L

CL 203

T P C

(2-1-0-6)

Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics - I
Instructors:

Dr. Lalit Pandey

Dr. Amit Kumar
Dr. S. Gumma
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Thermodynamics
What is thermodynamics?
Thermo + Dynamics
(Heat)
(Motion)
Flow of heat
the science of energy and its transformations
Born in 19th Century to increase the efficiency of
steam engine, which concerts heat to work.
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Newcomen (1663-1729) invented the first successful

reciprocating steam engine in 1712

Used to pump water out of mines and driving water wheels.

Mine depth increased allowing to new coal reserves.
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Importance of thermodynamics
enables one to derive relationships that
quantitatively describe the nature of the
conversion of energy from one form into
another
calculation of hear and work requirements for
chemical or physical processes
can be used to predict the equilibrium state of
a system as well as direction of change in a
system not at equilibrium
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Limitations of thermodynamics
Do not predict the rates of chemical or physical
processes
Rate (Driving Force, Resistance)
Do not predict Microscopic (molecular) mechanism
of chemical or physical processes
(Knowledge of microscopic behavior of matter can be useful
in determination of thermodynamic properties )
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Applications of Thermodynamics
Steam generators,
refrigeration and air conditioning,
internal-combustion engines,
steam and gas turbines,
steam power plants,
regulate and maintain internal temperature in a
wide range of ambient conditions in living beings,
capture and direct heat from deep within the
earth, to supplement our energy needs.
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How to define a real problem?

Identification of a particular body of matter as
the focus of attention
Boundary

Surroundings
Interacts with
system

System

Real/Imaginary
Fixed /Flexible

Region in which
process occur
Thermodynamic state is defined by properties i.e. temperature,
pressure and composition
Properties depend on fundamental dimensions of science i.e. l, t, T,
m
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Temperature
Degree of hotness
tC = T K 273.15
tF= T R 459.67
Absolute zero (0 K), Ice point (0 C ), Stream point (100 C)

Pressure
Normal force exerted per unit area of the
surface [Unit: N m-2 (Pascal, Pa); 1 bar = 105 Pa]
1 atm = 101325 Pa or 101.325 kPa or 760 mmHg
absolute P = gauge P + atm P
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Work, Heat and Energy

Energy = Microscopic form + Macroscopic form

Internal Energy
Kinetic, KE

Potential, PE

Transfer of Energy
Work

(Force)

Heat

(Temperature)
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