Engineering Physics

(PHY1701)

Dr. B. Ajitha
Assistant Professor
Division of Physics
VIT University
Chennai, India
ajitha.b@vit.ac.in
 PHY1701
Module-1: Introduction to Modern Physics Dr. Ajitha

Contents
• Planck’s concept (hypothesis) (AB 66-67)
• Compton Effect (AB 80-86),
• Particle properties of wave: Matter Waves (AB 104-114),
• Davisson Germer Experiment (AB 115-117),
• Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (AB 119-128),
• Wave function (AB 182-184 & 190-195), &
• Schrödinger equation (time dependent & independent)
(AB 187 -190 & 195-197).

 Concepts of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser et al., Sixth Edition,

Tata McGraw Hill (2013) (AB)
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 PHY1701
Problems Dr. Ajitha

❶ Calculate the average energy of an oscillator of frequency

5.6×1012 per second at T=330 K, treating it as 1. Classical
oscillator 2. Planck's oscillator.

 Average energy 𝜀 = KT = 1.380×10-23 ×330 = 4.554×10-21 J

 Average energy = 2.94×10-21 J

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 PHY1701
Problems Dr. Ajitha

❷ X-rays with wavelength 1.0 Å are scattered from a metal

block. The scattered radiation are viewed at 900 to the
incident direction. Evaluate the Compton shift.

ℎ ℎ
𝜆′ −𝜆 = (1 − cosΦ) As, = 2.426 pm
𝑚𝑐 𝑚𝑐

∆𝜆 = 2.426 𝑝𝑚 (1 − cos900)

∆𝜆 = 2.426 pm + 0

∆𝜆 = 2.426 𝑝𝑚

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 PHY1701
Problems Dr. Ajitha

❸ A beam of X-rays is scattered by a target. At 450 from the beam

direction the scattered X-rays have a wavelength of 2.2 pm.
What is the wavelength of X-rays in the direct beam?
ℎ ℎ
𝜆′ − 𝜆 = (1 − cosΦ) As, = 2.426 pm
𝑚𝑐 𝑚𝑐
ℎ
𝜆 = 𝜆′ − (1 − cosΦ)
𝑚𝑐
𝜆 = 2.2 𝑝𝑚 + 2.426 𝑝𝑚 (1 − cos450)

𝜆 = 1.489 𝑝𝑚

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 PHY1701
Problems Dr. Ajitha

❹ Calculate the de Broglie wavelength associated with a proton

moving with a velocity of 1/20th of velocity of light. Mass of
proton = 1.67 × 10-27 kg.

𝒄
𝒗 = = 1.5 × 107 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝟐𝟎

𝒉 𝟔.𝟔𝟐×𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟒
𝝀 = = −
𝒎𝒗 𝟏.𝟔𝟕×𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟕×𝟏.𝟓×107

𝝀 = 2.64×10-14 m

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 PHY1701
Problems Dr. Ajitha

❺Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron which has

been accelerated from rest on application of potential of 400
volts.
𝟏𝟐.𝟐𝟔
λ= Å
√𝑽

𝟏𝟐.𝟐𝟔
λ= Å
√𝟒𝟎𝟎

λ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑 Å

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 PHY1701
Problems Dr. Ajitha

❻ Calculate the de Broglie wavelength associated with the

following:

 A golf ball of 50 g moving with a velocity of 20m/sec

𝒉 𝟔.𝟔𝟐×𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟒
𝝀 = =
𝒎𝒗 𝟎.𝟎𝟓 𝒌𝒈 ×𝟐𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝝀 = 6.625×10-34 m

 A proton moving with a velocity of 2200m/sec

𝒉 𝟔.𝟔𝟐×10−34
𝝀 = =
𝒎𝒗 1.67 × 10−27𝒌𝒈 ×𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝝀 = 1.91 Å

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 PHY1701
Problems Dr. Ajitha

❼ Calculate the energy in electron volt of an electron wave

𝝀 = 3×10-12 m. Given, h=6.62×10-34 J.sec

We know that,

𝒉𝟐
𝑬 =
𝟐𝒎𝝀𝟐

𝟔.𝟔𝟐×10−34 𝟐
𝑬 =
𝟐×𝟗.𝟏×10−3𝟏𝒌𝒈 × 𝟑×10−𝟏𝟐 𝟐𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄

= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔 𝒆𝑽 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟑 J

= 0.166 × 𝟏𝟎+𝟔 eV

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 PHY1701
Problems Dr. Ajitha

❽ Energy of the particle at absolute temperature T is of the

order of kT. Calculate the wavelength of thermal neutrons at
27°C. Given h=6.62×10-34 J.sec, k=8.6×10-5 eV deg-1.

We know that,

𝒉 𝒉
𝝀= =
√(𝟐𝒎𝑬) √(𝟐𝒎𝒌𝑻)

𝟔.𝟔𝟐×10−34
𝝀= ×
√(𝟐×𝟏.𝟔𝟕×10 𝒌𝒈 ×𝟏.𝟑𝟕𝟔×10
− 𝟐𝟕 − 𝟐𝟑
𝟑𝟎𝟎)

= 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕Å

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 PHY1701
Problems Dr. Ajitha

❾ A microscope using photons is employed to locate an electron

in an atom to within a distance of 0.1 Å. What is the
uncertainty in the momentum of the electron located in this
way?

𝒉 𝟔.𝟔𝟐×10−34 𝑱.𝒔𝒆𝒄
∆𝒑 = = = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟑 × 10−23 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄
∆𝒙 𝟎.𝟏 ×10−10 𝒎

∆𝒑 𝟔.𝟔𝟑×10−23𝒌𝒈−𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄
∆𝒗 = = = 7.28 × 107𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒎𝟎 𝟗.𝟏 ×10−31 𝒌𝒈

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 PHY1701
Problems Dr. Ajitha

❿ An electron is confined to a box of length 10-9 m. Calculate the

minimum uncertainty in its velocity.
We know that, ∆𝒙.∆𝒑𝒙 ≈ h
If ∆𝒙 is maximum, ∆𝒑𝒙 must be minimum.
∆𝒙 𝒎𝒂𝒙 . ∆𝒑𝒙 𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≈ h
According to problem ∆𝒙 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 10−9 𝒎

𝒉 𝟔.𝟔×10−34 𝑱.𝒔𝒆𝒄
(∆𝒑)𝒎𝒊𝒏 = = = 𝟔. 𝟔 × 10−2𝟓 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎/𝒔
(∆𝒑)𝒎𝒂𝒙 10−9 𝒎

(∆𝒑𝒙)𝒎𝒊𝒏=m(∆𝒗𝒙)min

(∆𝒑𝒙)𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟔.𝟔×10−25𝒌𝒈−𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄
(∆𝒗𝒙)min = = = 7.3 × 105 𝒎/𝒔
𝒎 𝟗.𝟏 ×10−31 𝒌𝒈

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 PHY1701
Problems Dr. Ajitha

⓫ An electron has a speed of 3.5× 107 cm/sec accurated to

0.0098%. With what fundamental accuracy can we locate the
position of electron. Mass of electron =9.11× 10-31 kg.
The momentum mv of the electron is given by,
mv= 𝟗. 𝟏 × 10−31 × 3.5× 105 = 3.192× 10-25 kg. m/sec

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟖
∆𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗 = (𝟗𝟖 × 10−𝟔) × (𝟑. 𝟏𝟗𝟐 × 10−2𝟓)
𝟏𝟎𝟎
ℎ
(∆𝒑∆𝒙) =
2𝜋
𝒉 𝟔.𝟔×10−34
(∆𝒙)min = =
𝟐𝝅 ∆𝒑𝒙 𝒎𝒂𝒙 2×3.14× 𝟗𝟖×10−𝟔 (𝟑.𝟏𝟗𝟐×10−2𝟓 )

= 3.378 × 10−𝟔 𝒎

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 PHY1701
Problems Dr. Ajitha

⓬ Calculate the de=Broglie wavelength of a neutron whose

energy is 12.MeV.

Energy of the = 12.8 MeV=12.8 ×106 ×1.6×10-19= 2.047×10-12 J

1
𝑚𝑣2 = 2.047×10−12 J
2
𝟐×2.047×10−12 J
𝑣= = 4. 𝟗𝟓𝟐 ×107 m/s
𝟏.𝟔𝟕×10−12

𝒉 𝟔.𝟔𝟐×10−34
𝝀 = = = 0.00008017Å
𝒎𝒗 1.67 × 10−27𝒌𝒈 ×𝟒.𝟗𝟓𝟐× 107

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 PHY1701
Problems Dr. Ajitha

⓭ Compare the uncertainties in the velocities of an electron and

a proton confined to 1nm box. Their masses are 9.10×10-31 kg
and 1.67×10-27 kg respectively

∆𝒑 ∆𝒑
(∆𝒗)e = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (∆𝒗)p =
𝒎𝒆 𝒎𝒑

(∆𝒗)e 𝒎𝒑 𝟏.𝟔𝟕×10−𝟐𝟕𝒌𝒈
= =
(∆𝒗)p 𝒎𝒆 𝟗.𝟏 ×10−3𝟏 𝒌𝒈

= 1835

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