PROJECT REPORT

ON

SECURITY ALARM
Submitted By

VISHRAM ANANT (24), JOEL MENDONCA (33),

GLEVITA MENDONSA (34), JAESON NAZARETH (36)

Under The Guidance Of

Prof: ManaliTayade

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication

Xavier Institute Of Engineering, Mahim.

MUMBAI UNIVERSITY, MUMBAI

2012-2013

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report entitled

SECURITY ALARM
Is satisfactorily completed by

VISHRAM ANANT (24), JOEL MENDONCA (33),

GLEVITA MENDONSA (34), JAESON NAZARETH (36)

Of T.E(E.X.T.C) class as specified in syllabus.

This report represents their bonafide work in year 2012-2013.

Prof. Manali Tayade

Prof. Suprava Patnik

(Project Guide)
Department)

(H.O.D. EXTC

Prof. Y.D. Venkatesh

(External Examiner)
(Principal)

Security Alarm
Joel Mendonca, Glevita Mendonsa, Vishram Anant, Jaeson Nazareth.
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Xavier Institute of Engineering, Mahim

Abstract- This design provides an inexpensive yet effective

form of protection against intruders as well as it can be
easily used during festivals for novel applications. When a
ray of light is interrupted, the power output is switched on
for a variable duration of 5-55 seconds to operate the
relay

I. INTRODUCTION

Resistor) which serves as the primary component of the

circuit whose role will be given in detail.
1.IC 555-The operation and output of the 555
Monostable is exactly the same as that for the
transistorised one. The difference this time is that the
two transistors have been replaced by the 555 timer
device. Consider the 555 Monostable circuit below

The circuit illustrated here is used as an Burglar alarm. LDR

is kept at such a place that when thief enters our house then a
shadow will fall on the LDR. A small beam of light source is
also needed to supply continuous signal to LDR. For best
Light source we can use Laser diode which will work for few
KMs. For home use Infra Red LEDs will be good and will be
tricky to thief and works with same efficiency at night.
II CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 2. Working of monostable IC 555

Fig 1. Circuit Diagram

A. COMPONENTS USED
The components used are :
IC 555
Centre tap Xformer
230-12V
LDR
Transistor T1,T2
BJT 547
T3
BJT 557
Diode D1, D2
Zener diode
R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7
C1,C2,C3
Bulb
11 watts
Relay switch
Potentiometer

B. WORKING
The circuit consist of a transformer which is a step
down transformer. It gives 12V supply to all
components on the circuit. Besides there are
components like Relay switch, IC 555 used as a
monostablemultivibrator, LDR (Light Dependent

When a negative ( 0V ) pulse is applied to the trigger

input (pin 2) of the Monostable configured 555 Timer
oscillator, the internal comparator, (comparator No1)
detects this input and "sets" the state of the flip-flop,
changing the output from a "LOW" state to a "HIGH"
state. This action inturn turns "OFF" the discharge
transistor connected to pin 7, thereby removing the
short
circuit
across
the
external
timing
capacitor, C1.This action allows the timing capacitor to
start to harge up through resistor, R1 until the voltage
across the capacitor reaches the threshold (pin 6)
voltage of 2/3Vcc set up by the internal voltage divider
network. At this point the comparators output goes
"HIGH" and "resets" the flip-flop back to its original
state which inturn turns "ON" the transistor and
discharges the capacitor to ground through pin 7. This
causes the output to change its state back to the original
stable "LOW" value awaiting another trigger pulse to
start the timing process over again. Then as before, the
MonostableMultivibrator has only "ONE" stable
state.The Monostable 555 Timer circuit triggers on a
negative-going pulse applied to pin 2 and this trigger
pulse must be much shorter than the output pulse width
allowing time for the timing capacitor to charge and
then discharge fully. Once triggered, the 555
Monostable will remain in this "HIGH" unstable output
state until the time period set up by the R1 x C1 network
has elapsed. The amount of time that the output voltage

remains "HIGH" or at a logic "1" level, is given by the

following time constant equation.
2.Relay switch-A relay is an electrically operated
switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a
switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating
principles are also used. Relays are used where it is
necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal
(with complete electrical isolation between control and
controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in
long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal
coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to
another. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical
operations.

Fig 3. Relay Switch

A type of relay that can handle the high power required

to directly control an electric motor or other loads is
called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power
circuits with no moving parts, instead using a
semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays
with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes
multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical
circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric
power systems these functions are performed by digital
instruments
still
called
"protective
relays".
Small "cradle" relay often used in electronics. The
"cradle" term refers to the shape of the relay's armature.
A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of
wire wrapped around a soft iron core, an iron yoke
which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux,
a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of
contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The
armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked
to one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in
place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized

there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this

condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay
pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other
relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts
depending on their function. The relay in the picture
also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke.
This ensures continuity of the circuit between the
moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track
on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which
is
soldered
to
the
PCB.
When an electric current is passed through the coil it
generates a magnetic field that activates the armature,
and the consequent movement of the movable
contact(s) either makes or breaks (depending upon
construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the
set of contacts was closed when the relay was deenergized, then the movement opens the contacts and
breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts
were open. When the current to the coil is switched off,
the armature is returned by a force, approximately half
as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position.
Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is
also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most
relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a lowvoltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage
or current application it reduces arcing.
3.LDR-A photoresistor or light dependent resistor
(LDR) is a resistor whose resistance decreases with
increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it
exhibits photoconductivity.Aphotoresistor is made of a
high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the
device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed
by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough
energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting
free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity,
thereby lowering resistance.

Fig 4. LDR

A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or

extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its own
charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor,
for example, silicon. In intrinsic devices the only
available electrons are in the valence band, and hence
the photon must have enough energy to excite the
electron across the entire bandgap. Extrinsic devices
have impurities, also called dopants, added whose
ground state energy is closer to the conduction band;
since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower
energy photons (that is, longer wavelengths and lower
frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a
sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by
phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra
electrons available for conduction. This is an example
of an extrinsic semiconductor. Photo resistors are
basically photocells.
III. TECHNOLOGY USED
IC 555 is used in monostable state and triggers the
Relay circuit.
A.

SOFTWARE USED

1. Schematic Designed on Eagle

2. Board prepared on Eagle
EAGLE (Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor)
IV. PCB LAYOUT
A. SCHEMATIC
Library Creation EAGLE only knows of
components that exists in its libraries, if it isnt
contained in one of the many default libraries
you will have to create the device yourself.
For standard components and many typical
components, EAGLE already supplies the
Device Set so we dont have to spend time
recreating devices from scratch every time we
wish to use it. First things first, look through
your design and list all of the components that
you expect to use and look through the
libraries that come prepackaged with EAGLE.

FIG 5. Schematic of security Alarm

B.

BOARD

Creating the board from a schematic is one of

the
easiest
tasks
with
EAGLE.
The Board command creates a new window
with all the parts arranged next to a default
board outline. All the nets from the schematic
are shown as air wires. The Move command
allows you to pick up each part and move it to
its desired position. You can also move entire
groups of parts. The right mouse button rotates
the
current
part
or
group.
The Ratsnest command recalculates the air
wires. Manual routing is done with
the Route command. You simply pick up an
air wire, adjust the angle with the right mouse
button, and select the layer with the center
button. Via will be added automatically as
needed. You can also let the Auto router do
the routing.

C. PCB UV Exposure
The protective plastic layer is removed peeled back - from the photosensitive PCB.
The toner side of the greased layout is placed
on the copper of the PCB. Captured airbubbles are gently pressed away from
underneath the layout. The PCB with the

layout is now covered with an appropriate

sized windowpane and placed on a piece of
plain polished tile or marble. The tile or
marble absorbs the heat coming from the UV
bulb, which is significant. Three to four
minutes 300W bulb UV exposure from a
distance of 30-40 cm will do the photo
process. Take care when finished and
removing the PCB, it gets hot!

You should minimize the amount of copper to

etch by creating copper area in your PCB
layout as much as possible. When starting the
etching process and little to etch it is difficult
to keep the etching solution at 35-45 degrees
Celsius. It helps to fill for example the kitchen
sink with warm water and rock the etching
tray in the filled kitchen sink.

D. PCB Development
The PCB is developed with a 1% solution of
sodium hydroxide NaOH. You can make this
solvent by adding 10 gram of sodium
hydroxide pellets to 1 litter of water and mix it
until everything is dissolved. Use a brush to
speed up the developing and clean the PCB
during this process if the PCB is still greasy
due to the applied sunflower-seed oil. The
developing process takes about 1 minute. It is
sometimes difficult to guess when the
developing is finished. The traces should
become clear and the exposed photosensitive
layer has dissolved (during the brushing you
see darker `cloud' coming off the PCB
surface).

V. CONCLUSION
The LDR and R1 form a potential divider. With light
focused on LDR, the resistance of LDR becomes very
low of the order of 500 ohm to 1k.Hence, the voltage
across R1 is sufficient to keep T1 in conduction which
in turn keeps T2 in conduction. Under this condition IC
555 is triggered. The output of the monostable stage is
low and relay is unable to trigger. When the beam is
interrupted momentarily by the coin or by an intruder
the resistance of LDR suddenly rises to 1M. Now the
voltage across R1 is insufficient to keep T1 in
conduction and hence T1 and T2 are cut off and the
bulb glows.

E. PCB Etching
Etching at ambient temperature might take
over an hour, it is better to heat up the etching
solvent to about 35-45 degrees Celcius. The
etching solution heating up could be done in a
magnetron, this takes about 40 to 60 seconds
in a 850W magnetron depending on the initial
temperature of the etching solution (hint: first
try this with just water to determine the timer
setting of the magnetron). The etching rocking the etching tray - takes about 15-30
minutes at this temperature. If you have a
heated, air-bubble circulated etching fluid tank
available, this is probably the fastest way to
etch. At higher temperatures the etching
performance decreases. The etching process is
an exothermic reaction, it generates heat. Take
care, cool your etching tray when necessary!

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is our privilege to acknowledge with deep sense of
gratitude to our project guide, Prof. Manali Tayade for
her valuable suggestions and guidance throughout our
course of study and timely help given to us in the
completion of our project.
We are highly obliged to the entire staff of Electronics
and Telecommunication Department for their kind help
and co-operation. We also take this opportunity to
thank all my colleagues for offering all possible help.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

http://www.wikipedia.org
http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com
http://www.mp3car.com/the-faq-emporium

http://www.testechelect.com/cadsoft/

7. http://sfprime.net/pcb-etching/index.htm