! 3 !

v = " (v ! ri )! ri
i =1

!
!
dl
dl path = !du
du

!
!
! # !l !l &
dA = %
"
du dv
$ !u !v ('
!
!
!
# !l !l & !l
dV = %
"
)
du dv dw
$ !u !v (' !w

!f
!dxi
i =1 !xi
n

df (x1 ,..., xn ) = "

Taylor

"

f (x) = #
n=0

f (n) (x0 )
(x ! x0 )n
n!

sin

1st order approx for x ! 1 :

!(1 + x)n ! 1 + nx

cos

!sin x ! x

!sin !1 x " x
#
!cos !1 x " ! x
2
!1
!tan x " x

x2
!cos x ! 1 "
2
!tan x ! x

!e ! 1 + x

" !%
sin $ ' =
# 2&

1 + cos !
2

Integral Table

(x

dx
x 2 ! a2

2"

2
# sin ! d! =
0

2"

# cos

2
3

1
2

cos a!cos b =

1
2

sin a!cos b =

1
2

C omplex Numbers

90

ei! = cos! + i sin !

z! = x + iy = rei!

sin a!sin b =

60

2
1

[ cos(a ! b) ! cos(a + b)]

[ cos(a + b) + cos(a ! b)]
[sin(a + b) + sin(a ! b)]

real

z!* ! x " iy = re"i#

| z! | ! z! * z! = r

sin(a + b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b

cos(a + b) = cos a cos b ! sin a sin b

1 ( cos !
2

x a

! d! = "

" x%
= sin !1 $ '
# a&
a2 ! x 2

! d! =

1
" a%
cos !1 $ '
# x&
a

! sin(2! )
#
2
4
! sin(2! )
2
" cos ! d! = 2 + 4
cos 3 !
3
sin
!
d
!
=
# cos!
"
3
sin 3 !
3
" cos ! d! = sin! # 3
cos n +1 !
n
cos
!
!sin
!
!d
!
=
"
#
n +1

" sin

45

tan

!ln(1 + x) ! x

" !%
cos $ ' =
# 2&

30

!
!
Conceptual
dl path = dlu
version:
!
!
!
!
dA = dlu ! dlv
! "l
dlu !
du
!
!
!
"u
dV = (dlu ! dlv ) " dlw

imag

!
! !
v ! v "v

dx
2

= ln x + x 2 a 2

dx

(a

(a

! (a

!=!!

! (a x)

1
ax

!a

dx
1
" x%
= tan !1 $ '
2
# a&
+x
a

dx
1 " a + x%
=
ln $
'
2
!x
2a # a ! x &
2

"
%
x 2
a2
x
a ! x 2 + tan !1 $
2
2
# a 2 ! x 2 '&

x 2 a 2 dx =

x 2
a2
x a 2 ln x + x 2 a 2
2
2

x2
a2 ! x 2

= a2 x 2

x!dx
1
= ln a 2 x 2
2
x
2

(a

x!dx
2

2 3/2

=!

1
a x2
2

dx = !

ln(ax)
1
2
!dx = [ ln(ax)]
x
2

"
%
x 2
a2
x
a ! x 2 + tan !1 $
2
2
2
2
# a ! x '&

(x ! a cos" ) sin " !d"

1
= 2
2
2
3/2
+ a ! 2ax cos" )
x

# (x

a
1
+ ln ( a x )
ax 2

" ln(ax)!dx = x ln(ax) ! x

dx
x
=
2 3/2
x )
a2 a2 x 2

a 2 ! x 2 dx =

a x
2

x!dx

dx

! (a x)

x!dx

a ! x cos"
x + a 2 ! 2ax cos"
2