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LI NI U
Li cm n
Mc ch :
i tng :
- Ti liu tham kho cho sinh vin, cc k s bit s dng phn mm Sap2000.
Gii hn
- Ti liu gii hn trong vic gii cc bi ton trong gii hn n hi tuyn tnh
(Linear). (L thuyt n hi tuyn tnh c xy dng trn c s gi thit bin
dng nh, l thuyt n hi phi tuyn da trn gi thuyt bin dng ln).
- Cc v d v l thuyt tnh ton cung cp cho phin bn Etabs 8.54.
Lin H
- K s Ging vin Trn Anh Bnh, B mn Tin hc Xy dng Khoa Cng ngh
Thng tin trng i Hc Xy Dng. Mail anhbinh0310@yahoo.com, in thoi
0983039940.
LI NI U ............................................................................................................. 1
PHN I : CC KHI NIM C BN ......................................................................... 6
CHNG 1 : TNG QUAN ...................................................................................... 6
I.
II.
H ta .................................................................................................................... 6
1.
2.
H ta a phng............................................................................................................7
3.
Bc t do ti nt ......................................................................................................................7
4.
Cc ti trng ti nt ................................................................................................................8
5.
III.
1.
2.
Springs.....................................................................................................................................10
3.
IV.
1.
V.
Nt ............................................................................................................................... 6
Vt liu................................................................................................................... 13
Tng quan v vt liu............................................................................................................13
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
VI.
1.
2.
VII.
T hp ti trng ......................................................................................................................16
Modal Analysis.......................................................................................................................17
CHNG 2 : KT CU H THANH......................................................................... 21
I.
II.
1.
2.
3.
Bc t do (Degree of Freedom).........................................................................................22
4.
Mass ........................................................................................................................................22
1.
2.
3.
4.
III.
1.
2.
3.
IV.
V.
VI.
CHNG 3 : KT CU TM V............................................................................. 34
I.
II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bc t do (Degree of Freedom).........................................................................................37
5.
Mass ........................................................................................................................................38
6.
Ni lc v ng sut ...............................................................................................................38
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
III.
IV.
CHNG 4 : PH LC ........................................................................................... 51
I.
II.
1.
Section Designer...................................................................................................... 51
Tng quan ..............................................................................................................................51
2.
3.
4.
5.
V d ........................................................................................................................................59
1.
Li (Grid) ................................................................................................................ 62
Hp thoi Building Plan Grid System and Story Data Definition.....................................63
2.
3.
4.
III.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Gn iu kin bin................................................................................................................71
8.
9.
Gn ti trng ..........................................................................................................................71
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
H ta
H trc ta Decard X,Y,Z
II.
Nt
1. Tng quan v nt (Joint)
C th hiu nt nh sau :
- L im lin kt cc phn t.
6
Cc loi lin kt
1. Retraints
Phng php gn
- Nhp cc bc t do b khng ch vo
o Translation : chuyn v thng
o Rotation : chuyn v xoay
2. Springs
Nhp cc bc t do b khng ch vo
o Translation X, Y, Z : cng ca lin kt n hi theo phng X, Y, Z
o Rotation about XX, YY, ZZ : cng ca lin kt n hi xoay quanh trc
XX, YY, ZZ
3. Lin kt Constraints
Cc khai bo
ng dng
12
IV.
Vt liu
1. Tng quan v vt liu
13
Stress
Strain
14
Cc thng s :
- Material Name - tn loi vt liu. Do ngi dng t, nn t tn theo loi vt liu
s dng, v d: b tng mc 200 ta k hiu BT200.
- Type of Material - loi vt liu, chng ta c cc loi vt liu sau :
o Isotropic - ng hng (mc nh).
o Ortho - trc hng.
o Anisotropic - d hng.
- Mass Volume: khi lng ring dng tnh khi lng ring ca phn t trong
bi ton ng.
- Weight Volume: trng lng ring tnh trng lng ring ca phn t trong cc
trng hp ti trng, hay cn gi l ti trng bn thn.
- Modulus of Elastic E - M un n hi, dng xc nh cng ko nn v un.
E thay i theo mc BT. Tham s E cng vi tit din quyt nh bin dng ca kt
cu.
- Poisson Ratio factor - h s Pot Xng (): 0.1-0.3. Dng xc nh G =
E/2/(1+) quyt nh bin dng trt v xon.
o B tng=0.18-0.2;
o Thp=0.3
V.
Ti trng v t hp ti trng
1. Ti trng
Khi phn t bin b bin dng di tc ng ca ngoi lc, cc phn t vt cht trong
phn t chuyn ng, pht sinh ra gia tc chuyn ng v km theo l lc qun tnh.
Nu gia tc l nh, lc qun tnh b th c th b qua lc qun tnh so vi cc ti trng
khc. Khi bi ton c gi l bi ton tnh (Static)
Ngc li khi gia tc ln, lc qun tnh ln th ta khng th b qua lc qun tnh. Lc
, ta gi l bi ton ng (Dynamic)
Ngoi ti trng tnh v ng ta cn c ti trng thay i theo thi gian (Time history)
i vi bi ton tnh, ta c cc trng hp ti trng sau
- Dead Load : tnh ti
15
Cu hi
Cc cch t hp ti trng
Cc loi t hp ti trng
ADD : t hp theo phng php cng tng thnh phn ca t hp .
ENVE : t hp bao ni lc.
SRSS : cn ca tng bnh phng cc trng hp ti trng.
ABS : tr tuyt i ca cc trng hp ti.
Cu hi
VI.
Trong
- K l ma trn cng.
- M l ma trn khi lng.
- l ma trn Eigenvalue (gi tr ring).
- l ma trn eigenvertors (Vector ring) tng ng gi tr ring, n biu thi cho
dng dao ng.
Eigenvalue l bnh phng ca tn s gc . Cc gi tr tn s v chu k c tnh nh
sau :
Number of modes
17
Number of modes l s dng dao ng cn tnh ton do ngi dng t khai bo cho
phn mm bit.
Frequency Range
Convergence Tolerance
Participation Factors
18
xem kt qu phn tch, vo Display menu Set Output Table Mode, sao tch
vo Building Output trong hp thoi Display Output Tables. Sau xem bng The Centroids
of Cumulative Mass and Centers of Rigidity (Bng tm khi lng tch ly v tm cng)
Cu hi
19
20
CHNG 2 : KT CU H THANH
I.
Khi nim
ng dng
Mc nh
Hiu chnh
Ging nh Sap, Etabs cho php ta nh ngha li hng trc 2 v trc 3 ca on thng
bng cch xoay quanh trc 1 mt gc no . Cch lm nh sau :
- Chn i tng frame.
- Vo Assign menu Frame/Line Local Axes Hp thoi Axis Orientation hin
ln nh sau :
Etabs ch quy i khi lng cho ba bc t do UX, UY v UZ. Khng tnh ton khi
lng moment qun tnh co ba bc t do xoay.
II.
Cng nh Sap, Etabs cho php ta nh ngha thanh c tit din thay i. Chc nng ny
c cung cp trong menu Assign Frame SectionAdd Nonprimastic. khai bo thanh
c tit din thay i, u tin bn phi c t nht hai loi tit din khai bo.
Tit din thay i c th bin i u hoc git bc
V d mt thanh c tit din thay i trong 3 on thng.
Thng s cho tit din S1, S2
Cc la chn cho EI :
- Linear: gi tr EI thay i tuyn tnh theo chiu di ca on.
- Parabolic: gi tr 2 EI thay i tuyn tnh theo chiu di ca on.
- Cubic: gi tr 3 EI thay i tuyn tnh theo chiu di ca on.
Khi bn v phn t Frame c tit din va khai bo nh trn. Mt cch trc quan bn c
th thy n ging nh ct gia ca nh cng nghip b tng ct thp. Nu bn mun to ra
tit din ct bin. Bn c th xem thm Bi Tp 1.
3. Tit din khng c hnh dng xc nh (General)
Khi chng ta gp mt tit din phc tp, khng th v bng Section Builder hoc
Section Designer. Bn c th khai bo n l tit din General. Tit din General l tit din
khng c hnh dng xc nh, bn s phi khai cc c trng hnh hc nh mmen qun tnh,
mmen xon cho chng.
Tit din General thng dng trong bi tp c hc kt cu, kt cu m tit din l t
hp ca nhiu tit din c bn.
Khai bo tit din General nh sau :
23
Vo Menu Define Frame Section chn Add General. Hp thoi hin ln nh trn
hnh. Cc thng s nh sau
- Corss Section (Axial) Area : din tch tit din ct ngang ca frame (A)
- Tosional Constant : m men qun tnh chng xon. (J)
- Momen of Inertial About: m men qun tnh quay quanh(3 =trc3) (I33, I22)
- Shear Area: din tch chu ct (As). Do s phn b khng u ca ng sut tip nn
As khc vi A.
- Section Modulus About 3(2) Axis: m men chng un (W=I/ymax; Ch nht
W=bh2/6)
- Plastic Modulus About 3(2) Axis: m men do (Wp=W/1.3)
- Radius of Gyration About3(2) : bn knh qun tnh (r2=I/A)
(Xem thm quyn Sap2000 ca bi c vinh)
4. Thay i thng s tit din
25
Mc nh, trc 1 ca phn t chy dc theo trc trung ha ca tit din (hay trng tm
ca tit din i vi tit din di xng). Do vy, ti giao im ca dm mi v ct, dm mi
s b nh ln trn. Etabs cho php ta chnh li giao im ny bng chc nng Intersection
Point. Chc nng ny s gip ngi dng thit lp m hnh mt cch chnh xc.
Cardinal Point c th l mt trong 11 im di y.
27
Phng php
28
Nu bn khng tch vo nt Do not transform frame stiffness for offsets from centriod
th s dch chuyn s khng nh hng g n kt qu ni lc. Nu tch vo th
- cng ca thanh s thay i.
- Tng ti trng tc ng vung gc vi thanh thay i (do chiu di ca thanh thay
i)
Chi tit xem thm trong phn bi tp, bi tp m hnh nh cng nghip
2. im giao (End offsets)
29
End Offsets
Nhn trn hnh v, thanh xin (diagonal element) lin cng ti im I v lin kt khp
ti im J. Hay ni cch khc ta gii phng lin kt xoay (R2, R3) ti im J. Khi moment
ti im J s bng khng.
Etabs chia vic gii phng lin kt lm 2 loi
- Unstable End Releases : Gii phng lin kt khng n nhgy ra h bin hnh
(thanh c tch ra khi h hoc mt s chuyn v no )
- Stable End Releases : Gii phng lin kt vn m bo h bt bin hnh.
31
Trong qu trnh phn tch, Etabs t ng chia nh phn t Frame nu cn thit. Trong
mt s trng hp, bn c th khng mun t Etabs t ng chia nh phn t. Chc nng
Line Object Auto Mesh Options cho php bn kim sot ch t ng chia nh ny.
Lu rng, chc nng ny hon ton khc vi chc nng Edit menu Divide Line
Chn phn t Line cn kim sot chn Assign menu Frame/Line Automatic
Frame Subdivide, hp thoi hin ln nh sau Line Object Auto Mesh Options :
nh, Etabs p dng ch chia nh ny trong qu trnh phn tch tnh ton ni
lc.
- No Auto Meshing : Etabs khng chia nh phn t c chn trong qu trnh
thc hin bi ton phn tch.
V.
VI.
33
CHNG 3 : KT CU TM V
I.
Phn t Area
1. Phn t Area (Area Element)
Sap cung cp hai dng thickness formulations cho php ta k n hoc khng k n
hiu ng bin dng ct trong phn t plate hoc shell element:
- Dng thick-plate (Mindlin/Reissner), bao gm hiu ng bin dng ct ngang
- Dng thin-plate (Kirch hoff), b qua hiu ng bin dng ct ngang
Bin dng ct s tr ln quan trng khi b dy ca shell ln hn 1/10 1/5 nhp. Chng
cn c th c k n ti nhng v tr c moment un tp trung nh gn nhng v tr c s
thay i t ngt v b dy hoc ti v tr gn gi hoc nhng v tr gn l thng,
Vic phn bit r rng 2 trng hp tm dy v mng rt nhy cm. v n cn ph thuc
vo hnh dng tm, t s b dy/cnh v ph thuc vo vic chia li (mesh shell). Do vy,
ngi ta khuyn co rng bn nn s dng thick-plate formulation tr phi bn khng nh
rng bin dng ct l nh (shearing de formations will be small), hoc bn mun th nghim
l thuyt tnh ton tm mng hoc bn ang s dng li chia mo m (v s chnh xc ca l
thuyt tnh ton Thick-Plate b nh hng bi s chia li mo m (mesh distortion) hn l
Thin-Plate.
Ch : Thickness formulation khng c tc dng i vi phn t mng (membrane),
ch xy ra i vi tm chu un (plate or shell)
Thickness
- Th tch phn t cho trng lng bn thn ca phn t v khi lng phn t cho
bi ton tnh ton dao ng (Dynamic analyse)
Hng s b dy un thb dng tnh ton :
- cng chng un ca tm chu un (plate- bending stiffness) cho phn t shell
(full-shell) v phn t tm (pure plate)
Thng thng th hai b dy trn l bng nhau. Tuy nhin, i vi mt s ng dng nh
m hnh ha b mt nhn, hoc n c nh vic thin v an ton, ta ly thb=h0=h-a (h l b
dy sn, a l lp bo v) trong bi ton tnh ton b tng ct thp.
Ch : chiu dy Membrane (mng) v Bending (un) ni chung l ging nhau, tuy
nhin trong
Material Angle
Mc nh
35
Bin i
37
5. Mass
Trong tnh ton bi ton ng, khi lng ca kt cu c s dng tnh ton lc
qun tnh. Khi lng phn b ca phn t Area c quy cc nt ca n. Khi lng ca
phn t Area c tnh da trn din tch b mt, b dy th v khi lng ring m ca vt
liu.
Etabs ch quy i khi lng cho ba bc t do UX, UY v UZ. Khng tnh ton khi
lng moment qun tnh co ba bc t do xoay.
6. Ni lc v ng sut
Ni lc
Ni lc c tnh bng cch tch phn ng sut theo chiu dy ca phn t. Phn t
Shell c nhng thnh phn ni lc nh sau :
- Lc ko nn theo phng 1 v 2 (Membrane direct forces)
+ th / 2
F11 =
11
dx3
th / 2
+ th / 2
F22 =
22
dx3
th / 2
F11 =
12
d3
th / 2
M 11 =
11
dx3
thb / 2
+ thb / 2
M 22 =
22
dx3
thb / 2
+ thb / 2
M 12 =
12
dx3
thb / 2
- Moment
38
ng sut
F11 12M 11
x3
th
thb 3
F
12M 22
x3
22 = 11
th
thb 3
F
12M 12
x3
12 = 12
th
thb 3
V
13 = 13
thb
V
23 = 23
thb
33 = 0
11 =
39
II.
Khi nim
40
Mt phn t Pier v Spandrel c th bao gm nhiu tit din Wall v cc tit din Frame
kt hp li vi nhau.
t tn phn t
Vic t tn phn t vch s gip ta nh ngha tit din vch trong bi ton thit k mt
cch nhanh chng hn v xem kt qu ni lc ca vch mt cch d dng.
Cc t tn vch nh sau :
- i vi Pier
o Chn area v frame cn gn tn.
o gn tn pier cho phn t frame, chn Assign Frame/Line Pier Labels.
o gn tn pier cho phn t area, chn Assign Shell/Area Pier Labels.
- i vi Spandrel
o Chn area v frame cn gn tn.
o gn tn spandrel cho phn t frame, chn Assign Frame/Line
Spandrel Labels.
o gn tn pier cho phn t area, chn Assign Shell/Area Spandrel
Labels.
41
- gn tn cho Spandrel v Pier c cha c Frame v Wall, chng ta nht thit phi
gn hai ln theo hai phng php trn. Tuy nhin, thay i hoc xa tn, chng
ta khng nht thit phi lm c hai ng tc trn.
2. H trc ta a phng
Phn t Pier
Phn t Spandrel
Hin th h ta a phng
42
3. Tit din
Pier Labeling
43
Spandrel Labeling
44
Chn Design menu Shear Wall Design Define General Pier Sections For Cheking,
hp thoi Pier Sections hin ln. to mi mt tit din, nhn Add Pier Section.
Sau khi nh ngha xong tit din vch, ta gn tit din cho vch. Phng php thc
hin nh sau :
- Chn Pier cn gn tit din.
- Chn Design menu Shear Wall Design Assign Sections for Checking. Chn
mt trong cc chc nng sau :
o General Reinforcing Pier Section, hp thoi Assign General Reinforcing Pier
Section hin ln.
46
- Flexural Design
- Shear Design
Bn c th OverWrites, ti hp thoi ny, ta c th khai bo li tt c cc thng s tnh
ton (chiu dy, chiu su, tiu chun, lp bo v,)
III.
Trong qu trnh phn tch, Etabs t ng chia nh i tng Area (Deck v Slab). Vic
chia nh phn t Area gip phn b ti trng ln cc kt cu mt cch chnh xc hn. V
d :
48
Chn i tng Area cn tc ng, chn Assign menu Shell/Area Area Object
Mesh Options, hp thoi Area Object Auto Mesh Options hin ln nh sau :
49
50
CHNG 4 : PH LC
I.
Section Designer
1. Tng quan
Section Designer l chng trnh chy tch hp vo trong Etabs. Chc nng c bn ca
Section Designer :
- nh ngha cc tit din b tng ct thp phc tp (khng i xng) cho Etabs.
- nh ngha cc tit din vch chu lc (pier wall) b tng ct cho Etabs.
2. Cn bn v Section Designer
2.1. Khi ng Section Designer
Mc ny trnh by chi tit cc thng tin trong hp thoi Pier Section Data.
Mc ny trnh by chi tit cc thng tin trong hp thoi Pier Section Data.
52
53
3.2. H trc ta
Chng ta cn phn bit hai khi nim section v shape trong Section
Designer. Mt Section khng ch c th cha mt shape m n cn c th
cha nhiu shape.
55
- Grip :
3.4. Ct thp gia cng
Etabs cung cp cc loi ng knh ct thp theo tiu chun nc ngoi, do vy s thiu
mt s ng knh nu ta dng tiu chun Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, ta c th thm loi thp vo
bng cch vo Etabs, chn Options menu Preferences Reinforcement Bar Sizes.
56
Phn loi
- Loi bm dnh cng vi Shape (hnh a). Loi ny c t ng to ra khi tai khai
bo reinforcement trong thuc tnh ca shape.
- Thp gia cng thm ti mt v tr bt k.
- Thp di u trn mt ng thng (Line Pattern) dc theo cc ng bin ca
shape (Edges) (hnh b).
- Thp ti cc gc (coner bar) (hnh c)
- Thp gia cng trn Line Pattern dc theo cc ng bin ca shape (hnh d).
Chng ta c hai loi Line Pattern nh sau
:
- Thp gia cng ti gc v thp gia dc theo ng bin
ca shape. Clear Cover l lp bo v thc ca thp.
3.5. Phng php v
4. Section Properties
Mc ch ca Section Properties
Cc thng s tit din chng ta c th tm thy trong Display menu Show Section
Properties. Chc nng ca lnh ny :
- Hin th cc c trng tit din.
- Cho php ta xem (khng sa c) vt liu c s ca tit din (Base Material)
- i vi Frame, n cho php ta thay i c h trc ta a phng ca tit
din.
Cng
thc
tnh
quy
tit
din
Trong
- ASection din tch quy i (n v di bnh
phng).
- AShape din tch thc ca cc shape trong section
(khng bao gm ct thp gia cng), n v chiu
di bnh phng).
- EBase modul n hi ca vt liu c s (lc/chiu
di bnh phng).
- EShape modul n hi ca vt liu to nn shape
(lc/chiu di bnh phng).
- n s lng shape trong mt section.
Ch : din tch thp gia cng (reinforcing) khng
c k n trong qu trnh tnh ton Secion Properties.
Section Properties ch c tnh ton da trn thng s hnh
hc ca tt c cc shape c mt trong section v vt liu lm
ln chng.
58
- S33(+face): Section modulus about the 3-axis at extreme fiber of the section in the
positive 2-axis direction, length3.
- S22(+face): Section modulus about the 2-axis at extreme fiber of the section in the
positive 3-axis direction, length3.
- S33(-face): Section modulus about the 3-axis at extreme fiber of the section in the
negative 2-axis direction, length3.
- S22(-face): Section modulus about the 2-axis at extreme fiber of the section in the
negative 3-axis direction, length3.
- r33 : Bn knh qun tnh quanh trc 3 (n v chiu di).
- R22 : Bn knh qun tnh quanh trc 2 (n v chiu di).
- Xcg, Ycg : ta ca trong tm tit din (Center Gravity) trong h ta XOY.
5. V d
To mt tit din ct C100x100 bng b tng mc 300. Ct cng hnh ch I kch thc
l 0.8 x 0.6 x 0.05, ct mm l thp AII.
bt chng trnh Section Designer. Ta vo menu Define Define Frame Section
SD Section Data. in cc thng s cho ct nh di y :
59
60
Bm phi chut vo bt k thanh thp trn cnh ca hnh vung (khng bm vo thp
gc), hp thoi Edge Reinforcing hin ln, chnh cc thng s nh hnh di.
Bm phi chut vo bt k thanh thp gc, hp thoi Cornet Point Reinforcing hin
ln, chnh cc thng s nh hnh di.
Vo Menu Display Show Section Properties. Chng ta c bng thng s tit din nh
hnh di. ng Section Designer v nhn nt OK kt thc vic nh ngha khai bo tit
din.
61
Li (Grid)
62
63
Label : tn ca tng
Height : chiu cao tng
Elevation : cao ca tng
Master Story : tng chnh
Similar To : khai bo tng s tng t nh
65
III.
Ti trng (Load)
1. Wind Load
Mc ny xin gii thiu mt s tnh nng nhp ti thng qua kiu ti trng l ti gi
(Wind Load).
Vo Define menu Static Load Cases. Khai bo cc thng s nh trong bng Define
Static Load Case Names nh di y (Type wind, Auto Lateral Load User Defined).
66
Phng php ny s dng cch nhp ti vo Diaphram nn nht thit bn phi khai bo
diaphragm cho cc tng.
2. Quake Lad
Mc ny xin gii thiu mt s tnh nng nhp ti thng qua kiu ti trng l ti gi
(Wind Load).
Vo Define menu Static Load Cases. Khai bo cc thng s nh trong bng Define
Static Load Case Names nh di y (Type Quake, Auto Lateral Load User Loads).
68
Ch
Khi bn khai bo ti trng, bn c khai bo loi ti trng (Type) l Dead, Live, Wind,
vic khai bo ny ch c ngha khi bn s dng chc nng t hp ti trng t ng (Define
Add Defaut Design Combo). Khi s dng chc nng Add Defaut Design Combo, Etabs s
da vo tiu chun thit k (Options PreferencesConcrete Frame Design) v cc loi ti
trng (Dead, Live,) m bn khai bo t sinh ra cc t hp ti trng.
Cn nu bn t khai bo cc t hp ti trng (khng s dng chc nng Add Defaut
Design Combo) th vic khai bo loi ti trng khng c ngha g. Do vy bn c th tn
dng cc chc nng nhp ti trng vo Diaphram ni trn nhp cc loi ti trong khc theo
mong mun ca bn.
69
70
Cc phng php
- T th vin mu
- Nhp t catalog ly t file *.Pro
Tun th cc quy tc v t tn tit din.
5. Xy dng m hnh hnh hc
Lin kt Restrain
Lin kt Constrain
Cc chuyn v cng bc
Cc lin kt ti giao im ca cc phn tc (insertion, Release ,)
- Nhp ti trng ng t
- Nhp tri trng gi ng
13. Thc hin li qu trnh phn tch kt cu v ly cc thng tin cn
thit
- Chy li bi ton c c ni lc v chuyn v ca cng trnh
- Xut ni lc ra file Excel tnh ton theo tiu chun Vit Nam nu cn.
- Thc hin qu trnh ly phn lc quy i tnh ton i di thang my.
14. Thc hin bi ton thit k
Etabs ch cung cp li gii cho bi ton thit k theo tiu chun nc ngoi (BS,
ACI,.). Khng c tiu chun Vit Nam
- Thc hin bi ton thit k thp cho phn t frame.
- Thc hin bi ton thit k hoc kim tra vch.
15. Kim tra li kt qu tnh ton thit k
72