TISSUE – is a group or layer of similarly

specialized cells that join together to

perform certain specific functions.
HISTOLOGY - Study of the structure,
composition, and function of tissues.
hist – tissue ology- study of

HISTOLOGIST – is a specialist in the

study of cells and microscopic tissues.
 Also known as precursor cells
 Cells with the ability to divide
without limit and to give rise to
specialized cells.
 Stem cells are abundant in a fetus
and in the cord blood of a
newborn.
 These cells are present in limited
quantities in adults.
 Each type of tissue has its own stem
cells and when implanted into the
appropriate type of tissue the stem cells
can regenerate the full range of cell
types normally found there.
 The research goal is to discover how
to use stem cells as a source for organ
and tissue regeneration.
 Some applications, such as bone
marrow transplants are already in use.
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nerve tissue
TYPES OF TISSUE
 EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Form a protective covering for all of
the internal and external surfaces of
the body.
Epithelium – is the specialized epithelial tissue
that forms the epidermis of the skin and the
surface layer of the mucous membranes.
Endothelium - is the specialized epithelial
tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels,
body cavities, glands and organs.
 CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Support and connect organs and other
body tissues.
Bones, cartilage, and other dense connective
tissues.
Adipose tissue , also known as fat, provides
protective padding, insulation, support, and acts
as a nutrient reserve.
Loose connective tissue surrounds various organs
and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels.
Blood and lymph are liquid connective tissue.
 MUSCLE TISSUE

Muscle Tissue contains cell

material with the specialized
ability to contract and relax.
 NERVE TISSUE

Nerve Tissue contains cells with

specialized ability to react to
stimuli and conduct electrical
impulses.
 PATHOLOGY OF TISSUE FORMATION

APLASIA – means the lack of

development of an organ or tissue.
(a – without plasia - formation)
HYPOPLASIA – is the incomplete
development of an organ or tissue, but
less severe in degree than aplasia.
HYPERPLASIA – is an abnormal increase in
the number of normal cells in normal
arrangement in a tissue.
 PATHOLOGY OF TISSUE FORMATION

HYPERPLASIA – is an abnormal increase in

the number of normal cells in normal
arrangement in a tissue.
 PATHOLOGY OF TISSUE FORMATION

DYSPLASIA – means abnormal development

or growth , especially of cells.

ANAPLASIA – is a change in the structure

of cells and in their orientation to each other.
These abnormal cells are characteristic of
malignancy.
(A malignancy is a life-threatening tumor that
tends to spread to distant body sites.)
 GLANDS
Glands: Group of specialized
epithelial cells that
form secretions.

Secretion: Substance
produced by a
gland.
 GLANDS
Two types of glands:
1. Exocrine glands
 secrete their
chemical substances
into ducts that lead
either to other
organs or out of
the body.
 Example: sweat
gland
 Exo – out of

 GLANDS
2. Endocrine glands
 Secrete hormones
and do not have
ducts.
 These secretions
flow directly into
the bloodstream for

transportation to
organs and other
structure throughout
PATHOLOGY AND PROCEDURES OF GLANDS

ADENECTOMY – Surgical removal of a gland.

Aden – gland ectomy – surgical removal

ADENITIS – Inflammation of a gland

Aden – gland itis - inflammation

ADENOMA – Benign tumor in which the cells

form recognizable glandular structures
Aden – gland oma – tumor
Benign – not life-threatening
PATHOLOGY AND PROCEDURES OF GLANDS

ADENOSCLEROSIS – abnormal hardening

of a gland.
Adeno – gland sclerosis – abnormal hardening

ADENOMALACIA – abnormal softening of a

gland.
Adeno – gland malacia – abnormal softening

ADENOSIS – any disease condition of a

gland.
Aden- gland osis – abnormal condition
An ORGAN is somewhat independent
part of the body that performs a
special function or functions.
The tissues and organs of
the body are organized into
systems that perform
specialized functions.

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MAJOR BODY SYSTEMS
 PATHOLOGY is the study of structural and
functional changes caused by a disease. (Patho:
disease, suffering, feeling emotion)
PATHOLOGY also means condition caused by
disease
PATHOLOGIST specializes in the laboratory
analysis of tissue samples removed at operations and
postmortem (after death) examinations to confirm or
establish a diagnosis.
Postmortem examination is also known as autopsy.

ETIOLOGY is the study of the causes of

diseases (eti - cause ology - study of)
 DISEASE TRANSMISSION
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
Contagious disease

Any disease transmitted from one person to

another either by direct contact or indirectly
by contact with contaminated objects.
CONTAMINATED
Possible presence of an infectious agent.

May occur through lack of proper hygiene

standards such as handwashing or taking
proper precautions.
 DISEASE TRANSMISSION

Proper Hand Washing Techniques

 

How long should it take to effectively

wash your hands?

Effective hand-washing takes 15-20

seconds, or about the time it takes to
sing two choruses of "Happy Birthday."
Use warm water (as warm as possible) to moisten
hands. Apply soap. Rub hands briskly using the
following process:
• Palm to palm
• Left palm on right backhand
• Right palm on left backhand
• Left claw in right palm
• Right claw in left palm
• Interlock fingers — agitate while interlocked
• Scrub forearms near wrists.
• Don’t forget your thumbs.
• Rinse. (with warm water)
 Sexually transmitted diseases

Also known as STDs and venereal

diseases.
Require direct person-to-person
contact or contact with lesions.
 Sexually transmitted diseases
Gonorrhea – bacterial infection
Contrary to popular belief, gonorrhea
cannot be transmitted from toilet seats or
door handles.
The bacterium that causes gonorrhea
requires very specific conditions for growth
and reproduction.
It cannot live outside the body for more
than a few seconds or minutes, nor can it
live on the skin of the hands, arms, or legs.
 Sexually transmitted diseases
Chlamydia – bacterial infection
Very similar to gonorrhea in
symptoms.
The bacterium is found in cervix,
urethra, throat and rectum.
Destructive to fallopian tubes &
severe pelvic infection.
 Airborne transmission

Through respiratory droplets such

as contact with material from the
cough or sneeze.
Examples: tuberculosis, influenza,
colds, and measles, chicken pox,
SARS.
Food and waterborne transmission

Also known as fecal/oral

transmission.
Eating or drinking contaminated food
or water that has not been prepared
properly.
Example: Amoebic dysentery,
cholera, typhoid.
 EPIDEMIOLOGIST
Specializes in the study of
outbreaks of disease within a
population group.
epidemi – epidemic
ologist - specialist
 Endemic
Ongoing presence of disease within a
population, group, or area.
Example: The common cold is endemic
because it is always present within the
population.
Endemic diseases in tropical countries
include: malaria, dengue
Epidemic – sudden and widespread
outbreak of a disease within a
population group of area.

Example: a sudden widespread

outbreak of measles is an epidemic.
Pandemic – means occurring over a
large geographic area, possibly
worldwide.

Example: The spread of AIDS is

pandemic; 1918 Avian flu pandemic
which killed 50-100 million; 1957 Asian
influenza; 1968 Hongkong influenza;
2003 SARS outbreak; Bird flu – Verge
of being pandemic?
 INFECTIOUS DISEASE
Illness caused by a pathogenic organism.

Example: mumps
- Caused by myxo virus
- Early this year, there was an
outbreak of mumps (1,300 cases) in
eight Midwest states (Iowa,
Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska,
Minnesota, Oklahoma, Wisconsin).
 IDIOPATHIC DISORDER
Illness without known cause.
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot
as it should. The bleeding is due to a low number
of platelets.

•Idiopathic: Cause of the disease or disorder is not

known.
•Thrombocytopenic: Lower-than-normal number of
platelets in the blood.
•Purpura: Purple bruises where bleeding occurs just
 ORGANIC DISORDER
There are pathological physical
changes to explain the symptoms being
experienced by the patient.
Example: Gastric ulcer is an organic
disorder.
Pathological physical change: Break
in the normal tissue lining of the
stomach.
 FUNCTIONAL DISORDER
No detectable physical changes to explain the
symptoms being experienced by the patient.

Example: Panic Attack is a functional disorder

Panic disorder involves repeated, unpredictable attacks of
intense fear accompanied by severe anxiety symptoms in the
body that may last from minutes to hours.
•Shortness of breath Nausea or upset stomach
•Dizziness, faintness Numbness or tingling
•Palpitations Chest pain or discomfort
•Trembling or shaking Fear of dying
•Sweating or chills
•Feeling of choking
•Fear of losing control
 IATROGENIC ILLNESS
Unfavorable response to medical treatment
for a different disorder.
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION – a hospital-
acquired infection that was not present on
admission but appears 72 hours or more
after hospitalization.
Prevention of nosocomial infections includes:
- proper personal hygiene and hand washing on
the part of the hospital staff
- complete sterilization of medical equipment
- providing a clean, sanitary environment in
the health care facilities.