The Human Immune System

Pathogens

Organisms that cause disease

Nonspecific Defense
Two Lines of
Defense

First Line of Defense and Second Line of Defense

First Line of
Defense

Barriers that helps prevent pathogens from entering the body (skin,
mucus, cilia, and stomach acid)

Second Line of
Defense

Limit the Spread of Invaders

Types

Inflammatory Response, Phagocytes, and Interferons

Inflammatory
Response

Swelling, Redness, Increased Warmth increase blood supply to an

area area gets more nutrients like oxygen and white blood cells

Types

Histamine and Body Temp

Histamine

Triggers vasodilation (enlargement of blood vessels) increases blood

supply to area (also responsible for sneezing, coughing, itchy eyes
prevent pathogens)

Body Temp

Increased Body Temp = harder for pathogens to function

Phagocytes

Gobble up invading microbes

Interferons

Chemicals released by the immune system to block against viral infection

Specific Defense - Third Line of Dense

Third Line of
Defense

Based off lymphocytes and antibodies

Types of
Lymphocytes

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes (both originate in bone marrow)

Similarities

Both recognize different specific antigens (germs that triggers an

immune response)

B lymphocytes

Produce antibodies against a specific antigen humoral response

T lymphocytes

Fight pathogens cell-mediated response

Antibody

Ability to bind to only one particular antigen

How do antibodies
work

Neutralize antigens b binding to them and by forming an antigenantibody complex that can then be gobbled up a phagocyte

Clonal Selection
Clonal Selection

Fundamental Mechanism in the development of immunity

Plasma Cells

Fight antigens immediatly (primary immune response)

Memory Cells

Fight the same antigens as plasma cells but remain circulating the
blood in small numbers for a lifetime

Immunological
Memory

The mechanism that prevents a person from getting any specific viral
infection more than once

Types of Immunity
Passive
Immunity

Temporary antibodies are borrowed and do not survive for long (breast
milk)

Active Immunity

Permanent Organism makes antibodies itself Post vaccine

ABO Blood Types

Danger in transfusion

Recipient has antibodies to the donors antigens