ACTIVE

&
PASSIVE
COMPONENT
 ACTIVE
&
PASSIVE
COMPONENT
 ACTIVE & PASSIVE
COMPONENT definition
In an electrical, computer or storage system,
active components are those that require
electrical power to operate.
This could include the power supply, storage
device, transistors, diodes and other
integrated circuits
but would exclude system components such as
the resistor, capacitors or inductors that do
not require electrical power to operate
(called passive components).
 COMPONENT

ACTIVE PASSIVE
 COMPONENT

ACTIVE PASSIVE
 COMPONENT

ACTIVE PASSIVE
 ACTIV
DIODE E
TRANSISTOR

IC (INTEGRATED CIRCUIT)

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 ACTIV
DIODE E
TRANSISTOR

IC (INTEGRATED CIRCUIT)

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 ACTIV
DIODE E
TRANSISTOR

IC (INTEGRATED CIRCUIT)

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 ACTIV
DIODE E
TRANSISTOR

IC (INTEGRATED CIRCUIT)

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 PASSIVE

RESISTOR

CAPASITOR

INDUCTOR

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 PASSIVE

RESISTOR

CAPASITOR

INDUCTOR

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 PASSIVE

RESISTOR

CAPASITOR

INDUCTOR

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 PASSIVE

RESISTOR

CAPASITOR

INDUCTOR

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 RESISTO
R
The job of Resistors are to limit current flow through
an electrical circuit.

Resistance is measured in Ohm's and is given the

symbol Ω.

Resistor colour codes are used to identify the resistance

and tolerance rating of small resistors.

Tolerance is the percentage measure of the accuracy of

a resistor and the E6 (20%), E12 (10%), E24 (5%) and E96
(1%) Series of tolerance values are available.

Resistor Symbol
 TYPE OF RESISTOR

FIXED VARIABL
WIREWOUND RESISTORS E
Presets

CARBON COMPOSITION Rheostat

FILM RESISTORS potentiometers
SMD (Surface mount device)

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 VARIABLE
Variable resistors consist of a
resistance track with connections at
both ends and a wiper which moves
along the track as you turn the
spindle.
 PRESETS
They are designed to be mounted directly
onto the circuit board and adjusted only
when the circuit is built.

For example to set the frequency of an

alarm tone or the sensitivity of a light-
sensitive circuit. Preset Symbol

A small screwdriver or similar tool is

required to adjust presets.

Presets are much cheaper than standard

variable resistors so they are sometimes
used in projects where a standard
variable resistor would normally be used.
 RHEOSTAT
Rheostats are often used to
vary current, for example
to control
the brightness of a
lamp or the rate at
which a capacitor
charges.

Rheostat Symbol
 POTENTIOMETERS
This arrangement is normally used to vary
voltage, for example to set the switching
point of a circuit with a sensor, or control
the volume (loudness) in an amplifier
circuit.
If the terminals at the ends of the track
are connected across the power supply
Potentiometer Symbol
then the wiper terminal will provide a
voltage which can be varied from zero up
to the maximum of the supply.
 WIREWOUND
Wirewound Resistor, is made by
winding a thin metal alloy wire
(Nichrome) or similar wire onto an
insulating ceramic former in the form
of a spiral helix
handle much higher
electrical currents
than other
resistors of the
same ohmic
value with power
ratings in
excess of
300 Watts
 CARBON

Carbon Composite Resistors are low to

medium power resistors with low
inductance which makes them ideal for
high frequency applications but they
can also suffer from noise and stability
when hot.
 FILM RESISTOR
Metal Film Resistors have much
better temperature stability than
their carbon equivalents, lower noise
and are generally better for high
frequency or radio frequency
applications.
 SMD
SMD resistors are rectangular in
shape. They have metallised areas at
either end of the body of the SMD
resistor and this enables them to
make contact with the printed circuit
board through the solder.
 CAPASITOR
The Capacitor or sometimes
referred to as a Condenser is a
passive device, and one which
stores energy in the form of an
electrostatic field which
produces a potential
(Static Voltage)
across its plates.
TYPE OF CAPASITOR
1. Dielectric

2. Film Capacitors
3. Ceramic Capacitors

4. Electrolytic Capacitors

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 DIELECTRIC
Dielectric Capacitors are usually of
the variable type such as used for
tuning transmitters, receivers and
transistor radios.

Symbol
 FILM CAPACITOR
This allows for higher capacitance
values and smaller case sizes for a
given capacitance.

Film and foil capacitors are

generally used for higher power
and more precise applications.
 CERAMIC
Ceramic Capacitors or Disc
Capacitors as they are generally
called.

Ceramic capacitors have a high

dielectric constant (High-K) and are
available so that relatively high
capacitances can be obtained in a
small physical size.
 ELECTROLYTI
C
Electrolytic Capacitors are generally
used when very large capacitance
values are required.

Electrolytic Capacitors are generally used in

DC power supply circuits to help reduce the
ripple voltage or for coupling and decoupling
applications. Electrolytic's generally come in
two basic forms; Aluminium Electrolytic and
Tantalum Electrolytic capacitors.
 ALUMINIUM ELECTROLYTIC
The thickness of the aluminiumoxide
film and high breakdown voltage give
these capacitors very high capacitance
values for their size.

Also their tolerance range is quite large

up to 20%. Etched foil electrolytic's are
best used in coupling, DC blocking
and by-pass circuits while plain foil
types are better suited as smoothing
capacitors in power supplies.
TANTALUM ELECTROLYTIC
The dielectric properties of tantalum
oxide is also much better than those
of aluminium oxide giving a lower
leakage currents and better
capacitance stability which makes
them suitable for timing applications.
Also tantalum capacitors although
polarized, can tolerate being
connected to a reverse voltage much
more easily than the Aluminium types
but are rated at much lower working
voltages.
 INDUCTO
R
Inductance is the property in an electrical circuit
where a change in the electric current through that
circuit induces an electromotive force (EMF) that
opposes the change in current
Summary
of
capacitor
types
Table of capacitor uses and applications
This magnetic flux, due to Lenz's law, tends to
act to oppose changes in the flux by generating a
voltage (a back EMF) in the circuit that counters
or tends to reduce the rate of change in the
current.

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 DIODE
In electronics, a diode is a two-
terminal electronic component
that conducts electric current
in only one direction.

Diodes were the first

semiconductor electronic
devices. The discovery of
crystals' rectifying abilities was made by
German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1897.
Although the crystal semiconductor diode was
popular before the thermionic diode, thermionic
and solid state diodes were developed in
parallel.
The principle was
independently rediscovered by
Thomas Edison on February 13,
1880.

Thermionic diodes are

thermionic-valve devices (also
known as vacuum tubes, tubes,
or valves)
 TYPE OF
DIODE
Zener diodes

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)

Photodiodes

Laser diodes

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 ZENER DIODE
Diodes that can be made to conduct
backwards.This effect, called Zener
breakdown, occurs at a precisely defined
voltage, allowing the diode to be used as a
precision voltage reference. In practical
voltage reference circuits Zener and switching
diodes are connected in series and opposite directions
to balance the temperature coefficient to near zero.
Some devices labeled as high-voltage Zener diodes are
actually avalanche diodes (see above). Two
(equivalent) Zeners in series and in reverse order, in
the same package.
 LED
Depending on the material, wavelengths (or colors) from
the infrared to the near ultraviolet may be produced.

The first LEDs were red and yellow, and

higher-frequency diodes have been
developed over time.

All LEDs produce incoherent,

narrow-spectrum light; “white” LEDs are
actually combinations of three LEDs of a
different color, or a blue LED with a
yellow scintillator coating.

LEDs can also be used

as low-efficiency
photodiodes in signal
applications.
 PHOTODIODE
Photodiodes are intended to sense
light(photodetector),
so they are packaged in materials
that allow light to pass,
and are usually PIN (the kind of diode
most sensitive to light). A photodiode
can be used in solar cells, in
photometry, or in
optical communications.
LASER DIODE
When an LED-like structure is
contained in a resonant cavity formed
by polishing the parallel end faces, a
laser can be formed. Laser diodes are
commonly used in optical storage
devices and for high speed
optical communication.
 TRANSISTO
R
A transistor is
a
semiconductor
device used to
amplify or
switch
electronic
signals.

A replica of the first working transistor.

 TYPE OF
TRANSISTOR
BJT (Bipolar junction transistor)

JFET (Field-effect transistor),MOSFET

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 BJT
"The [BJT] is useful in
amplifiers because the
currents at the emitter and
collector are controllable
by the relatively small
base current."
 JFET
The field-effect transistor (FET),
In FETs, the drain-to- sometimes called a unipolar
source current flows via a transistor
conducting channel that
connects the source region
to the drain region. The
conductivity is varied by
the electric field that is
produced when a voltage is
applied between the gate
and source terminals;
hence the current flowing
between the drain and
source is controlled by the
voltage applied between
the gate and source.
 INTEGRATED
and mixed signal CIRCUIT
Integrated circuits can be classified into analog, digital
(both analog and digital on the same
chip).
Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from
one to millions of logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers,
and other circuits in a few square millimeters. The
small size of these circuits allows high speed, low
power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost
compared with board-level integration. These digital
ICs, typically microprocessors, DSPs, and micro
controllers work using binary mathematics to process
"one" and "zero" signals.
 TYPE OF IC
MICROPROCESSORS (μP)

MICRO CONTROLLERS (PIC)

First Integrated Circuit (IC) MENU

WHAT IS MICCROPROCESSOR?
Microprocessor (μP) is a:
Multipurpose, programmable, clock-
driven,
register-based, electronic device.

Reads binary instructions from a

storage device
called memory.

Accepts binary data as input and

processes data
according to those instructions and
provides
results as output

Basic functions – Data transfer,

arithmetic and
logic, decision making
 MICROPROSSER
1971 Nov – Intel 4004
microprocessor
4-bit processor
740kHz
Addressing 4096
memory location
46 instructions
2300 transistors
16-pin DIP
 MICROPROSSER
1972 Apr – Intel 8008
microprocessor
First 8-bit processor
0.5kHz – 0.8kHz
Addressing 16kbyte
2500 transistors
18 pin DIP
 MICROPROSSER
Intel 8080
1974 Apr – Intel 8080
microprocessor
8-bit processor
2MHz
16-bit address bus-64kB
8-bit data bus
6,000 transistors
40 pin DIP
 MICROPROSSER

Zilog Z80
1976 July – Zilog Z80
8-bit processor
2MHz
16-bit address bus
8-bit data bus
40-pin DIP
 MICRO CONTROLLERS
• To fully function, microprocessor requires
additional components such as memory,
peripheral interface Adapter etc

• Microcontroller required less external

components because all necessary peripherals are
already built into it. Thus, we save the time and
space needed to construct devices.

• Microcontroller utilizes RISC (Reduced Instruction

Set Command) code. Thus less number of
instruction set.

• Microcontroller has limited memory and I/O

units.
THE END