Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Heat capacity
The heat capacity, C, of a system is the ratio of the heat
added to the system, or withdrawn from the system, to the
resultant change in the temperature:
Heat capacity
atomic vibrations, phonons
temperature dependence
contribution of electrons
Thermal expansion
connection to anharmonicity of interatomic potential
linear and volume coefficients of thermal expansion
Thermal conductivity
heat transport by phonons and electrons
Thermal stresses
q
C V = - heat capacity at constant volume
dT V
q
C P = - heat capacity at constant pressure
dT P
- Why?
Heat capacity
T/D
The constant value of the heat capacity of many simple solids is
sometimes called Dulong Petit law
In 1819 Dulong and Petit found experimentally that for many
solids at room temperature, cv 3R = 25 JK-1mol-1
This is consistent with equipartition theorem of classical
mechanics: energy added to solids takes the form of atomic
vibrations and both kinetic and potential energy is associated
with the three degrees of freedom of each atom.
MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science
cv ~ AT3 at T 0K
Energy
E = h
Pn ~ e E/kT
E kT - quantum behavior
MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science
Thermal expansion
Materials expand when heated and contract when cooled
l f l0
l0
l
= l (T f T0 ) = l T
l0
V f V0
V0
V
= V (T f T0 ) = V T
V0
V f V0 + 3V0
l
l0
V f V0
V0
V
l
3
V0
l0
l
l0
V T 3 l T
Potential Energy
typical interatomic
interaction potentials are
asymmetric (anharmonic)
Interatomic distance r
Interatomic distance r
10
11
12
Thermal conductivity
q = k
dT
dx
- Fourier's law
k = kl + ke
[W/m2],
k [W/(m K)]
J = D
dC
dx
C
2C
=D
t
x 2
L=
T
k 2T
=
t
c P x 2
k
T
Wiedemann-Franz law
14
k
L=
T
Cu-Zn alloy
15
16
An applied temperature
difference T causes charge
carriers in the material
(electrons or holes) to diffuse
from the hot side to the cold
side, resulting in current flow
through the circuit and
producing an electrostatic
potential V.
ZT = (2/k)T
where , and are the
electrical conductivity, thermal
conductivity, and Seebeck
coefficient defined as
Li et al., Nat. Asia Mater., 152, 2010
= V/T.
The high
performance of
these materials
is related to
nanostructure
engineering
17
Li et al.,
Nat. Asia Mater., 152, 2010
MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science
18
19
20
Diamond:
2310
Graphite:
along c-axis: 2000
along a-axis: 9.5
SiO2
crystalline
along c-axis: 10.4
along a-axis: 6.2
amorphous: 1.38
21
22
Thermal stresses
104 Wm-1K-1
300 times higher
than k of bulk
polyethylene!
TSR
MSE 2090: Introduction to Materials Science
23
f k
E l
24
l0
T0
l0
l
Tf
l0
Summary
l RT
= th = l (T f T0 )
compress = th =
anharmonic potential
atomic vibrations, phonons
electron heat conductivity
electronic contribution to heat capacity
heat capacity, CP vs. CV
lattice heat conductivity
linear coefficient of thermal expansion
specific heat capacity
thermal conductivity
thermal expansion
thermal stresses
thermal shock resistance
l
l RT
if expansion is constrained
= E compress = E l (T f T0 ) = E l (T0 Tf )
T f = T0
172 106 Pa
= 20
= 106 o C
E l
100 109 Pa 20 10-6 o C -1
24.9
High T, Cv 3R
25
26