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Laser Physics Exam 2012 PDF
Laser Physics Exam 2012 PDF
19 December 2012
Lecture notes, exercise sheets and notes, and calculators are authorized. A readable writing has a
positive influence on the person in charge of grading the copy. Numerical results play an important
part in the final grade. The three exercises are completely independent.
Numerical values:
E3
Spontaneous
emission, A
Laser, F
Pumping,
WP
E2
Fast decay (N2=0)
E1
Figure 1: Energy diagram of the three-level system
1.1 Show that the rate equation for laser population inversion N=N3-N2 can be written as
d
1
N N N 0 FN
dt
Nd:YAG
LA=5 mm
Output
coupler T
Extra losses
Fig. 2: Sketch of the ring laser
2.1 Write the rate equations in terms of n, the population inversion density, and I, the optical
intensity as a function of , cav, n0, nth, and Isat (notations are the same as in the lecture for all
these parameters). Give the steady-state solutions of these rate equations.
2.2 The laser is pumped ten times above threshold so that the pumping ratio r=n 0/nth=10.
What is the intracavity intensity of the laser light?
2.3 Is the output coupler optimal in terms of output intensity? Justify your answer. Calculate the
laser intensity at the output Iout. We recall that the unsaturated lineic gain 0= n0.
__________________________________
We want to generate light at twice the optical frequency of the laser light using a second-order
nonlinear medium with length =10 mm. In this medium, the intensity of the laser
(fundamental) light evolves according to the following propagation equation:
dI
I 2 ,
dz
where =1.3310-8 m.W-1 is related to the second harmonic generation arrangement (material,
phase matching, geometry). The fundamental light intensity therefore decreases, and we will
consider that the generated frequency-doubled light intensity is exactly equal to the
fundamental light decrease. We will also consider in all the following that the second-harmonic
generation is weak enough to neglect the pump (fundamental light) depletion when solving the
propagation equation.
Nd:YAG
LA=5 mm
Output
coupler T
Nonlinear medium
=10 mm
Frequency
doubled
light
Extra losses
2.4 We first consider that the medium is located at the output of the laser (fig. 3). Show that the
intensity of the fundamental light at the output of the nonlinear medium can be written as:
I out, NL I out 1 I out .
2.5 Give the expression and numerical value of the frequency-doubled intensity ISHG. Comment
the conversion efficiency ISHG/Iout. Is the undepleted pump approximation valid?
_____________________________________________
In order to increase the conversion efficiency, the same nonlinear medium is placed inside the
cavity. The output coupler is replaced by a highly reflecting mirror. The cavity mirrors are
completely transparent for the frequency-doubled light, so that there is a single frequencydoubled output from the cavity.
Frequency
doubled
light
Nd:YAG
LA=5 mm
Nonlinear
medium
=10 mm
Extra losses
2.6 Give a physical explanation as to why intracavity doubling might increase the conversion
efficiency compared to extracavity doubling. Why is the output coupler removed? What element
plays the role of the output coupler?
2.7 By considering the propagation of the laser light over a roundtrip in the cavity, show that the
rate equation for light intensity must be modified to take into account the nonlinear medium as
follows:
dI
I
n
(
1) I 2 .
dt cav nth
as a function of , , and the laser parameters.
2.8 Using the modified rate equations, derive two equations relating the optical intensity ISS and
the population inversion nSS at steady-state.
I SS
I sat
2 cav
2.10 What is the expression for the output intracavity frequency-doubled light intensity ISHG.
2.11 By differentiating the expression obtained in question 2.10, it is possible to show that the
value of
1
I sat cav
Is the nonlinear medium chosen in an optimal way in our case? We will now consider that
1
I sat cav
2.12 What is the expression of the intracavity fundamental intensity when the nonlinear
medium is optimal?
2.13 What is the expression of the frequency-doubled light output when the nonlinear medium
is optimal?
2.14 Compare the fundamental intensity at the output of the laser with optimal outcoupling
(question 2.3), with the frequency-doubled optimal intensity with optimal nonlinear medium
(2.13), at equal pumping n0. Comment.
1 iC t 2
E ( z LNL , t ) E0 exp
2t 2
2.8 What is the minimal pulsewidth after compression (Kerr medium + dispersive medium), and
what length of dispersive medium LD should we use?
2.9 Numerical example: consider E 02 = 20 m-1, LNL=1 m, t=40 fs. Calculate the minimum
compressed pulsewidth.
Chirped mirrors
(dispersion)
Figure 6: A nonlinear pulse compression setup used to generate 6 fs pulses (Apollon frontend)