mi mt, chong vng,
yu sc, tiu lng, li nht ru li t, mch trm tr v lc.
b. Th thp nhit
Nu thp nhit tch t trong bo cung, chng i h ng sc chc chn
hi thi c bit, km tc ngc, ng ming v c nht, bng di trng au,
tiu vng c, ru li vng nht.
3.9. Bch dm
Cht nc trng chy ra t m h, bnh chng ny thuc phm vi suy
nhc sinh dc trong YHH.
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Bch trut
Kin t, to thp
Qun
Si h
Qun
ng sm
Thn
Thng trut
Kin t to thp
Thn
Bch thc
Hc gii tu
Trn b
Kin t, to thp, ha m
Sa tin t
Cam tho
n trung, iu ha cc v thuc
4.2. Th thn h
Php tr: b thn, trng dng, ch tinh.
Bi thuc s dng
+ Bi Ni b hon (N khoa tot yu): lc nhung, th ty t, nhc thung
dung, hong k, qu nhc, ph t ch, tang phiu tiu, bch tt l,
phc thn, sa tt l, t uyn nhung.
Ung trc ba n.
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V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Lc nhung
Qun
Qun
Th ty t
Thn
Hong k
Qu nhc
Tr m h h tiu, b mnh mn ha
Ph t ch
Tn hn, ch thng
Bch tt l
Phc thn
Sa tt l
T uyn nhung
Tc dng
Vai tr
Kim anh t
B thn tinh, c sp
Qun
Thc a
Qun
ng quy
Thn
Bch linh
Tr thp, li thy, b t v
Sn tra
Lin nhc
Lin hoa tu
Cu k t
B can, thn
Khim thc
4.3. Th kh ut
Php tr: s can, l t, gii ut, thanh nhit.
Bi thuc s dng
+ Bi Tiu dao tn: ng quy (sao) 30g, bch linh 30g, thc dc (sao
ru) 30g, si h 30g, bch trut (sao) 30g, chch tho 16g, bc h.
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V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Si h
Qun
Bch thc
Thn
Ut kim
Thn
ng quy
Thn
Bch trut
Bch linh
Ngt, nht, bnh; vo tm, t, ph, thn: li niu thm thp, kin t,
an thn
Cam tho
T, s
Tc dng
Vai tr
Trm hng
Qun
Nhn sm
Qun
Tr kh, tr m
Thn
H kinh ct
Long m tho
Hng hong
Gii c, st trng
X hng
Nh hng
iu kh ha huyt
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V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Long m tho
Qun
Hong cm
Qun
Chi t
Qun
Si h
Bnh can, h st
Thn
Sa tin t
Ngt, hn: thanh ph, can, thm bng quang thp nhit
Thn
Trch t
Mc thng
ng quy
Thn
Sinh a
Thn
Cam tho
Tc dng
Vai tr
Hong b
Qun
Thng trut
n trung ha m
Qun
ng quy
Thn
Quy bn
T m, tim dng
Ngu tt
Phng k
T gii
+ Bi Tam b hong (N khoa chun thng): hong lin (sao) 12g, hong
cm (sao) 12g, hong b (sao) 12g, sn chi 8g.
Ch nh cho thp nhit ca xch i
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Qun
Hong cm (sao)
Thn
Hong b (sao)
Thn
Sn chi
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+ Bi thuc Tam b hong (nh trn) gia thm si h 16g, nhn trn
12g. Ch nh cho thp nhit ca bch trc.
+ Bi Bt tin m (Sn khoa pht mng): th phc linh, bch linh, trn
b, ng quy, kim ngn hoa, xuyn khung, i hong
Ch nh cho thp nhit ca xch bch i
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Th phc linh
Qun
Bch linh
Tr thp, li thy, b t v
Qun
Trn b
Kin t, l kh to thp
Thn
ng quy
Thn
Xuyn khung
i hong
H tch tr
Cam tho
iu ha v thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Hong cm
Qun
Hong lin
Qun
Hong b
Qun
Sinh a
Thn
Chi t
Thn
ng quy
Bch thc
Xuyn khung
Thc a
4.5. Th m thp
Php tr: ho m to thp.
Bi thuc s dng:
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Bi Lc qun t thang gia v: nhn sm 12g, bch linh 8g, bch trut 8g,
cam tho 4g, trn b 8g, bn h ch 8g, khim thc 12g, lin nhc 12g, kim
anh t 12g.
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Nhn sm
i b nguyn kh
Qun
Kim anh t
C tinh, sp niu
Qun
Bch linh
Thn
Bch trut
Kh n, kin t, to thp
Thn
Cam tho
Trn b
Kin t, to thp, ha m
Bn h ch
Khim thc
Lin nhc
C tinh, b t, dng tm
4.6. Th h hn
Php tr: thng dng, ha v, ch tinh.
Bi thuc s dng:
+ Bi C chn thang (ng vin phng): si h 20g, chch tho 6g, ng
sm 12g, can khng 8g, trn b 12g, hong cm 12g (sao ru), qu
hoa 8g, ut l nhn 8g, ph t 8g.
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Can khng
Qun
Ph t
Qun
ng sm
B t, kin v, ch kh
Thn
Si h
Thn
Trn b
Kin t, l kh, ha m
Hong cm
Qu hoa
Ut l nhn
Khai ut, l kh
Chch tho
n trung, iu ha cc v thuc
Th h hn trong xch i:
Php tr: thng dng ch kh n trung.
Bi thuc s dng:
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Nhn sm
Qun
Hong k
Thn
Trn b
Thn
Si h
Thn
Thng ma
Thn
Bch trut
Bch linh
Ngt, nht, bnh vo tm, t, ph, thn: li niu thm thp, kin t, an thn
ng sm
Quy thn
Chch tho
B trung, iu ha cc v thuc
T
T, s
Tc dng
Vai tr
Sinh a
Thn
ng quy
Xuyn khung
Bch thc
Si h
Qun
Hong cm
Qun
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Hong cm
Qun
Bch thc
Thn
Quy bn
Thn
Xun cn
Qun
Hong b
Qun
Hng ph
iu kh, th ut
T, s
Tc dng
Vai tr
Thch lin t
Qun
a ct b
Thn
Hong cm
Thn
Phc linh
L kh ha m
Sa tin t
Mch mn
ng sm
B t ch kh sinh tn
Chch k
ng quy
B hong
Chch tho
n trung, ha v
4.8. Th phong hn
Php tr: n tn hn t.
Bi thuc s dng
Bi Ng th du gia v (Chng tr chun thng): ng quy 16g, nhc qu
8g, ng th du 8g, n b 12g, bn h 8g, mch mn 12g, phng phong 8g, t
tn 8g, can khng 4g, phc linh 12g, mc hng 8g, chch tho 6g, co bn 4g
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V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Co bn
Tn phong hn t
Qun
Ng th du
Qun
Nhc qu
Qun
Can khng
n b
Bn h
Mch mn
Phng phong
T tn
Phc linh
Mc hng
ng quy
Chch tho
n trung, iu ha cc v thuc
4.9. Th h tn
Php tr: n b c sp.
Bi thuc s dng:
+ Bi K t n (Ph khoa bt t): lc gic sng, thch xng b, long
ct, ch tr nhn, ng quy, bch linh, vin ch, hoi sn
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Lc gic sng
Qun
Long ct
Thu lim, c sp
Qun
ch tr nhn
Thn
ng quy
B huyt, iu kinh
Thch xng b
Bch linh
Vin ch
Ha m, tn ut
Hoi sn
B t v, ch ph, b thn
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Cu k t
B can, thn
Qun
ng quy
Qun
a hong
T m, b huyt
Thn
Sn th
Thn
Hoi sn
Mch mn
Ng v t
Cc hoa
Ba kch
4.10. Th huyt
Php tr: ha thng huyt.
Bi thuc s dng:
+ Bi o nhn tn (Chng tr chun thng): o nhn 8g, n b 8g,
ngu tt 12g, trch lan 10g, xch thc 12g, ng quy 12g, ng sm
12g, bn h 8g, qu tm 4g, xuyn khung 10g, sinh a 12g, b hong
8g, cam tho 6g, gng 6g
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
o nhn
Qun
ng quy
Qun
Xuyn khung
Thn
Sinh a
T m, b huyt
Thn
Ngu tt
Xch thc
ng sm
n b
Li thy, ha thp
Trch lan
Bn h
B hong
Qu tm
Tn hn
Gng
n trung
Cam tho
n trung, iu ha cc v thuc
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4.11. Th ha nhit
Php tr: tit ha.
Bi thuc s dng:
+ Bi Li ha thang (Ph thanh ch n khoa): i hong 12g, bch trut
20g, bch linh 12g, sa tin t 12g, hong lin 12g, chi t 12g, tri mu
8g, sinh thch cao 20g, vng bt lu hnh 12g
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
i hong
H tch tr trng v
Qun
Hong lin
Qun
Chi t
Thn
Bch trut
Bch linh
Sa tin t
Li thy, tr m
Tri mu
4.12. Th ng tng h
Php tr: b h c sp.
Bi thuc s dng:
+ Bi V phong tn (Gin d phng): ng sm (sao), ng quy, bch
trut (sao), xuyn khung, phc linh, qu nhc, m cc.
Thm go 100 ht.
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
ng sm
Qun
ng quy
Qun
Xuyn khung
Thn
Bch trut
Phc linh
Tr thp, li thy
Qu nhc
M cc
Kin t
4.13. Th ut ha
Php tr: thanh nhit, tit ha, khai ut.
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Bi thuc s dng:
+ Bi Hong lin thanh tm m (T th lng thang): hong lin, sinh
a, quy thn, ng sm, si h, phc thn, to nhn, vin ch, lin
nhc, chch tho.
Cc v u c lng bng nhau 6 - 8g, sc ung.
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Hong lin
Qun
Sinh a
Thn
Si h
Thn
ng quy
Thn
ng sm
Phc thn
Vin ch
Ging kh, ha m
Lin nhc
Chch tho
iu ha cc v thuc
5. IU TR BNG CHM CU
5.1. Nguyn tc iu tr
iu tr triu chng.
B h.
5.2. Cch chn huyt
Chn huyt trn mch nhm, mch c v 3 kinh m chn.
Huyt ch: i mch, bch hon du, kh hi, tam m giao.
+ Nu thp nhit: hnh gian, m lng tuyn.
+ Nu thp hn: quan nguyn, tc tam l.
+ Nu h chng:
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T lng gi
1. T i h nhm ch
A. Cht dch do, nht chy ra t m o ph n
B. Chng trng vim nhim b phn sinh dc n, sinh ra cht dch
chy ra t m o ph n
C. Loi bnh pht sinh di tht lng bao gm c cc bnh thuc kinh,
i, thai, sn
D. Tn thng gi ca b phn sinh dc n cng vi bo cung
E. C 4 cu trn u ng
2. Triu chng lng i t, mu trong, lai rai, r r, sc mt xanh bc,
tinh lc yu, u chong: l biu hin ca bch i biu hin trong th
A. T h
B. Thn h
C. Kh ut
D. m thp
E. H hn
3. Triu chng lng i nhiu, cht i nhn, mu c, tanh hi, nga
m h, tiu khng thng, chong vng, mt mi, l biu hin ca bch i
trong th
A. T h
B. Thn h
C. Kh ut
D. m thp
E. Thp nhit
4. Triu chng cht nc trng chy ra t m h, lin tc l m t chng
A. Bch dm
B. Bch trc
C. Bch i
D. Bng lu
E. Bch bng
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5. Chm t cc huyt: i mch, bch hon du, hnh gian, m lng tuyn
nhm ch nh iu tr chng i h c biu hin lm sng th
A. m thp
B. Thp nhit
C. Kh ut
D. Kh tr
E. Huyt
6. Bi thuc Dch hon thang (gm: hoi sn, hong b, bch qu, khim
thc, sa tin t), thng ch nh iu tr i h th
A. m thp
B. Thp nhit
C. H tn
D. Kh ut
E. Kh tr
7. Bi thuc Bt tin m (gm th phc linh, trn b, kim ngn, i
hong, bch linh, ng quy, xuyn khung) thng ch nh iu tr xch bch
i th
A. Huyt
B. Kh ut
C. Huyt h
D. Huyt nhit
E. Thp nhit
8. Bi thuc Tam b hong (gm: hong lin, hong cm, hong b, sn
chi) thng ch nh iu tr xch i th
A. Huyt
B. Kh ut
C. Kh tr
D. Thp nhit
E. m thp
9. Bi thuc K t n (gm: lc gic xng, long ct, ng quy, vin ch,
thch xng b, ch tr nhn, bch linh, hoi sn) thng c ch nh iu
tr bch bng th
A. Huyt h
B. Kh ut
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C. H tn
D. Huyt
E. m thp
10. Bi thuc T gii phn thanh m (gm: t gii, dc, ch tr nhn,
thch xng b) trong t gii c tc dng v vai tr
A. Thm thp, li niu, kin t, vai tr qun
B. Thanh nhit, tr thp, kin t, vai tr qun
C. Thm thp li niu, vai tr thn
D. Thanh nhit tr thp, vai tr thn
E. Thng khiu, li tiu tin
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Bi 18
THIU MU
MC TIU
1. Nu c khi nim v thiu mu theo YHH v YHCT.
2. Trnh by c nguyn nhn v bnh sinh gy thiu mu.
3. Gii thch c c s chn on thiu mu theo YHH v YHCT.
4. Trnh by c nguyn tc iu tr thiu mu v cc bin php phng
bnh.
5. Trnh by c cc phng php v cc bi thuc, phng huyt ng
dng iu tr thiu mu.
6. Phn tch c c s ca cc phng php dng thuc v khng dng
thuc ng dng vo iu tr thiu mu.
1. I CNG
1.1. Khi nim v thiu mu
Mu l mt dch th lu thng tun hon trong c th, bao gm t bo
mu v huyt tng. T bo mu gm hng cu, bch cu v tiu cu, trong
hng cu l yu t trc tip lin quan n s thiu mu.
Hng cu ngi c tui th trung bnh l 120 ngy, trong iu kin sinh
l bnh thng v s lng hng cu n nh, c s cn bng lin tc gia s
lng hng cu b cht v s lng hng cu c sinh ra. Thiu mu ch xy
ra khi s cn bng b ph v: hng cu b ph hy nhiu hoc c sn sinh
ra qu t.
Hng cu b ph hy nhiu c th do chy mu hoc tan mu nghim
trng; trong c hai trng hp, c ch bnh xy ra ngoi vi cn ty
xng vn tm cch b tr, thiu mu ch xut hin khi ty xng khng
cn kh nng b c na.
Hng cu sn sinh khng cng c th do hai c ch: ty xng khng
sinh c hng cu, hoc sinh c mu nhng km cht lng khng
c hiu lc.
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Do cng lch.
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nhiu hoc t, nng st huyt thanh cao c khi > 35,8mol/l; thng
gp trong:
+ Ri lon chuyn ha huyt sc t trong mt s trng hp nhim c,
c th thiu m hoc thiu vitamin B6.
+ Bnh thiu mu vng bin Thalassemia.
+ Ri lon v hormon nh thiu nng gip trng.
b. Sinh bnh hc ca thiu mu nhc sc
Sinh bnh hc ca thiu mu nhc sc do thiu st: mt trong nhng
thnh phn quan trng cn thit cho s thnh lp hng cu l lt. St
kt hp vi protoporphyrin III to thnh phn t Hem, 4 phn t Hem
kt hp vi 1 phn t globin to thnh hemoglobin. Nu thiu st s
gy thiu mu nhc sc.
+ S hp thu st: st c hp thu phn trn ca b my tiu ha, ch
yu t trng v hng trng, khi thiu st trm trng st c hp
thu c i trng.
S hp thu st tng ln khi d tr st gim, khi thiu mu, khi c thai,
khi hnh kinh v khi cho con b. Ngc li s hp thu st gim khi truyn
mu, tim cht st..v..v.
Nhiu yu t lm thun li cho s hp thu st nh: tht, gan, c lm tng
hp thu st ngun gc thc vt; tng t acid ascorbic, acid clohydric kh
Fe+++ thnh Fe ++, ion ha st khng Hem, lm tng hp thu st.
Ngc li, nhiu yu t lm gim s hp thu st nh: sa, lng trng,
phomat lm gim hp thu st ngun gc thc vt. Tr to thnh tanin lm
cho st khng tan; cng nh phosphat, carbonat, oxalat to thnh cc phc
hp st ln kh tan nn kh hp thu.
Hu ht st trong c th di dng kt hp: st Hem v st khng Hem.
St Hem gm st cha trong huyt sc t (hemoglobin), myoglobin v
trong mt s enzym.
St khng Hem gm st vn chuyn v d tr:
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Da, nim mc, lng tc, mng: da xanh, nim mc nht nht, thiu
mu nng nim mc c th trng bt, li mt gai, li b vim kh
lnh, mng chn tay nht nht, bt hoc lm, c kha d gy, mng
mt bng, da kh nga, tc d rng.
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b. n ung khng y
Dinh dng km nh hng n cng nng hot ng ca t, v.
Vt cht c bn to thnh tinh, kh, huyt, thn, tn dch ch yu
l t thc n, nu n ung thiu thn, ngun cung cp khng y , kh
huyt khng c ngun sinh ha, lu ngy sinh huyt h, h lao..
c. Mt mu qu nhiu
+ Bnh bin t ngoi cm n ni thng sinh ha, ha nhit vng hnh
bc huyt lm chy mu nh trong khi huyt, th huyt, x huyt,
tin huyt, v.v
+ B chn thng ng dp mt nhiu mu.
+ Kinh nguyt qu nhiu, hoc rong kinh rong huyt lu ngy.
d. Tin thin bt tc
Bm sinh tinh, kh, huyt.. khng y l do:
Khi th thai cha m tui gi, sc yu, tinh huyt km.
Khi th thai, ngi m n ung thiu thn hoc lao tm, lao lc thi qu
hoc b mc cc bnh mn tnh.
Dinh dng thai nhi km hoc khng ng cch.
Tin thin bt tc ch yu l do thn.
Thn tng tinh, tinh tin thin gp phn thng qua thn kh h tr cho
t vn ha thy cc thnh tinh hu thin, tinh hu thin li b sung lm mi
ha khng ngng tinh tin thin gip cho hot ng ca thn. Khi thn kh
suy yu nh hng dy chuyn n vic sinh huyt. Ngoi ra thn li l ch
phn m ca c th, ch v huyt dch nn khi thn h tt nhin s nh
hng n huyt.
Tin thin bt tc, hu thin tht dng u dn n thn h, thn h
tt s dn n huyt h.
e. Cc nguyn nhn khc
Lao nhc qu li km thm n ung thiu thn lm tn thng c kh
ln huyt.
Lao tm qu lm tn thng m huyt.
Sinh nhiu hao kh tn huyt hoc phng dc qu cng dn n
kh h huyt suy.
Trng tch: bnh giun sn tch t, thng l bng, lu ngy cng dn
n tn thng t v gy nn nao, bng lc au lc khng, sc mt a
vng, mi li nht nht.
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D on bnh sinh
Thng tin cn
Hng cu b ph hy qu
nhiu
Tm hiu lm sng ca
vim, suy thn, suy gip,
ty , tnh trng cc dng
t bo khc
Kt hp mt mu gn y
kh nhiu v thiu st. Thiu
mu tan mu c ri lon
tng hp huyt cu t
Tm du hiu ca tan mu
Mt st do tan mu mn tnh
trong huyt qun
Tm du hiu ca mt mu
nh lng st huyt thanh
v siderophilin ton phn
Mt st ang c iu tr
Thiu mu nhc sc, kch
thc hng cu to, khng hi
phc c
Kt hp ri lon tng hp
huyt cu t v mt nguyn
nhn khc lm ri lon sinh
sn hng cu
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3.5.5. Kh huyt u h
Sc da xanh xao nht nht.
Hi hp, hoa mt, chng mt.
Mt mi yu sc, thiu hi, bing ni.
Mt ng.
T ra m hi.
Li nht bu.
Mch t nhc.
4. IU TR
4.1. Nguyn tc
4.1.1. Theo y hc hin i
a. Nhng iu cn ch trc khi quyt nh iu tr
Khng c mt phng php iu tr chung cho cc loi thiu mu:
+ Mi loi thiu mu c mt cch iu tr khc nhau.
+ Khng nn bt u iu tr thiu mu ch da vo s lng hng cu.
Khng iu tr thiu mu khi cha c chn on xc nh v cha r
nguyn nhn:
+ Thiu mu khng l mt bnh m l triu chng ca nhiu loi bnh,
trong nhiu trng hp tnh nghim trng ca thiu mu l nm
nguyn nhn gy nn thiu mu, th d cng l thiu mu thiu st
nhng nu do dinh dng th d c thiu mc nng qua iu tr b
sung st cng c hiu qu tt; ngc li nu do ung th d dy gy
xut huyt mn tnh cng thiu st mc nh iu tr b sung st
tuy bnh c gim nhng che mt cc du hiu khng pht hin ung
th kp thi dn ti hu qu nghim trng.
+ iu tr thiu mu khng phi l trng hp cp cu (ngoi tr mt
mu cp do chn thng). Cn lm cc xt nghim chn on xc
nh, v chn on nguyn nhn.
+ Thn trng trong cc ch nh truyn mu, st, hoc vitamin B12 s
gy kh khn trong vic tm nguyn nhn.
+ Khng nn vi cho thuc b v thuc chng thiu mu.
b. Nguyn tc iu tr
Nhm vo nhng nguyn nhn trc tip gy thiu mu.
Bin php phng chng thiu mu:
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Nhn trn
Qun
Nhn sm
Qun
Thc a
Qun
Bch thc
Thn
ng quy
Thn
Chi t
i hong
Cam tho
B trung, ho v
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Tc dng
Vai tr
T gic
Qun
Sinh a
Qun
i to
Kin t, b huyt
ng quy
Thn
Bch thc
B huyt, lim hn
Thn
Mch mn
T m, thanh nhit, b ph
Huyn sm
an sm
Hot huyt, kh
Ngn hoa
Lin kiu
Hong lin
Lin t
Thanh tm b t
Thn, S
4.2.2. Th kh huyt h
Thng gp trong hi chng suy nhc mn, cc bnh mn tnh ko di.
Php tr: b kh huyt.
Bi thuc thng dng: Bt trn thang.
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Nhn sm
Qun
Thc a
Qun
Hong k
Thn
Bch trut
Kin t to thp, cm m hi
Thn
ng quy
Thn
Bch thc
Thn
Phc linh
Xuyn khung
i to
Kin t, b huyt
Cam tho
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Phng huyt:
Tn huyt
C s l lun
Tc dng
n trung
M huyt ca tm bo
B tm kh
Quan nguyn
Hi ca 3 kinh tc tam m
B nguyn kh
Kh hi
B ca kh
B kh
Thn mn
Nguyn huyt ca tm
B tm
Cch du
Hi huyt ca huyt
iu kh, b huyt
Cao hoang
B huyt, gn gi huyt
cho dng
Tc tam l
Hp huyt ca v
iu trung kh
Tam m giao
T m
4.2.3. Th tm huyt h
Php tr: t m, dng huyt.
Bi thuc thng dng: Quy t thang gm nhn sm 8g, bch trut 16g,
hong k 16g, ng quy 12g, long nhn 16g, toan to nhn 12g, phc
thn 12g, vin ch 8g, mc hng 8g, cam tho 8g
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Phc thn
Qun
Toan to nhn
Qun
Long Nhn
B huyt, kin t
Qun
Nhn sm
Thn
Hong k
Thn
Bch trut
Thn
ng quy
Vin ch
Mc hng
Cam tho
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V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Thc a
Qun
ng quy
Thn
Nhn sm
an sm
Hot huyt, kh
To nhn
Vin ch
B tm thn, an thn
Phng huyt:
Tn huyt
C s l lun
Tc dng iu tr
Tm du
Bi du huyt ca tm
Dng tm an thn
Quyt m du
Du huyt ca tm bo
B tm
Tam m giao
Hi huyt ca 3 kinh m
T m, thanh nhit
Ni quan
Lc huyt ca tm bo
nh tm
Thn mn
nh tm, an thn
Cch du
Hi huyt ca huyt
B huyt
Huyt hi
B ca huyt
B huyt
Tc dng
Vai tr
Thc a
Qun
ng quy
Thn
Xuyn khung
Bch thc
+ Bi thuc Lng a thang gm: a giao, bch thc, thc a (hay sinh
a), a ct b, huyn sm, mch mn.
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V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Thc a
Qun
Bch thc
Qun
A giao
Thn
a ct b
Thn
Huyn sm
Mch mn
4.2.5. Th tm t h
Php tr: b ch tm t.
Bi thuc thng dng: Quy t thang hoc Bt trn thang gia gim.
Bi Bt trn thang: nhn sm 12g, bch trut 12g, phc linh 12g, cam
tho 6g, thc a 12g, xuyn khung 12g, ng quy 12g, bch thc 12g
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Nhn sm
Qun
Thc a
Qun
Bch trut
Kin t to thp, cm m hi
Thn
ng quy
Thn
Bch thc
Thn
Phc linh
Xuyn khung
Cam tho
Phng huyt:
Tn huyt
C s l lun
Tc dng iu tr
n trung
M huyt ca tm bo, hi ca kh
B tm kh
Quan nguyn
Kh hi
B ca kh
B kh
Thn mn
Nguyn huyt ca tm
B tm
Chi chnh
Thi uyn
Nguyn huyt ca ph
B ph
Thin lch
Huyt lc ca i trng
B ph
B nguyn kh
B tm ph
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Ph t
Qun
Qu
Qun
Thc a
Qun
Hoi sn
Qun
Sn th
Thn
K t
Thn
Nhn sm
Thn
trng
Thn
Sn th
Cam tho
Phng huyt:
Tn huyt
C s l lun
Tc dng iu tr
Thn du
Tam m giao
T m
Mnh mn
Bi nguyn, b thn
Trung cc
B can huyt
Thi xung
Du th huyt ca can
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T lng gi
Chn cu ng nht
1. Thiu mu l tnh trng gim
A. Nhim trng
B. Nhim k sinh trng st rt
C. Cng lch
D. Bt ng nhm mu
E. Suy ty
3. Nguyn nhn thiu mu khng phi do tng ph hy hng cu
A. Bnh Thalassemia
B. Suy ty
C. Cng lch
D. Bnh t min
E. Truyn nhm nhm mu
4. Xt nghim dng trong thiu mu nh gi chc nng ty
A. MCV
B. MCH
C. MCHC
D. HC li
E. Huyt sc t
5. Triu chng ca thiu mu th tm huyt h
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Bi 19
BNH I THO NG
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c nh ngha i tho ng (T) v cc khi nim
ri lon dung np glucose.
2. Nu c c im dch t hc ca i tho ng (T).
3. Trnh by c nguyn nhn, bnh sinh ca T typ 1 v typ 2.
4. Trnh by c c s chn on T theo YHH v chn on 2
nhm bnh cnh lm sng T theo YHCT.
5. Trnh by c c cc bin chng cp v mn tnh ca T.
6. Nu c nguyn tc v ng dng vo iu tr T typ 2.
7. Trnh by c cc phng php khng dng thuc, cc phng
huyt, cc bi thuc v cc kinh nghim dn gian vo iu tr T
theo YHCT.
8. Phn tch c c s l lun ca vic ng dng iu tr ny.
1. i cng
1.1. nh ngha
i tho ng l bnh mn tnh, c yu t di truyn, do hu qu t tnh
trng thiu insulin tuyt i hay tng i. Biu hin c trng ca bnh l
tnh trng tng ng huyt cng vi cc ri lon v chuyn ha ng, m,
m, khong cht. Cc ri lon ny c th a n cc bin chng cp tnh, cc
tnh trng d b nhim trng v lu di s gy ra cc bin chng mch mu
nh v mch mu ln
1.2. Phn loi i tho ng
1.2.1. i tho ng typ 1 (trc y cn gi l i tho ng ph thuc
insulin)
c trng bi phn ln l tnh trng thiu ht insulin th pht do s
ph hy cc t bo tiu o Langerhans bng c ch t min xy ra trn cc
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Nhim sc t st.
Do dng thuc: corticoid, thuc nga thai, li tiu thiazid, diazoxid.
U no, vim no, xut huyt no.
1.3. c im dch t hc
T l mc bnh tiu ng rt khc nhau bi n ph thuc vo cc yu
t: a l, chng tc, la tui, mc sng, thi quen n ung sinh hot v tiu
chun chn on.
1.3.1. T l mc bnh tiu ng cc nc
Chu M: 5 - 10 %. Ring M, theo cuc iu tra c bn sc khe quc
gia, nm 1993 c khong 7,8 triu ngi c chn on l i tho
ng, tn sut cho mi la tui l 3,1%, trong i tho ng typ 1
khi bnh trc 30 tui chim khong 7% tng s bnh nhn, phn ln
cn li l i tho ng typ 2, khong 1 - 2% i tho ng th pht
hoc kt hp vi bnh khc.
Chu u: 2 - 5%.
ng Nam : 2,2 - 5%.
Singapore: 8,6%.
Vit Nam: H Ni: 1,1% (1991); thnh ph H Ch Minh 2,52% (1992) v
4,5% nm 2001.
Trn phm vi ton cu, t l mc bnh i tho ng typ 2 theo c
lng nm 1994 thay i t di 2% vng qu Bantu Tanzania v Trung
Quc, cho n 40 - 45% sc dn da Pima ti M v dn Micronesia
Naru. S khc bit ny do hu qu ca s nhy cm v di truyn v mt s
cc yu t nguy c c tnh x hi nh cch n ung, mp ph, t vn ng.
T l mc bnh ton b (prevalence) i tho ng trn 20 tui: trn th
gii chim 4,0 - 4,2%; cc nc pht trin: 5,8 - 8%; cc nc ang pht trin:
3,2 - 4,2%; trong i tho ng typ 2 chim 80% tt c cc trng hp i
tho ng (tui < 65) v 80% ca s ny c km theo bo ph. S ngi b i
tho ng typ 2 tip tc gia tng, nu nh nm 1995 l khong 135 triu
ngi trn ton th gii, th nm 2000 l 160 triu v nm 2015 d on s c
300 triu ngi mc bnh. T l t vong ng hng th ba sau ung th v tim
mch, hng u trong cc bnh ni tit.
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20% c
bnh l
vng mc
T
typ 2 c
chn on
9% c bnh
l thn kinh
ngoi bin
8% c tn
thng t
bo cu thn
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Error!
Gen
Bnh thng
khng insulin
ENVIRONMENT
- Ch n
- t vn ng
- Nhim c
- Besity genes
I THO NG TYP 2
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Ung Error!
thuc
nng
Bnh
lu
ngy
Tnh
ch
Phng
dc
qu
Tin
thin
bt
tc
TCH NHIT HA HA
CHN M HAO TN
Ph m h
Tiu nhiu,
kht nhiu,
ung nhiu
V m h
Tiu nhiu,
kht, gy
Thn m h
m thp
Tiu nhiu,
gy, m mt
T b, tiu
nhiu
3. CHN ON
3.1. Theo y hc hin i
3.1.1. Tiu ch chn on mi bnh i tho ng
(1) Mt mu ng huyt tng bt k 200mg/dl kt hp vi cc triu
chng lm sng ca tng ng huyt.
(2) ng huyt tng lc i 126mg/dl (sau 8 gi khng n).
(3) ng huyt tng 2 gi sau khi ung 75g glucose 200mg/dl.
3.1.2. Triu chng lm sng
Thng biu hin bi nhm triu chng:
Kht nc v ung nc nhiu.
Tiu nhiu hay cn gi l a niu thm thu.
n nhiu.
St cn.
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Th ph m h:
+ Kht nhiu.
+ Ung nhiu nc.
+ Hng kh.
+ Li , t ru.
+ Tiu nhiu.
+ Mch sc.
Th v m h:
+ n nhiu, mau i.
+ Tng gy.
+ Kht nc.
+ Li , ru vng, li l.
+ Mch hot sc.
Th thn m h:
+ Tiu nhiu v tiu m nhiu ln.
+ Kht nc.
+ Li khng ru.
+ M mt.
+ Lng bn tay bn chn nng.
+ Mch t sc l th thn m h.
+ Nu chn tay lnh, mt mi, ngi gy, mch t hon v lc l th
thn dng h.
Th m thp:
+ Tng bo bu.
+ T b, d cm ngoi da.
+ Tiu nhiu.
+ Li b, ru nhy nht.
+ Mch hot sc.
3.2.2. i vi th c kim chng (hoc bin chng)
Ngoi ra, ngi thy thuc YHCT cn ch n nhng du chng km
theo v bin chng sau y quyt nh chn la hoc gia gim vo cch
iu tr v chm sc bnh nhn.
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+ Tim mch: tng nhp tim trng thi ngh ngi: 90 - 100 ln/pht,
gim huyt p t th (huyt p tm thu t th ng gim > 30
mmHg).
+ Tiu ha: mt hoc gim trng lc ca thc qun, d dy, rut, ti
mt. Bnh nhn nut kh, y bng sau khi n; tiu chy thng xy
ra v m, tng t khng km theo au bng, xen k vi to bn.
+ H niu sinh dc: bin chng thn kinh bng quang lm gim co bp
v lit bng quang, bt lc nam gii.
+ Bt thng tit m hi: gim tit m hi na phn thn di v tng
tit phn thn trn, tay v mt, nht l khi ng ti v sau khi n cc
cht gia v.
+ Ri lon vn mch: ph ngoi bin mu bn chn.
+ Teo c, gim trng lc c .
4.1.4. Bin chng nhim trng
C a tiu ng rt d b nhim trng bi v kh nng thc bo gim
do thiu insulin dn ti gim sc khng ca c th.
Nhim trng mn nht ngoi da thng do Staphylococcus aureus gy
ra. Nhim nm Candida albicans b phn sinh dc dc hay k mng tay v
chn.
Nhim trng tiu thng do vi trng Gram m E. coli gy vim bng
quang, vim i b thn cp hoc mn, vim hoi t gai thn. Vim phi
do vi trng Gram m hay gp; ngoi ra cn gp do vi trng Gram dng, vi
trng lao.
4.1.5. Lot chn bnh tiu ng
Thng do phi hp bin chng thn kinh, bin chng mch mu v bin
chng nhim trng. Vi trng gy nhim trng chn thng t khi mt loi vi
trng m thng phi hp cc loi vi trng Gram dng, vi trng Gram m v
vi trng k kh.
4.2. Bin chng cp tnh ca bnh tiu ng
4.2.1. Hn m do nhim ceton acid
a. Sinh bnh hc
Tnh trng hn m ny l hu qu ca s thiu insulin tng i hay
tuyt i km theo s gia tng nhiu t ca cc hormon chng insulin nh
glucagon, cortisol, catecholamin, hormon tng trng
Thiu insulin: tng glucose huyt.
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Glucose khng vo c t bo c v t bo m.
S sn xut glucose ni sinh tng ln, gan tng s thy phn glycogen
v tng s tn sinh ng phng thch glucose vo mu. Ngoi ra, gan
tng s phng thch glucose cng cn do tng glucagon, tng cortisol
trong mu v gia tng cc cht cn cho s tn sinh ng n gan (nh
acid amin, lactat, glycerol).
Tng glucose huyt a n ri lon nc v in gii. Tng glucose
huyt -> tng p lc thm thu ngoi bo -> nc t ni bo ra khong
ngoi bo -> lc u tng th tch huyt tng -> tng lng mu n vi
cu thn -> tng lng glucose lc qua vi cu thn -> a niu thm thu.
Tnh trng a niu thm thu ny tuy gii hn phn no s tng glucose
huyt nhng gy kit nc, mt K +, mt Na +.
Tng th cetone huyt:
+ Thiu insulin, cc men gan hng v s thnh lp th ceton. M b
thy phn thnh acid bo nhiu hn. Tng glucagon s kch thch men
carnitin acyl transferase gip cho acid bo i vo ty th (mitochondrie)
c oxyd ha.
+ Ceton l nng lng c th c s dng bi c tim, c vn, thn.
ngi thng n c th c ch s ly gii m m, c l do kch thch s
tit insulin. S c ch ly gii m m ny khng c trong tnh trng
nhim ceton acid. Nng th ceton khi tng rt nhiu so vi s s
dng v tng nhanh huyt tng n 100 - 300mg% (bnh thng di
5mg % sau 12 gi nhn i).
+ Th ceton gm ch yu acid hydroxybutyric v acid aceto acetic l
acid mnh s gy c toan bin dng. Lng d tr kim HCO3
trong mu s gim v khi kh nng b tr b vt qu pH mu
s gim.
+ Bnh nhn s c nhp th su Kussmaul tng thi CO2. Tng thi
cc acid cetonic qua thn di th mui natri v kali. c toan nng c
th a n try tim mch do gim co bp c tim, gim trng lc mch
mu, gim s cm th ca c tim vi catecholamin ni sinh.
Thoi bin cht m v tng acid amin trong mu:
+ Gim insulin v tng cc hormon chng insulin trong huyt tng. Th
d cortisol s gia tng s thoi bin cht m.
+ Thy phn m c: alanin (acid amin chnh ca s tn sinh ng)
t c dn n gan. C gim thu np cc acid amin c nhnh (valin,
leucin, isoleucin).
S thoi bin m ny lm K + t ni bo ra ngoi bo nhiu.
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+ Nn ma, au bng.
+ Nhit h di 360C.
+ Khi khm nn hi: trng hp xut hin cc triu chng, thi im
xut hin v trm trng ca triu chng nn, i ngoi, cc thuc
dng trc khi nhp vin nh li tiu, corticoid ch pht hin du
chng ri lon nc in gii v h K + mu.
+ Triu chng cn lm sng (th ngay ti ging bnh):
Trong nc tiu: glucose niu > 20g/l; ceton nc tiu (+) mnh.
Cc xt nghim khc.
Glucose huyt tng < 6g/l. Nu > 6g/l phi nghi ng bnh nhn
truyn glucose hoc c suy thn.
d. Din tin
Theo di din tin:
+ Mi gi: nhp th, nhp tim, p huyt, nc tiu, ng niu, ceton
niu.
+ o in tim (ECG).
+ Mi 4 gi: pH mu, HCO3 mu, ng huyt, ion .
Theo di bin chng:
+ Trong nhng gi u tin bnh nhn c th b try tim mch, nhim toan
nng, h K+ mu, h ng huyt nn phi truyn nc ngay.
+ Ph no b.
+ Bnh nhn hn m nng v nm lu c th b xp phi, lot da, nhim
trng tiu.
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Mc lao ng
Nam
Tnh ti
30Kcalo/kg
25Kcalo/kg
Va
35Kcalo/kg
30Kcalo/kg
nng
45Kcalo/kg
35Kcalo/kg
T l cc loi thc n:
+ Glucid 45 - 50%.
+ Protid 15 - 20%.
+ Lipid 35%.
Trong cc sch v dinh dng v iu tr, v cc sch chuyn khoa i
tho ng ngi ta lp ra cc thc n vi cc mc nng lng khc nhau
(tham kho thm) trnh s nhm chn dnh cho bnh nhn kh tun th ch
n king, lm sao ng vt qu qu thc n cho php, c bit l qu
glucid. Ngi ta cng chia thc n thnh tng loi c hm lng glucid khc
nhau:
+ 5% glucid (gm a s cc loi rau xanh).
+ 10% glucid.
+ + 20% glucid.
Ngi bnh i tho ng c th n:
+ Khng hn ch cc loi thc n c 5% glucid.
+ Hn ch i vi cc loi 10% - 20% glucid.
+ King hay hn ch tuyt i cc loi ng hp thu nhanh (mt, ko,
bnh ngt, nc ngt, tri cy kh).
+ Cn m bo vitamin, cc yu t vi lng (st, iod) v si x... cc
loi ny thng c nhiu trong rau ti, v tri cy, go khng gi
k... c tc dng chng to bn; gim tng ng huyt, cholesterol,
triglycerid sau ba n.
+ Cc cht to v ngt: m bo khng dn ti hin tng chn n
ngi gi c th dng cc cht to v ngt. Cc cht ny thng c
ngt cao hn nhiu ln so vi ng thng dng l sucrose, mt s
cht b ph hy khi un nng, mt s cht c d v ng, c dng
ph bin hin nay c saccharin, aspartam... Cc cht ny khng cung
cp thm nng lng hoc rt t khng ng k, c th c dng thay
th cho ng glucose.
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ang c iu tr ni khoa.
+ Cn hn ch ru:
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Sulfonylurea
Biguanid
c ch -glucosidase
Insulin
ng huyt khng kim sot
Sulfonylurea + biguanid
Sulfonylurea + insulin
Sunfonylurea + c ch -glucosidase
Kch thch cell tit insulin
Thuc sunfonylurea
c ch khng insulin
Tng nhy cm ca m ngoi vi i vi insulin
Thuc biguanid
Gim s thm n
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5.3. iu tr c th
Tu thuc vo lng ng huyt, tu thuc vo giai on biu hin v
bin chng ca bnh m c quyt nh chn la cch phi hp thuc.
5.3.1. Khi bnh nhn c lng ng huyt 6,5mmol/l (120mg/dl) v
7mmol/l (126mg%/dl)
Ch n: tit ch cc loi thc n cung cp ng.
Tp luyn theo thi quen v s thch nh i b, bi li, nh cu, tp
dng sinh, thi cc quyn, khiu v.
phng cc bin chng.
Theo di ng huyt thng xuyn: sau khi p dng cc ch theo di
ng huyt mi tun 1 ln t nht 2 tun lin tip (nu n nh sau
mi thng) nh gi s n nh ca ch iu tr thch hp cha,
nu lng ng huyt vn cha tr v mc bnh thng th cn ch
ch n nghim ngt hn trc khi ngh ti vic dng thuc dng thc
n nh ung cc loi tr dc tho thay cho nc thng nh: tr kh
qua, da di, v sa t, cam tho nam
5.3.2. Khi bnh nhn c ng huyt 126mg/dl hoc 7mmol/l v
180mg/dl c chn on l i tho ng typ 2, cha c bin chng
Ch n: tit ch cc loi thc n cung cp ng.
Tp luyn.
phng cc bin chng.
Theo di ng huyt thng xuyn.
Dng thuc.
a. i vi th khng c kim chng hoc bin chng
Php tr: dng m thanh nhit.
Nhng bi thuc v cng thc huyt s dng:
+ Bi thuc 1: bi thuc nam kinh nghim (gm: kh qua 65g, l a 35g).
Bi thuc c GS Bi Ch Hiu cu to theo kinh nghim ca dn gian
v nghin cu ghi nhn tc dng h ng huyt c trn thc nghim ln lm
sng trn bnh nhn T typ 2 cha c bin chng c ng huyt 120mg
140mg%.
Bi thuc c tip tc nghin cu 2 dng thuc l vin nn v tr,
dng tr thng dng v ph bin hn c dng nh mt loi thc phm ung
hng ngy cho ngi b T gip n nh ng huyt khi a c ng
v mc bnh thng.
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Sinh a
Qun
Hoi sn
Qun
Mch mn
B ph m, dng v, sinh tn
Thn
Sa sm
Dng v, sinh tn
Thn
Sn th
Thanh t can ha
n b
T Thn, t ha
Phc linh
Thm thp, ha t
Trch t
Thanh t nhit
Tri mu
Thanh t nhit ha
Hong b
Thanh t nhit ha
Ng v t
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V thuc
Tc dng
Sinh a
Hong lin
Thanh t nhit ha
Thch cao
Vai tr
Qun
T
Thn
Tc dng
Vai tr
Qun
Sinh a
Qun
Mch mn
B ph m, sinh tn
Thn
Cam tho
Ng v t
Go np sao
Dng v, tr t
+ Bi Bch h gia nhn sm thang (gm: thch cao 30g, tri mu 12g,
ngnh m 8g, cam tho 6g).
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Thch cao
Qun
Tri mu
Thn
Ngnh m
ch v, bo v tn dch
Cam tho
T
T, s
c. i vi th lm sng thin v v m h r
Php tr: dng v, sinh tn.
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Nhng bi thuc:
+ Bi Tri b a hong hon gia v (gm: sinh a 20g, tri mu 12g, hoi
sn 20g, hong b 12g, sn th 10g, mch mn 12g, n b 12g, sa sm
12g, phc linh 12g, ng v t 4g, trch t 12g)
Gia thm hong lin 16g.
+ Bi Tng dch thang gia gim (gm: huyn sm 20g, sinh a 20g,
mch mn 16g, thin hoa phn 16g, hong lin 16g, i hong 8g).
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Huyn sm
Qun
Sinh a
Thn
Mch mn
Thn
Thn, T
Hong lin
i hong
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Bn h
Qun
Bch trut
Kin t, to thp
Thn
Phc linh
Thn
Trn b
Thn
Thin ma
Ha m tc phong
Cam tho
n trung, ha v
Tc dng
Vai tr
Sinh a
Qun
Huyn sm
Qun
an sm
Thn
ng quy
Thn
ng sm
Thn
Phc linh
Thn
B t nhn
Thn
Vin ch
Thn
Thin mn
Mch mn
Ng v t
Toan to nhn
Ct cnh
Chu sa
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Chng u vng:
+ Php tr: bnh can tim dng (m h, dng xung); ha m, ging
nghch (m trc).
+ Nhng bi thuc:
Bi Thin ma cu ng m (gm: thin ma 9g, thch quyt minh 18g, cu
ng 12g, tang k sinh 12g, hong cm 9g, sn chi 9g, ngu tt 12g, ch mu 9g,
trng 12g, phc thn 9g): dng trong trng hp bnh can, tim dng.
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Thin ma
Qun
Cu ng
Qun
Hong cm
Thn
Chi t
Thn
Tang k sinh
Thn
H th
Thn
trng
Thn
Phc linh
ch mu
Ngu tt
Thn, t, s
Chng nht, lot l thng hay ti pht, kh khi, rng li sng au:
+ Php tr: thanh nhit gii c.
+ Nhng bi thuc:
Bi Ng v tiu c m (gm: kim ngn 20g, huyn sm 15g, cc hoa 20g,
h kh tho 15g, b cng anh 15g).
Phn tch bi thuc:
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Qun
Huyn sm
Thn
Cc hoa
H kh tho
B cng anh
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20g
ng quy
10g
Bch thc
12g
Xuyn khung
10g
K huyt ng
12g
Lc thch ng
10g
Nhn ng ng
10g
Cu ng
10g
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T lng gi
Cu hi 5 chn 1 : chn cu ng
1. Nguyn nhn no sau y sinh T theo YHCT
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E. C th c 3 th ph, t, thn
3. Triu chng c trng ca T th v m h l
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A. Ph m h
B. V m h
C. Thn m h
D. C kim chng hi hp mt ng
E. C kim chng u chong mt hoa
8. Huyt thiu thng thng c chn iu tr T th c triu chng
no sau y tri hn
A. Ph m h vi kht nhiu
B. V m h vi thm n nhiu
C. Thn m h vi tiu nhiu
D. V m h c kim chng kht
E. Thn m h c kim chng kht
9. Bi thuc dng m thanh nhit (gm: sinh a, thch cao, th hong
lin) v th hong lin c tc dng
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Bi 20
BNH BO PH
MC TIU
1. Nu c nh ngha, c im dch t hc v cc phng php nh
gi bo ph.
2. Trnh by c nguyn nhn, bnh sinh v phn tch c sinh bnh
hc ca bo ph theo YHH.
3. Trnh by c chn on bo ph cng cc nguy c v bin chng
ca n.
4. Nu c cc nguyn tc v cc phng php phi hp trong iu tr
bo ph.
5. Trnh by c ng dng iu tr 4 th lm sng bo ph theo YHCT.
6. Phn tch c cc bi thuc p dng iu tr bo ph.
1. I CNG
1.1. nh ngha
Bo ph l tnh trng d tha khi m, l mt hi chng c trng bi s
tng tuyt i ca khi m, hay ni cch khc l mt s lm pht ca d tr
nng lng, ch yu l triglycerid di dng m m.
Bo ph l mt tnh trng bnh l a yu t.
C s lin quan cht ch gia bo ph v tnh trng dinh dng qu mc
m khng hp l. Cc cng trnh nghin cu ngy cng chng minh rng bo
ph l mt yu t lm tng t l bnh tt, tng t l t vong, gim nng sut
lao ng.
1.2. c im dch t hc
Bo ph l mt bnh v dinh dng thng gp v c nhiu hng gia
tng khp mi ni trn th gii, nht cc nc cng nghip pht trin c ti
20% dn s b bo ph.
Tn sut thay i theo:
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Lm sng
25-30
Tha cn
II
31-35
Bo ph nh
III
36-40
Bo ph va
IV
> 40
Bo ph nng
+ Xc nh kiu bo ph:
Kiu nam: m m tp trung na trn c th: c, vai, tay, bng.
Kiu n: m m tp trung phn di c th: eo, mng, i.
Cn lm sng: thc hin nhm mc ch chn on cc nguy c trn
bnh nhn bo ph. Cc xt nghim thng quy bao gm:
+ Cholesterol mu (ton phn, HDL, LDL), triglycerid mu.
+ Chc nng gan.
+ Chc nng thn.
+ ng huyt, acid uric, phosphokinase.
Nghim php tng ng huyt nu c nghi ng
3.1.2. Chn on phn bit
Ph:
+ Do suy tim, do hi chng thn h, do x gan cn c vo bnh cnh
lm sng.
+ Ph chu k khng r nguyn nhn: c lin quan n chu k kinh
nguyt, yu t tm l v thay i s cn trong ngy.
Hi chng Cushing:
+ Lp m khu tr mt - c - thn ch khng ng u.
+ Lng cortisol mu bui sng (8 gi) thng cao do cng thng thn
chc nng c ch c bng nghim php Nugent, chu k tit cortisol
trong ngy vn bnh thng tc khng tng vo bui chiu.
+ U m: khng tng cn, khi m khu tr, bin dng (phi phu thut).
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25 - 30
1500Kcalo/ngy
II
31 - 35
1200Kcalo/ngy
III
36 - 40
1000Kcalo/ngy
IV
> 40
800Kcalo/ngy
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Bn h (ch)
Qun
Bch linh
Qun
Trn b
L kh to thp, kin t
Thn
Kin t, tr thp
Thn
Trch t
Thn khc
Sn tra
Hoc hng
Nhn trn
Chch tho
n trung, iu ha cc v thuc
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Phng huyt: dng php t, v kim kch thch mnh hoc in chm cc
huyt nh: tc tam l, lng khu, t du, trung qun, v du, thin xu. Nh
chm dng cc huyt ni tit, v, t, ty.
Th can vng t suy:
Php tr: kin t li thp, bnh can ha m.
Bi thuc: Thanh tiu m (gm: phan t dip 12, tho quyt minh 15g,
trch t 15g, d 15g, bch linh 15g, phng k 15g, bch trut 12, trn b 10g)
Dc liu
Tc dng
Vai tr
Phan t dip
Thanh can t ha
Qun
Qun
Y d nhn
Kin t, tr thp
Thn
Bch linh
Thn
Trch t
Phng k
Tn m thanh thp
Bch trut
Kin t, to thp
Trn b
Ha kh, tiu m
T, S
Phng huyt: dng php t cc huyt can du, cch du, t du, v du, tam
m giao, thin khu, trung qun, quan nguyn.
Nh chm dng cc huyt thn mn, ni tit, i trng, v.
Th trng v to nhit:
Php tr: thanh v thng ph, mt huyt ha trng.
Bi thuc: Thanh thng m (gm: hong lin 10g, phan t dip 10g, i
hong 10g, sinh a 10g, h kh tho 12g, tho quyt minh 12g)
Dc liu
Tc dng
Vai tr
Hong lin
Qun
Phan t dip
Thanh t nhit ha
Qun
i hong
Thanh t nhit ha
Qun
Sinh a
Thn
H kh tho
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Cu k t
Qun
H th
Qun
Ut kim
Thn
Phc linh
Sn tra
Ha , tiu trc, ha m
Trch t
Phng huyt: trung qun, v du, tc tam l, phong long, ni quan, lng
khu, kh hi, tc tam l, t du (gia gim thin xu, chi cu).
T lng gi
1. Cc phng php nh gi bo ph: khng phi
A. o np da c tam u nu > 20mm nam v > 25mm n
B. c lng s phn b m 1 i vi nam v 0,8 vi n
C. BMI > 27
D. BMI 25
E. BMI > 30
2. nh gi bo ph qua ch s BMI vi bo ph II l
A. 25-30
B. 31-35
C. 36-40
D. 40-45
E. > 45
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Bi 21
MC TIU
1. M t cc th lm sng ca chng rng tc theo YHH.
2. Trnh by c c ch bnh sinh ca Telogen effluvium, Androgenic
v Areata alopecia.
3. Trnh by c c ch bnh sinh ca chng rng tc theo YHCT.
4. Lit k c cc phng php iu tr rng tc Areata alopecia.
5. Trnh by c cch cu to bi thuc Hu thin lc v phng theo
dc l c truyn v dc l hin i.
1. NH NGHA
Rng tc c gi l bnh l khi s tc rng trong mt ngy hn 100 si
hoc s tc rng sau khi gi u mi sng hn 20 si.
2. PHN LOI CC CHNG RNG TC
Nu s phn b lng v tc ca c 2 gii c quyt nh bi nng ca
androgen tun hon v s lng ca androgen receptor nang lng trong tng
vng c th th s sinh trng ca tc li ty thuc vo s chuyn ho trung
gian ca androgen.
Chng rng tc (khng cp n hi u do di truyn) ngoi vn
thm m, ring n cn biu hin mt tnh trng sc khe chung hoc mt bnh
l no khc.
Sau y l mt s phn loi chung v chng rng tc.
2.1. Rng tc ho x (scarring alopecia)
V mt vi th vng da u s c hin tng vim, ho si v mt nang
lng.
V mt i th da u trn lng v khng cn thy chn tc.
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Alopecia areata
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Tinea capitis
Alopecia areata
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Dc l
Liu
Vai tr
Thc a
40g
Qun
ng quy
20g
Thn
Nhn sm
12g
thn
an sm
8g
Vin ch
4g
4g
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100g
Thanh i
30g
Lu hong
100g
Bng phin
1,5g
50g
30g
Lu hong
30g
S sng t
30g
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T lng gi
1. Trong chng rng tc Telogen effluvium, tc rng
A. Lichen planus
B. Hng ban
C. X cng b
D. Rng tc Areata
E. Bnh Sarcoidosis
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A. Telogen affluvium
B. X cng b
C. Timea captitis
D. Alopecia areata
E. Androgenic alopecia
7. Vic s dng steroid ch dng trong rng tc
A. Telogen effluvium
B. Androgenic alopecia
C. Alopecia areata
D. Timea captitis
E. Do thuc
8. Vic s dng steroid dng ung ch dng trong Alopecia areata th
A. Tng im
B. Sau gy
C. Khp u
D. Tc, lng, ru
E. Gia nh u
9. Trong bi thuc Hu thin lc v phng (gm: thc a, ng quy,
nhn sm, an sm, vin ch, to nhn, sn tra) v thc a c tc dng b
thn m, ch tinh, dng huyt nn lm
A. Qun
B. Thn
C. T
D. S
E. T v s
10. Bi thuc Hu thin lc v phng c hiu qu trong chng rng tc
A. Androgenic
B. Timea captitis
C. Telogen effluvium
D. Do thuc
E. Rng tc ho s
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Bi 22
MC TIU
1. Nu c nh ngha, c im dch t hc v quan nim ca YHCT
v bnh long xng.
2. Trnh by c nguyn nhn, c ch bnh sinh ca long xng theo
YHH v YHCT.
3. Chn on c long xng theo YHCT v YHH.
4. Trnh by c cc phng php ng dng iu tr long xng theo
YHCT v phn tch c cch iu tr ny.
1. I CNG
Xng l mt m lin kt c bit c 3 chc nng: vn ng, bo v v
chuyn ha. Xng c cu to bi 2 thnh phn c bn l khun xng v
cc hp cht khong
Khun xng chim khi lng ln trong ton b xng gm cc si
colagen, cc m lin kt khc rt giu cht glucoaminoglycin v cc t bo (to
ct bo v hu ct bo). Trn cc khun bng cht hu c ny cc hp cht
khong calci v phospho s c nh v lm cho xng tr nn rn chc, chu
lc, chu ti.
M xng lun c thay c i mi trong sut cuc i, hy ct bo ph
hy phn xng c, ng thi to ct bo to nn xng mi b p li, hai
qu trnh ny cn bng nhau ngi trng thnh, nhng to nhiu hn
ngi tr v hu nhiu hn ngi gi.
C nhiu yu t tc ng vo s iu ha qu trnh to v hu xng
nh: di truyn, tui, gii, dinh dng, ni tit, s sinh sn, ngh nghip, cc
thi quen trong cuc sng nh vn ng, tnh ti.
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1.1. nh ngha
L hin tng tng phn xp ca xng do gim s lng t chc xng,
gim trng lng trong mt n v t chc xng, l hu qu ca s suy gim
cc khung protein v lng calci gn vi cc khung ny. V gii phu bnh
thy cc b xng teo, mng v tha, phn v xng mng, to ct bo tha
tht, khng thy cc ng dim dng xng (bordures ostoides), ty xng
ngho v thay bng t chc m.
1.2. c im dch t hc ca long xng
Long xng ang l vn ln i vi sc khe cng ng, trong
ring long xng nguyn pht c cc chuyn gia y hc thng k nh sau:
M mi nm c khong 1,5 triu ngi gy xng do long xng, i
hi chi ph ln ti 7 - 10 t la mi nm cho cc trng hp ny.
Php s ph n b long xng sau mn kinh c tnh khong 4,5 triu
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Him gp
Sau mn kinh
Thiu nin
Tui cao
Trng nin
Ri lon nhim sc th
iu tr bng corticoid
Hi chng Cushing
Bt ng lu
Cng gip
Bnh do ng st
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Dd
100
D
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o mt xng
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4. IU TR
Chng h lao ly nguyn kh hao tn lm c trng.
Vic iu tr ngoi s dng thuc cn phi hp cc phng php tp
luyn, kh cng, xoa bp, chm cu, iu ha sinh hot hng ngy v n ung
cng nh hng rt nhiu n hiu qu iu tr.
4.1. iu tr dng thuc
4.1.1. Kh huyt h
Php tr: iu b kh huyt.
Bi thuc: B trung ch kh thang gia gim (gm: hong k, bch trut,
trn b, thng ma, si h, ng sm, ng quy, chch tho).
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Nhn sm
Qun
Hong k
Thn
Trn b
Thn
Si h
Thn
Thng ma
Thn
Bch trut
Bch linh
Ngt, nht, bnh; vo tm, t, ph, thn: li niu thm thp, kin t,
an thn
4.1.2. Thn m h
Php tr: b thn, ch tinh, t m, dng huyt.
Bi thuc: Lc v a hong hon gia v
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Thc a
Qun
Hoi sn
Qun
Sn th
Thn
n b
Phc linh
Trch t
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4.1.3. Thn kh h
Php tr: b thn, tr dng.
Bi thuc: Hu quy hon
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Ph t
Qun
Qu
Qun
Thc a
Qun
Hoi sn
Qun
Sn th
Thn
K t
Thn
trng
Thn
Cam tho
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T lng gi
1. Theo sch ni kinh m t long xng thuc
A. Tm lao
B. Ph lao
C. T lao
D. Thn lao
E. Can lao
2. Theo sch ni kinh m t, ng lu hi
A. Huyt
B. Kh
C. Tht
D. Xng
E. Gn
3. Nguyn nhn long xng th pht khng do
A. Bt ng qu lu
B. Bnh ng tiu ha
C. Bnh ni tit
D. Suy thn mn
E. Thuc tng huyt p
4. Yu t nguy c long xng khng do
A. Di truyn
B. Ngi gy
C. Thuc tr ung th
D. Ht thuc l
E. Cafein > 1 ly ngy
5. Nguyn nhn long xng theo YHCT khng do
A. Thp nhit
B. Bm sinh khng y
C. Lao thng qu
D. Dinh dng khng y
E. Sng ni m t
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Bi 23
MC TIU
1. Nu c nh ngha v nhng yu t dch t hc ca tai bin mch
mu no.
2. Trnh by c nguyn nhn v c ch sinh bnh ca tai bin mch
mu no theo l lun YHCT.
3. Chn on c 2 th lm sng tai bin mch mu no (trong cn)
v 3 th lm sng di chng tai bin mch mu no (sau cn) theo
YHCT.
4. Trnh by c nhng nguyn tc iu tr tai bin mch mu no
theo YHHD v YHCT.
5. Trnh by c phng php iu tr tai bin mch mu no (dng
thuc v khng dng thuc ca y hc c truyn).
6. Gii thch c c s l lun cu vic iu tr tai bin mch mu
no bng YHCT.
1. I CNG
1.1. nh ngha
Tai bin mch mu no (TBMMN) c nh ngha l du hiu pht
trin nhanh chng trn lm sng ca mt hi chng thn kinh nng n,
thng do nguyn nhn mch mu no, i khi do nguyn nhn mch mu
ca cung mch mu no nm c, tin lng sinh tn cng nh tin lng
chc nng ca thn kinh ty thuc vo nguyn nhn v mc lan rng ca
tn thng. Nh vy, theo nh ngha ny trn lm sng, y l cc biu hin
bnh l gm phn ln cc trng hp chy mu trong no, chy mu di
nhn, nhn no, thiu mu no thong qua. Nhng trng hp nh tn
thng hoc bnh l ca tnh mch no (vim tc tnh mch no) khng c
cp trong bi ny.
c im gii phu sinh l c lin quan n tai bin mch mu no.
ng mch no gia (ng mch thng gy TBMMN) c 2 nhnh:
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Nhnh su xut pht t khong nn, chy trong rnh Sylvius. Nhnh
ny d b v v l ng mch tn, phi chu hu qu ca vic tng cao
huyt p.
Nhnh nng phn b v l mt ngoi bn cu no. Nhnh nng thng
chu hu qu t hn i vi tnh trng huyt p tng cao nh h thng vi
mch ln, nhng ngc li d b nhn no v din ca chng qu rng.
Cc nhnh tn cng ca cht trng khi v d sinh ra khi t trong no,
thng lin quan n mt d dng mch mu no (u mch, ti phnh).
1.2. c im dch t hc
Theo Hip hi Tim mch M, nm 1977 ti M c 1,6 triu ngi b
TBMMN, tng ng vi s ngi mc bnh tim do thp v bng 1/2 s
ngi bnh mch vnh.
Theo thng k ti M, hng nm c khong 500000 trng hp TBMMN
mi, phn ln xy ra sau 55 tui (Russell, 1983).
Theo Kurtzke, t l bnh TBMMN mi mc hng nm l 2% cho mi la
tui. Trong , 12% do chy mu trong no, 8% do chy mu di nhn,
69% do lp mch.
Tc gi Wolf (1978) qua 26 nm theo di nhng ngi t 65 - 74 tui
ghi nhn:
+ Nhn no do x va nam l 58%, n l 54%.
+ Nhn no do lp mch no nam l 16%, n l 19%.
+ Chy mu trong no nam l 5%, n l 3%.
+ Chy mu di nhn l nam l 10%, n l 12%.
+ Thiu mu no thong qua nam l 8%, n l 9%.
V mc t vong do TBMMN:
+ ng hng th 3 trn th gii v t l t vong (sau bnh tim v ung
th). Theo Russell, t l t vong giai on u l 15% v 50% bnh
nhn sng st b tn ph.
+ Nm 1977, ti M c khong 182000 trng hp t vong do TBMMN
(chim khong 1/10 tng s t vong).
2. NGUYN NHN V C CH BNH SINH
2.1. Theo y hc hin i
2.1.1. Xut huyt no
X m ng mch vi tng huyt p.
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TIN THIN
NGOI NHN
(nhit - phong)
BT TC
N UNG KHNG
NG CCH
BNH LU NGY
TH CHT YU
Thn
dng h
THT TNH
(gin, lo s, stress)
Thn
m h
Can m
h
H ha bc ln
Thp
T h
Huyt
PHONG
THNG
CHN
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thiu st (lit na ngi). Sau khong 1 tun nhng du hiu thn kinh
khu tr xut hin r nt hn.
3.1.5. Chy mu mng no
a. Du hiu lm sng
Giai on khi u: t ngt au u d di ri mt thc (cng c khi
khi u t t vi nhc u nhiu, nn, chng mt ri thc u m dn;
cng c khi khi u vi ri lon tm thn vi l ln, kch ng).
Giai on ton pht:
+ Ri lon thc: thng l l m, ng g. Nu c hn m th thng l
nng, c th xen k trng thi kch thch vt v. t gp hn m su,
km ri lon thc vt trm trng.
+ Hi chng mng no: nhc u, cng gy, cng ct sng, s nh sng
v ting ng.
+ Du thn kinh: phn x gn xng c th gim hoc mt (thng l
tng). Babinski thng (+) c 2 bn, t gp tn thng dy s no. Nu
thy lit dy III th nn ngh n v ti phnh ng mch cnh hoc
ng mch thn nn.
+ Ri lon thc vt nh: vch mng no, st
b. Du hiu cn lm sng
Xt nghim mu: ng huyt tng c th ln n 300 - 400mg% (km
theo ng niu v ceton niu).
+ Ur huyt c th tng ti 100mg%.
+ Bilirubin, SGOT, CPK u c th tng.
Dch no ty lc u , c nhiu hng cu, sau 10 ngy chuyn sang
mu vng, c bch cu tng nh, m tng (300 - 500mg%).
3.1.6. Nhng k thut chn on mi
V mt chn on i vi TBMMN, cn tm cch chn on chnh xc
tnh cht tn thng (chy mu no, nhn no, khi mu t), din tch
thng tn. Hin nay c nhng k thut c th gip t c mc tiu ny
nh:
Chp ct lp in ton (CT. Scan).
Cng hng t ht nhn (MRI).
Chp qut ct lp bng tia photon hoc tia positron.
Chp lp lnh mch no.
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8g
Cu ng
12g
Hong cm
10g
Chi t
12g
Tang k sinh
12g
H th
10g
trng
10g
Phc linh
12g
ch mu
12g
20g
Ngu tt
12g
4g
Trc nh
20g
Cu ng
12g
Sinh a
20g
Bch thc
12g
Tang dip
8g
Phc thn
12g
Cc hoa
12g
Bi mu
8g
Cam tho
4g
Cng thc huyt s dng gm: hnh gian, thiu ph, can du, thn du,
thi kh, phi dng, ni quan, thi dng, bch hi, n ng.
4.2. Giai on sau TBMMN (di chng ca TBMMN)
Trong giai on ny, vic iu tr v chm sc bnh nhn bao gm 2 mc
tiu:
Phc hi chc nng vn ng v tm thn.
Gii quyt nguyn nhn bnh hoc bnh l km theo nh tng huyt p,
x m ng mch, ri lon bin dng m, tiu ng Vic chm sc v
iu tr cho mc tiu ny xin tham kho thm phn bnh hc tng
ng.
4.2.1. Th thn m h
Php tr: t m ghm dng, t b can thn.
Nhng bi thuc v cng thc huyt s dng:
+ Bi thuc h p (xut x 30 cng thc thuc)
Thc a
20g
Ngu tt
10g
R nhu
20g
Trch t
10g
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20g
Hoa ho
10g
To nhn
10g
32g
Hoi sn
16g
Sn th
8g
n b
12g
Phc linh
12g
Trch t
6g
ng quy
12g
Bch thc
8g
10g
Thc a
15g
Hoi sn
15g
ng quy
12g
Trch t
12g
Si h
10g
10g
Cng thc huyt s dng: thn du, phc lu, tam m giao, can du, thi
xung. Gia gim thn mn, ni quan, bch hi, a th huyt.
4.2.2. Th thn m dng lng h
Php tr: n b thn dng.
Nhng bi thuc v cng thc huyt s dng:
+ Bi thuc Thn kh hon
Bch phc linh
120g
Thc a
320g
Sn th
160g
n b
120g
Qu chi
40g
Trch t
120g
Ph t
40g
Sn dc
160g
4g
trng
12g
Hoi sn
16g
K t
8g
Nhn sm
8g
Nhc qu
4g
Ph t
2g
Th du
8g
Thc a
32g
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40g
Cam tho
4g
Phc linh
12g
Bn h
12g
Nhn sm
4g
Trn b
4g
Tc dng
Vai tr
Hong k
Qun
ng quy
Thn
Xch thc
Xuyn khung
o nhn
Hng hoa
a long
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b. iu tr bng chm cu
Phng php u chm vng vn ng (nu ch c lit) v vng cm gic
(nu c km ri lon cm gic) bn i din, chm nghing kim (300), v
kim khong 200 ln/pht; lin tc trong 1 - 2 pht, lu kim 5 - 10 pht.
Thng thng chm 1 ln/ngy, chm 10 ngy lin tc thnh 1 liu trnh,
ngh 3 - 5 ngy c th bt u liu trnh th 2 (xem Chm cu hc ). Phng
php ny thng c s dng sm trong khong thi gian 6 thng k t khi
b tai bin (thng khng qu 1 nm).
Phng php th chm: thng s dng nhng huyt trn cc kinh
dng minh ca tay v chn bn lit, phi hp vi huyt kinh in phc
hi lit nh dng lng tuyn, thay i huyt mi ngy, thng phi hp
vi in chm.
Cn ch s dng dng in (tt nht l dng in mt chiu u) v
thng in thch hp. Thi gian ca mi ln iu tr cn da vo s tip
thu kch thch ca tng ngi bnh, trong tng bnh, tng lc, i vi
tng loi dng in m quyt nh. Ni chung cn theo di, nh gi tnh
trng bnh nhn sau khi chm ln th nht.
+ Nu bnh nhn khng c mt mi, mt ng....: nn duy tr thi gian
kch thch.
+ Nu bnh nhn thy mt mi, mt ng... l do tng lng kch thch
qu mnh: cn gim thi gian kch thch.
Trung bnh ngy chm mt ln hay cch ngy chm mt ln: t 10 n
15 ln in chm l mt liu trnh, ngh 10 n 15 ngy ri tip tc
ty theo yu cu cha bnh (xem Chm cu hc , trang 181 - 194).
c. Vt l tr liu phc hi chc nng
Cn thc hin tun t nhng bc sau:
nh gi tnh trng chung ca bnh nhn, bao gm:
+ nh gi tng qut v bnh nhn: tr hay ln tui? Mc hp tc?
Tnh trng tinh thn (tch cc, tiu cc)?
+ Tnh trng sc khe? Tnh trng bnh tt i km? Mc ?
+ Bnh nhn c th lm c g khi ngi, khi ng? Thng bng?
+ Bnh nhn khng lm c g?
+ Xc nh r tnh trng c lc: cn lng gi mc vn ng ca tng
b phn tht c th (tay, cnh tay, cng tay, c tay, bn tay, ngn
tay), vi tng loi ng tc khc nhau v cc t th nm, ngi,
ng khc nhau.
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Chn lit: khp hng dui, gi h gp; chn lnh: khp hng v gi gp
(ta trn mt gi ngang vi thn).
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Phng nga khuu tay, c tay v ngn tay b co rt: bnh nhn ng
cnh bn, ci cc ngn tay 2 bn vo nhau. Xoay nga lng bn tay
v p lng bn tay xung mt bn. Dui thng 2 tay, ng ngi v
pha trc dn trng lng ln 2 tay cho ti khi khp c tay dui
ti a.
Bnh nhn ngi, dng tay lnh lm dui cc ngn tay bn lit v lm
dui c tay. Sau t xung mt ging cnh thn, dng tay lnh gi khp
khuu bn lit dui thng v nghing ngi sang bn lit dn trng lng
ln tay lit.
Ci cc ngn tay 2 bn vo nhau, a 2 bn tay ln st cm, dng lc ca
bn tay lm dui ti a c tay bn lit. C th ta vo m v cm v gi yn
trong mt thi gian lu.
T lng gi
I. Cu hi 5 chn 1: chn cu ng
6. Nguyn nhn gy bnh TBMMN theo YHCT
A. Ngoi nhn
B. Bnh lu ngy lm thn h, ha bc
C. Tin thin bt tc
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A. Nhit
B. Hn
C. To
D. Thp
E. Phong
8. Triu chng quan trng phn bit trng phong lc vi trng
phong kinh
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8. Trong nhm huyt n b thn dng gm thi xung, quang minh, can
du, thn du, tam m giao, thi kh, phi dng, mnh mn, trung cc, quan
nguyn, kh hi
a. Chm huyt trung cc cha chng ri lon tiu tin bi v
b. Huyt trung cc l m huyt ca bng quang, chm vo b thn
dng kh ho bng quang
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Bi 24
MC TIU
1. Nu c yu t dch t hc ca lit mt nguyn pht.
2. Lit k c triu chng lm sng chn on lit mt nguyn pht.
3. Lit k c nhng bnh l cn chn on phn bit vi lit mt
nguyn pht.
4. Trnh by v gii thch c c s l lun ca vic iu tr.
1 . I CNG
1.1. nh ngha
Lit mt nguyn pht l lit ngoi bin ton b na bn mt, nguyn
nhn cha r, c khi u t ngt v a phn c tin lng tt.
1.2. Dch t hc
Lit mt nguyn pht l th bnh thng gp nht trong cc loi lit mt
ngoi bin, cn c gi l lit Bells (Bells palsy). T l mc bnh (IR) khong
23/100000/nm hay 1/60 - 70 ngi trong sut cuc i ca h.
2. NGUYN NHN V C CH BNH SINH
2.1. Theo y hc hin i
2.1.1. Gii phu hc
Nhn dy thn kinh mt (s VII) bt u t phn thp ca cu no. Sau
khi vng qua nhn dy thn kinh vn nhn ngoi (s VI), dy thn kinh mt
chui ra khi thn no ( rnh cu - hnh no).
Sau khi ri thn no, dy thn kinh mt, c km theo dy ph Wrisberg
(dy VII bis, chu trch nhim v cm gic), ng mch v m ri tnh mch,
chy xuyn qua xng trong mt ng xng: vi Fallope (aqueduc de
Fallope).
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NGOI NHN
(phong hn, phong nhit)
Chnh kh suy
Huyt
3. CHN ON
3.1. Theo y hc hin i
Bnh khi pht t ngt, triu chng lit xut hin hon ton thng
trong vng 48 gi.
C th au sau tai trc 1 - 2 ngy, c th km tai, thng chy
nc mt sng.
Lit ton b c mt mt bn, mt np nhn trn, mt np m mi; nh
hng n ting ni, n ung.
Mt nhm khng kn: Charles - Bell (+).
Mt tr nn tr cng, mt b lch v bn lnh.
Mt v gic 2/3 trc li.
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12g
Tang k sinh
12g
Qu chi
8g
Bch ch
8g
K huyt ng
12g
Ngu tt
12g
Ut kim
8g
Trn b
8g
Hng ph
8g
16g
B cng anh
16g
Th phc linh
12g
K u nga
12g
Xuyn khung
12g
an sm
12g
Ngu tt
12g
12g
an sm
12g
Ngu tt
12g
T mc
8g
Ut kim
8g
Ch xc
6g
Trn b
6g
Hng ph
6g
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+ Hut so v thi.
+ Ngm cht ming.
+ Ci thy rng v nhch mi trn.
+ Nhn trn v nhu my.
+ Hnh 2 cnh mi.
+ Pht m nhng m dng mi nh b, p, u, i
T lng gi
I. Cu hi 5 chn 1: chn cu ng
1. T l mc bnh lit mt nguyn pht
A. 5 - 9/100.000/nm
B. 10 - 14/100.000/nm
C. 15 - 19/100.000/nm
D. 20 - 24/100.000/nm
E. 25 - 29/100.000/nm
2. T l mc bnh lit mt nguyn pht trong sut cuc i ca mt ngi
A. 1/30 - 39 ngi
B. 1/40 - 49 ngi
C. 1/50 - 59 ngi
D. 1/60 - 70 ngi
E. 1/70 - 80 ngi
3. Du hiu quan trng chn on lit mt ngoi bin
A. Charles-Bell (+)
B. Mt v gic 2/3 trc li
C. Khng hnh mi c
D. Np m mi m hoc mt
E. Nhn trung lch v mt bn
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A. Ti ch
B. Theo ng kinh
C. c hiu
D. Ti ch v theo ng kinh
E. Ti ch v c hiu
5. T th bnh nhn trong xoa vut mt
A. Zona hch gi
B. U dy thn kinh s 8
C. Hi chng Guillain - Barr
D. U tuyn mang tai
E. Chn thng s no
2. Triu chng bt buc c trong lit mt ngoi bin
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A. Mt nhm khng kn
B. Khng nhn trn c np nhn trn m hoc mt
C. Khng nhu my c
D. Khng nhch mp v bn lit c
E. Khng cn cht rng bn lit c
5. Nhng phng tin iu tr p dng c cho lit mt nguyn pht
A. Xoa bp
B. Tp luyn c
C. n chm
D. in chm
E. Chm nng
III. in vo ch trng
1. Trong nhm huyt iu tr lit mt nguyn pht
A. T th ngi bnh:..
B. T th thy thuc:
3. M t k thut xoa bp iu tr lit mt
A. Vut: ..
B. Xoa: ..
C. G: .
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Bi 25
BI NO
MC TIU
1. Nu c nh ngha v nhng yu t dch t hc ca bi no.
2. Trnh by c nguyn nhn v c ch sinh bnh ca bnh bi no
theo l lun YHCT.
3. Chn on c th lm sng theo YHCT.
4. Trnh by c nhng nguyn tc iu tr bnh theo YHHD v
YHCT.
5. Trnh by c phng php iu tr bi no (dng thuc v khng
dng thuc ca y hc c truyn).
6. Gii thch c c s l lun ca vic iu tr bi no bng YHCT.
1. I CNG
Danh t bi no c dng ch mt nhm bnh thn kinh:
Xut hin t khi sinh.
Biu hin lm sng rt a dng v nng n.
Nguyn nhn cng rt phong ph.
Mc d bt thng v vn ng l du hiu ni bt nht, nhng rt
thng gp km theo nhng sa st v tr thng minh, v pht trin tnh
cm, ngn ng v nhn thc.
Theo YHCT, bnh nm trong phm vi chng ng tr, ng nhuyn, nuy.
2. NGUYN NHN GY BNH
2.1. Theo y hc hin i
Lm sng da vo s pht bnh trc v sau sinh khng ging nhau, c
th phn lm ba loi: trc sinh, trong sinh, sau sinh.
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NGOI NHN
CHN THNG
Huyt h
TIN THIN
HU THIN
BT TC
THT DNG
Thn h
T h
No ty thiu dng
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3.2.4. Th tc no lc
Lit chi di, tr lc gim, tc rng, gn ni r mt, u.
T chi quyt lnh.
Cht li ti tm, mch t sp.
3.2.5. Th m thp ni tc
Lit t chi, c m hng, c khi in hoc co git, km bun nn, nn ma.
Ru li vng nht, mch hot sc.
4. CHN ON PHN BIT
Vim a dy thn kinh: xut hin on xa thn kinh, phn b i xng,
vn ng cm gic u b nh hng, in hnh u chi c cm gic
mang gng hoc i tt, lit mm (nu c), phn x gim hoc mt.
Vim ty: thng thy thanh nin, c ba c im ln: lit, gim cm
gic, i tiu tin khng t ch.
Lit do bnh c: thng pht tr khong nm tui, biu hin lm sng
bng cc du hiu nh: t t xut hin t chi co mt lc v teo, phn x
gn gim hoc mt, khng ri lon cm gic. C tin cn gia nh.
5. IU TR
5.1. iu tr bng thuc
5.1.1. Th thn tinh bt tc
Php tr: chn tinh, ch ty, b thn kin no.
Bi thuc: Hu quy hon gia gim
Thc a
15g
Hoi sn
15g
Sn th
9g
Th ty t
9g
Cu k
9g
12g
Quy bn
11g
T h sa
4,5g
ng quy
15g
trng sao
15g
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ng 15g, chch tho 5g, k t hong 1 ci, mit gip 15g, chn chu 30g, a
long 12g)
Phn tch bi thuc:
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
A giao
Qun
Quy bn
Qun
Mit gip
Thn
Sinh a
Qun
Ng v t
Thn
Mch mn
Thn
K t hong
T m huyt, tc phong
Thn
Mu l
Thn
Bch thc
Xch thc
a long
Cam tho
Thn, T
5.1.3. Th m tn h
Php tr: t m, sinh tn.
Bi thuc: Tng dch thang (gm: sinh a 30g, mch ng 30g, huyn
sm 15g, sn dc 15g, sa sm bc 12g, sa sm nam 12g, thch hc 30g,
thin hoa phn 12g)
Phn tch bi thuc:
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Huyn sm
Qun
Sinh a
Thn
Mch mn
Thn
Thn, t
Hong lin
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5.1.4. Th tc no lc
Php tr: hot huyt ha ut, tnh no thng khiu.
Bi thuc: Thng khiu hot huyt thang (gm: xch thc 15g, xuyn
khung 6g, o nhn 9g, nhung hu 0,15g, an sm 15g, gng kh 3g, hong
k 60g).
Phn tch bi thuc:
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Xch thc
Qun
Xuyn khung
Qun
o nhn
Qun
an Sm
Qun
Can Khng
n trung tn hn
Nhung hu
Thn
Hunh k
Thn
5.1.5. Th m thp ni tc
Php tr: kin t, ha m, tc phong, tnh no.
Bi thuc: Hong lin n m thang (gm: hong lin 3g, bn h ch 9g,
m tinh 3g, tch thc 9g, trc nh 9g, bch trut sao 9g, thin ma 15g,
phc linh 15g, xng b 3g).
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Xng b
Qun
Bch trut
Qun
Bn h
Qun
Ch thc
Qun
Phc linh
Thn
Thin ma
Hong lin
Trc nh
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T lng gi
Cu hi 5 chn 1: chn cu ng
1. Nguyn nhn no khng phi l nguyn nhn sinh bnh bi no theo
YHCT
A. Ngoi nhn
B. Ni nhn
C. Bnh lu ngy
D. Tin thin bt tc
E. Chn thng
2. C ch bnh no khng ph hp trong bnh bi no theo YHCT
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Bi 26
MC TIU
1. Nu c nh ngha v nhng yu t dch t hc ca nhng loi
bnh l thn kinh ngoi bin.
2. Trnh by c nguyn nhn v c ch sinh bnh ca bnh l thn
kinh ngoi bin theo l lun YHCT.
3. Chn on c 06 th lm sng theo YHCT.
4. Trnh by c nhng nguyn tc iu tr bnh l thn kinh ngoi
bin theo YHHD v YHCT.
5. Trnh by c phng php iu tr bnh l thn kinh ngoi bin
(dng thuc v khng dng thuc ca y hc c truyn).
6. Gii thch c c s l lun cu vic iu tr bnh l thn kinh ngoi
bin bng YHCT.
I. I CNG
Tn thng thn kinh ngoi bin l tp hp nhiu bnh l vi nhng biu
hin lm sng khc nhau. Khm lm sng trong hi chng ny rt quan trng
c th tm ra c nguyn nhn. Vic tm kim ny cn thit n ni cho
n tn ngy nay vn pht hin thm nhng hi chng mi v lm pht trin
rt nhiu cho vic iu tr. c rt nhiu hi chng c nh ngha trc
y:
u tin l vim a dy thn kinh (polyneuropathy) vi bnh l tn
thng hai bn, i xng, c ri lon cm gic hoc ri lon cm gic vn ng. y l bnh cnh thng gp nht.
Vim nhiu dy thn kinh (multineuropathy, cn c gi l multiple
mononeuropathy) m biu hin ca n khng i xng. Bnh cnh ny
ch yu gp trong nhng bnh l thn kinh ngoi bin c lin quan n
tnh trng vim ng mch nht l vim nt quanh ng mch, bnh
tiu ng, bnh porphyrin.
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1.1.7. Metronidazol
Ch gy bin chng thn kinh nu s dng di ngy nh trong iu tr
bnh Crohn hay cc trng hp nhim trng him kh. Bnh cnh lm sng l
VDTK kiu ri lon cm gic km au. Ornidazol v misonidazol cng c
kh nng gy VDTK nh metronidazol.
1.1.8. Nitrofurantoin: gy VDTK kiu ri lon cm gic - vn ng
1.1.9. Podophyllin
Dng ngoi da tr mn cc v cc condylomes. Loi thuc ny gy
VDTK th cm gic hoc cm gic - vn ng khi bnh nhn ung (t t).
Bnh thng km du chng tiu ha v bnh cnh no.
1.1.10. Thalidomid
1.1.11. Vidarabin
Dng trong iu tr vim gan virus B, loi ny c kh nng gy VDTK
th ri lon cm gic - vn ng nng, i khi km ri lon thc vt trm
trng (Chauplannaz G. v cng s 1984).
1.1.12. Vincristin
Thng dng trong iu tr cc bnh c tnh.
Thng l gy VDTK kiu ri lon cm gic.
Du hiu sm l t cc u chi.
Khm lm sng pht hin gim cm gic au, nhit v bn th phn
xa ca chi v mt phn x gn c, ri lon vn ng him thy.
iu tr ngoi vic ngng thuc, c th s dng nhng thuc bo v thn
kinh (acide glutamique, Jackson DW. 1988) (naptidrofuryl, Lger JM. 1994).
Bnh l VDTK do dng thuc ngy cng phong ph. Tham kho tp ch
thn kinh hc trong 10 nm gn y cho thy c nhng gi v nhng loi
thuc tr cng gip carbimazol (Lger, 1984), cimetidin (Pouget, 1986), si - r
ho codobromyl (Mabin, 1988), thuc tr vim i - trc trng chy mu
salazosulfapyridin (Blin 1992), piroxicam (Sangla 1993).
1.2. Tn thng t bo thn kinh
Tn thng xy ra cc t bo thn kinh cm gic, do cn c gi l
tn thng hch thn kinh nguyn pht.
Trn lm sng xut hin n thun ri lon cm gic, xut hin trc
tin phn xa ca chi, tin dn v gc chi.
Tht iu.
Mt phn x gn c.
in c c gi tr quan trng trong chn on.
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1.2.1. Cisplatin
Rt thng dng trong iu tr ung th. Cn chn on phn bit vi
VDTK trong cc bnh cn ung th. Vic phn bit nh vo khng th anti
HV (-).
1.2.2. Sinh t B6: thng gp M do dng B6 liu cao v ko di.
1.3. Tn thng bao myelin
Tn thng loi ny do dng thuc t gp nht. c im lm sng l ri
lon vn ng c xa v gn, mt phn x gn c sm. Dch no ty thng c
m tng cao. Chn on xc nh nh vo in c v sinh thit.
1.3.1. Amiodaron
Thng dng cho ri lon nhp tim.
Bnh cnh lm sng l VDTK kiu ri lon cm gic v vn ng. Cc
ri lon cm gic r rt hn gm t v gim cm gic u chi, tht iu, mt
phn x gn c.
Dch no ty thng c tng protein. Chn on xc nh bng in c v
sinh thit.
Hi phc chm sau khi ngng thuc.
1.3.2. Cloroquin
Thng biu hin di cc bnh cnh bnh thn kinh v c
(neuromyopathy). Hi phc tt sau ngng thuc.
1.3.3. Tryptophan
Dng lu di loi thuc ny thng lm xut hin hi chng au nhc c
v tng t bo i toan. Trong 20 - 30% trng hp c km bin chng VDTK
th cm gic - vn ng v au nhc.
1.3.4. Mui vng
Thng dng trong iu tr vim a khp dng thp. C th gy bnh
no nhng cng c th gy nn VDTK c km au nhc. Nm 1993, Petiot P.
v cng s bo co trng hp vim a r dy thn kinh do dng mui vng.
2. Vim a dy thn kinh do ng c
2.1. Ng c acrylamid
Tip xc lu di loi thuc c ny c th gy VDTK loi tn thng si
trc kiu ri lon cm gic - vn ng. c bit c th km tn thng thn
kinh trung ng, tiu no v thn kinh thc vt
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2.2. Arsenic
Ng c arsenic cp: nn ma, tiu chy, sang thng da, bnh cnh no
cp, bnh c tim, gan
Ng c arsenic mn: du tng qut (nh mt mi, km n, nn ma),
du ngoi da (da lng bn tay - bn chn dy ln, mng c nhng sc
trng, da mt sc t), VDTK kiu ri lon cm gic - vn ng (thng
nh hng cm gic bn th), teo c vng xa ca chi.
iu tr bng dimercaptopropanolol (BAL) hay vi penicillamin. Phi
theo di nhiu thng. Trong trng hp ng c ko di, s hi phc thng
khng hon ton.
2.3. N-hexan
Thng xy ra trong k ngh lm sn mi, lm keo. Bnh cnh lm sng
l VDTK kiu cm gic, i khi c th c ri lon vn ng.
2.4. Phospho hu c
Xy ra trc y trong k ngh lm thuc st trng, hin nay thy trong
k ngh nha. Bnh cnh lm sng l VDTK kiu ri lon cm gic - vn
ng, thng c km tn thng trung ng vi biu hin ca tn thng
thp. iu tr bng atropin ch c tc dng trn hi chng cholinergic, khng
c gi tr i vi VDTK.
2.5. Ch
Bnh cnh lm sng l VDTK kiu ri lon vn ng biu hin ch yu
chi trn, cc cn au bng, km th trng suy gim, mt mi, gy, km n. Xt
nghim mu thng c thiu mu nhc sc hng cu nh. Chn on xc nh
bng o lng ch trong mu v nc tiu. iu tr vi penicillamin, EDTA.
2.6. Thallium
Thng xut hin vi bnh cnh VDTK kiu ri lon cm gic km au,
ri lon tiu ha, vim thn kinh hu nhn cu v tn thng thn kinh trung
ng.
2.7. Ru
VDTK do ru xy ra trn 40% ngi nghin ru.
Bnh cnh lm sng l VDTK c ri lon cm gic v vn ng, din
tin m thm.
Triu chng u tin xut hin phn xa ca chi di: vp b v m, t
bn chn, i mau mt, au khi bp cc c.
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Khng th
Vim no ty bn cp cn K
K ph qun
Anti-Hu
Thoi ha tiu no cn K
K ph khoa
Anti-Yo
K v
Anti-Ri
Opsoclonus myoclonus
paraneoplasiques
(neuroblastome)
K phi
Anti canaux Ca ++
Bnh vng mc cn K
K phi
Anti retin
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Hin tng thm nhim v chn p si thn kinh: hay thy trong bnh
phong.
Hin tng ri lon dinh dng ti ch: xy ra nguyn pht hoc th
pht sau qu trnh thiu mu v chn p.
Cc yu t ti ch tn thng: phn tch c cc yu t ny rt kh
1. LM SNG
1.1. Bnh cnh chung
Khi u t ngt trong vi pht n vi gi vi cc triu chng d cm,
au kiu r v thn dy thn kinh, t khi xut hin cc triu chng ca dy
thn kinh s no. Bnh tin trin tng dn.
Triu chng vn ng xut hin: gim vn ng, gim phn x gn c.
Ri lon cm gic khch quan khng r rt, xy ra chm hn du vn
ng v khu tr vng thn cc dy thn kinh b tn thng. Cc dy thn
kinh thng b tn thng l: thn kinh hng khoeo ngoi bn tri hoc 2 bn,
thn kinh tr bn phi hoc thn kinh quay.
chn on, dng phng php kch thch dng in, ghi in c.
Khi c tn thng c r dy thn kinh s c phn ng tng nh m trong dch
no ty.
Din tin ty thuc vo nguyn nhn v tu thuc iu tr, lit c th
khi hon ton hoc gim mt phn hay ngc li bnh nng dn vi thng
tn ngy mt lan rng hn.
1.2. Th lm sng theo nguyn nhn
1.2.1. Vim nhiu dy thn kinh do cc bnh ca ng mch
a. Vim nt quanh ng mch
Bnh cn c gi l bnh Kussmaul - Maier. Nhng biu hin v thn
kinh thng xut hin sau cc triu chng c bit ca bnh ny khong 4
thng (xut hin nhng ht ngoi da, khng mu sc v kh nhn nh r).
Bnh nhn c triu chng au lan ta, mt mi, st, tng trng km; c triu
chng cao huyt p, triu chng v thn, khp.
Triu chng thn kinh: 2/3 trng hp bnh khi u 2 chi di (thn
kinh hng khoeo ngoi b nhiu hn thn kinh hng khoeo trong), t khi c
biu hin chi trn. Triu chng ni bt l cn au rt d di km d cm
(ngc li ri lon cm gic khch quan khng r rng v b che m bi d
cm), au lan theo dy thn kinh hoc au kiu r. Teo c xy ra nhanh
chng, km theo l ph dinh dng, ri lon vn mch phn ngn chi, xy ra
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cng lc hoc trc khi lit. Lit cc dy thn kinh nh dy thn kinh da cnh
tay trong. Cc dy thn kinh s no t b tn thng (nu c hay gp lit mt
hoc lit thn kinh vn nhn).
Din tin t nhin ca bnh phn ln cc trng hp khng kh quan.
Do iu tr bng corticoid, triu chng c gim. giai on ny c khi mi
thy r tnh cch lit khng i xng v lit thn dy thn kinh.
Trong vim nt quanh ng mch, c khi biu hin ca th VDTK
hng ln ca Landry. Cc biu hin ca vim dy thn kinh ngoi bin c th
i km vi hi chng lit na ngi, hi chng mng no hoc bnh c.
Xt nghim dch no ty: bnh thng hoc m tng nh (nu khng c
hi chng mng no). in c cho thy c tn thng dy thn kinh ngoi
bin v ti c. Sinh thit da v c s thy tn thng c hiu ca mch mu
trong bnh vim nt quanh ng mch.
b. Bnh vim ng mch c biu hin ging vim nt quanh ng mch
Cc bnh ca cht to keo khc: Lupus ban , vim khp mn tin trin.
Cc bnh ng mch khc: vim x ng mch, vim ng mch ngi gi.
1.2.2. Vim nhiu dy thn kinh do bin dng
a. Bnh tiu ng
Thng bnh nhn 40 - 60 tui, mc bnh tiu ng lu nm c cc
biu hin bnh ng mch 2 chi di. C 3 th lm sng:
Vim nhiu dy thn kinh tin trin (tn thng thn kinh i, thn
kinh hng khoeo ngoi, thn kinh da i):
+ Gim vn ng, teo c nhanh, d cm v au.
+ Ri lon cm gic khch quan t.
+ Phn x gt gim nhiu hn gi.
+ Tn thng mt s dy thn kinh s no: III, V, VI, VII.
+ Vim au tim tin:
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b. Bnh porphyrie cp
Tui mc bnh 20 - 40 tui, n nhiu hn nam, c tnh cch gia nh, xut
hin c cn bc pht.
Khi u l d cm v au, khng c ri lon cm gic khch quan (c khi
biu hin bng triu chng au bng, bnh cnh c th rt phc tp vi cc
biu hin trung ng: ri lon tm thn, co git, triu chng thp).
Lit c dui bn tay v ngn tay, teo c xy ra nhanh, t khi gy lit 2 chi
di v khng thy tn thng cc dy s.
Triu chng thiu nng tun hon ng mch: co tht mch mu vng
mc, mch ngoi bin, c nhng cn au tht ngc, cn cao huyt p.
Tin trin bnh chm.
Tm cch chn on bng yu t gia nh v tm thy acid aminolevulinic
v porphobilinogen tng trong nc tiu.
1.2.3. Vim nhiu dy thn kinh trong cc bnh v mu v cc bnh c tnh
Trong bnh Vaquez do tc mch mu n nui ring dy thn kinh, cc
bnh ri lon hng cu trong mu nh bnh hng cu cc i, bnh ca h
vng ni mc lnh tnh hoc c tnh, thng c 2 bnh cnh:
Lit 2 chi di hoc 4 chi: khi u vi mt bn, khng i xng, c cc
cn au rt d di, ri lon vn ng, teo c nhiu, tn thng cc dy thn
kinh s. Thng gp trong bnh bch huyt lympho bo, ung th ni tng.
Vim t dy thn kinh, lit cc dy thn kinh s no V, VII, thn kinh
ty sng, thn kinh quay, thn kinh tr, thn kinh ta, ging trong bnh
Besnier Boeck Schaumann.
1.2.4. Vim nhiu dy thn kinh trong cc bnh nhim trng
Thng xy ra cng lc hoc sau cc bnh nhim trng c lm tn
thng thn cc dy thn kinh. Thng gp trong bnh thng hn, vim
phi, lu, kit l, st rt, lao, giang mai.
Cc nguyn nhn tn tr ca bnh: ri lon dinh dng, ung ru, ng
c thuc (INH), Zona, phong.
1.2.5. Vim nhiu dy thn kinh trong cc bnh do nhim c
a. Oxyd carbon
Tn thng ca nhiu dy thn kinh, c khi biu hin ging vim a dy
thn kinh. Tn thng c ghi nhn ni cc mch mu nui thn kinh v c
hin tng xut huyt ni thn dy thn kinh.
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1.3. Lm sng
Hnh nh lm sng ni bt ca hi chng Guillain - Barr l tnh trng
lit mm cp, mt cc phn x. Din tin bnh bao gm 3 thi k: thi k lit
pht trin, thi k ng yn v thi k phc hi. Thi k pht trin ca lit
khng ko di qu 4 tun. Thi k ng yn rt thay i, nhn chung t 2 - 4
tun nhng i khi ko di nhiu thng. Vic phc hi, trong phn ln trng
hp, thng khi hon ton hoc gn hon ton.
Triu chng khi pht c th: ch l d cm hoc ri lon cm gic kt
hp vi yu lit hoc ch c yu lit c. t hn, c th thy bnh khi pht vi
lit u tin gc chi hoc thn kinh s no, c bit l lit mt 2 bn.
a. Lit
D do khi pht cch no th ch sau vi ngy, lit cng tr nn r rng,
lit c tnh cht i xng. u tin lit phn xa ca chi, sau lan
nhanh n cc gc chi v thn (c khuynh hng lit hng ln).
Lit c mc nng nh rt thay i: t ch lit nh n lit t chi hon
ton. c tnh ni bt l lit mm, gim hoc mt phn x gn c.
au nhc c, c bit l c dc sng lng, rt thng thy v kt hp vi
tnh trng tng men c/mu.
Lit ng u cc phn ca tay chn hoc ngn chi nng hn gc chi
(nu lit gc chi nng hn th gi l th gi bnh c). Lit hai chi trn
thng nh v xy ra sau hai chi di.
Lit c thn, lit c bng, cc c h hp dn n tnh trng suy h hp
cp i hi ngi thy thuc phi ch khm i khm li nhiu ln
pht hin sm v chuyn ngay bnh nhn sang hi sc cp cu (tnh
trng ny chim 15%).
Lit cc dy thn kinh s no: lit dy VII (50-69%) thng lit c 2 bn
Lit dy IX. X xut hin vi t l gn tng ng nh lit dy VII gy
lit hu hng, lit dy thanh m 1 bn hoc 2 bn.
Cc dy thn kinh s no khc t b tn thng hn.
b. Ri lon cm gic
Ri lon cm gic ch quan: rt r, bnh nhn c cm gic b t, c cm
gic nh b chm chch, kin b.
Ri lon cm gic khch quan: thng pht hin gim cm gic nhn
bit t th v rung m thoa. Trong vi trng hp dn n tht iu.
c. Ri lon thc vt
Rt thng xuyn, t nhp nhanh xoang n ri lon nhp tim v huyt
p trm trng lm tng nguy c t vong.
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TH CHT YU,
BNH LU NGY
Tn, huyt h
N UNG
KHNG NG
Thn
dng h
T kh h
Kh h
m ut
Hnh 26.1. S bnh l tn thng thn kinh ngoi bin theo YHCT
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3. IU TR
3.1. iu tr bng thuc
3.1.1. Th phong hn thp b
Php tr: khu phong tn hn, s thp trc t, n kinh thng lc.
Bi thuc iu tr: Quyn b thang + Qu chi thang (gm: khng hot
8g, c hot 8g, tn cu 10g, qu chi 8g, bch thc 6g, ng quy 12g,
xuyn khung 8g, tang chi 8g, xuyn (ch) 6g, hi phong ng 10g, k
huyt ng 10g, sinh cam tho 6g).
Phn tch bi thuc:
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr ca
cc v thuc
Khng hot
Qun
c hot
Qun
Tn cu
Qu chi
Qun
Bch thc
Thn
ng quy
Thn
Xuyn khung
Tang chi
Xuyn (ch)
Thn
Nh hng
K huyt ng
Sinh tho
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Tc dng
Vai tr ca
cc v thuc
Thng trut
Qun
Hong b
Qun
Ngu tt
Phng k
Thn
a long
Qun
Khng hong
Nh hng
K huyt ng
Sinh tho
3.1.3. Th kh h
Php tr: b kh tr vn, hot huyt vinh chi.
Bi thuc iu tr: B trung ch kh thang gia gim (gm: hong k 30g,
ng sm 15g, bch trut 10g, ng quy 10g, trn b 8g, thng ma 8g,
qu chi 8g, k huyt ng 12g) (xem Bnh hc YHCT , trang 172).
3.1.4. Th huyt h
Php tr: dng huyt, hot huyt, xung mch, nhun chi.
Bi thuc iu tr: T vt thang gia an sm (gm: thc a 20 - 24g,
bch thc 12g, ng quy 12g, xuyn khung 6g, an sm 12g (xem Bnh
hc YHCT , trang 264).
C th tham kho bi Thn ng dng chn n (gm: thc a 10g,
ng quy 10g, xuyn khung 8g, an sm 12g, hong tinh 10g, hong k 20g,
qu chi 8g, bch thc 8g, k huyt ng 12g, tn cu 10g, tang chi 10g, mc
qua 8g, ngu tt 8g).
3.1.5. Th m h phong ng
Php tr: t m, dng huyt, hot huyt.
Bi thuc iu tr: Thin ma cu ng m gia ng quy 10g, xuyn
khung 8g (xem Bnh hc YHCT , trang 269)
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3.1.6. Th m ut tr
Php tr: ha m, li ut, hot huyt, thng lc.
Bi thuc iu tr: song hp thang gia gim.
y l hp ca 2 bi thuc o hng t vt thang (xem Bnh hc YHCT
, trang 263) v bi Nh trn thang, gm trn b 6g, bn h 6g, phc linh 12g,
hng ph 6g.
Gia thm t tn 4g (n thng tr tr), a long 6g, ngu tt 10g (dn
kinh thng mch), sinh cam tho 10g.
3.2. iu tr bng chm cu
Ch yu l s dng nhng huyt ti ch chi trn v chi di s
thng kinh lc.
Chi trn: hp cc, khc tr, kin ngung, kin tnh, ngoi quan, thi uyn,
xch trch.
Chi di: phong th, dng lng, cn ln, huyn chung, tc tam l, tam
m giao.
T lng gi
Cu hi 5 chn 1: chn cu ng
1. im khc nhau v lm sng gia VDTK v vim nhiu dy thn
kinh (VNDTK)
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A. au nhc c
B. Lit dy IX
C. Lit dy X
D. Lit c thn
E. Tht iu
4. C ch gy bnh thn kinh ngoi bin trong trng hp m huyt suy h
A. Yu
B. Lit
C. T
D. Tht iu
E. Ri lon dinh dng
7. Nu do phong nhit t gy bnh VDTK, triu chng ch yu s l
A. Yu, lit
B. T
C. Yu v t
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D. T v gim cm gic
E. Ri lon dinh dng
8. V bch thc trong bi Quyn b thang + Qu chi thang (gm: khng
hot, c hot, tn cu, qu chi, bch thc, ng quy, xuyn khung, tang
chi, xuyn (ch), hi phong ng, k huyt ng, cam tho sng) c tc dng
A.
B.
C.
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A.
B.
3. Ri lon vn ng trong VDTK
A.
B.
C.
4. Hai xt nghim cn lm sng c gi tr chn on bnh thn kinh
ngoi bin
A.
B.
5. Du chng thng gp dch no ty bnh VRDTK
A.
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Bi 27
MC TIU
1. Nu c nhng yu t dch t hc ca bnh au dy thn kinh ta.
2. Lit k c nhng triu chng quan trng chn on 2 th lm
sng au dy thn kinh ta theo YHCT.
3. Trnh by c phng php iu tr bnh au dy thn kinh ta
(dng thuc v khng dng thuc ca y hc c truyn).
4. Gii thch c c s l lun ca vic iu tr au dy thn kinh ta
bng YHCT.
I. I CNG
au dy thn kinh ta c nh ngha l mt hi chng thn kinh c
c im ch yu l au dc theo l trnh ca dy thn kinh ta v cc nhnh
ca n; nguyn nhn thng do bnh l a m phn thp ca ct sng.
au dy thn kinh ta c nhiu nguyn nhn nhng ch yu l do nhng
tn thng ct sng tht lng. Nm 1928, mt nguyn nhn mi c pht
hin lm thay i hn khi nim v nguyn nhn gy bnh, l thot v
a m vng tht lng.
Sigwald v Deroux l nhng ngi u tin m t hi chng au dy
thn kinh ta (1764).
Lasgue, C. E., Brissaud. E., Djeurine J. J. chng minh y l bnh
au r ch khng phi au dy (1914).
Wirchow m t a m, tuy cha phi r rng (1857); sau Goldnwait
J. E., Middleton v Teacher tch au dy thn kinh ta do thot v a m
thnh mt th ring (1911).
Schomorld G (1925-51) l ngi m t rt k v cu trc gii phu ca
a m (qua 10.000 ct sng).
Alajouanine, Petit Dutaillis (1928-30), Mauric (1933) v Mixter v Barr
(1934) m t k v lm sng v gii phu bnh ca thot v a m.
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II. DCH T HC
Bnh thng gp la tui 30 - 60.
Nam mc bnh nhiu hn n gp 3 ln.
au thn kinh ta c nhiu nguyn nhn nhng ph bin nht l thot
v a m (chim 60 - 90% theo nhiu tc gi, 75% theo Castaigne.P).
III. NGUYN NHN
1. Theo y hc hin i
C nhiu nguyn nhn au dy thn kinh ta. d vn dng trong thc
hnh ngi ta sp xp:
Thot v a m: y l nhm nguyn nhn thng gp nht, chim t
l cao nht trong cc loi nguyn nhn khc.
Cc bt thng ct sng tht lng cng (mc phi hoc bm sinh):
+ Mc phi: vim nhim ti ch (do b lnh, nhim khun, nhim c, tiu
ng..); thoi ha ct sng ( ngi cao tui); ung th di cn vo ct
sng (K tin lit tuyn, K v, u vng chu nh, u bung trng)
+ Bm sinh: nhiu tc gi cho rng trc khi chn on nguyn nhn
au dy thn kinh ta do cc d tt bm sinh, cn phi loi tr thot
v a m v ch xem cc d tt ch l yu t thun li.
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1
2
2. Theo y hc c truyn
Theo YHCT, hi chng au dy thn kinh ta c m t trong nhng
bnh danh ta in phong, ta ct phong. Phong trong hi chng bnh l ny
nhm m t tnh cht thay i v di chuyn ca au.
Mt cch tng qut, do triu chng quan trng nht ca bnh l au nn
hi chng au dy thn kinh ta c th c tm hiu thm trong phm tr
ca chng t hoc thng (ty theo nguyn nhn gy bnh).
Nguyn nhn gy bnh:
Ngoi nhn: thng l phong hn, phong nhit, hoc thp nhit tha lc
tu l s h xm nhp vo cc kinh bng quang v m.
Bt ni ngoi nhn: nhng chn thng (vi chn thng) ct sng (a
m) lm huyt li 2 kinh trn.
Nhng nguyn nhn ny lm cho kh huyt ca 2 kinh (bng quang v
m) b cn tr hoc b tc li, gy nn au (khng thng th au). Ty theo
bn cht ca nguyn nhn gy bnh m biu hin ca au s khc nhau.
Nu bnh ko di s nh hng n chc nng hot ng ca can v thn.
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NGOI NHN
Chnh kh suy
Huyt
Ta in phong, ta ct phong,
t chng, thng
Ko di mn tnh
Chc nng can thn suy gim
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Mt trc
Mt sau
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au:
+ au lng sau xung chn dc theo dy thn kinh to.
+ au d di, au tng khi ho, khi ht hi, khi ci gp c t ngt.
+ au tng v m, gim khi nm yn trn ging cng.
+ Gim au vi chm nng.
+ Ru li trng, mch ph (nu do phong hn).
+ Li c th c im huyt (nu do kh huyt tr).
Bnh nhn c cm gic kin b, t cng hoc nh kim chm b ngoi
bn chn cho qua mu bn chn n ngn ci (r L5) hoc gt chn
hoc ngn t (r S1).
Khm lm sng:
+ Triu chng ct sng:
Phn x gn
xng
Cm gic
Vn ng
Teo c
L5
Phn x gn
gt bnh thng
Gim hoc mt
pha ngn ci
Khng i c
bng gt chn
S1
Phn x gn gt
gim
Gim hoc mt
pha ngn t
Khng i c
bng mi bn chn
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V. IU TR
1. Th cp (giai on cp v cc t cp ca cc th mn tnh
Th phong hn phm kinh lc hoc kh huyt tr:
Nm yn trn gng cng, k mt gi nh di khoeo chn cho u gi
hi gp li, trnh hoc hn ch mi di chuyn.
Cng thc huyt v k thut chm cu:
+ Cng thc huyt: p thng im (thng l cc gip tch L4-L5, L5S1), hon khiu, y trung; kinh ct, i chung (nu au dc r S1);
khu kh, li cu (nu au dc r L5).
+ K thut: kch thch kim mnh, c th s dng in chm kt hp vi
cu nng. Thi gian lu kim cho 1 ln chm l 5 - 10 pht.
+ C th s dng nh chm (c bit quan trng trong thi gian cp tnh,
khi xoay tr ca bnh nhn tht s kh khn) vi huyt s dng gm:
ct sng tht lng (+++), dy thn kinh (++); hng, mng, hng, gi, c
chn (+).
Nhng bi tp vn ng tr liu au dy thn kinh ta. Ch bt u khi
thc gim au (xem hng dn phn tip theo).
Bi thuc s dng: Bi thuc tr thp khp (GS. Bi Ch Hiu) gm: l lt
12g, c gai leo 12g, qu chi 10g, thin nin kin 12g, c xc 10g, th
phc linh 12g, si t 12g, h th 16g, sinh a 16g.
2. Th mn (th phong hn thp)
Tuy mc au t hn, nhng thng p ng iu tr chm. Giai on
ny, cn ch trng thm xoa bp v tp luyn. Cn ch trng tp mnh
cc c vng tht lng, nhm c mng v c t u i. Tuy nhin, phi
tp t t v theo sc ca bnh nhn. giai on u, ch cho tp gng
c, dn dn tin ti vn ng ch ng, ri ch ng c khng. Ngoi
ra, ko nn v ko ct sng cng c th em li kt qu tt.
Cng thc huyt v k thut chm cu: dng cng thc huyt nh trn
gia thm: thn du, thi kh, phi dng, tam m giao.
i vi nhng huyt c gia thm: kch thch kim nh hoc va, thi
gian lu kim cho 1 ln chm l 20 - 30 pht.
Nhng bi tp vn ng tr liu au dy thn kinh hng:
+ Ngi bnh nm nga:
Gng c t u i.
Tp c chn.
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ng tc n lng.
ng tc tam gic v tam gic bin th (xem Dng sinh: bi tp
t th nm).
Gng c mng.
+ Ngi bnh ngi dui thng 2 chn, hai tay v thn mnh vn ti bn
chn, u ngn tay c chn vo u ngn chn.
Ch khi tp:
+ Bt u t ng tc d, nh (gng c) tin dn n cc ng tc nng,
kh hn.
+ Khi bt u tp mt ng tc mi, ngi thy thuc phi c mt theo
di, nh gi, tr gip cho ngi bnh, trnh tnh trng qu sc.
Bi thuc s dng:
+ Bi thuc 1: Bi thuc tr thp khp (GS. Bi Ch Hiu), gm: l lt
12g, c gai leo 12g, qu chi 10g, thin nin kin 12g, c xc 10g, th
phc linh 12g, si t 12g, h th 16g, sinh a 16g.
+ Bi thuc 2: c hot tang k sinh gia gim, gm: c hot 12g, phng
phong 8g, tang k sinh 12g, t tn 6g, qu chi 6g, ngu tt 12g,
trng 8g, ng sm 12g, phc linh 12g, cam tho 8g, bch thc 12g,
ng quy 12g, thc a 12g, i to 12g.
Bi thuc bao gm nhng dc liu c cha tinh du, c tnh nng m, c
tc dng chng vim, gim au; ng thi c nhng v thuc nng tng
trng, b dng.
3. iu tr phu thut
Phng php ny c t ra trong 4 trng hp:
Th lit v teo c: l ch nh phu thut sm, trnh tn ph cho bnh
nhn.
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T lng gi
Cu hi 5 chn 1: chn cu ng
1. T l mc bnh au dy thn kinh ta
A. 30 %
B. 40 %
C. 50 %
D. 60 %
E. 60 %
3. Triu chng lm sng quan trng dng phn bit au thn kinh ta
cp v mn (theo y hc c truyn)
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A. au mt sau chi di
B. Phn x gn gt gim hoc mt
C. Cm gic gim hoc mt pha ngn ci
D. Teo c sinh i (c bp chui)
E. Khng i c bng mi bn chn
5. au thn kinh ta theo kinh m
A. Phn x gn gt gim
B. Cm gic gim hoc mt pha ngn ci
C. Khng i c bng gt chn
D. Teo nhm c cng chn trc
E. au mt ngoi chn
7. au thn kinh ta theo kinh bng quang
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II. in vo ch trng
1. Trong cng thc huyt iu tr au thn kinh ta r L5 th cp
A. .
B. .
C. .
D. .
E. .
F. .
4. Nhng ng tc tp luyn cho bnh nhn au thn kinh ta trong t
th nm xp (xin ghi theo tun t tp luyn)
A. .
B. .
C. .
D. .
E. .
F. .
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Bi 28
MC TIU
1.
1. I CNG
1.1. nh ngha
Hi chng suy nhc mn tnh (chronic fatigue syndrome) l tn gi hin
nay ca bnh l gy suy nhc kt hp vi nhiu ri lon vt l, th cht v
tm thn kinh.
Hi chng ny trc y 30 nm c gi vi nhiu tn khc nhau nh
suy nhc thn kinh, tnh trng u ut, chronic mononucleosis, hi chng suy
nhc sau nhim virus.
1.2. Dch t hc
Bnh thng gp la tui 25 - 45, d bnh cng c th gp tr em v
tui trung nin.
N mc bnh nhiu hn nam gp 2 ln.
Bnh xut hin ri rc. T l mc bnh tht s kh xc nh v ty thuc
hon ton vo nh ngha bnh: suy nhc mn l triu chng khng c
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hiu, xut hin 20% bnh nhn n khm bnh tng qut; nhng hi
chng suy nhc mn tnh th t ph bin hn.
Theo CDC (Trung tm Kim sot v phng bnh - M) th hi chng suy
nhc mn tnh xut hin trn 2 - 7 ngi/100.000 ngi.
2. NGUYN NHN V C CH BNH SINH
2.1. Theo y hc hin i
S xut hin ca nhiu tn gi khc nhau ca hi chng bnh l ny
phn nh nhiu gi thuyt cn tranh lun v nguyn nhn gy bnh.
Thng nhng gi thuyt v nguyn nhn c cp xoay quanh:
Nhim trng: cp n nhng loi siu vi (lymphotropic herpes virus,
retrovirus v enterovirus)
Nhng ri lon min dch: ngi ta quan st thy trong nhng trng
hp ny c s gia tng trong mu nhng khng th khng nhn, suy
gim cc immunoglobulines, nhng thay i v hot ng ca lympho
bo.
Nhng ri lon ni tit: nhng cng trnh nghin cu gn y cho thy
trn nhng hi chng suy nhc mn tnh c s suy gim phng thch
cc corticotropin - releasing factors ca no thy dn n nng trung
bnh cortison trong mu ca bnh nhn thp hn ngi bnh thng.
Cng theo gi thuyt trn th s bt thng v thn kinh ni tit c th
c lin quan n tnh trng thiu sc lc v tnh kh, tm tnh ca bnh
nhn.
Tnh trng trm ut c ghi nhn 2/3 trng hp. Tnh trng trm
cm ny thng thy cc bnh mn tnh. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp
hi chng ny th tnh trng trm cm li xut hin rt nhiu, vt hn
nhiu t l thng gp trn cc bnh mn tnh khc. V th, c ngi cho
rng bnh ny c ngun gc tm l l c bn; nhng ri lon thn kinh
ni tit v min nhim l th pht.
2.2. Theo y hc c truyn
Hi chng suy nhc mn biu hin lm sng rt phong ph. Nhng triu
chng thng gp trong hi chng ny nh mt mi, kh tp trung t tng,
au u, au nhc c - khp, d cu gt, nng trong ngi, kh ng, st cn..
Nhng biu hin ni trn c thy trong tm cn suy nhc ca YHCT.
Nh vy, c th tm tt cc triu chng c nng thng gp trong hi
chng suy nhc mn gm:
Mt mi: YHCT xp vo chng h gm kh h, huyt h, m h, dng
h.
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Gin, lo s, stress
Thn dng h
BNH LU NGy
THT TNH
TH CHT YU
Thn m h
Chn dng
nhiu lon trn
Can m h
H ha bc ln
( tm)
T h
Khng dng
c tm
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T l %
Mt mi
100
Kh tp trung t tng
90
au u
90
au hng
85
au hch ngoi vi
80
au nhc c
80
au nhc khp
75
75
Kh ng
75
Vn tm l
65
D ng
55
au bng
40
St cn
20
Ni ban
10
Mch nhanh
10
Ln cn
au ngc
m hi trm
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Thng thng, cc triu chng rt bin thin. Ngi bnh thng ghi
nhn tnh trng hot ng th lc qu sc hoc stress lm trm trng thm
nhng triu chng sn c.
Do tnh phong ph ca nhng triu chng trong hi chng suy nhc
mn tnh m:
Ngi bnh thng i khm rt nhiu ni, nhiu thy thuc (tng qut
ln chuyn khoa: d ng, thp khp, tm l, chuyn khoa bnh truyn
nhim.) v kt qu thng khng c nh mong mun.
chn on hi chng mt mi mn (suy nhc mn), cn phi thc
hin vic khm lm sng v thc hin nhng th nghim cn lm sng
thng quy loi tr nhng nguyn nhn gy bnh c th ca nhng
triu chng xut hin.
Cn ch : cho n nay, khng c mt phng tin chn on no c th
chn on c bnh l ny cng nh o lng c mc trm trng
ca n. Do , khng nn thc hin nhng th nghim t tin tr
trng hp nghin cu ang c tin hnh.
3.2. Theo y hc c truyn
YHCT phn thnh 4 th lm sng khc nhau. Cc triu chng cng
gm nhc u, kh tp trung t tng, mt ng, au nhc mnh my Tuy
nhin, tnh cht ca nhng triu chng s quyt nh th lm sng YHCT
3.2.1. Th m h ha vng
th ny, cc triu chng th hin qu trnh hng phn tng, c ch
bnh thng.
au u trong th ny c tnh cht tng cn, au d di, au cng nh
mch p hoc cng, thng au nh hoc bn u.
Ngi cu gt, bt rt, nng trong ngi, mt , i tin thng to,
ru li kh; mch huyn, t, sc.
Bnh nhn kh vo gic ng, hay ln tr trn ging, kh nm yn.
Ngi bnh d vn cn lm vic c tt nhng kh nng tp trung
bt u st gim.
3.2.2. Th can thn m h (tng ng vi qu trnh hng phn bnh thng,
c ch gim)
au u thng m , kh xc nh tnh cht v v tr, thng au c
u.
Ngi mt mi, mt ng, st cn. Bnh nhn thng cm thy mt nhiu
hn v chiu, d cu gt, bt rt, hong ht.
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4.1.2. Ti khm nh k
Vic ti khm nh k rt hu ch trong vic tm ra nhng bnh tt cn
n du (cha pht hin c trong nhng ln khm trc ).
4.1.3. iu tr triu chng
Vic lm gim mt triu chng trong bnh l ny (d nh) cng to nn
mt khc bit rt ln i vi ngi bnh.
4.1.4. Hng dn ngi bnh thay i cch sng, sinh hot
Trnh nhng ba n ti nng n, trnh dng nhng cht kch thch
v m.
Khng nn ngh ngi hon ton: nn thc hin ngay nhng bi tp dng
sinh c chng minh c hiu qu i vi nhng trng hp suy nhc,
mt ng nh th gin, cc ng tc tp luyn t th nm. c nhiu
trng hp c th v vic ci thin tnh trng bnh nhn (nh tnh trng
sc kho th xc v tinh thn, nhng triu chng au nhc ton thn, tnh
tnh cu gt, mt ng, tiu m) sau nhng kha hc dng sinh (xem bi
th gin, thi tm thn trong cuc sng, dng sinh).
Nn c ch lm vic tht s c th, thc t cho tng trng hp c
th, nhng ni chung lm vic nh v tng dn cng cn c
khuyn khch.
4.1.5. Nn trnh nhng tr liu khng hiu qu
Nhng nghin cu c so snh vi l chng chng t acyclovir, tinh
cht gan tim bp, acid folic, sinh t B12 u khng c gi tr. Ngoi ra, cng
c nhng cng trnh cho thy vic iu tr bng immunoglobulin liu cao tim
tnh mch cng khng c gi tr tr liu no.
4.2. iu tr bng y hc c truyn
4.2.1. Th m h ha vng
Do tnh cht a dng ca bnh m vic iu tr cng rt phong ph.
Thng thng, trong th ny du chng dng xung (ho bc) l quan trng.
Du chng ny thng xut hin h thng can v tm.
Php tr: s can, l kh, gii ut, an thn; t m, ging ha, tim dng,
an thn.
Nhng bi thuc v cng thc huyt s dng.
+ Bi thuc n chi tiu dao gia gim (gm: si h 12g, chi t 12g, bc
h 8g, sinh khng 6g, bch thc 10g, ng quy (ra ru) 10g,
phc linh 12g, n b 12g, bch trut (sao t) 8g).
Gia gim thin ma 12g, cu ng 12g, thch quyt minh 12g, cc hoa 12g.
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V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Si h
Bnh can h st
Qun
Chi t
Thn
Bc h
Thn
Sinh khng
Thn
Bch thc
Thn
Thn
Phc linh
n b
Thin ma
Qun
Cu ng
Qun
Thn
Cc hoa
Tc dng
Vai tr
Thc a
Qun
Hoi sn
Qun
Sn th
Thn
n b
Phc linh
Trch t
K t
Cc hoa trng
Thn
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Thc a
Qun
Hoi sn
Qun
Sn th
Thn
n b
Phc linh
Trch t
ng quy
Thn
Bch thc
Thn
Tc dng
Vai tr
H th
Qun
Thc a
Qun
Hoi sn
Qun
ng quy
Thn
Trch t
Si h
Bnh can, h st
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+ Bi thuc Kim ta c tinh hon (gm: khim thc 80g, lin t 80g,
mu l 40g, lin tu 80g, long ct 40g, sa uyn tt l 80g) (xem Bnh
hc YHCT , trang 203).
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Khim thc
Qun
Sa uyn
Kinh nghim
Mu l
Thn
Lin nhc
Thn
Tt l
Long ct
Lin tu
+ Bi thuc gm thc a 20g, kim anh 12g, khim thc 12g, to nhn
(sao en) 8g, long nhn 16g, l vng 20g, mch mn 12g, ym ra (sao)
12g, mu l (nung) 8g, mai ba ba (sao gim) 12g.
Chm cu: chm b lu kim 30 pht cc huyt thi dng, bch hi, u
duy, phong tr (a th huyt), thi xung, quang minh, can du, thn du, tam m
giao, thi kh, phi dng, phc lu gia thm thn mn, ni quan, bch hi.
Cng thc 1: thn du, phc lu, tam m giao, can du, thi xung; gia
thm thn mn, bch hi, a th huyt
Tn huyt
C s l lun
Tc dng iu tr
Thn du
Phc lu
Tam m giao
T m
Can du
B can huyt
Thi xung
Thn mn
Bch hi
A th huyt
Cng thc 2: thn du, phc lu, tam m giao, can du, thi xung, ni
quan, thn mn
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Tn huyt
C s l lun
Tc dng iu tr
Thn du
Phc lu
Tam m giao
T m
Can du
B can huyt
Thi xung
Ni quan
Thn mn
Thanh tm ha
T tm nhit: cha chng tm phin
4.2.3. Th tm t h
Php tr: kin t an thn (b tm t).
Nhng bi thuc v cng thc huyt s dng:
Bi thuc Quy t thang (gm: bch phc linh 8g, hong k 10g, nhn
sm 10g, bch trut 10g, long nhn 10g, toan to nhn 4g, cam tho 2g, mc
hng 2g, vin ch 4g, ng quy 4g).
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Toan to nhn
Qun
Long nhn
B huyt, kin t
Qun
Nhn sm
Thn
Hong k
Thn
Bch trut
Thn
ng quy
Vin ch
Mc hng
Cam tho
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V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Cam tho
Qun
Nhn sm
Thn
i to
Thn
Qu chi
Sinh khng
Sinh a
A giao
T m, b huyt
Mch mn
Ma nhn
Chm cu: chm b lu kim 30 pht cc huyt a th, tm du, t du, v du,
tc tam l, cch du, tam m giao, thn mn, ni quan, thi bch, phong long.
4.2.4. Th thn dng h
Php tr: n thn dng, b thn m, an thn, c tinh.
Nhng bi thuc v cng thc huyt s dng:
Bi thuc Thn kh hon (gm: bch phc linh 120g, thc a 320g, sn
th 160g, n b 120g, qu chi 40g, trch t 120g, ph t 40g, sn dc 160g.
Tn bt, ngy ung 8-12g)
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Ph t
Qun
Qu
Qun
Thc a
Qun
Hoi sn
Qun
Sn th
Thn
n b
Phc linh
Trch t
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V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Ph t
Qun
Qu
Qun
Thc a
Qun
Hoi sn
Qun
Sn th
Thn
K t
Thn
trng
Thn
Cam tho
Nhn sm
Th du
C th s dng bi thuc gm: thc a 20g, kim anh t 12g, khim thc
12g, to nhn (sao en) 8g, long nhn 16g, l vng 20g, trng 16g, mu l
(nung) 8g, ba kch 12g.
Chm cu - cu b hoc n chm: thi dng, bch hi, u duy, phong
tr, thi xung, quang minh, can du, thn du, tam m giao, thi kh, phi dng,
mnh mn, trung cc, quan nguyn, kh hi.
4.3. Nhng phng php tp luyn dng sinh
Th gin.
Th su, th 4 thi c k mng v gi chn.
Hng dn thi tm thn trong cuc sng: cch sinh hot ny khng
nhng c gi tr trong iu tr bnh nhn m cn c ngha vi nhng ngi
khe mnh (d phng cp 0)
T lng gi
Cu hi 5 chn 1: chn cu ng
1. Hi chng suy nhc mn thng gp nht la tui
A. < 70
B. 60 - 70
C. 45 - 60
D. 25 - 45
E. 25
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Bi 29
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c nh ngha v nhng yu t dch t hc ca bnh vim
khp dng thp (VKDT).
2. Trnh by c nguyn nhn v c ch bnh sinh ca VKDT.
3. Chn on c VKDT theo YHH v cc bnh cnh lm sng YHCT.
4. Trnh by c nhng nguyn tc iu tr theo YHH &YHCT.
5. Trnh by c phng php iu tr ca tng th bnh ca VKDT
theo YHCT.
6. Gii thch c c s l lun ca vic iu tr VKDT theo YHCT.
1. I CNG
1.1. nh ngha
Vim khp dng thp l mt bnh mn tnh, c coi l mt bnh t
min quan trng th hai trong nhm cc loi bnh t min (sau bnh lupus
h thng) v l bnh quan trng nht trong nhm bnh khp do thp.
1.2. c im dch t hc
1.2.1. Tn sut mc bnh
a. T l mc bnh (prevalence)
Theo WHO (1992) t l mc bnh chung l 0,5 - 3% dn s th gii t 15
tui tr ln; t l ny c th ln n 5% ty chng tc nh:
T l bnh thp hn 0,5% ngi Nht v Trung Quc. c bit ch 0,1%
qun th ngi da en Nam Phi v 0,18% Ty Bc Hy Lp. T l mc bnh
cao hn 5% qun th ngi da trng v cc b lc da Bc M.
T l mc bnh theo tui 0,3% ngi di 35 tui v n trn 10%
ngi trn 65 tui.
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d. Fibrinogen trong mu thng cao, l biu hin gin tip ca hin tng
vim nhim.
e. in di m: globulin v 2 glubulin tng.
f. Sinh thit
Mng hot dch: trong vim khp dng thp c 5 tn thng
+ S tng sinh t bo hnh lng ca mng hot dch.
+ Tng sinh ca lp t bo ph hnh lng, t mt lp pht trin thnh
nhiu lp.
+ Xut hin nhng m hoi t ging nh t huyt.
+ Tng sinh nhiu mch mu tn to phn t chc m.
+ Thm nhp nhiu t bo vim quanh cc mch mu m ch yu l
lympho bo v plasmocyt.
Sinh thit hch di da: gia l mt m hoi t dng t huyt, xung
quanh bao bc bi rt nhiu t bo loi lympho bo v plasmocyt.
g. X quang khp
giai on u ch thy sng m mm, xng mt vi khong gn
khp. giai on sau c lot b xng, sn khp b hy, khong cch hai u
xng hp li, b xng nham nh, trc khp b lch, khe khp hp dn ri
dnh khp, khng thy tn thng khp t ngn xa.
2.4.3. D hu v tin lng
Vim khp dng thp l bnh mn tnh, tin trin ko di bng nhng
t cp tnh, khng tin lng c thi gian xy ra cc t cp tnh hoc
ngng tin trin. Cc t ngng tin trin xy ra giai on u ca bnh
nhiu hn. Phn ln bnh nhn b hn ch c ng khp nhng vn c th t
sinh hot, ch 10% trng hp l tn ph.
C nhiu yu t gip tin lng bnh, tuy nhin khng ch cn c vo
tng yu t ring l m cn kt hp nhiu yu t nh:
Tui gi
Tn thng nhiu khp
Tn thng trn X quang nng v sm.
C nt thp di da
Yu t dng thp dng tnh cao
C cc biu hin ngoi khp, c bit l vim mch mu
Yu t HLADR4 dng tnh
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Tui th trung bnh: trung bnh bnh nhn VKDT gim th t 3-7 nm,
iu ny c lin quan n:
Thi gian v mc bnh.
Tui v gii.
Phng php iu tr v liu corticosteroid s dng.
2.5. Nguyn nhn bnh sinh theo y hc c truyn
2.5.1. Nguyn nhn sinh bnh
a. Nhm ngoi cm, tc l do 3 th t kh phong, hn, thp ln ln dn
n xm nhp vo c th. Cc t kh ny gy ri lon s vn hnh kh huyt,
lm cho kh huyt b tc, lu thng khng iu ha m sinh bnh. Cc t kh
ny li b tc lu li kinh lc, c nhc, cn mch hoc tng ph gy sng,
au, nhc, t bun, nng, mi mt vng c th hay cc khp xng.
b. Nhm ngoi cm phi hp vi ni thng gy bnh
iu kin 3 kh t phong hn thp gy bnh c l c th c v kh
suy yu, hoc c sn kh huyt h, hoc tui gi c can thn h suy.
c. Nhm do ni thng
Do bnh lu ngy lm kh huyt h suy, hoc do tin thin bt tc lm
cho kh huyt bt tc, doanh v khng iu ha m sinh bnh.
Ngoi ra iu kin thun li 3 t kh xm nhp gy bnh cho c 2 th
loi trn l sng v lm vic trong mi trng m thp, ngm tm thng
xuyn di nc, n ung thiu cht dinh dng, lm vic mt nhc li b ma
rt thng xuyn.
2.5.2. D hu v tin lng theo y hc c truyn
Nguyn nhn gy ra cc chng nu trn u do ba t kh phong, hn,
thp. Tri c 6 th kh m bnh l khp xng b ba th khi lm bnh, tt
nhin l bnh nan tr (v phong th i nhanh, hn th vo su, m thp th t
m v ng).
T kh cn ngoi b phu th bnh cn nh, d pht tn thuc phn d
tr.
T kh thm nhp vo ni tng lm cho tng kh suy kit thuc phn
bt tr.
T kh vo khong gn xng, khng cn ngoi b phu cng cha vo ni
tng thuc phn kh tr.
Theo sch T vn, Ni kinh: chng t phm thng vo tng s cht, nu
lu nin gn xng th lu khi, nu ch khong b phu th chng khi.
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3. CHN ON
3.1. Chn on theo y hc hin i
3.1.1. Chn on xc nh
Da trn 7 tiu chun chn on ARA (Hi Thp khp hc M) 1987:
1. C du hiu cng khp bui sng ko di trn 1 gi.
2. Sng au ko di trn 6 tun, ti thiu 3 v tr trong s 14 khp (2
bn): khp ngn tay gn, bn ngn tay, c tay, khuu, gi, c chn,
bn ngn chn.
3. Sng au mt trong ba v tr: khp bn ngn tay gn, khp bn
ngn v khp c tay.
4. Sng khp i xng.
5. C ht di da.
6. Phn ng tm yu t thp dng tnh.
7. Hnh nh X quang in hnh.
Chn on xc nh khi c t 4 tiu chun tr ln (4/7). T tiu chun 1
n tiu chun 4 thi gian ti thiu phi ko di trn 6 tun.
Ring nc ta qua nghin cu Bnh vin Bch Mai, Qun Y vin 108
v mt tnh pha Bc, cc tc gi rt ra c im ca bnh vim khp dng
thp nc ta nh sau:
Bnh vim khp dng thp chim 20% cc bnh khp v 5% cc bnh ni
khoa ni chung trong mi trng bnh vin. Bnh gp n vi t l 80 87%. La tui thng gp l 30 - 60.
Du hiu cng khp bui sng gp 80 - 82% bnh nhn. Tnh cht i
xng rt thng gp vi t l 90 - 100%.
Cc khp b nh hng l: khp c tay 80%, khp bn ngn tay 76%,
khp c chn 63%, cc khp vai v hng thng t gp hoc nu c ch
giai on sau.
Thay i dch khp cng ging nh ti liu nc ngoi.
Nt thp ch gp trn vi bnh nhn, t l 4,6% trong khi th gii t l
ny l 20 - 25%.
Do vy, v chn on, c tiu chun Vit Nam 1984 c ph bin v s
dng cc bnh vin pha Bc trn 10 nm nay gm 6 tiu chun:
+ Sng au ko di trn 2 thng t 1 khp tr ln cho cc v tr sau: c
tay, bn ngn tay, khp lin t gn (2 im).
+ Sng au ko di trn 2 thng t mt khp tr ln cho cc v tr sau:
gi, c chn, khuu tay (1 im).
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Thng xy ra khp chu lc nhiu. Khng tin trin, khng cng khp
bui sng (nu c ch xy ra vi pht).
X quang c hin tng m c xng v mn xng.
Dch khp: t t bo, nht tng.
d. Vim ct sng dnh khp
Khong 90% gp nam di 30 tui, thng xy ra ct sng, hng, vai,
u gi, khng c nt thp di da.
e. Vim khp xy ra di dng cp tnh
Cn phn bit vi thp khp cp, vim khp ln ngoi bin, di chuyn,
khng li di chng (thong qua khp). Thng xy ra khong 7-15 tui,
him gp trn 30 tui.
Thng bin chng tim, bnh van tim.
3.1.3. D hu v tin lng
Vim khp dng thp l bnh mn tnh, tin trin ko di bng nhng
t cp tnh, khng tin lng c thi gian xy ra cc t cp tnh hoc
ngng tin trin. Cc t ngng tin trin xy ra giai on u nhiu hn.
Phn ln bnh nhn b hn ch c ng khp nhng vn c th c ng cht t
c trong sinh hot. Ch 10% trng hp l b tn ph.
Cc yu t tin lng xu, khng c yu t ring l no c th tin lng
c bnh m cn kt hp nhiu yu t nh:
Tui gi, gii n.
Tn thng nhiu khp.
Tn thng X quang nng v sm.
Nt thp.
Yu t dng thp dng tnh cao.
Yu t HLADR4 dng tnh.
Cc biu ngoi khp c bit l vim mch mu.
Tui th trung bnh: trung bnh bnh nhn vim khp dng thp gim
th t 3 n 7 nm. iu ny c lin quan n thi gian v mc bnh, tui
v gii, phng php iu tr v liu corticosteroid s dng.
4. IU TR
4.1. iu tr theo y hc hin i
Mc ch ca vic iu tr l nhm duy tr kh nng hot ng ca bnh
nhn: gim au, duy tr chc nng khp, ngn cn bin dng khp.
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+ Mui vng.
+ Thuc chng st rt.
Hai nhm thuc ny lc chn la s dng iu tr vim khp dng
thp theo quan im hon ton khc vi quan nim v nguyn nhn v c ch
sinh bnh hin nay, nhng v tnh an ton d s dng li c hiu qu cho
nhng th nh nn vn c s dng rng ri trong iu tr vim khp dng
thp giai on n nh v c bit phi hp vi cc thuc khc trong nhm.
Sulfasalazin: sn xut nm 1942, hin nay ang l loi thuc c chn
la u tin iu tr c bn bnh vim khp dng thp. Thuc rt c a
chung Anh.
D. penicillamin: c qu nhiu tc dng ph nn ch c ch nh trong
cc trng hp c tin lng nng nh c nt thp, vim ng mch, yu t
dng thp dung tnh cao.
Cc thuc iu ha min dch: c tc dng p ng c ch min dch c
th dch v trung gian t bo ca c th. T u thp nin 80, cc thuc ny
c coi l cc thuc trong nhm chng thp khp c th ci thin c bnh
(DMARDs) v chim mt vai tr quan trng trong iu tr c bn ca bnh,
c bit l nn s dng sm ngn chn tn thng hy hoi xng v sn
ca bnh vim khp dng thp nh methotrexat, azathioprin, cyclosporin A.
4.1.3. Nguyn tc chn la iu tr vim khp dng thp hin nay
S dng ngay t u nhng thuc c th ngn chn c s hy hoi
xng v sn c th thay i c din tin ca bnh: dng cc thuc chng
thp khp c th ci thin c bnh.
iu tr triu chng ng thi vi iu tr c bn v gim dn thuc iu
tr triu chng khi thuc iu tr c bn c hiu qu.
Cc thuc iu tr c bn c th s dng lu di nu khng c tc dng ph.
Ngoi ra ngay t u c th p dng cc bin php iu tr h tr song song.
4.1.4. Hng iu tr trong tng lai
Ngoi cc bin php iu tr h tr tip tc c nghin cu, cc iu tr
tng lai s tp trung vo:
Can thip trc tip vo cc lympho T bng cch dng vaccin i vi th
th ca lympho T.
Can thip vo cc khng th n dng.
Ci to mi trng sng.
Can thip vo gen (ADN) tc l ci thin c a ngi bnh v loi tr
nguyn nhn gy bnh.
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Thch cao
Qun
Qu chi
Thn
Tri mu
Thn
Hong b
Thng trut
n trung ha m
Kim ngn
Tang chi
Phng k
Ngnh m
n trung ha v
Cam tho
Gii c, iu ha cc v thuc
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Qu chi
Qun
Bch thc
Thn
Tri mu
Bch trut
Ma hong
Phng phong
Lin kiu
Cam tho
n trung, ha v
Qun
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Tc dng
Vai tr
c hot
Qun
T tn
Qun
Thc a
B huyt, b thn
Thn
ng quy
Thn
Xuyn khung
Thn
Phng phong
Tang k sinh
Ngu tt
Tn giao
Bch thc
trng
Qu chi
Ph t
Cam tho
n trung, ha v
Chm cu:
+ Ti ch, chm cc huyt quanh hoc ln cn khp sng au.
+ Ton thn: hp cc, phong mn, tc tam l, huyt hi, i chy.
Xoa bp, vn ng:
+ Ti cc khp bng cc th thut, n, day, ln, vo cc khp v c quan
khp.
+ Vn ng: va xoa bp va tp vn ng khp theo cc t th c nng,
tng bc, ng vin bnh nhn chu ng v tp vn ng tng dn.
4.2.3. Vim khp dng thp giai on sm
Cha tiu chun chn on vim khp dng thp: vim khp cha
qu 6 thng; khp c vim, c sng, c au nhc nhng khng nng .
Trn lm sng, nu triu chng bnh l khp thin v phong, hn hay
thp m c cch dng thuc khc nhau.
a. Th phong t
au nhiu khp, au di chuyn t khp ny sang khp khc, s gi, ru
li trng, mch ph
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Phng phong
Qun
ng quy
Thn
Xch linh
Qun
Hnh nhn
Tn giao
Hong cm
Ct cn
Khng hot
Qu chi
Cam tho
n trung, ha v
Qun
Tc dng
Vai tr
Khng hot
Qun
Phng phong
Qun
Hong k
B kh, c biu
ng quy
Khng hong
n trung tn hn
Chch tho
n trung, ha v
Xch thc
T
Thn
Khng hot khu phong thp trn, phng phong khu phong;
khng hong ph kh thng kinh lc phong t, au vai tay; ng quy,
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xch thc dng huyt, hot huyt, thng kinh lc; hong k c v; cam
tho iu ha cc v thuc. Hp li c tc dng ch kh ha doanh, khu
phong thng thp, thng kinh hot lc.
Chm cu:
+ Ti ch, chm cc huyt ti khp sng hoc ti huyt ln cn.
+ Ton thn: hp cc, phong mn, phong tr, huyt hi, tc tam l, cch du.
b. Th hn t
au d di mt khp c nh, khng lan, tri lnh au tng, chm nng
au, tay chn lnh, s lnh ru trng, mch huyn khn hoc nhu hon.
Php tr: tn hn l chnh, khu phong tr thp l ph, hnh kh hot
huyt.
Bi thuc gm qu chi 8g, d 12g, can khng 8g, ph t ch 8g, xuyn
khung 8g, thin nin kin 8g, ngu tt 8g, uy linh tin 8g.
Phn tch bi thuc:
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Qu chi
Qun
Can khng
n trung, tn hn
Qun
Ph t ch
Uy linh tin
Thng trut
n trung, ha m
Xuyn khung
Ngu tt
B can, ch thn
Thn, s
Thn
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Qun
dc
Qun
Thng trut
n trung, ha m
Hong k
Thn
Ma hong
Thn
Cam tho
n trung, ha v
Qu chi
Thn
ng sm
B t, kin v, ch kh
Khng hot
Xuyn khung
c hot
Phng phong
Ngu tt
Chm cu:
+ Ti ch, chm cc huyt quanh khp sng au v ln cn.
+ Ton thn: tc tam l, tam m giao, t du, thi kh, huyt hi.
d. iu tr duy tr phng vim khp dng thp ti pht
Bnh do cc yu t phong, hn thp nhn lc v kh h m xm nhp,
trong c th li c sn m h m gy bnh. Khi bnh pht ra, tnh trng
m h huyt nhit cng nhiu, can thn h, khng nui dng cn xng c
tt l iu kin phong hn thp xm nhp m gy ti pht bnh. Do vy,
khi bnh tm n, nn tip tc dng php b can thn, lng huyt, khu phong
tr thp.
Bi c hot tang k sinh thang gia ph t ch (xem vim khp dng
thp t mn)
c hot
12g
Ngu tt
12g
Phng phong
12g
trng
12g
Tang k sinh
12g
Qu chi
8g
T tn
8g
Thc a
12g
Tn giao
8g
Bch thc
12g
ng quy
8g
Cam tho
6g
ng sm
12g
Ph t ch
6g
Phc linh
12g
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T lng gi
Cu hi 5 chn 1: chn cu ng
1. La tui v gii no c t l vim khp dng thp cao nht
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A. Phong t
B. Hn t
C. Thp t
D. Nhit t
E. Phong t v thp t
11. Bi thuc Bch h qu chi thang gia v (gm: thch cao, tri mu,
thng trut, tang chi, ngnh m, qu chi, hong b, kim ngn, phng k),
dng ch nh iu tr th
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Bi 30
THOI HA KHP
MC TIU
1. Nu c nh ngha v c im dch t hc ca thoi ho khp.
2. Trnh by c nguyn nhn v c ch bnh sinh thoi ho khp theo
YHCT & YHH.
3. Trnh by c nhng nguyn tc iu tr thoi ho khp theo YHCT
& YHH.
4. Trnh by c phng php iu tr thoi ho khp theo YHCT.
5. Gii thch c c s l lun ca vic iu tr thoi ho khp xng
theo YHCT.
1. I CNG
1.1. nh ngha
Thoi ha khp (THK) l nhng bnh ca khp v ct sng mn tnh, gy
au v bin dng khp. Tn thng c bn ca bnh l tnh trng thoi ha
sn khp v a m ct sng, gn lin vi nhng thay i sinh hc - c hc
gii phu v bnh l phn khoang khp (gm xng di sn v mng hot
dch v khoang gia cc thn t sng).
Ngi ta thng coi thoi ha khp l bnh l do hu qu ca qu trnh
tch tui v s chu lc tc ng thng xuyn ln khp. Thoi ha khp gy
au v bin i cu trc khp dn n tn ph lm nh hng n cht lng
cuc sng v cn l gnh nng cho kinh t gia nh v ton b x hi. Thoi
ha khp nu c chn on sm v iu tr sm c th lm chm pht trin
ca bnh, gim triu chng au n, gip duy tr cuc sng hot ng.
1.2. c im dch t hc
Thoi ha khp (THK) l bnh mn tnh thng gp nht ngi trung
nin v ngi c tui, xy ra mi chng tc, mi thnh phn ca x hi, tt
c cc nc v ph n nhiu hn nam gii.
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31,12%
+ Ct sng c:
13,96%
+ Nhiu on ct sng:
7,07%
+ Gi:
12,57%
+ Hng:
8,23%
+ Cc ngn tay:
3,13%
2,52%
+ Cc khp khc:
1,97%
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CHT C BN
Proteoglycan
Si collagen typ II
Enzym + collagenase
+ protease
T BO SN
G khi u
THK
GIAI ON THK
CHUYN HA
RI LON CHUYN HA
Tng sinh t bo
ng ha
Collagen II
Collagen II
Proteoglycan
Proteoglycan
Cc enzym
metalloprtease
Cc enzym metalloprotease
(collagenase
stromelysin)
C GNG T Sa CHA
SC CHU NG V C HC
CA SN, HY HOI SN
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Qun
bnh
THOI
BIN
=
T Sa
CHA
Cytokin, interleukin
B TR
THOI
HA
KHP
Qun bnh b ph v
Tng hp collagen
Tng hp proteoglycan
Thoi ha
khun sn to
thnh sn phm
Dch khp
Suy yu sn khp
Thc bo
Phn ng tng sinh xng:
b tr mt sn
THAY I Cu TRC
Tn ph sn xng
Duy tr vim nhim
Vim nhim
mn tnh
Cytokin
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INTERLEUKIN I
Ph v s qun bnh:
- tng hp cht c bn
- enzym thoi ging
- Thay i phenotyp:
+ Collagen I v II
+ Proteoglycan khc
Gim ng ha:
- proteoglycan trong sn
Prostaglandin
Interleukin VI
Hot ha t bo
hy xng
Thoi ging
di sn
Sn b ph hy
S sa cha khun sn
khng thch hp
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3.1.2. Hn ch vn ng
Cc ng tc ca khp b thoi ha c hn ch, mc hn ch khng
nhiu v c th ch hn ch mt s ng tc nh hn ch ng tc ch ng
v th ng. Do hn ch vn ng nn c vng thng tn c th b teo. Mt
s bnh nhn c du hiu ph g khp vo bui sng hoc lc mi bt u
hot ng.
3.1.3. Bin dng khp
Thoi ho khp khng bin dng khp nhiu nh cc bnh khp khc
(vim khp, Goutte). Bin dng y do cc gai xng mc thm u xng;
ct sng bin dng hnh thc g, vo, cong lm.
3.1.4. Cc du hiu khc
Teo c: do t vn ng.
Ting lo xo khi vn ng: t gi tr v c th thy ngi bnh thng
hoc cc bnh khc.
Trn dch khp: i khi thy khp gi, do phn ng sung huyt v tit
dch mng hot dch.
3.2. Cn lm sng
X quang c ba du hiu c bn:
+ Hp khe khp: hp khng ng u, b khng u. ct sng biu
hin bng chiu cao a m gim, hp nhng khng dnh khp.
+ c xng di sn: phn u xng, hm khp, mm t sng c
hnh m c, c mt s hc nh sng hn.
+ Mc gai xng: gai mc phn tip gip gia xng sn v mng hot
dch, ra ngoi ca thn t sng. Gai xng c hnh th v m c.
Cc xt nghim khc:
+ Cc xt nghim ton thn khng c g thay i.
+ Dch khp: biu hin tnh cht trn dch c gii c mu vng chanh,
cc thnh phn cng tng i mc bnh thng.
+ Ni soi khp: ch mi soi c khp gi thy nhng tn thng thoi
ha ca sn khp, pht hin cc mnh vn ri trong khp.
+ Sinh thit mng hot dch: thy cc hin tng sung huyt v x ha.
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4. IU TR
4.1. iu tr v phng bnh theo y hc hin i
Khng c thuc iu tr qu trnh thoi ha, ch c th iu tr triu
chng, phc hi chc nng v phng bnh bng cch ngn nga v hn ch
cc tc ng c gii qu mc khp v ct sng.
4.1.1. iu tr ni khoa
Dng cc thuc gim au v chng vim khng steroid nh aspirin,
indomethacin, voltaren, profenid, felden, meloxicam...
4.1.2. Cc phng php vt l
Cc bi th dc cho tng v tr thoi ha.
iu tr bng tay: xoa bp, ko nn, n huyt, tp vn ng th ng.
iu tr bng nc khong.
S dng cc dng c chnh hnh.
4.1.3. iu tr ngoi khoa
Chnh li d dng cc khp bng cch c v khot xng.
iu tr thot v a m bng cch ct vng cung sau hay ly phn thot
v.
4.1.4. Phng bnh
Trong cuc sng hng ngy:
Chng cc t th xu trong lao ng v sinh hot.
Trnh cc ng tc qu mnh, t ngt v sai t th khi mang vc, y,
xch, nng
Kim tra nh k nhng ngi lm ngh lao ng nng d b thoi ha
khp pht hin v iu tr sm.
Chng bo ph bng ch dinh dng thch hp.
Khm tr em, cha sm bnh ci xng, cc tt v khp (vng king,
chn cong).
Pht hin sm cc d tt ca xng, khp v ct sng c bin php
sm, ngn nga thoi ha khp th pht.
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Tc dng
Vai tr
L lt
Qun
Cy xu h
Qun
Qu chi
Thn
Thn
C xc
Th phc linh
Si t
H th
B huyt
Sinh a
4.2.2. iu tr c th
a. Thoi ha vng eo lng xung ti chn (khp ct sng tht lng, khp
hng, khp gi, gt chn)
Bi c hot tang k sinh thang gia gim:
c hot
12g
Ngu tt
12g
Phng phong
12g
trng
12g
Qu chi
8g
Tang k sinh
12g
T tn
8g
Sinh a
12g
Tn giao
8g
Bch thc
12g
ng quy
8g
Cam tho
6g
ng sm
12g
Phc linh
12g
Chm cu: chm b cc huyt quan nguyn, kh hi, thn du, tam m
giao.
n chm cc huyt ti khp au v vng ln cn.
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Xoa bp: tp luyn xuyn cc khp, chng cng khp; xoa bp cc chi
au, gip tng tun hon v dinh dng.
b. Thoi ha cc khp chi trn, v cc t xa bn tay
Bi Quyn t thang (Bch trut tuyn phng) gm: khng hot 8g,
phng phong 8g, khng hong 12g, chch tho 6g, ng quy 8g, xch
thc 12g, gng 4g, i to 12g, hong k 12g.
Phn tch bi thuc:
V thuc
Tc dng
Khng hot
S phong, tr thp
Phng phong
S phong, tr thp
Khng hong
Chch tho
ch kh
ng quy
Xch thc
Gng
Tr hn, ch thng
i to
Hong k
ch kh
Vai tr
c. Thoi ha khp vng ct sng tht lng km biu hin thn dng h
Cc bi thuc:
+ Bi Hu quy hon gia gim (gm: ph t 4g, k t 10g, nhc qu 4g,
cam tho 8g, sn th 8g, trng 12g, hoi sn 12g, cu tch 12g, thc
a 16g, ct toi b 12g).
V thuc
Tc dng
Vai tr
Ph t
Qun
K t
Nhc qu
Cam tho
Sn th
trng
Hoi sn
Cu tch
Thc a
Ct toi b
Qun
Thn
Thn
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Khng hot
Qun
c hot
Qun
Mn kinh t
Thn
Xuyn khung
Co bn
Cam tho
n trung, ha v
Tc dng
Vai tr
Khng hot
Tang k sinh
Can khng
n trung, tn hn
Phc linh
Qu chi
Thn
Ngu tt
Thng trut
n trung, ha m
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Qun
T
Thn
T
Qun
T lng gi
Cu hi 5 chn 1: chn cu ng
1. Nguyn nhn gy nn thoi ha khp nguyn pht l
A. THK l bnh din bin hai giai on: giai on qun bnh ca sn
do c ch t sa cha ti lp cn bng v khng xut hin triu
chng, giai on: s qun bnh ca sn b ph v v xut hin cc
hin tng vim v sung huyt cc t chc khp v cn khp
gy au
B. THK l bnh ca ton b cc thnh phn cu to khp, c 2 qu
trnh song song xy ra: mt l s thoi ha ph hy dn sn khp,
ph trn b mt xng lm thay i cu trc khp; hai l hin
tng vim t chc khp v cn khp gy nn au, sung huyt v
gim hot ng khp
C. THK din bin sm nht l vim, sau x pht trin lm thay
i cu trc ng thi nhng sn phm trong qu trnh vim
vo khp tn ph sn xng v vim nhim c bao hot dch to
thnh vng lun qun bnh l lin tc
D. THK din bin tun t nh sau: t bo sn b thoi ha, cc sn
phm lin quan n s thoi ha vo dch khp gy vim dnh
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E. Cu B v D ng
3. Vai tr ca interleukin I trong THK
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A. Tch thng
B. Bi thng
C. Phong t
D. Thp t
E. Tch bi thng
7. Bi Hu quy hon gia v (gm: ph t, qu chi, sn th, sn dc, lc
gic giao, thc a, k t, cam tho, trng, cu tch) c ch nh iu tr
A. Tch thng
B. Bi thng
C. Phong t
D. Hn t
E. Tch bi thng
8. Bi thuc PT5 bao gm l lt, cy xu h, qu chi, thin nin kin, c
xc, th phc linh, si t, h th , sinh a c th ch nh iu tr thoi
ho khp
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Bi 31
MC TIU
1. Nu c nhng yu t dch t hc ca bnh Goutte.
2. Nu c nguyn nhn v c ch bnh sinh ca bnh Goutte theo
YHCT & YHH.
3. Chn on c bnh Goutte nguyn pht v th pht theo YHH
v cc th bnh theo YHCT.
4. Trnh by c nhng nguyn tc v phng php iu tr Goutte
theo YHCT & YHH.
5. Gii thch c c s l lun ca vic iu tr Goutte bng YHCT.
1. I CNG
Bnh Goutte (hay hi chng Goutte) l danh t dng ch mt nhm
tnh trng bnh l gm nhiu thi k vim khp ti i ti li, tng ng vi s
hin din ca cc tinh th acid uric hoc tinh th mui urat trong dch khp.
Trong nhiu trng hp c th c s tch t cc tinh th ny ngoi khp nh
trong thn, trong mt s m di da. C hai loi chnh:
Goutte nguyn pht: c tnh cht di truyn.
Goutte th pht: thng l hu qu tin trin ca mt bnh hay l hu
qu ca vic s dng thuc lu ngy (nh thuc li tiu, aspirin liu thp).
Tn sut xut hin: 90% trng hp Goutte nguyn pht xy ra n
ng, nu ph n ch thy xy ra tui mn kinh m thi.
Goutte th pht hay gp ph n mc bnh tim mch, c tng huyt p
hoc nhng bnh nhn c bnh c tnh v mu (bnh au ty Kahler, bnh
bch cu kinh th ty, a hng cu), b bnh thn mn hoc b ng c ch.
Theo thng k chu u: bnh Goutte chim 0,02 n 0,2% dn s, ch yu
nam gii (chim t l 95%), thng xut hin tui trung nin (30 - 40 tui).
Vit Nam theo thng k ca Bnh vin Bch Mai: bnh Goutte chim
1,5% cc bnh v xng khp.
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Ph t
Qun
Ma hong
Thn
Bch thc
Thn
Hong k
B kh, c biu
Phc linh
L sa -k
Tr m thp
Cam tho
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Tc dng
Vai tr
Can khng
Qun
Nhc qu
n l, kh hn
Qun
Ma hong
Thn
ng quy
Thn
Xuyn khung
Thn
Bch ch
Thng trut
n trung, ho m
Tn giao
Hu phc
To thp, kin t
Trn b
Kin t, l kh, ho m
Bn h
Phc linh
L kh, ho m
Bch thc
Cam tho
n trung, ho v
12g
Hoi sn
12g
Thc a
16g
Trch t
12g
Si h
12g
H th
12g
12g
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T lng gi
Cu hi 5 chn 1: chn cu ng
1. Tn sut xut hin Goutte
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B. n trung, tn hn, ho m
C. Tn hn, n thng, s phong, to thp
D. Tn hn, trn thng, l kh, ho m
E. n l, kh hn, s phong, ho m
5. V thuc ma hong trong bi Ng tch tn (gm: ma hong, bch ch,
can khng, nhc qu, thng trut, hu phc, trn b, bn h, phc linh,
ng quy, xuyn khung, bch thc, tn giao, cam tho) c vai tr v tc dng
A. Hn t
B. Thp t
C. Hn thp t
D. Hn t giai on cp
E. Thp t giai on cp
8. Bi thuc B can thn (gm: ng quy, thc a, hoi sn, si h,
trch t, h th , tho quyt minh gia thm l sa k) c ch nh iu tr
Goutte
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p n
Bi 1
Chn cu ng
1C; 2E; 3E; 4C; 5A; 6B; 7C; 8C; 9E; 10C; 11A
Cu hi nhn qu
1B; 2A; 3C; 4D; 5E; 6A; 7A; 8C; 9C; 10A; 11A; 12E
Bi 2
Chn cu ng
1B; 2E; 3A; 4A; 5E; 6C; 7B; 8E; 9C; 10B
in vo ch trng
1. A
2. A
B
3. A
Bi 3
Chn cu ng
1C; 2E; 3D; 4C; 5E
Cu hi nhn qu
1E; 2E; 3A; 4E; 5A; 6B
Bi 4
Chn cu ng
1C; 2B; 3C; 4B; 5D; 6A; 7C; 8B; 9A; 10C; 11D; 12B; 13C
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Bi 5
Chn cu ng
1D; 2C; 3B; 4C; 5E; 6D; 7A; 8E; 9A; 10A
Bi 6
1A; 2E; 3C; 4D; 5D; 6E; 7B; 8C; 9D; 10B
Bi 7
1C; 2B; 3E; 4E; 5D; 6E; 7B; 8A; 9B; 10D
Bi 8
1D; 2C; 3A; 4C; 5B; 6D; 7B; 8E; 9C; 10D; 11B;12 B; 13 B; 14 B; 15 E; 16 C
Bi 9
1D; 2A; 3C; 4B; 5A; 6B; 7C; 8E; 9C; 10A; 11B; 12D; 13E; 14B; 15A; 16C;
17C; 18A; 19D; 20D; 21E; 22E; 23A; 24B; 25D; 26D; 27A; 28B; 29B; 30A
Bi 10
1C; 2C; 3A; 4B; 5D; 6E; 7E; 8D; 9B; 10E
Bi 11
1B; 2D; 3C;4D; 5C; 6E; 7E; 8B; 9C; 10D; 11E; 12D; 13C; 14D; 15B; 16D;
17A; 18B; 19A; 20A
Bi 12
1C; 2B; 3A; 4C; 5C; 6B; 7C; 8A; 9D; 10D; 11E; 12D; 13C; 14D; 15 E; 16B;
17C; 18C
Bi 13
1C; 2E; 3D; 4E; 5A; 6C; 7D; 8C; 9A; 10B
Bi 14
1A; 2E; 3C; 4C; 5B; 6A; 7C; 8A; 9E; 10C; 11E; 12E; 13E; 14D; 15C; 16C
Bi 15
1D; 2C; 3B; 4A; 5C; 6C; 7A; 8B; 9C
Bi 16
1B; 2B; 3C; 4D; 5A; 6D; 7A; 8B; 9B; 10D; 11A; 12B; 13A; 14D; 15 B; 16 D;
17D; 18B; 19D; 20A; 21B; 23C
Bi 17
1B; 2B; 3E; 4A; 5B; 6B; 7E; 8D; 9C; 10A
Bi 18
1B; 2E; 3B; 4D; 5A; 6C; 7B; 8B; 9B
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Bi 19
1E; 2C; 3D; 4E; 5C; 6A; 7D; 8A; 9C; 10D
Bi 20
1D; 2B; 3C; 4E; 5B; 6C
Bi 21
1D; 2C; 3E; 4E; 5D; 6D; 7C; 8D; 9A; 10C
Bi 22
1D; 2D; 3E; 4E; 5A; 6B; 7E
Bi 23
Chn cu ng
1A; 2E; 3B; 4C; 5D
Cu hi nhn qu
1D; 2A; 3A; 4A; 5A; 6A; 7A; 8C; 9D; 10A
Bi 24
Chn cu ng
1D; 2D; 3A; 4C; 5A
Chn cu sai
1E; 2A; 3C; 4E; 5D
in vo ch trng
1. A. Ti ch
D. c hiu
B. Ti ch
E. c hiu
C. c hiu
2. A. Nm nga, u k gi mng
B. Thy thuc ng pha u bnh nhn
3. A. Vut t di cm ln thi dng v t trn hng xung tai
B. Xoa vi cc ngn tay khp kn, xoa thnh nhng vng nh
C. G nh nhanh vng trn v quanh mt vi cc u ngn tay
Bi 25
Chn cu ng
1B; 2A; 3D; 4D; 5A; 6B; 7E; 8D; 9C; 10D
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Bi 26
Chn cu ng
1C; 2E; 3D; 4C; 5E; 6C; 7A; 8A; 9C; 10A
Cu hi in vo ch trng
1. A. Xut hin sm phn xa ca chi, lan dn v gc chi
B. Cng v gc chi, t cng gim
C. Ri lon kiu i xng: mang gng, i tt
2. A. Gim cm gic nng
B. Gim cm gic bn th
3. A. Yu hoc lit
B. Gim hoc
C. Mt phn x
4. A. in c
B. Gii phu bnh l
5. A. Phn ly m - t bo
Bi 27
Chn cu ng
1B; 2E; 3E; 4C; 5E; 6A; 7B; 8B; 9A; 10D; 11E
in vo ch trng
1. A.
Ti ch
B.
c hiu
C.
Theo ng kinh
D.
Theo ng kinh
2. A. Ti ch v ng kinh
B.
Theo ng kinh
C.
Theo ng kinh
D. c hiu
3. A. Gng c 4 u i
B. Tp c chn
C. ng tc n lng
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D. ng tc tam gic
E. ng tc tam gic bin th
F. Gng c bng
4. A.
Gng c mng
B.
C.
D.
Bi 28
Chn cu ng
1D; 2B; 3C; 4D; 5A; 6B; 7C; 8A; 9D; 10C
Bi 29
Chn cu ng
1C; 2E; 3D; 4B; 5D; 6A; 7A; 8E; 9D; 10A; 11C
Bi 30
Chn cu ng
1A; 2B; 3B; 4E; 5B; 6B; 7A; 8A
Bi 31
Chn cu ng
1B; 2D; 3C; 4C; 5B; 6B; 7A; 8B
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3. Raj - K - Goyal. Disease of Esophagus - Motor disorder, page 1644 1645. Harrisons principle of internal medicine - Volume II 15th
edition.
4. Laurences Friedman v Walter L.Peterson - Gastritis, pp. 1610 1616. Harrisons principle of Internal medicine - Volume II 14th.
Edition.
5. Erik A.J.Raws - Peptic Ulcer Disease Page 27 Medical Progress 8/
1996, Vol 23 - N08.
6. John del valde - Peptic Ulcer Disease Page 1649 - 1658. Harrisons
Principle Internal Medicine. Vol 2, 14th Edition.
7. Disorder of Absorption page 1665 - 1679 Henry. J. Binder 15th.
8. Digestive disease and science 39, 1155 - 1163, 1994.
9. Chronic Hepatitis page 1696 - 1704 Jule L. Dienstag Harrisons
Principle Internal Medicine, Vol 2, 14th Edition.
10. Chronic Hepatitis page 1743 - 1751 Jule L. Dienstag Harrisons
Principle Internal Medicine, Vol 2, 15th Edition.
11. Recurrent UTIS in Women page 35 - 39 John. Kelly Medical
Progress December, 1996, Vol 23 No 12.
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