GSM ARCHITECTURE

Operator
OMS
External
networks

BSS

NSS

MS

GSM
User

Mobile Station (MS),

Base Station Subsystem (BBS),
Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS),
Operation Management Subsystem (OMS).

External networks NSS BSS MS Users

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PSTN
PSTN
ISDN
ISDN

AS
AS
VLR
VLR

PSDN
PSDN

HLR
HLR

NSS
EIR
EIR

MSC
MSC

PLMN
PLMN

OMS
OMS
Asub interface
BSC
BSC

BSS

Abis interface
BTS
BTS
Um interface

MS

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SIM

BSS components and interfaces

BTS

OSS
BTS
BSC
BTS

NSS
Asub interface

Abis interface
Radio interface
(Um)

Message
Signalling

Figure 4.12

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Base Station
TRXn
.
BSC

.
TRX2
TRX1

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A BASE STATION

A-bis
64 kbits

Receiver

Speech 8/13 bit

Codec 13/8 bit

Equalizer
Mod./Dem.

A law
13 kbits

VCO Synthesizer

Control
Unit

64kbits

Channel
Codec

Signaling
16 kbits

Transmitter

A
D

Burst building
Multip./Dem.
BTS

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Speech 8/13 bit

Codec 13/8 bit

64 kbits

BSC

Radio Frequency channels for GSM D900

890-915 MHz for uplink, MC to BS
935-960 MHz for downlink, BS to MS
fup(n)=(890+0,2xn) MHz

(with,ARFCN 1n124)

fdown(n)=fup(n)+45MHz
Radio frequency channel spacing: 200 kHz; Duplex spacing: 45 MHz

CHANNEL DISTRIBUTION FOR D900

Uplink
001

002

Downlink
123

890 890.2

124

914.8 915

001

002

935 935.2

123

124

959.8 960

200 kHz Channel spacing

Duplex spacing 45 MHz
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GSM EXTENDED BAND (E-GSM 900)

880-915 MHz for uplink ; 925-960 MHz for downlink
With FDMA 124 (174 for extended band )
Fup(n)=(890+0.2 x n)MHz
(with ARFCN 0n124 ) and
fup(n)=(890+0,2xn) (n-1024) (with ARFCN 975n1023)
fdown (n)=fup (n)+45 MHz
Radio frequency channel spacing: 200 kHz; Duplex spacing: 45
MHz

GSM 1800
1710-1785 MHz for uplink; 1805-1880 MHz for downlink
Duplex spscing is 95 MHz with 374 channels 200 kHz spacing
Numberd with 512-885
fup(n)=(1710+0,2xn) (n-511)

(with,ARFCN 512n885

fdown(n)=fup(n)+95MHz
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GSM FRAME STRUCTURE

Hyper Frame

2047

Duration 3.48 s
0

Super Frame

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

Duration 6.12 s
Multiframe

0
0
3

Time Slot

ST

17

1
1

57
Data

4
1

18

26
Training

19

20

21

22

23

24

57
S

Data

25

Duration 120 ms

1250 bits;
Duration
4.615ms

24

8.25

SP

156.25 bits

ST:Start Bits
S:Stealing Bit
SP:Stop Bits
G:Guard Bits

Duration 0.57692 ms

Normal burst
3

TB

57

Data SF

26

57

SF

Data

8.25

TB G

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TB:Tail Bits
S:Stealing Bit
SP:Stop Bits
G:Guard Bits

Control Channels

CCH
( Control Channels )

DCCH

SDCCH

FACCH

BCCH

ACCH

SACCH

BCCH

Synch.

SCH

FCH

CCCH

RACH

CBCH

PCH/AGCH
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GSM PHYSICAL LAYER

Microphone
ADC

Microphone
ADC

LPC-PEA

Linear Predictive cooding

Rgular Pulse Excitation
Analysis
Long-Term Prediction

Shufling
Interleaving

Decreases possibility of
distortion of consecitive
bits in radio channel

Speech coding

Channel cooding

Cyclic and Convolutional

codes for error detection
and correction purpose

Ciphering

Is used to protect data

Ki+Rand
A8
Kc

Modulation

GMSK

Speech Decoding

DeShufling
DeInterleaving
Channel
decooding

Deciphering

Demodulation

Channel
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10

Speech and Channel Coding

0.3-3.4 kHz

BPF

fs =8kHz;
13 bits
104 kbs

Speech
Encoder

13kbs

To Modulator
Channel
Coding

22.8 kbs

From Demodulator
LPF

Speech
Decoder

Speech
Block Filters

1 5 . 37

1
2
3
4

2 6 . 38

Every 20 ms
160 samples

3 7. 39
4 8. 40

Channel
Decoder

Encoder
Selection
Sequence with
maximal energy

Linear Predictive Coding and Regular Pulse Extantion LPC/RPE

Channel
Cyclic Coding
For error
detection

189
bits

Si

Correlation
analysis
C(Si, Si-k)=max
= Si-Si-k

Long Term Prediction-LTP

Encoder
Convolutional
Coding for 1 bit
error correction

456
bits

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Reordering
Restructuring
Interliving
11

GMSK MODULATION
Sin 2fct
I(t)
COS(c(t))
d(t)

Integrater

di(t)

Gaussian
Filter

C(t)
Q(t)
Sin(c(t))

m(t)

X
Cos 2fct

I ( t ) = cos( c ( t ));

Q ( t ) = sin( c ( t ))

m ( t ) = I ( t ) sin 2 fct + Q ( t ) cos 2 fct

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12

AUTHOINTICATION MS
Network

Um Interface

MS

SRES

Rand

Ki
A3 Algorithm

=?
SRES

Yes/No

DATA CIPHERING
Ki

MS

MS
Kc

Rand
A8

Data

A5

Network

Um
Interface
Kc
Cipherd
Data

A5

Data

Kc
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13

Convolutional Coding

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14

Functional Sequence of Basic Call Types

Mobile Originated Call (MOC) to the fixed network

Before an MOC begins a location registration and with it an authentication must have taken place.The MS sends
the call setup information dialed by the mobile subcriber to the MSC (1). The MSC requests call information
from the VLR (mainly about any relevant restictions) concerning the mobile subscriber identified by the IMSI (2).
After assigning a traffic channel, the MSC then informs PSTN.

Calling subscriber
MS
1

Called
subscriber
BSS

BTS/BSC/TRAU

1
VLR

NSC
MSC

PSTN
PST
N
PLMN

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Figure 4.16

15

Mobile Internal Call (MIC)

The MS1 sends the call setup information dialed by the mobile subscriber (MSISDN) to the MSC (1).
The MSC requests informaton about the calling mobile subscriber MS2 from the VLR (2). The MSC
uses the dialling information (MSISDN) to establish the HLR and sets up signalling connection to it (3).
The HLR sends a request to the VLR in whose area the called mobile subscriber MS2 is currently roaming (4).
The VLR sends the requested MSRN back to the HLR. The HLR forwards the MSRN to the MSC (5).
Steps (6) to (9) are the same as steps (6) to (9) in Figure 7.17.

MS2

MS1

Called
subscriber

Calling
subscriber

8 7

1
BTS/BSC/TRAU

BTS/BSC/TRAU

BTS/BSC/TRAU
8

BSS

1
MSC
2
3

VLR
4

NSC

6
5
5

HLR

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PLMN

16

Mobile Terminating Call (MTC) From The Fixed Network

A call for mobile subscriber arrives at the GMSC (1). The GMSC uses the dialing information (MSISDN) to es
tablish the HLR and sets up a signaling connection to it (2). The HLR sends a requested VLR in whose area the called
subscriber is currently roaming (3). The VLR sends the requested MSRN back to the HLR. The HLR forwards the MSRN
to the GMSC (4). On the basis of the MSRN the GMSC sets up the connection request to the MSC, i.e. the MSC in
whose area the mobile subcriber is roaming at this point in time (5).
As the MSC does not know the mobile subscriber up to this point, the MSC requests the mobile subscriber
information for the call setup from ts VLR (6). The MS is now called by means of paging to all BTS/BSCs in the locaton
area, as the radio cell in which the MS is located is not known to the MSC (7). If there is a response to the paging, this
information is transmitted to the MSC (8). Finally the connection to the MS is set up (9).
Figure7.17 shows the call sequence of an MTC .

Called
subscriber

MS
8

BTS/BSC/TRAU

BTS/BSC/TRAU
7

VLR

3
VLR

BTS/BSC/TRAU
7

BSS
NSC

MSC
5

GMSC

Calling
subscriber

4
PLMN

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17