SKIN

 List the four ways in which the skin serves as a protective layer for our body?
The four ways in which the skin serves as a protective layer for our body are:

 It protects the underlying tissues from mechanical shocks

 It holds the body fluids inside and prevents excessive water loss by evaporation
 Checks the entrance of diseases or harmful substances causing diseases
 Protects the body against excess ultraviolet light that can be harmful

 Cross out the items in the following list which are not the functions of the human
skin?
The following are not the functions of the human skin:

 Respiration
 Digestion
 Secretion of hormones

 Name the three sub-layers of the epidermis from outer to inner?

The three sub-layers of the epidermis from outer to inner are as follows:

 Outermost cornified layer

 Middle granular layer
 Inner malpighian layer

 How do hairs provide the sensation of touch?

Hair provide the sensation of touch as the nerve fibers extend up to their bases.

 How is the outer surface of the skin made waterproof?

The outer surface of the skin is made waterproof due to the presence of sebaceous glands which
secrete oil known as sebum to keep the epidermis supple and to prevent water loss by
evaporation.

 Name the principal body heat regulating centre in our brain?

The principal heat-regulating centre is located in hypothalamus.

 Name any one modified sweat gland and any one modified sebaceous gland?
Modified sweat gland – Mammary gland
Modified sebaceous gland – Ceruminous gland

 Name the skin glands which when inflamed cause acne?

The skin glands that get inflamed to cause acne are sebaceous glands due to hormonal
imbalance.
  What is “goose-flesh”?
Goose flesh is an abnormal roughness of the skin generated by fear or cold wherein the hair
follicles turn rigidly upright forming bumps on the skin.

 What is the difference between leucoderma and albinism?

Leucoderma:-In leucoderma, skin pigmentation is lost from larger or smaller patches at
various regions of the body
Albinism:-Skin loses pigmentation completely all over the body in Albinism.

 What is vasodilation?
Vasodilation – It is the dilation of blood vessels in the skin that leads to an increase in the blood
supply

RESPIRATION

 Write the overall chemical equation representing the above definition of

respiration?
The chemical equation is as follows:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 →6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

 In what form is the energy liberated in respiration?

A large part of the energy liberated is in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

 Give two examples of life activities which need energy?

We need energy because:

 We require to synthesize proteins from amino acids

 Production of new cells and enzymes
 To keep the body warm

 Which chemical compound inside a cell can be termed “Currency of Energy”?

ATP – adenosine triphosphate

 Under what conditions would the breathing rate increase?

Breathing rate can increase under the following circumstances:

 Accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood

 Vigorous physical exercise

 How would you prove that the air you breathe out is warmer?
The air that we breathe out is warmer or as per the temperature of the body as it can be felt
when breathing out the air on your hands. We can feel the warmth of the air that is exhaled
during breathing.
  How is the respiratory passage kept free of dust particles?
The respiratory passage is kept free of dust particles as the nasal cavity is lined by ciliated
epithelium and mucous glands which secretes mucus. This ciliated epithelium is present
through the lining of the trachea, larynx, bronchioles and bronchi. The constant motion of
mucous and cilia traps micro-organisms, dust, pollen and other tiny particles existing in the air.

HYGIENE

 List any three advantages of a daily bath?

The three advantages are as follows:

 It keeps the skin clean and germ-free

 Eliminates body odours given out by perspiration
 Keeps the sweat pores open

 Suggest any two methods of controlling flies?

The two methods of controlling flies are:

 Elimination of breeding places

 Spraying with DDT and other insecticides

 List any three effective methods for controlling mosquitoes?

The effective methods for controlling mosquitoes are:

 Elimination of breeding places for mosquitoes

 Spraying with DDT other insecticides
 Avoidance – food should be protected by covering it

 Name the two common kinds of mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit?
Mosquito:- Anopheles,Aedes
The disease transmits:- Malaria, Dengue

 Mention any three ways by which potable water can be contaminated?

Potable water can be contaminated in the following three ways:

 Urination and defecation near water bodies such as ponds, lakes and rivers
 Sewage disposed improperly
 Contamination of water bodies by the drainage of animal washings and wastes from
poultries and dairies

 How are cockroaches and rats harmful to humans?

Cockroaches and rats are harmful to humans in the following ways:

 Rats consume grains and other food products. They carry pathogens. Rat-fleas is a
pathogen that inhabits on the skin of the rat and carries the plague germs
  Cockroaches are known to perish food, cloth and paper. They carry viruses especially
carcinogens.

 Mention three symptoms of the disease Hepatitis?

The three symptoms of Hepatitis disease are as follows:

 Body ache
 Eyes turn yellowish, due to the bile pigments – urine turns to deep yellow
 Enlargement of liver

DISEASE CAUSE AND CONTROL

 What is full form of AIDS

The full form of AIDS is – Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

 What is infection?
Infection – It is the transmission of diseases from one person to another.

 Define Pathogen?
Pathogen – A pathogen is a disease-causing micro-organism.

 Define Incubation period?

It is the period between the entry of germs and appearance of the first symptoms of the disease.

 What is Allergen?
Allergen – An allergen is an antigenic substance that is capable of producing immediate
hypersensitivity allergy.

 What are the different ways in which infectious diseases can spread?
The different ways in which infectious diseases can spread are:

 Direct contact – It can spread from person to person, zoonotic diseases (spread between
animals and humans), from mother to child.
 Indirect contact
 Different media of transmission such as air, water etc
 Carriers/vectors – mosquitoes
 Contaminated food and water

 Why is it important to know how the germs leave the body of a patient?
It is because several diseases are transmitted through direct contact or through modes such as
air, water etc. Hence to take precautionary measures and protect others from infections
furthermore, it is necessary to know how the germs move out of the body of a patient.
 AIDS TO HEALTH

 What is prophylaxis?
Artificially introducing the germs or the germ substance into the body for developing resistance
to a particular disease. Scientifically this process is referred to as prophylaxis.

 Name the four categories of materials used for preparing vaccines?

The four categories of vaccines are:

 Killed germs
 Living weakened germs
 Living fully poisonous germs
 Toxoids

 List any three uses of antibiotics?

The three uses of antibiotics are:

 They are used to fight infections

 Certain antibiotics are used as food preservatives, especially fresh meat and fish.
 Some are used to control plant pathogens

 Give the technical term for the kind of proteins produced in the blood to fight and
destroy harmful microbes?
Antibodies. They are the immunoglobulin that are produced in the blood to fight and destroy
harmful microbes.

 What are the merits of local defence system?

Merits of the local defence system are as follows:

 They instantaneously start working

 They are not dependent on previous exposure to infections
 Are effective against a wide range of potentially infectious agents.

 Explain Antiseptics?
It is a mild chemical substance applied to the body to prevent its growth and kill germs.
Example – Iodine and Lysol

 What is Vaccines ?
They are the substances that are administered in the body to provide passive immunity. These
are the materials that are germs or secreted by germs.
Example – DTP, OPV
 HEALTH ORGANIZATION

 In which year was WHO established?

The WHO was established in 1948.

 Where are the headquarters of WHO located?

The World Health Organization (WHO) established in 1948, is a specialized agency of the
United Nations Organization(UNO). The headquarters of WHO is located in Geneva.

 List any three health problems in India?

Food and water-borne diseases
Insect and air-borne diseases
Poor medical facilities

 State two functions of WHO?

The two functions of WHO (World Health Organization) are as follows:

 To collect and supply information about the occurrence of epidemic diseases Example –
Cholera, typhoid etc.
 To promote and support projects for research on diseases.

 State the main functions of Red Cross?

The main functions of Red Cross are:

 To extend relief and help to the victims of any calamity – fire, flood, famine, earthquakes
etc
 To procure and supply blood for the victims of war and other calamities
 To extend all possible first-aid in an accident
 To educate people in accident prevention
 To arrange for ambulance service in all emergencies
 To look after maternal and child welfare centres
 Trains midwives.

 State the main functions of the World Health Organization?

The main functions of the World Health Organization are:

 To collect and supply information about the occurrence of epidemic diseases Example –
Cholera, typhoid etc.
 To promote and support projects for research on diseases
 To supply information on the latest developments about vaccine use, cancer research,
control of drug addiction, health hazards of nuclear radiation
 To suggest quarantine measures to avert the spreading of diseases
 To lay pharmaceutical standards for important drugs
 Organization of campaigns to control the epidemic and endemic diseases
  What is bagasse?
It is the plant residue left after extracting the sugarcane juice. It is used as firewood or in the
paper industry.

 Name any two categories of chemicals which are washed off as wastes from
agricultural fields?
The chemicals that are washed off as wastes from agricultural fields are – Pesticides and
Fertilizers.

 What are the two portions into which the municipal sewage is separated?
The two portions into which the municipal sewage is separated are:

 Degradable part – capable of being broken down chemically into non-toxic parts
 Non-degradable part – They are dumped and buried at safe places.

 Name the three categories of wastes under segregation?

The three categories of wastes under segregation are:

 Reusable
 Degradable
 Non-degradable

 Which categories of wastes require dumping?

The categories of waste that require dumping are non-degradable waste.

 What is sludge?
Sludge is a solid precipitated material produced during second treatment of wastewater
(effluent) when it is pumped into oxidation ponds where the microbes oxidize the organic
matter releasing carbon dioxide during the process, carried out in the Effluent Treatment Plants.

 Name two types of devices used for removing particulate air pollutants?
The two types of devices used for removing particulate air pollutants are:

 Scrubbers
 Plate type electrostatic precipitators