2014

English Alphabet = a
a
A ()

b
B

h
H ()

()
i

o
O ()

p
P
w

() F () G ()
l

J () K () L () M () N ()
q

()

C () D () E
j

()

Q () R () S ()
x

V () W () X ) Y () Z ()

t
T ()

u
U ()

Numbers =
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
30
40
50
60

Cardinal numbers
zero
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
twenty-one
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty

Ordinal numbers
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
30th

first
second
third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
twentieth
twenty-first
thirtieth

COLORS =

Animals-
Alligator =
Anchovy =
Ant =
Ape =
Bat =
Bear =
Bee =
Beetle =
Bird =
Boa =
Buffalo =
Bumble bee =
Butterfly =
Camel =
Canary =
Cat =
Caterpillar =
Centipede =
Chick =
Cobra =
Cock, rooster =
Falcon =

Crab =
Cricket =
Crocodile =
Cuckoo =
Deer =
Doe =
Dog =
Dolphin =
Donkey =
Duck =
Eagle =
Eel =
Elephant =
Ewe =
Feather =
Fish =
Fly =
Fox =
Frog =
Giraffe =
Goat =
Goldfish =
Goose =
snake =
Grouse =
Gull =
Hamster =
Hawk =
Hedgehog =

Hen =
Hippopotamus =
Horse =
Hummingbird =
Iguana =
Shrimp =
Jackal =
Jellyfish =
Kangaroo =
Kitten =
Koala =
Oyster =
Lamb =
Lark =
Leech =
Lion =
Lizard =
Lobster =
Mackerel =
Monkey =
Mosquito =
Moth =
Mussel =
Octopus =
Ostrich =
Otter =
Owl =
Ox =
Panda =

Parrot =
Peacock =
Penguin =
Pig =
Pigeon =
flamingo =
Polar bear =
Praying mantis =
Puppy =
Rabbit =
Ram =
Rat =
crow =
Rhinoceros =
Salmon =
Sardine =
Wasp =
Sea lion =
Seagull =
Louse =
Shark =
Snail =
Snake =
Spider =
Squid =
Squirrel =
Stag =
Starfish =
Stork =

Swallow =
Swan =
Sparrow =
Bug =
Tiger =
Caterpillar =
Tortoise =
Trout =
Tuna =
Turkey =
Blackbird =
Eagle =
Jackdaw =
Wasp =
Whale =
Peacock =
Wolf =
Woodpecker =
Worm =
Zebra =

Family-
Adolescence =
Adult =
Aunt =
Baby =
Birthday =

Boy =
Bride =
Brother =
nemu,foe =
Child =
Childhood =
Christening =
Neighbor =
Cousin =
Daughter =
Divorce =
Divorcee =
Elder =
Boy =
Family =
Father =
Girl =
grand-father =
Friend =
grand-mother =
Great-grand-father = -
Great-grand-mother = -
Half-brother =
Half-sister =
Honeymoon =
Husband =
Kid =
Surname =
Marital status =
Marriage =
Mother =

Name =
Mum =
Nephew =
Niece =
Pregnant =
Relatives =
Sister =
Godfather =
Son =
Spouse =
Mather in law =
Father in law =
Youth =
Men =
Teenager =
Twins =
Uncle =
Women =
Wife =

Body-
Allergy =
Ankle =

Arm =
Armpit =
Back =
Belly =
Brow =
Bone =
Brain =
Breast =
forehead =
Buttock =
Cheek =
Chest =
Chickenpox =
Chin =
Cough =
Cuticle =
Ear =
Elbow =
Eye =
Eyebrow =
Eyelid =
Face =
Finger =
Fist =
Flu =
Foot =
Forearm =
Genitals =
Hand =

Head =
Headache =
Health =
Heart =
Heel =
Hormone =
Ill =
Illness =
Injury =
Kidney =
Knee =
Knuckle =
Large intestine =
Leg =
Lip =
Moustache =
Liver =
Lung =
Medicine =
Bosom =
Mouth =
Muscles =
Nail =
Nape =
Navel =
Neck =
Nipple =
Nose =
Nostril =

Jaw =
Palm =
Penis =
Pore =
Tongue =
Toes =
Shoulder =
Skeleton =
Skin =
Skull =
Hair =
Spine =
Stomach =
Sweat =
Syringe =
Legs =
Forehead =
Thigh =
Throat =
Thumb =
Toe =
Toenail =
Tongue =
Tooth =
Wrist =

Food-
Acorn squash =
Almond =
Apple =
Apricot =
Artichoke =
Aubergine =
Avocado =
Banana =
Basket of fruit =
Beef =
Beetroot =
Bitter =
ripe =
Bean =
Blueberry =
Bread =
boiled eggs =
Broccoli =
Brown rice =
green beans =
Cabbage =
Carrot =
Cream =

Cauliflower =
Hoddog =
Celery =
Cereal =
Cheese =
Cherry =
Toast =
Chestnut =
Chicken =
Chicory =
Chocolate spread =
fried eggs =
Hamburger =
Cookie =
Coconut =
Coffee maker =
Ham =
Eg =
Corn =
Chocolate =
Cake =
Cucumber =
Dairy produce =
Dandelion =
Date =
Grill =
Fennel =
Stew =
Vermicelli =

Flour =
Flesh =
Food =
Ground meat =
Fresh =
Frozen =
Icecream =
pea =
Garlic =
Ginger =
Grapefruit =
Grapes =
Hazelnut =
spicy =
Jam =
Honey =
Sandwich =
Juice =
Juicy =
Ketchup =
Stiffed cabbage =
Kiwifruit =
Leaf =
meat =
Leek =
Lemon =
Lettuce =
Lime =
Lentil =

Mango =
Margarine =
Mayonnaise =
Meal =
Meat =
Melon =
Macaroni =
Milk =
Mince =
Mushroom =
Mustard =
Nectarine =
Oats =
Olive =
Onion =
Orange =
Pancake =
Pretzel =
Peach =
Peanut =
Pear =
Parsley =
Pepper =
Pepper =
Pickled gherkin =
Pie =
nut =
Pineapple =
Pistachio =

Pizza =
Plum =
Pork =
Potato =
pear, fig =
Popcorn =
rice =
Pumpkin =
Poppy =
Quince =
Radish =
Raisin =
Rasher =
Raspberry =
Raw =
Red meat =
Redcurrant =
Youghurt =
Soup =
Rice =
Root =
Rotten =
Sausage =
Salt =
Sauce =
Seed, pip =
Sugarbeet =
Susame =
Semolina =

Chips =
Slice =
Smoking =
Sour =
Spice =
chilli =
Spinach =
onion =
Fig =
Strawberry =
Sunflower =
Sweetcorn =
Sweet =
Tangerine =
Tea =
Tomato =
Truffle =
Turnip =
Veal =
Vegetables =
Vinegar =
Walnut =
Garden =
Watermelon =
Wheat =
White rice =
Pomegranate =
Zest =
Zucchini, courgette =

alcohol
apple juice
beer
bottle
brandy
champagne
water
cocktail
coffee
Coke
drink
to drink
fizzy, carbonated
fruit juice
gin
glass
vine
instant coffee
herb tea
hot chocolate
ice cube
lemonade
liqueur
milk
mineral water
orange juice
rum
Sparkling water
vodka

whisky, whiskey

to be thirsty

Steak =
Lollipop =
Pudding =
Biscuits =
Bleach =
Canned =
Breakfast =
Lunch =
Snack,repast =
Dinner =
Sugar =
Salt =
cooking oil =
Vinegar =
yeast
=
Eat =

House-
Alarm clock =
Armchair =
Attic =

Balcony =
Bathroom =
Bed =
Bedroom =
Block of flats =
Carpet =
Ceiling =
Chair =
Chest of drawers =
Chimney =
Clock =
Corridor =
Curtain =
Cushion, pillow =
Dining room =
Dishwasher =
Door =
Brush =
Comb =
Fan =
Fireplace =
Flat =
Floor =
Freezer =
Home =
House =
Intercom =
Razor =
Ironing board =
Kitchen =
Lamp =

Shaving foam =
Lawn =
Light bulb =
Living room =
Padlock =
Path =
Toothbrush =
Hairdryer =
Roof = ,
Rug =
Showerhead =
Cellar =
Sink =
Basement =
Sofa =
Staircase =
Stool =
Table =
Tap =
Tile =
Vacuum cleaner =
Wall =
Wardrobe =
Washing machine =
Water closet =
Window =
Workshop =

Kitchen -

kitchen

sink
tap
faucet
fridge
freezer
dishwasher
cooker hood
oven
microwave oven
mixer
blender
meat mincer
toaster
coffee maker
kettle
teapot
colander
deep fryer
frying pan
plate
glass
cup
bowl
vegetable peeler
knife
stove
fork
spoon

Clothing-
Boots =
Backpack, rucksack =
Blouse =
Belt =
Tie =
Shorts =
Bra =
Briefcase =
Brooch =
Brush =
Cap =
Cleanser =
Coat =
Comb =
Button =
Zipper =
Bracelet =
Disrobe =
Dress =
Dressing gown =
Dungarees =
Dressing =
dress up =
Undress =
Gel =
Glasses =
Gloves =
Hairdryer =
hanger =
Hairspray =
Handbag =

Handkerchief =
Hat =
Raincoat =
Jacket =
Jumper =
Knickers =
Lace =
Leather =
Tuxedo =
Lipstick =
Make-up =
Mittens =
Slippers =
Sandals =
Nail varnish =
Necklace =
Nightie =
Perfume =
running shoes =
Pyjamas =
Raincoat =
Ring =
Scarf =
Scarf =
Fur =
Shampoo =
Shirt =
Shoe =
Skirt =

Tunic =
Socks =
ans =
jacket =
Sunglasses =
Sweatshirt =
T-shirt =
nappy =
Tie =
Uniform =
Tights =
Tracksuit =
Vest =
Trousers =
Umbrella =
Underpants =
Waistcoat =
Wallet =
Watch =
Wedding dress =

Sport-
Athletics =
Badminton =
Baseball =
Basket =
Basket =
Basketball =
Camping =
Casino =
Chess =
Chessboard =
Cricket =
Darts =
Figure skateing =
Golf clubs = clubs de golf
Football field =
jump =
Footballer =
Golf =
Game =
Gymnast =
Goal =
Hiking =
Goalkeeper =
Hockey =
Ice-skate =

Javelin =
Long jump =
Marathon =
Match =
Rugby =
Scrabble =
Skiing =
Soccer =
Squash =
Swimming =
Swimming pool =
Volleyball =
Wrestling =
Tennis =
ping pong = -
Boxing =
Riding =
Judo =
Karate =
Diving =
Sliding =
Golf =
Handball =
Dancing =
Gymnastics =
Hiking =
Cycling =
skating with roller skates =

Jobs-
Accountant =
Actor =
Adviser =
Air hostess, stewardess =
Architect =
Barman =
Beekeeper, apiarist =
Bookseller =
Builder =
Bus driver =
Butcher =
house-porter, door-keeper =
Carpenter =
charlady, cleaning lady =
Chef =
servant =
Cleaner =
Confectioner =
Contractor =
Customs officer =
Dancer =
Delivery-boy =
Dentist =
Developer =
Doctor =
Dustman =

Electrician =
agent =
Farmer =
Film editor =
Fireman =
Fisherman =
Florist =
Gardener =
Hairdresser =
Jeweller =
Job =
Judge =
Lawyer =
Librarian =
Locksmith =
Lorry driver =
nurse =
Manager =
Mechanic =
Miner =
Musician =
Notary =
Optician =
Painter =
Pharmacist =
Photographer =
Pilot =
Plumber =
Policeman =

Postman =
Producer =
Prostitute =
Psychiatrist =
Railway man =
Receptionist =
Repairman =
Researcher =
Sailor =
Scientist =
Scriptwiter =
Sculptor =
Seamstress =
Secretary =
Security guard =
Singer =
Soldier =
Sportsman =
Tailor =
Taxi driver =
Teacher =
Translator =
Typist =
Veterinary =
Waiter =
Waitress =
Wholesealer = grossiste
Work =
Writer =

Programmer =
Surgeon =
Potter =
Craftsman =

Nature -
Blow =
Barometer =
Atmosphere =
Climate =
Cloud =
Cloudy =
Dry =
Dew =
Drop =
Drought =
Flood =
Flower =
Frost =
Fog =
Hail =
Heat =
Hurricane =
Ice =
Wet =

Lightning =
Sunset,sundown =
Mud =
Rain =
Rainbow =
Sunrise =
Shadow =
Star =
Sky =
Snow =neige
Storm =
Sun =
Sunny =
Oir =
Thunder =
Windy =
Tornado =
Tree =
Typhoon =
Wave =
Weather =

Weather forecast =
Wind =

Whats the weather like

today ?

a cave
the coast
earth
an earthquake
flora and fauna
a forest
the flowers
a beach
a hill
a lake
the moon
the mud
a mushroom

Its hot
Its nice out
Its foggy
Its sunny
Its windy
Its cold
Its humid
Its cloudy
Its rainy
Its raining
Its snowing
Its freezing

mountains
grass
lake
a rainbow
a river
the sand
the sea
the sky
the stars
a stream
a swamp
a stone
a cliff
a desert
a tree
the jungle
the savannah
a branch
a fir tree
a pine tree
a valley
a bush
a leaf
the soil
the weather
a waterfall
a maple

Days -
Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday
Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Months in year

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

What time is it?- ?

3.00 three o'clock
three
3.02 just gone three o'clock
three oh two
3.03 three minutes past three
three oh three
3.05 five past three
three oh five
3.09 nine minutes past three
three oh nine
3.10 ten past three
three ten
3.15 a quarter past three
three fifteen
3.20 twenty past three
three twenty
3.21 twenty-one minutes past three three twenty-one
3.25 twenty-five past three
three twenty-five
3.30 half past three
three thirty
3.35 twenty-five to four
three thirty-five
3.40 twenty to four
three forty
3.45 a quarter to four
three forty-five
3.50 ten to four
three fifty
3.55 five to four
three fifty-five
3.57 three minutes to four
three fifty-seven
3.58 nearly four o'clock
three fifty-eight
4.00 four o'clock
four

Musique -

a musical instrument
a wind instrument
a wood instrument

trombone

a string instrument
piano
accordion
flute
guitar
bass guitar
violin
cello
bass
oboe
flute
saxophone
xylophone
clarinet
drums

percussion
trumpet
harp
tuba
bagpipe
bow
mandolin
drumsticks
Grand piano
Fiddle-bow,fiddlestick
fiddle
pipe

Flovers

a camelia

a carnation

a chrysanthemum

a daffodil

a daisy

a dandelion

forget-me-not

a geranium

gladioli

ivy

lavender

a lily

a nasturtium

an orchid

a peony

a periwinkle

a poppy

a primrose

a rose

a snowdrop

a sunflower

a violet

a thorn

a bud

cactus

camomile

nettle

tulip

lilac

marigold

mimosa

clover

wormwood

herbarium

Flower pot

Lily of the valley

basil

flourishes

shrivel

a bluebell

School -
state school
private school
pupil
student
teacher
subject
exam
school
classroom
nursery school
primary school
secondary school
university
lesson
board
lecture
lecturer
professor
to study
to pass an exam
homework

library
desk
class

marker pen

chalk

pen

pencil

playground

gym

locker

test

question

answer

mistake

correct

wrong

textbook

to read

classroom

sponge
book

notebooks

Colour pencil

rubber

glue

Pencil cases

School bag

ruler

School bell

maths
science
chemistry
physics
biology
medicine
business studies
economics
computer science
literature
geography

geology
sociology
politics
philosophy
psychology
archaeology
history
engineering
theology
music
art
architecture
anatomy
gymnastics
economy
learn
write
reads

Tools =
a drill

axe
extinguisher
flashlight

hammer
hose

ladder
Shovel,spade

lighter
the screw
pincer

pliers
rope

saw
scale
screwdriver

wheelbarrow
wrench

toolbox
a rake

hoe
adz
forceps

pump
sickle

scissors
Watering can

bucket

nail

awl
metre

pitchfork
the brush

Christmas -
Calendar
bell
candle
candy
chimney
chocolate
Christmas
Christmas garland
Christmas tree
Santa Claus
gift , present
ornaments
reindeer
ribbon
roast turkey
snowman

star
toy
winter

Easter =
basket
bell
chocolate
Easter
Easter bunny
Easter egg
egg hunt
to dye
to find
to hide

Halloween
bat

black cat

broom

candle

candy

cemetery

costume

devil

ghost

Halloween

mask

monster

mummy

pumpkin

scarecrow

skeleton

spider

vampire

witch

Sity-
pedestrian crossing

car park

taxi rank

station de taxi

bus station

train station

street

avenue

side street

pavement

children's playground
park

parc

supermarket
butchers
fishmongers
bakery
centre
electrical shop

department store
newsagents
bookshop
church
cemetery
cathedral
bus stop
hairdressers
barbers
post office
art gallery
caf
restaurant
bank
cinema
theatre
kiosk
school
university
petrol station
garage
hotel
shopping centre
petrol station
a crossroads
traffic lights
a square
the pavement
the main street
the citizens
a building

coiffeur

a lift , an elevator
the stairs
a bridge
a factory
Museum
government
Assembly
pharmacy
Library
police station
confectionery
ironmangery
mill
Restaurant

Materials -
plastic
cloth
cotton
wool
linen
silk
man-made fibres
polyester
lace
wood

coal
petrol

gas

rubber

leather

paper

cardboard

sand

cement

brick

stone

glass

marble

clay

Punctuation marks

 (.)= a full stop

(,)= a comma
(:) = a colon
(;) = a semi-colon
(/ \ ) = a slash
(-) = a dash
(?) = a question mark
(!) = an exclamation mark
( ) = brackets
= in inverted commas

- On the road
bike

boulevard

car

crossroads

driver

highway

moped

motorbike

passenger

pavement

road

road map

traffic lights

truck

drive
parking space
Street
Main street
Stop sign
Traffic lights

Level crossing
Toll

Traffic
a ring-road
a zebra crossing

Traffic
a tunnel

At the restaurant
Fast-food
Kebab -
the menu -
barman -
waiter -
waitress -
cook -
to eat -
to taste -
to drink -
to choose -
to call the waiter
plate -
fork -
knife -
spone -
glass -
napkin, a serviette -

table cloth
salt and peper
bottle of wine
bottle of water
main course
dessert -
Starter -
appetizer
cutlery
meal
recipe -
spices-

**********************************************
pregnancy =
a mother-to-be =
a maternity hospital =
childbirth , the delivery =
a baby =
a newborn =
twins =
a nappy =

a cradle =
to expect a baby =
to breastfeed =

************************************************************
good health =
poor health =
an Illness =
pain =
a headache =
a stomach ache
influenza =
healthy =
to cough =
to sneeze =


:
=Nouns
=Prepositions
=Adjective
=dverbs
=Pronouns
=Conjunctions
=Interiections
=Verbs

1. =Nouns

 .
:
1. O

Common nouns

2. = Collective nouns
3. = Proper nouns
4. = Materijal nouns
5. = Abstract nouns
6.

= Countable nouns

7. = Uncountable nouns

1.O =Common nouns

,,......
= nimals: lion,tiger,bear, dog,rabbit
= People:mother,father,grandmother,woman
= Places:city,state,continent,park.
= bjects:table,book,pensil, windows.

2. =Proper nouns
,
,,,,,,
,, .
=People:James,Jon,David,Julie,Madona.....=Stat
es:Macedonia,Bulgaria,England.
=Rivers:Vardar,Mississippi,Black River..

=Oceans:Atlantic Ocean,Pacific ocean...

=Mountains:Alps,Himalaya,Shar mountain
=Books:Pinocchio,Robizon Crusoe
=Churches:Sveti Spas,Virgin Mother..
=Journals:Our world,Food and wine
proper nouns
.

=Collective nouns
, .
:
: ,,,,
, ........
Groups of people:army,audience,band,choir, a band, a class, a gang
Family,police, a group, a team, a company, the government
:,,......
Groups of animals:herd,swarm,flock, cattle, poultry.
:,,,,....
Groups of things:bunch,bundle.clump,pair..

3. =Materijal nouns

.
:
gold---,
,

iron---,

glass---

paper---,
....
copper---,
.

silver---,
cotton--- ,

Ice---,
stone---,
,
salt---sol
plastic---............

rubber--wool--tree--milk---,

4. =Apstract nouns
A

.
love---, nger---,
,
liberty--- ,
,
success---,
truth,
fear---,

delight--doration--thrill---,
thirst---,

5. ---Countable nouns


.
:
apple---,
eggs---,
potatos--,
birds---,
picture---, dog---,
woman--............

---Uncountable nouns

.
:
ir---,
,

blood---,

flour---,

salt---,
..........

water---,

milk---,

rice--food---

Possessive Form of Nouns =

s
The childrens
room is always messy.
.
s
a .

The
pupils desks are arranged in rows.
.
=Plural of nouns
:

-s.
:
book=books
=
cup=cups
=
cat=cats
=
pencil=pencils
=
-s, o, -ss, -x, -sh,
-tch a -s.
:
box = boxes
=
watch = watches
=
class = classes
bench = benches
=
patato = potatoes
=
fox = foxes
=
kiss = kisses

-Y, a
-s .
Boy =boys
=
Holiday = holidays
=
Key = keys
=
guy = guys
-Y a

 -ies ,
Y.
:
Party = parties
=
.
Pants, pajamas, shorts, trousers, sandals, scissors, sneakers, slippers,
stockings................
Singular
boy

Plural
boys

holiday holidays
key

keys

guy

guys

Singular
car

Singular
Singular
party
lady
story
nanny
city

Plural
parties
ladies
stories
nannies
cities

Plural

kiss

kisses

wish

wishes

match

matches

box

boxes

fox

foxes

Singular
man
woman
child
foot
tooth
goose
mouse

Plural
men
women
children
feet
teeth
geese
mice

Plural
cars

house

houses

book

books

bird

birds

pencil

pencils

Story = stories
city = cities
baby = babies

=
=
=

f fe f
fe -ves.
:
Life = lives
Leaf = leaves
Wife = wives
is is
es.
analysis = analyses
basis = bases
crisis = crises

.
:
fish = fish
=
sheep = sheep
=
deer = deer
=
moose = moose
=
aircraft =aircraft
=


.
:
woman = women
=
man = men
=
child = children
=
tooth = teeth
=
foot = feet
=
person = people
=

 = Gender of nouns
: Bo
,
.

(masculine),
(feminine) , a

(neuter) .
,
.
:
girl =
cow =
mother =
goat =
sister =
sheep =
,
.
:
boy =
bull =
brather =
cock =
father =
ox =

PEOPLE ()
MASCULINE( )

FAMININE( )

actor

author

boy

brother

dad

duke

father

father-in-law
grandfather
headmaster
heir

husband
king

man

nephew

son

uncle

waiter

actress

authoress
girl

sister

mum

duchess
mother

mother-in-law
grandmother
headmistress
heiress
wife

queen

woman

niece

daughter

aunt

waitress

CREATURES ()
MASCULINE( )
billy-goat
boar
buck-rabbit
bull

FAMININE ( )
nanny-goat
sow
doe-rabbit
cow

bull-elephant
bull-seal
bullock
bull-whale
cob (swan)
cock
cockerel
cock-pigeon
colt (young horse)
dog
drake
drone
fox
gander
hawk
he-bear
he-goat
he-wolf
jack-ass
leopard
lion
peacock
ram (sheep)
stag
stallion
tiger
tom-cat
turkey-cock

cow-elephant
cow-seal
heifer
cow-whale
pen
hen
pullet
hen-pigeon
filly
bitch
duck
bee
vixen
goose
bowess
she-bear
she-goat
she-wolf
jenny-ass, she-ass
leopardess
lioness
peahen
ewe
hind
mare
tigress
tabby-cat
turkey-hen

:
babies,
parents, singers ,
pupil,
Dancers, teachers,
reporters,
frend.

.
:
pen, book, chair, tree, room,
computer, pencil, bicycle

 = Adjective

.
.
:
1. = Proper adjective
2. = Descriptive adjective
3. = Quantitative adjective
4. = Demonstrative adjective
5. = Interrogative adjective
6. = Possessive adjective
7. () = Indefinite
adjectiive
8. = Distributive adjective
9. = Numeral adjective

=
Proper adjective
American =
French =
Bosnian =
Serbian = ...............................................................

.

=
Descriptive adjective

Colors are adjectives - black, blue, white, green, red

Sizes - big, small, large, thin, thick
Shapes- triangular, round, square, circular

Qualities- good, bad, mediocre

Personality - happy, sad, angry, depressed
Time - Yearly , monthly, annually
Ages - new, young, old, brand-new, second-hand
Sound related Adjectives - list: loud, noisy, quiet,
silent
Touch related Adjectives - slippery, sticky
Taste related Adjectives - juicy, sweet

O =
Descriptive adjective for materijals
wooden =
woolen =
cottony =
metallic =
plastic =
glass =
iron = ..........................................................

= Quantitative
adjective
: some , much , little , enough ,
all , no , any ,whole
some = , ,
Some ,
,
, , .
Some pens ,some friends
Some money, some time, some water, some tea.
They talked to some people.

I have some money.

'Would you like some milk?
Would you like some coffee?
Give me some apples.
Give him some money.

Any = ,,
Any ,
,
.
Have you got any brothers or sisters?
Do you know any famous people?
Jane doesn't have any friends.
There isnt any milk in the fridge.
Much =
Much
, .
Is there much milk in the fridge?
Is there much food in the refrigerator?
Much of our food is exported.
How much fruit is there?
There isn't much food in the refrigerator.
He doesnt earn much money.
Many =
Many
, .
There are many apples in this picture.
How many dollars do you have?
How many cups of coffee do you drink?
I havent got many CDs.

Carla does not have many friends.

Whole = ,
Whole .
I learned a whole lesson in ten minutes.
She wrote a whole novel in two weeks.
I learned the whole song in an hour.
at soup whole day.
All = ,
All
, .
All my friends visited me in the hospital.
All the students in the class have computers.
All the fruit is rotten.
The baby seems to cry all the time.

Enough = ,
Enough :
= adjective
She isnt tall enough to be a ballet dancer.
The car is big enough for them.
= nouns
enough bread
enough money
= adverbs
quickly enough
often enough
little =
Little

little time,
little food
little money

= Demonstrative adjective
: this, that, these, those.
This (, )
.
This is my car. (singular)
This pencil in my hand is yellow.
This is a nice cup of tea.
That (oa, )
.
That city is busy. (singular)
That house is expensive.
That dog is bad.
These = ()
.
These pencils are in the box.
These are our children. (plural)
These chocolates are delicious. (plural)
Those ()
.
Those flowers are beautiful. (plural)
Those are very expensive shoes.
Those are really good English books .

= Indefinite Adjectives

 .
: any, each, few, many, most,
several, and some.
, , , , , , .
:
There are several people in the room.
Many children like dinosaurs.
Did you want some bananas?
You can find a state name on each quarter.

= Possessive adjective
my
your
his
her

its
our
their
whose

:
Your bike is blue.
Their car is in their garage.

= Interrogative adjective
:
What =
Which =
Whose =
Where =
Who =
How =
:
What program are you watching?
Whose car is this?

Whose shop is closed?

What day is today?
How are you?
Where are my books?

1. = Distributive
adjective
:
each =
either=
every =
neither =
On either side of the canal there were long fields of barley.
Every boy has one or the other pet.
Neither of the tow men is trustworthy.
Each girl in our class is well-versed in music.

.
.
.
.
.

= Numeral adjective
:
1. Definite Numeral Adjective (first, second, third, one, two,
three.)
2. Indefinite Numeral Adjective (some, any, much, many,
little, a few.)
3. ) Distributive Numeral Adjective (every, each, another,

other.)

Comperative and superlative
K ,

.

-r,
a -est
long longer longest - -
short shorter shortest - -
bright brighter brightest
young younger youngest --
old older oldest --
young younger youngest

-y -y

 i,a
.
pretty prettier prettiest
happy happier - happiest
angry - angrier - angriest
crazy - crazier craziest


more a

most.
Beautiful

more beautiful
-

most beautiful
-

.
good better
best
bad
worse
worst
far
further/farther
furthest/farthest

 = Adverbs

,, (
).
:
= Adverbs for time
= Adverbs for place
= Adverbs for quantitative
= adverbs for way

= Adverbs for time :

When: today, yesterday, later, now, last year
For how long : all day, not long, for a while, since last year
How often: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly
: , , , ,
: , , ,

: , , , ,

Have you finished yet?

Have you already mailed the package?
I am going to the shops on Monday.
I'm just going to the shops.
I'm going to the shops soon.
to talk about the past: yesterday, the day before, ago, last
week/month/year
to talk about the present: still, yet, while, when
to talk about the future: soon, then, next week/month/year,
in 2 days, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow
: , , ,

 / /
: , , ,

: , ,
/ / , 2 , ,
.

=Adverbs for place

:
about
above
anywhere
away
back
behind
below
down
far
here
in
inside
near
nearby
on
out
outside
over
there
towards
under
up
upstairs
where

 = Adverbs for
quantitative, frequency
:
again, almost, always, ever, frequently, generally, hardly ever,
nearly, nearly always, never, occasionally, often, rarely,
seldom, sometimes, twice, usually, weekly.
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , , , ,
, .

= adverbs for way

Awkwardly-
Beautifully-
carefully, cheerfully, competitively
eagerly, effortlessly, extravagantly: girlishly,
happily, halfheartedly, hungrily
lazily, lifelessly, loyally
quickly, quietly, quizzically
really, recklessly, remorsefully, ruthlessly
savagely, sloppily, so, stylishly
unabashedly, unevenly, urgently
well, wishfully, worriedly

-lu
Accidentally
angrily

anxiously

awkwardly

badly

beautifully

blindly

boldly
bravely
busily
calmly
carefully
carelessly
cautiously
cheerfully
clearly
closely
correctly
courageously
cruelly
daringly
deliberately
eagerly
easily

:
= forgive adverbs (now, than, fast)
= Adverbs derived from
adjectives(beoutifully, lasily, happily)
= Complex adverbs(a great deal
=),at present =.

= Interjections
A: aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw
B: bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr
C: cheers, congratulations
D: dang, drat, darn, duh
E: eek, eh, encore, eureka

F: fiddlesticks
G: gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly,
goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh
H: ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm,
holy buckets, holy cow,
holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray
O: oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops,
ouch, ow
P: phew, phooey, pooh, pow
R: rats
S: shh, shoo
T: thanks, there, tut-tut
U: uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh
W: wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow
Y: yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck

"Ah, that feels good."

"Ah, now I understand."

"Ah well, it can't be heped."

"Ah! I've won!"

Ah,

Ah, I see.
Ah, the flowers of spring.
Alas,

Alas, catfish football is no more.
Alas! He is dead.

"Alas, she's dead now."

Dear, "Oh dear! Does it hurt?"


"Dear me! That's a surprise!"
Oh dear, I've broken the lamp.
Oh, Dear god!
"It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot

today."
"What do you think of that, eh?"
eh
"Eh! Really?"

"Let's go, eh?"

I went to the restaurant, eh, but my friends didn't show up.

Eh? She's got how many children?
er "Lima is the capital of...er...Peru."
Well, er - I'm not really sure.
Lima is the capital oferPeru.

"Hello John. How are you today?"

hello, hullo
"Hello! My car's gone!"
Hello! Is there anybody home?
hey

"Hey! look at that!"

"Hey! What a good idea!"

Hey, I just wanted to talk to you about the previous incident.

Hey! This is new!
Hey! Stop that!

1. Express a feelingwow, gee, oops, darn, geez, oh:

Oops, Im sorry. That was my mistake.

Geez! Do I need to do it again?

Oh, I didnt know that.

2. Say yes or noyes, no, nope:

Yes! I will do it!

No, I am not going to go there.

Nope. Thats not what I want.

3. Call attentionyo, hey:

Yo, will you throw the ball back?

Hey, I just wanted to talk to you about the previous

incident.

4. Indicate a pausewell, um, hmm:

Well, what I meant was nothing like that.

Um, here is our proposal.

Hmm. You really need to be on a diet.

1. -, , , , geez, :
, . .
Geez! ?
, .
2. -, , :
! !
, .
. .
3. , :

 , ?
,
.
4. -, , :
, .
, .
. .

= Conjunctions

.
:
1. = Coordinative conjunctions
2. = Subordinative conjunctions
3. =
Correlative Conjunctions
1. = Coordinative conjunctions :
And

But

Or

Nor

For

Yet

So

He lives in Victoria, and he

and

studies at Victoria.
John is Canadian, but Sally is
but

English.
I could cook some supper, or
or

we could order a pizza.

She was sick, so she went to
so
the doctor.
nor (joining two negative alternatives)
for (meaning because)
yet (meaning but)
( )
( ", ")
( "")
= Subordinative conjunctions
= Subordinative conjunctions :

after
although
as
because
before
even if
even though

once
provided that
rather than
since
so that
than
that

until
when
whenever
where
whereas
wherever
whether

if
in order that

though
unless

while
why

= Correlative Conjunctionas
either. . .or
both. . . and
neither. . . nor
not only. . . but
also
Christmas is a time not only for exchanging gifts, but also for
spending time with family.
The test was both very long and difficult.
It was both a very long test and a difficult one.
Neither Brittney nor the sisters understood why their parents
said no.
Either the cousins or Sasha should speak up when she
disagrees.
Neither the male students or Joanne hands in papers in a
timely manner.
The cat, purring contentedly, was neither thirsty nor hungry.
You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office.
Not only is he handsome, but he is also brilliant.
Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing
well.
Both the cross country team and the swimming team are
doing well.
Whether you stay or you go, it's your decision.
Just as many Americans love basketball, so many Canadians
love ice hockey.

 = Pronouns
Personal pronouns =
Demonstrative pronouns =
Interrogative pronouns =
Indefinite pronouns =
Possessive pronouns =
Reciprocal pronouns =
Reflexive pronouns =
Intensive pronouns =
Relative pronouns =

Personal pronouns =

I
you
he
she
it
we

me
you
him
her
it
us

you

you

they
Them
Subject pronouns (I, You, He, She, It, They, We)
Object pronouns (Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them)
(, , , , , , )
(, , , , , , )
I am twenty-nine years old.
You live in Barcelona.

She has got a dog.

He makes the bed every morning.
She runs inside the house.
We sing a good song at the disco.
They write an e-mail to the teacher.

You talk to me.

I talk to you.
You call him.
You look at her.
You eat it.
Someone talks to us.
Someone gave them ice cream.

Demonstrative pronouns =
This (, ) .
This is my car. (singular)
This pencil in my hand is yellow.
This is a nice cup of tea.
That (oa, ) .
That city is busy. (singular)
That house is expensive.
That dog is bad.
These = () .
These pencils are in the box.
These are our children. (plural)
These chocolates are delicious. (plural)
Those () .
Those flowers are beautiful. (plural)

Those are very expensive shoes.

Those are really good English books .

Interrogative pronouns =

What ( )

Which(
)

Who( )

Whom

Whose

Who won the race?

Whom shall we ask?

Whose did they take?

Which is the greater?

What is that?

Indefinite pronouns =

 ( ):
anybody
anyone
anything
everybody
everyone everything
nobody
none
no one
nothing
somebody someone
something

( )
all
another
any
both
each
either
few
many
neither
one
some
several

:
Another
Anybody
Anyone
Anything
Each
Either
Everybody
Everyone
Everything
Neither
Nobody
No one
Nothing
One
Somebody
Something

Someone
Both =
Few =
Many =
Several =

: another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either,

everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody ,
no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something
:both, few, many, others, several
: all, any, more, most, none, some
:
All are welcome to attend the concert.

Mary gave the book to another.

I don't have any.

Does anybody have a clue?

Anyone can play that game.

Peter didn't see anything suspicious.

Each brought a dish to pass.

Everybody left town for the weekend.

Everyone enjoyed the movie.

Everything is taken care of.

Few visited that park.

Many called for information.

Jennifer told nobody her secret.

None came forward to claim the prize.

One could see the mountains from miles away.

Several signed the card.

The room is too gloomy for some.

Somebody called the store.

Joe gave the form to someone.

Possessive pronouns =
Subject
I
You
He
She
It
We
You (pl)
They

Possessive
Pronouns
Mine ---
Yours ----
His ---
Hers ----
Its -----
Ours ------
Yours -----
Theirs -----

:
We have a dog. Our dog is very clever.
Lea has a chihuahua. Her chihuahua is tiny.
Sammy has a golden retriever. His golden retriever hunts ducks.
My sisters are raising a poodle. Their poodle is doing calculus.
I have a dachshund. My dachshund is always eating.
The dog has a bed. Its/her/his bed is over there.
Ours is very clever. (our dog)
Hers is tiny. (her chihuahua)
His is a duck hunter. (his golden retriever)
Theirs is doing calculus. (their poodle)
Mine is always eating. (my dachshund)
Its/Hers/His is over there. (its bed)

Reciprocal pronouns =

each other = e

one another =

:
Peter and Paul admire each other.
Allie and Jerry loathe each other.
The sisters were hugging one another.
The gangsters were fighting one another.
each other = 2 .
one another = 3 .

Reflexive pronouns =

reflexive pronoun
singular

myself
yourself
himself, herself, itself

plural

ourselves
yourselves
themselves

I like myself.
He spoke to himself.
She thumped herself.
The dog bit itself.

I made myself a sandwich.( )

I made a sandwich for the President himself.(
)
I gave myself plenty of time to get to work.(
)
I myself am sick of the heat.( )

Intensive pronouns =
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves
and themselves.
I bought myself a car. = reflexive pronoun
I bought the car myself. = intensive pronoun
He cut himself. =
reflexive pronoun

He cut his hair himself. =

intensive pronoun

Relative pronouns =
that, which, whom, who, whoever, whomever and
whichever
, , , , ,
who, whom ( )
which ( )
which ( )
whose ( )
:
Spaghetti, which many of us enjoy, can be messy.

This is the book that everyone is talking about.

She wrote to the person whom she had met last month.

We didnt bring the receipt, which was a big mistake.

I have a friend whose cat is annoying.

People who are clever can always find a way.

Grandma remembers a time when radio shows were

popular.

Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died.

This is the man who helped us.

Subject
who, that
(that, who,
Object
whom)*
Possessive

whose

which, that
(which, that)* where when
whose, of
which

I cannot believe that he said it.

He who laughs last laughs best.
The car, whose driver is a young man, is from Ireland

= The article
:
----- the
------ a , an
the
, , .
The man, the woman, the house, the cinema,the theatre,the disco.
The telephone is ringing.
a
.
a book, a boy, a pen..
an
.
an apple, an umbrella, an orange, an elephant..
Please close the door.
The cat sat on the couch.
I am a journalist.
Give me a book.
An elephant and a mouse fell in love.

:
=
Auxiliory verbs
= Impersonal verbs

 = Defective verbs
= Regular verbs
= Irregular verbs
= Transative verbs
= Intpansitive verbs
= Reflexive verbs
= Multi vords verbs
= Modals verbs

=
:
Be =
Do =
Have =

Auxiliory verbs

VERB

TO DO

Question
Singular
Do I?
Do you?
Does
he/she/it?
Plural
Do we?
Do you?
Do they?

VERB
Question
Singular
Have I?
Have you?

Positive Statement
(spoken)

Negative Statement
(spoken)

I do
You do
He/she/it does

I do not (I don't)
You do not (You don't)
He/she/it does not (He/she/it
doesn't)

We do
You do
They do

We do not (We don't)

You do not (You don't)
They do not (They don't)

TO HAVE
Positive Statement
(spoken)
I have (I've)
You have (You've)

Has
he/she/it?
Plural
Have we?

He/she/it has
(He/she/it 's)

Have you?

You have (You've)

Have they?

They have (They've)

We have (We've)

I am a teacher.
Am I a teacher?
"Is this your coat"

Negative Statement (spoken)

I have not (I haven't/I've not)

You have not (You
haven't/You've not)
He/she/it has not (He/she/it
hasn't)
We have not (We haven't/We've
not)
You have not (You
haven't/You've not)
They have not (They
haven't/They've not)

TO BE =

John is angry.
I have a job.
I have a car.
Do you have a car?
He has a new guitar.

TO HAVE =
TO DO

I do not know the truth.

Did he finish his homework?

=
(1) It rains.
(2) It is cold.
(3) It is growing dark.
(4) It seems .
(5) It is unclear.
(6) It is snowing.
It thunders.

Impersonal verbs
.
.
.
.
.

, .

= Defective verbs
beware
can
Cant
could
Couldnt
may

Maunt
might
Mighnt
must
Mustnt
Oughtnt

Regular verbs

BASE FORM

SIMPLE PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

Accept
Achieve
Add
Admire
Admit
Adopt
Advise
Agree
Allow
Announce
Appreciate
Approve
Argue
Arrive
Ask
Assist
Attack
Bake
Beg
Behave
Boil
Borrow
Brush

Accepted
Achieved
Added
Admired
Admitted
Adopted
Advised
Agreed
Allowed
Announced
Appreciated
Approved
Argued
Arrived
Asked
Assisted
Attacked
Baked
Begged
Behaved
Boiled
Borrowed
Brushed

Accepted
Achieved
Added
Admirer
Admitted
Adopted
Advised
Agreed
Allowed
Announced
Appreciated
Approved
Argued
Arrived
Asked
Assisted
Attacked
Baked
Begged
Behaved
Boiled
Borrowed
Brushed

Bury
Call
Challenge
Change
Chase
Cheat
Cheer
Chew
Clap
Clean
Collect
Compare
Complain
Confess
Construct
Control
Copy
Count
Create
Cry
Cycle
Damage
Dance
Deliver
Destroy
Divide
Drag
Earn
Employ
Encourage
Enjoy
Establish

Buried
Called
Challenged
Changed
Chased
Cheated
Cheered
Chewed
Clapped
Cleaned
Collected
Compared
Complained
Confessed
Constructed
Controlled
Copied
Counted
Created
Cried
Cycled
Damaged
Danced
Delivered
Destroyed
Divided
Dragged
Earned
Employed
Encouraged
Enjoyed
Established

Buried
Called
Challenged
Changed
Chased
Cheated
Cheered
Chewed
Clapped
Cleaned
Collected
Compared
Complained
Confessed
Constructed
Controlled
Copied
Counted
Created
Cried
Cycled
Damaged
Danced
Delivered
Destroyed
Divided
Dragged
Earned
Employed
Encouraged
Enjoyed
Established

Estimate
Exercise
Expand
Explain
Fry
Gather
Greet
Guess
Harass
Hate
Help
Hope
Identify
Interrupt
Introduce
Irritate
Joke
Jump
Kick
Kill
Kiss
Laugh
Lie
Like
Listen
Love
Marry
Measure
Move
Murder
Need
Obey

Estimated
Exercised
Expanded
Explained
Fried
Gathered
Greeted
Guessed
Harassed
Hated
Helped
Hoped
Identified
Interrupted
Introduced
Irritated
Joked
Jumped
Kicked
Killed
Kissed
Laughed
Lied
Liked
Listened
Loved
Married
Measured
Moved
Murdered
Needed
Obeyed

Estimated
Exercised
Expanded
Explained
Fried
Gathered
Greeted
Guessed
Harassed
Hated
Helped
Hoped
Identified
Interrupted
Introduced
Irritated
Joked
Jumped
Kicked
Killed
Kissed
Laughed
Lied
Liked
Listened
Loved
Married
Measured
Moved
Murdered
Needed
Obeyed

Offend
Offer
Open
Paint
Park
Phone
Pick
Play
Pray
Print
Pull
Punch
Punish
Purchase
Push
Question
Race
Relax
Remember
Reply
Retire
Return
Rub
Scold
Select
Smoke
Snore
Stare
Start
Study
Talk
Thank

Offended
Offered
Opened
Painted
Parked
Phoned
Picked
Played
Prayed
Printed
Pulled
Punched
Punished
Purchased
Pushed
Questioned
Raced
Relaxed
Remembered
Replied
Retired
Returned
Rubbed
Scolded
Selected
Smoked
Snored
Stared
Started
Studied
Talked
Thanked

Offended
Offered
Opened
Painted
Parked
Phoned
Picked
Played
Prayed
Printed
Puled
Punched
Punished
Purchased
Pushed
Questioned
Raced
Relaxed
Remembered
Replied
Retired
Returned
Rubbed
Scolded
Selected
Smoked
Snored
Stared
Started
Studied
Talked
Thanked

Travel
Trouble
Type
Use
Visit
Wait
Walk
Want
Warn
Wink
Worry
Yell

Travelled
Troubled
Typed
Used
Visited
Waited
Walked
Wanted
Warned
Winked
Worried
Yelled

Travelled
Troubled
Typed
Used
Visited
Waited
Walked
Wanted
Warned
Winked
Worried
Yelled

= Irregular verbs
Simple Present
arise
awake
be
bear
beat
become
begin
bend
bet
bite
bleed
blow
break
bring

Simple Past
arose
awoke
was, were
bore
beat
became
began
bent
bet
bit
bled
blew
broke
brought

Past Participle

arisen
awoken
been
borne
beaten or beat
become
begun
bent
bet
bitten
bled
blown
broken
brought

build
burn
burst
buy
catch
choose
cling
come
cost
creep
cut
deal
dig
dive
do
draw
dream
drink
drive
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fit
flee
fling
fly
forbid
forget
forgive

built
burned or burnt
burst
bought
caught
chose
clung
came
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
dived or dove
did
drew
dreamed or
dreamt
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fit, fitted
fled
flung
flew
forbade or forbad
forgot

built
burned or burnt
burst
bought
caught
chosen
clung
come
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
dived
done
drawn
dreamed or
dreamt
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fit, fitted
fled
flung
flown,
forbidden or
forbade

forgo
freeze
get
give
go
grind
grow
hang
have
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
kneel
knit
know
lay
lead
leap
leave
lend
let
lie (down)
light
lose
make
mean
meet
pay
prove

forgave
forwent
froze
got
gave
went
ground
grew
hung or hanged
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt or kneeled
knitted or knit
knew
laid
led
leapt or leaped
left
lent
let
lay
lit or lighted
lost
made
meant
met
paid

forgotten
forgiven
forgone
frozen
gotten or got
given
gone
ground
grown
hung or hanged
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt or kneeled
knitted or knit
known
laid
led
leapt or leaped
left
lent
let
lain
lit or lighted
lost
made
meant
met

put
quit
read
ride
ring
rise
run
saw
say
see
seek
sell
send
set
sew
shake
shave
shear
shine
shoot
show
shrink
shut
sing
sink
sit
slay
sleep
slide
sneak
speak
speed

proved
put
quit
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
sawed
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
shaved
sheared
shone or shined
shot
showed
shrank or shrunk
shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
slid
sneaked or snuck
spoke

paid
proved or proven
put
quit
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
sawed or sawn
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn or sewed
shaken
shaved or shaven
sheared or shorn
shone or shined
shot
shown or showed
shrunk or
shrunken
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slain
slept
slid

spend
spill
spin
spit
split
spread
spring
stand
steal
stick
sting
stink
strew
strike
strive
swear
sweep
swim
swing
take
teach
tear
tell
think
thrive
throw
undergo
understand
upset
wake
wear
weave

sped
spent
spilled or spilt
spun
spat or spit
split
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank or stunk
strewed
struck
strove or strived
swore
swept
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
thrived or throve
threw
underwent
understood
upset
woke or waked
wore

sneaked or snuck
spoken
sped
spent
spilled or spilt
spun
spat or spit
split
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
strewn
struck or stricken
striven or strived
sworn
swept
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrived or thriven
thrown
undergone
understood
upset

weep
win
wind
withdraw
wring
write

wove
wept
won
wound
withdrew
wrung
wrote

woken or waked
worn
woven
wept
won
wound
withdrawn
wrung
written

= Transative verbs

.
bring
Please bring me a glass of water.
buy
Do not buy hamburgers at that
restaurant.
cost
My coat cost a lot of money.
get
My children get good grades in school.
give
Our family gives gifts at Christmas.
leave
I leave home at 8:00 in the morning.
lend
Could you please lend me five
dollars?
make
Did you make coffee this morning?

offer
My
boss
offered me a great new job.
owe
I owe you ten dollars.
pass
All the students passed the test.
pay
Don't forget to pay the phone bill.
play
Jennifer loves playing the piano.
promise
She promised me she would come to
the party.
read
They read the
newspaper
every day.
refuse
The customs officers refused to let me
enter the country.
send
My girlfriend sends me an e-mail
message every day.
show
My neighbour showed me her
garden
yesterday.
sing
Muriel sings songs at karaoke every
Sunday night.
take
Travellers take planes or trains to their
destinations.

teach
Our parents teach us to be kind.
tell
The author tells a good story.
write
Tommy writes short stories about
the South.

= Intransitive verbs

.
agree
belong
depend
exist
have
lie
occur
sit
swim

appear
collapse
die
fall
inquire
live
remain
sleep
vanish

arrive
consist of
disappear
go
knock
look
respond
stand
wake

become
cost
emerge
happen
laugh
last
rise
stay
wait

I laughed.
I cried.
The book fell.
The horse galloped.
The sun set.
She smiles.

= Reflexive verbs

 .
.
Reflexive pronouns: MYSELF . . . HIMSELF . . . HERSELF . . .
OURSELVES . . . ITSELF . . . THEMSELVES .
I am teaching myself to play the piano.
You might cut yourself.
I taught myself to play the guitar.
My cat always licks itself.
I dress myself every morning.

= Multi vords verbs

:
Phrashal verbs
Prepositional verbs
Separable phrasal verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbs

Phrashal verbs
+ (Down | In | Into | Off |
On | Out | Up )
:
Intransitive phrashal verbs (get up, break down.)
.
He suddenly showed up.
break down
come over
dress up
drop by
eat out
fall through
get by
get up
go back
grow up
pass out
show up

shut up
throw up
Transitive phrashal verbs (put off, turn down.)
.
I made up the story.

Prepositional verbs
+ (in, for,after.........)
wait for
talk about
look after
believe in

He sent for his secretary.

Separable phrasal verbs

.
Turn the TV off.
She looked the phone number up.
I looked the word up in the dictionary.
Inseparable phrasal verbs
O
.
get up
make up
look into
back out of
Phrasal
Verb

Separable
Meaning
or
Inseparable

Ask out

Separable

To ask someone to go out on a

date.

Bring

Separable

To make something happen

about, bring
on
Bring up

Separable

1) To raise children
2) To raise a topic

Call back

Separable

Return someone's telephone call

Call in

Separable

Ask someone into an official

place or office

Call off

Separable

Cancel

Call on

Inseparable 1) Ask someone to do something

2) Visit

Call up

Separable

catch up

Inseparable To become equal or reach the

same level

Check in,
check into

Inseparable Register at a hotel or travel

counter

Check out

Inseparable Leave a hotel

Check out
of

Inseparable Leave a hotel

Cheer up

Separable

Make someone happy

Clean up

Separable

Tidy, make clean

Come
across

Inseparable To find

Cross out

Separable

Eliminate

Cut out

Separable

Remove something or stop

doing something annoying

Do over

Separable

Repeat

Call someone on the telephone

Drop by

Inseparable Visit unexpectedly

Drop in

Inseparable Visit unexpectedly

Drop off

Separable

Drop out

Inseparable Stop attending a class

Figure out

Separable

Understand

Fill out

Separable

Complete a form

Fill in

Separable

Complete spaces on a form

Get along
with

Inseparable Have a good relationship with

Get back
from

1)
1) Return from somewhere
Inseparable 2) Receive something originally
2)
lent to another person
Separable

Get in

Inseparable Enter

Get off

Inseparable Leave a bus, train, airplane

Get on

Inseparable Enter a bus, train, airplane

Get out of

Inseparable Leave a car

Get over

Inseparable Recover

Leave something somewhere

Get through Inseparable Survive

Get up

Inseparable Stand up

Give back

Separable

Return

Give up

Separable

Stop trying

Go over

Inseparable Review

Grow up

Inseparable Become an adult

Hand in

Separable

Give an assignment or project to

a teacher

Hang up

Separable

Replace the telephone in the

receiver

Have on

Separable

Wear

Keep out

Separable

Not enter

Keep up
with

Inseparable Stay at the same level

Kick out

Separable

Look after

Inseparable Take care of

Look into

Inseparable Investigate

Ask to leave

Look out for Inseparable Watch for

Look over

Separable

Review

Look up

Separable

Try to find information

Make up

Separable

Invent

Pass away

Inseparable Die

Pass out

1)
1) Faint
Inseparable 2) Distribute
2)
Separable

Pick up

Separable

Lift

Pick out

Separable

Choose

Point out

Separable

Identify

Put away

Separable

Put in the proper place

Put back

Separable

Return

Put off

Separable

Delay

Put on

Separable

Get dressed or dress someone

Put out

Separable

Extinguish

Put up with

Inseparable Tolerate

Run into

Inseparable Find or meet

Run across Inseparable Find or meet

Run out of

Inseparable Come to the end of something

Show up

Inseparable Appear

Show off

Separable

Demonstrate something of envy

Shut off

Separable

Stop something from running

Take after

Inseparable Be like someone

Take off

Separable

Remove

Take out

Separable

1) Remove
2) Go on a date with someone

Take over

Separable

Take control

Take up

Inseparable Begin

Tear down

Separable

Demolish or destroy

Tear up

Separable

Rip into pieces

Think over

Separable

Consider, ponder

Throw away Separable

Discard

Throw out

Separable

Discard

Throw up

Inseparable Vomit

Try on

Separable

Test

Turn down

Separable

Reduce

Turn in

Separable

Go to bed

Turn off

Separable

Stop a machine

Turn on

Separable

Start a machine

Turn out

Separable

Put out a light

Turn up

Separable

Increase

Phrasal prepositional verbs

++. inseparable
( ).
examples

phrasalprepositional
verbs

meaning

get on with

have a friendly
relationship with

He doesn't
get on with

his wife.

put up with

tolerate

I won't put
up with

your
attitude.

look forward to

anticipate with
pleasure

I look
forward to

seeing
you.

run out of

use up, exhaust

We have
run out of

eggs.

direct
object

= Modals verbs
:
can
could

may

might

will

would

must

shall

should

ought to

Can =
(I,you,he,she,we,you,they ) + Can + .........
:
I can make jewelry.
Cant speak French.
Can you open this jar?
I can speak Chinese.
:
Can I use your bathroom?
Can I come with you?
I can drive Susan's car when she is out of town.
:
You can take this spot if you like.
You can do whatever you want.

Could = ( can)
(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Could + .........

.
I could swim when I was young.
You could see the boat sinking.
They could tell he was nervous.
:
John could be the one who stole the money.
John could have been the one who stole the money.
John could go to jail for stealing the money.
Could it be true?

May =
(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + May + .........
:
May I come in?

May I say something now?

May I ask one question?
:
She may agree with this plan.

They may not be happy about what happened.

It may shower tonight.

Might ( MAY)
(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Might + .........
:
She might be on the bus. I think her car is having problems.
I might go see a doctor.
The store might have been closed today.

Must =
(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + must + .........
:
You must answer my question right now.
I must complete the project by this week.
You must not swim in that river. It's full of crocodiles.
I must stop smoking.
:
She must be very tired.
He must be a genius.
:
He must go today.
They must work tomorrow.

Will =
(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Will + .........

:
It will rain tomorrow.
The news will spread soon.

Would = ( will)
.
He said he would be here at eight o'clock
She asked if I would help.
:
Would you like a sandwich?
Would you have dinner with me on Friday.
When I was a kid, I would always go to the beach.
When he was young, he would always do his homework.

Shall =
(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Shall + .........
:
Shall I help you?
Shall we begin dinner?
:
I shall never forget where I came from.
I shall take care of everything for you.
:
Shall we dance?
Shall I go now?

Should = ,
Present (subject +should +o )
She should study more.
Past
(subject +should +have + past participle )
She should have studied more.

You should save some money.
. People with high cholesterol should eat low-fat foods.

I should be at work before 10:00.

We should return the video before the video rental store closes.
Is should get back to work.

You should eat less sugar.

ought to =

You ought to stop smoking.
ary ought to exercise more.
You ought to wear a raincoat.
.
If he started out at nine, he ought to be here by now.
That ought to be enough food for the four of us.

Oughtn't the water to have boiled by now?

:
Modal verbs to express ability
present
can
We use can when we speak
about general ability in the
present:

past
could
We use could when we
speak about general ability
in the past:

Picasso could paint when he

Tommy can swim.
was two.
I can play the guitar. Can you
I could swim before I could
play?
walk.
The negative of can is can't

The negative of could is

(cannot):

couldn't (could not):

I can't ski and I can't skate.

I couldn't swim until I was

ten.

Specific situations - can

We also use can to speak
about specific situations in
the present:
I can hear you but I can't see
you.
Can you hear me? - Yes, I
can.

Specific situations - was

able to / could
We often use was able to
when speaking about a
specific situation:
We fixed the car and then we
were able to drive home.
However, we prefer could to
speak about a specific
situation in the past when we
use these verbs: see, hear,
feel, smell, taste,
remember, believe,
understand, decide.
They could smell smoke.
I could understand him
perfectly.

Questions about ability present

Questions about ability past

How many languages can

you speak?
Can you name all the
capitals of Europe?

Could you write before you

started school?
Could you ride a bike when
you were small?

Modal verbs to express asking for, giving, and refusing

permission
present or future

past tense

Giving permission: can

Permission in the past:

could, was allowed to

We use can when we give

someone permission to do
something:
You can bring a friend to the
party if you want.
You can borrow my phone if
your battery is dead.
We also use may for
permission. May is more
formal and is used less often
than can:
Passengers may take one
small bag on board the plane.
Saying "no" - refusing
permission
We use can't to say that
something isn't permitted:
You can't park here - it's
private property.
He can't drive my car; he
doesn't have insurance.
Must not / mustn't is also
used, but is more formal and
is often used on signs and in
announcements:

We use could to say that

something was permitted in
the past:
Many years ago you could
smoke in cinemas, but now
it's banned.
We can also use was/were
allowed to:
We had to wear a tie at
school but we were allowed
to take it off in hot weather.

We use couldn't / wasn't

allowed to to say that
something was not permitted
in the past:
We couldn't cross the border
without our passports.

Passengers must not speak

to the driver while the bus is
in motion.
Asking for permission
can, could, may

Questions about
permission in the past
was allowed to? / could?

We use can I? / could I /

may I? to ask for permission:
Can I speak to John Wilson, Were you allowed to stay up
please?
late when you were a child?
Could you stay up late when
Could is more formal and
you were a child?
polite than can:
Could people travel between
Could I speak to John Wilson, East and West Berlin during
please?
the Cold War?
May is the most formal:
May I speak to John Wilson,
please?

:
Present tense =
Must / can't - to express probability in the present
Structure: modal + infinitive without to
must be, must have, can't go, etc.
We use must to express that we
feel sure that something is true.

They are really good, they must

win.
They must be very rich. Look at
the house.

We use can't to say we are sure

that something is impossible.

She can't be ill. I've just seen her

in the shop and she looked fine.
It can't be true. I don't believe it.

May / might / could - to express probability in the present

Structure: modal + infinitive without to
may be, might do, could go, etc.
We use may or could or might to
say that it is possible that
something will happen or is
happening.

They may be arriving tomorrow.

He might be away on holiday.
He could be away on holiday.
He might be offered the job.

The negative of may is may not.

The negative of might is might
not.

He might not be offered the job.

I may not pass the exam.
They both mean that it is possible I might not go to the match
that something will not happen or tomorrow.
I could not go to the match
is not happening.
tomorrow.
We DO NOT use could not to
express probability.
Past tense =
Must / can't / couldn't have - to express probability in the past
Structure: modal + have + past participle
must have been, can't have gone, couldn't have gone
We use must have to express
that we feel sure that something
was true.

They must have left early.

He must have already gone.

We use can't have / couldn't

have to say that we believe
something was impossible.

He can't have escaped through

this window. It is too small.
She can't have said that.
She couldn't have said that.

May / might / could have - to express probability in the past

Structure: modal + have + past participle
may have been, could have gone, might have lost

We use may / could / might

have to say that it was possible
that something happened in the
past (but we are not 100% sure).

He may have missed the bus.

The road might have been
blocked.

The negatives are may not have

and might not have.

He may not have left yet.

The assistant might not have
received his message.

:
Should - to express obligation
Structure: should + infinitive form
of a verb:
should be, should go, should do,
etc.
We use should for the present
and the future.
We use should to give advice to
someone and to say that
something is a good idea.
Should is weaker than have to
and must.

You should tell them the truth.

You shouldn't smoke, it's bad for
you.
I don't think you should do it.

Should have - to express unfulfilled obligation in the past

Structure: should + have + past
participle

You should have told them the

truth.
You shouldn't have gone there We use should have for the past.
it was a mistake.
We use should have to say that
I don't think you should have
someone didn't do something but
done it.
it would have been better to do it.

 - :
Modal verbs in the past
present

past

should be

should have been

could be

could have been

will be

would be

may be

may have been

might be

might have been

would be

would have been

Modal verbs - negative forms

positive
can (used for possibility)

negative
can't / can not

It can happen; everything's

possible.

It can't happen; it's impossible.

can (used for permission)

can't / cannot / mustn't

Can I smoke here? - Yes, you

can.

You can't smoke here. You

mustn't smoke here.

can (used for ability)

can't / cannot

I can play the guitar.

I can't play the guitar.

must / have to / has to (used for

obligation)

don't have to / needn't

You don't have to be there at 8

You must be there at 8 o'clock.
o'clock.
You have to be there at 8 o'clock. You needn't be there at 8 o'clock.
must (used for personal opinion,
certainty)
He must be here - I can see his
car.
might / may (used for personal
opinion, certainty)

can't
He can't be here - his car's not
outside.
may not / might not

He might/may not get here on

He might/may be late today time - there's a lot of traffic on the
there's a lot of traffic on the roads. roads.
should (used for weak obligation
/ advice)
You should stop smoking
because it's unhealthy.

shouldn't
You shouldn't smoke so much it's unhealthy. You shouldn't
spend so much time watching TV.

voice
Voice . 2
:
Active voice =
Passive voice =

Active voice =
---- Active voice
subject ( ).
Harry ate six shrimp at dinner. (active)
Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah. (active)
You are making too much noise.
Ben will eat popcorn and watch a movie tomorrow evening.
--- Passive voice ( be +past particip)
The ball was thrown by me.
The agent is unknown.
Jack was kicked by Jill.
The tray of food was dropped by the waiter.

Active

Passive

Simple
Present

Once a week, Tom

cleans the house.

Once a week, the house

is cleaned by Tom.

Present
Continuous

Right now, Sarah is

writing the letter.

Right now, the letter is

being written by Sarah.

Simple Past

Sam repaired the car.

The car was repaired by

Sam.

Past
Continuous

The salesman was

helping the customer
when the thief came into
the store.

The customer was being

helped by the salesman
when the thief came into
the store.

Present
Perfect

Many tourists have

visited that castle.

That castle has been

visited by many tourists.

Present
Perfect
Continuous

Recently, John has

been doing the work.

Recently, the work has

been being done by
John.

Past Perfect

George had repaired

many cars before he
received his mechanic's
license.

Many cars had been

repaired by George
before he received his
mechanic's license.

Past Perfect
Continuous

Chef Jones had been

preparing the
restaurant's fantastic
dinners for two years
before he moved to
Paris.

The restaurant's fantastic

dinners had been being
prepared by Chef Jones
for two years before he
moved to Paris.

Simple
Future
will

Someone will finish the

work by 5:00 PM.

The work will be finished

by 5:00 PM.

Simple
Future
be going to

Sally is going to make

a beautiful dinner
tonight.

A beautiful dinner is
going to be made by
Sally tonight.

Future
Continuous
will

At 8:00 PM tonight, John

will be washing the
dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the

dishes will be being
washed by John.

Future
Continuous
be going to

At 8:00 PM tonight, John

is going to be washing
the dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the

dishes are going to be
being washed by John.

Future
Perfect
will

They will have

completed the project
before the deadline.

The project will have

been completed before
the deadline.

Future
Perfect
be going to

They are going to have

completed the project
before the deadline.

The project is going to

have been completed
before the deadline.

Future
Perfect
Continuous
will

The famous artist will

have been painting the
mural for over six
months by the time it is
finished.

The mural will have been

being painted by the
famous artist for over six
months by the time it is
finished.

Future
Perfect
Continuous
be going to

The famous artist is

going to have been
painting the mural for
over six months by the
time it is finished.

The mural is going to

have been being painted
by the famous artist for
over six months by the
time it is finished.

Used to

Jerry used to pay the

bills.

The bills used to be paid

by Jerry.

Would
Always

My mother would
always make the pies.

The pies would always

be made by my mother.

Future in the
Past
Would

I knew John would

finish the work by 5:00
PM.

I knew the work would be

finished by 5:00 PM.

Future in the
Past
Was Going to

I thought Sally was

going to make a
beautiful dinner tonight.

I thought a beautiful
dinner was going to be
made by Sally tonight.

Participle form
Participle :

*Present

participle (to be + -

ing).

*Past

participle

*Present

participle
Present participle
-ing.
He came reading around the corner.
I am learning English.
I am reading / I was reading.

*Past participle
*Past participle
-ed.( )
finished
played
arrived
surfed
, Past participle

.
Present
Past
Past Participle
be
was, were been

become became
begin
began

become
begun

Infinitive
Infinitive e
to.

to + verb = infinitive
Infinitive .
to sleep
to be
to love.

Infinitive

:
To learn is important.
To dance was his ambition.
His ambition was to dance.
He wants to learn.

Infinitive

:
They need water to drink.
This is the game to watch.

Infinitive :
The officer returned to help.
:
to:
: want, wish, agree, fail, mean, decide, learn
: to be to, to have to, and ought to.

'it is + adjective + to-infinitive'

The elephant decided to marry the mouse.
The mouse agreed to marry the elephant.
You will have to ask her.
You are to leave immediately.
He ought to relax.
She has to go to Berlin next week.
It's easy to speak English.
It is hard to change jobs after twenty years.
It's stupid to believe everything you hear.

 to:
I would rather visit Rome.
She would rather live in Italy.
Would you rather eat steak or fish?
He would rather work in a bank.
I'd rather be a forest than a tree.

The perfect infinitive: to have + past participle

to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
I am glad to have found my soul mate.
She seems to have quit the job
The continuous infinitive: to be + present participle, to be swimming, to
be joking, to be waiting
I'm glad to be sitting here.
The perfect continuous infinitive: to have been + present participle
He must have been waiting for ages.
The passive infinitive: to be + past participle, to be given, to be shut,
to be opened
Your composition has to be typed.

Simple infinitive
Continuous infinitive
Perfect infinitive
Perfect continuous
infinitive

Active
(to) write
(to) be writing
(to) have written
(to) have been
writing

Gerund
infinitive + -ing

Passive
(to) be written
(to) be being written
(to) have been written
(to) have been being
written

Gerund ing.
.( subject object Subject
Complements.
Subjects
Swimming is excellent exercise.
Drinking too much coffee gives him a headache.
Objects
He dislikes doing homework.
The manager suggested having our meeting
away from the office.
Subject Complements
His hobby is playing computer games.
My least favorite chore is cleaning the bathroom.
His problem is not coming to class on time.
Active
Passive
Simple gerund writing
being written
having been
Perfect gerund having written
written

active
Simple gerund === verb + ing
Perfect gerund ===Having +verb past participle

pasive
Simple gerund === being +verb past participle
Perfect gerund ===hav(ing)+been+verb past participle
GERUND FORMS

INFINITIVE FORMS

SIMPLE

The teacher enjoys

teaching.

The teacher wants to

teach.

PROGRESSIVE

Mr. Smith is really

enjoying teaching his
class.
Looks the same as
simple form above.

Mr. Smith would like to

be teaching his class.

PASSIVE

The students enjoy

being taught.

The students want to

be taught.

PERFECT

The retired teacher

recalled having taught.

The teacher was

expecting to have
taught that already.

PASSIVE +
PROGRESSIVE

The students are

enjoying being taught
by such an exciting new
teacher.
Looks the same as the
passive form above.

The students would

like to be being
taught by Mr Smith.

PASSIVE +
PERFECT

The older students

recalled having been
taught that already.

The students were

expecting to have
been taught that by
now.

:
Idioms ( ,


.)
A hot potato
A penny for your thoughts
Actions speak louder than words
Add insult to injury
An arm and a leg
At the drop of a hat
Back to the drawing board
Ball is in your court
Barking up the wrong tree
Be glad to see the back of
Beat around the bush
Best of both worlds
Best thing since sliced bread
Bite off more than you can chew
Blessing in disguise

Burn the midnight oil

Can't judge a book by its cover
Caught between two stools
Costs an arm and a leg
Cross that bridge when you come to it
Cry over spilt milk
Curiosity killed the cat
Cut corners
Cut the mustard
Devil's Advocate
Don't count your chickens before the eggs have hatched
Don't give up the day job
Don't put all your eggs in one basket
Drastic times call for drastic measures
Elvis has left the building
Every cloud has a silver lining
Far cry from
Feel a bit under the weather
Give the benefit of the doubt
Hear it on the grapevine
Hit the nail on the head
Hit the sack / sheets / hay
In the heat of the moment
It takes two to tango
Jump on the bandwagon
Keep something at bay
Kill two birds with one stone
Last straw
Let sleeping dogs lie
Let the cat out of the bag
Make a long story short
Method to my madness
Miss the boat
Not a spark of decency
Not playing with a full deck
Off one's rocker
On the ball
Once in a blue moon
Picture paints a thousand words
Piece of cake

Put wool over other people's eyes

See eye to eye
Sit on the fence
Speak of the devil!
Steal someone's thunder
Take with a grain of salt
Taste of your own medicine
To hear something straight from the horse's mouth
Whole nine yards
Wouldn't be caught dead
Your guess is as good as mine
Idioms, with definitions or
synonyms
all of a sudden - suddenly
all the same - no difference
as a rule - usually, generally
as for - in reference to
at all - (not) in the smallest degree
at this point - at this time
be about to do something - be close
to doing something
be broke - have no money at all
be in charge of something - be
responsible for something
be in good health - be healthy
be in poor health - not healthy
be in good shape - be physically fit
be in bad shape - be in bad state

Examples
All of a sudden, he quit his job and
left town.
If it's all the same to you, let's go
there by bus.
As a rule, he goes for a walk after
dinner.
As for me, I liked the book very
much. As for the trip, let's talk about
it tomorrow.
She doesn't speak English at all.
At this point, we can't turn back.
I was about to leave when you
called.
I spent all my money. I'm broke.
He is in charge of marketing.
She is in good health.
She is in poor health.
He exercises regularly, and he is in
good shape.
The patient is in bad shape. His
affairs are in bad shape.

be on one's way
be out of date - be outdated

I'm on my way.
This information is out of date.
Who is to blame for this awful
be to blame - be responsible for a
mistake? Tom is to blame for this
mistake, for something wrong
mix-up.
be used to something - be
I'm used to hard work. He's used to
accustomed to something
hot weather.
Learn this poem by heart for
by heart - by memorizing
tomorrow.
by oneself (by myself, by himself,
She likes to spend an evening by
etc.) - alone; on one's own
herself. He did it by himself.
By the way, Ann is coming back
by the way - incidentally
today.
His dream came true when he met
come true - become reality
Kate.
I did my best to help him in his
do one's best - try very hard
work.
Every now and then I visit my old
every now and then - occasionally
aunt.
She washes her hair every other
every other - every second one
day.
Tom fell in love with Sue at first
fall in love - begin to love
sight.
feel like doing something - want to do; I don't feel like going for a walk. I'd
be inclined to do something
rather watch TV.
After her death he left town for
for good - forever
good.
for the time being - for now; at this
For the time being, this house is all
time
right for us.
From now on I forbid you to go
from now on - since now
there.
get in touch with someone - contact
Get in touch with Mr. Smith for help.
someone
get lost - lose one's way
She got lost in the old part of town.
I got mixed up and went the wrong
get mixed up - get confused
way.

get rid of something or someone He got rid of his old useless car.
dispose of; discard
get to the point - speak directly about Please get to the point. I don't have
the subject; come to the point
much time now.
Can you give me a hand with
give someone a hand - help someone
cooking?
give someone a lift; give someone a Can you give me a lift to the bank?
ride - take someone to some place by He gave her a ride in his new
car
Porsche.
He told her about his plan in
in advance - well before
advance.
In fact, he works as a manager
in fact - actually; in reality
here.
in general - generally; generally
In general, he likes to be alone. He
speaking
described the place only in general.
In other words, you left her when
in other words - using other words
she needed your help.
in time (to do something) - early
I came in time to have a cup of
enough; before something begins
coffee before class.
it's time - should do it right away
Hurry up. It's time to go.
Watch this film. It's worth it. Don't
It's worth it. It's not worth it.
buy this coat. It is not worth it.
Take a little more money, just in
just in case - to be on the safe side
case.
They lost my job application. Just
Just my luck! - Bad luck! Hard luck!
my luck!
keep in mind - bear in mind; consider; Keep in mind that he may not like
remember
this idea.
keep in touch - keep in contact by
Good-by! Keep in touch!
calling, visiting, etc.
You promised to help me. Keep
keep one's word - fulfill a promise
your word.
let it go - forget bad experience;
You can't change anything, so let it
return to normal life
go.
Little by little, they saved enough
little by little - step by step; gradually
money to buy a car.

lose one's way - get lost

make friends - become friends
make fun of someone or something laugh at; joke about
make sense - be logical
make up one's mind - decide
Make yourself at home. - Be
comfortable; feel at home.
never mind - don't worry about it
not to mention - in addition to
no wonder - not surprising
on credit - not having to pay cash
right away
on guard - on the alert
on hand - available
on one's own (on my own, on your
own, on his own, etc.) - alone; by
oneself
on purpose - intentionally
on second thought - after thinking
again
on the alert - on guard
on the other hand - considering the
other side of the question
on time - punctually; at the specified
time
out of the question - impossible
pay attention - be attentive
right away - immediately

I lost my way. Can you help me?

Anton makes new friends easily.
He made fun of her German accent.
What you say makes sense.
Will you go there? Make up your
mind.
Come in, please. Make yourself at
home.
I'm sorry. I lost your book. - Never
mind.
We have three dogs, not to mention
two cats.
He ate three big fish. No wonder he
is sick.
He bought a car on credit.
He is always cautious and on
guard.
Do you have a calculator on hand?
She likes to live and work on her
own. I decided to do it on my own.
I didn't do it on purpose. It just
happened so.
I'd like to sit on the aisle. On second
thought, I'd like a window seat.
He is always cautious and on the
alert.
I'd like to have a dog. On the other
hand, my wife likes cats.
Jim is always on time.
Paying him is out of the question!
Pay attention to his words.
It' very important to do it right away.

So far, I have read five books by

Stephen King.
take a break - stop for rest
Let's take a break. I'm tired.
take care of someone or something - Can you take care of my dog while
look after; see that something is done I'm away? Tom takes good care of
properly
his car.
take into account - consider
You must take into account her old
something
age and poor health.
take it easy - relax; be calm
Take it easy. Everything will be OK.
Mary is going to take part in the
take part in something - participate
show.
The accident took place on Oak
take place - happen
Street.
It takes time to get used to a new
take time - take a long time
place.
We went to Minsk by car. We didn't
take turns - alternate doing something
get tired because we took turns
one after another
driving.
That's just the point. - That's it.
That's just the point! I hate this job!
that will do - it's enough
Stop reading. That will do for now.
under the weather - feeling a little ill, a
I'm a little under the weather today.
little unwell
(be) up to date - modern, latest,
His reports are always up to date.
current
He used to live on Maple Street. I
used to do something - did something
used to play the piano when I was
regularly in the past but not now
in school.
What's the matter? What
What's the matter? - What is it?
happened?
would rather - prefer
I'd rather stay at home today.
so far - up to now

Compound words =
.
Is this the bus stop for the
noun
+ noun
bus stop
number 12 bus?

In the tropics you can see

fire-flies at night.
football
Shall we play football today?
I always feel crazy at full
full moon
moon.
Clean the blackboard
blackboard
please.
I can't install this software on
software
my PC.
We always eat breakfast at
breakfast
8am.
washing
Put the clothes in the red
machine
washing machine.
swimming
What a beautiful swimming
pool
pool!
sunrise
I like to get up at sunrise.
haircut
You need a haircut.
train-spotting His hobby is train-spotting.
Please remember that checkcheck-out
out is at 12 noon.
mother-inMy mother-in-law lives with
law
us.
Do you think the police accept
underworld
money from the underworld?
We need 10 truckfuls of
truckful
bricks.
fire-fly

adjective

+ noun

verb(-ing) + noun

noun

+ verb(-ing)

verb

+ preposition

noun

prepositional
phrase

preposition + noun
noun

+ adjective

aftereffect, afterthought, aircushion, airman airplane, airport, airtight,

another, anybody, anyhow, anyone, anything, anyplace, anytime,
anyway, anywhere, armhole, artwork.
backbone, backside, backspace, backwater, backwoods, bagpipes,

basketwork, bathroom, become, bedroom, beeswax, bird's-eye,

birthday, birthrate, birthright, blackberry, blackbird, blackboard,
blackout, blood-vessel, bluebell, bookkeeper, bookmark, bookshelf,
bookworm, brakeman, breath-taking, brickwork brother-in-law,
brushwood, businessman, buttercup, buttermilk, buttonhole, buttonhook, bygone.
cardboard, carefree, caretaker, clockwork, commonsense, copyright,
cupboard, countryside .
daylight, doorway, downfall, download, drainpipe .
earring, ear-ring, earthwork, evergreen, everybody, everyday,
everyone, everything, everywhere, eyeball .
farmhouse, father-in-law, fatherland, fingerprint, firearm, fireboat, fireengine, firefly, fireman, fireplace, fireworks, first-rate, football,
footlights, footman, footnote, footprint, footstep, footway .
gasworks, goldfish, , good-morning, goodnight, gunboat, guncarriage, gunmetal, gunpowder .
haircut, handbook, handgrip, handgun, handwork, handwriting,
headdress, headland, headstone, headway, hereafter, herewith,
herself, highlands, highway, himself, horseback, horseplay,
horsepower, hourglass, houseboat, housekeeper, however .
inasmuch, income, indoors, inland, inlay, inlet, input, inside, instep,
into, itself .
keyboard, keyhole, keystone, keyword .
landmark, landowner, landslip, lighthouse, looking-glass, lookout .
manhole, milkman, month-end, moonlight, mother-in-law, myself .
needlework, newborn, newcomer, network, newspaper, nobody,
notebook, nothing, nowhere .
offspring, oncoming, oneself, onlooker, onto, ourself, outbuilding,
outburst, outcome, outcry, outdoor, outgoing, outhouse, outlaw,

outlet, outline, outlook, output, outside, outskirts, outstretched,

overacting, overall, overbalancing, overbearing, overcoat, overcome,
overdo, overdressed, overdrink, overfull, overhanging, overhead,
overhear, overheat, overland, overleaf, overload, overlook, overseas,
oversee, overseer, overshoe, overstatement, overstretched, overtake,
overtaxed, overtime overturned, overuse, overvalued, overweight,
overworking .
paperback, paperwork, peacekeeper, pincushion, plaything ,
policeman, postman, postmark, postoffice.
railroad, railway, roadway, runaway .
sailboat, sailcloth, sailmaker, schoolhouse, schoolroom, seaman,
secondhand, shoemaker, shorthand, shutdown, sideboard, sidewalk,
sister-in-law, somebody, someday, somehow, someone, something,
sometime, somewhat, somewhere, son-in-law, starfish, starlight,
starship, startup, steamboat, steamship, stonework, storehouse,
straightforward, suchlike, sunburn, sunbrown, sunlight, sunshade,
sweetheart .
themselves, throughway, today, tonight, tradesman .
underclothes, undercooked, underdone, undergo, undergrowth,
underhand, undermined, undersigned, undersized, understatement,
undertake, undervalued, update, upkeep, uplift, upload, upon, upright,
uptake, username .
viewpoint .
warship, waterfall, waterway, website, weekend, well-being, well-off,
whatever, whenever, whereas, whereby, wherever, whichever,
whitewash, whoever, windpipe, within, without, woodwork,
workhouse , workman, workplace, workstation, wrongdoing.
yearbook, year-end, yearlong, year-long, yourself .

determiners words =
.
:
Articles
( the, a an)
Demonstratives (this, that, these and those)
Possessives
your, their

(possessives adjectives= my, your, his, her, its, our,

possessive pronouns= mine, his, hers, yours, ours, their.)

Quantifiers

:
1. How many?
2. How much?
count nouns:
many
a few
few
several
a couple of
none of the
non-count nouns:
not much
a little
little
a bit of
a good deal of
a great deal of
no
both count and non-count nouns:
all of the
some
most of the

enough
a lot of
lots of
plenty of
a lack of
Only with
uncountable nouns
How much?
a little
a bit (of)
a great deal of
a large amount of
-

With uncountable
and countable nouns
How much? or How
many?
no/none
not any
some (any)
a lot of
plenty of
lots of

Only with
countable nouns
How many?
a few
a number (of)
several
a large number of
a great number of

Distributives
Distributives

.
.
Distributives: each, every, either, neither, another, other
EACH, EVERY, EITHER, and NEITHER
.
Each man is wearing a hat.
EACH, EITHER, and NEITHER
, of.
Each of the men is wearing a hat.
Each .
Each boy was given a watch.
Each of the boys was given a watch.
Either and Neither .
Either .Neither

 .
Neither answer is correct.
Either parent is going to look for their sons bully.

DIFFERENCE WORDS
OTHER==
ANOTHER = =
Another is used with singular nouns.
Other with singular or plural.
Have you got any other questions?
Some children learn quickly but other children need more time.
We need another plate.
Please give me another chance.
Let's meet another day.
I'd like another piece of cake.

Syonym
Syonym ()

.
Adjectives

Synonyms

big

large

blank

empty

broad

wide

center

middle

cunning

clever

dangerous

risky

eatable

edible

false

untrue

fertile

fruitful

gay

cheerful

glad

happy

hard

difficult

high

tall

huge

enormous

intelligent

clever

lazy

indolent

little

small

loving

fond

loyal

faithful

mad

crazy

new

modern

nice

kind

noisy

rowdy

old

ancient

oral

verbal

polite

courteous

poor

destitute

quick

rapid/fast

rare

scarce

ready

alert

real

genuine

rich

wealthy

rude

impolite

sad

unhappy

safe

secure

sleepy

drowsy

slim

slender

thin

lean

usual

normal

vacant

empty

weak

feeble

well-known

famous

Homonyms
Homonyms

()
, .
AIR HEIR
AISLE ISLE
ALTAR ALTER
BAND BAND
BANK BANK
BARE BEAR BEAR
BARK BARK
BAT BAT
BE BEE
BEAT BEET
BOUGH BOW BOW

BOW BEAU
BRAKE BREAK
BUY BY
CACHE CASH
CELL SELL
CENT SCENT
CEREAL SERIAL
COARSE COURSE
CURRANT CURRENT
DEAR DEER
DESERT DESSERT
DEW DUE
DIE DYE
FAIR FAIR FARE FINE FINE
FIR FUR FLEA FLEE
FLOUR FLOWER
FOREWORD FORWARD
GAIT GATE
GRATE GREAT
GROUND GROUND
HAIR HARE
HALL HAUL HANGAR HANGER
HAY HEY
HEAL HEEL
HEAR HERE
HI HIGH
HOARSE HORSE
HOLE WHOLE
I EYE
KNIGHT NIGHT
KNOW NO
LIE LIE
LIGHT LIGHT
MAIL MALE
MEAN MEAN
MEAT MEET
NONE NUN
PAIL PALE
PAIR PEAR
PEACE PIECE

PEAK PEEK
PLAIN PLANE
POLE POLE POLL
POUND POUND
PRINCIPAL PRINCIPLE
RACE RACE
READ REED
RIGHT WRITE
RING RING
ROLE ROLL
ROOT ROUTE
ROW ROW
SAIL SALE
SEA SEE
SEW SO SOW
SIGHT SITE
SOLE SOLE SOLE SOUL
SOME SUM
SON SUN
STAIR STARE STAKE STEAK
STEAL STEEL
SUITE SWEET
TAIL TALE
TIP TIP
TOAST TOAST
TOE TOW
TOO TWO
TRUNK TRUNK
VAIN VEIN
WAIST WASTE
WAIT WEIGHT
WARE WEAR WHERE
WAY WEIGH
WEAK WEEK
WEATHER WHETHER
WELL WELL
WHICH WITCH
WHINE WINE

Heteronyms

Heteronyms () ,
.
Affect (verb) and affect (noun, in psychology)

Agape (a mouth) and agape, and also a term for a

Alternate (adjective) and alternate (verb)

Appropriate (adjective) and appropriate (verb)

Bases (plural of basis) and bases (plural of base, but also a

near-homonym for basis)

bass(fish) and bass (voice)

Bow (defer) and bow (for violin)

Buffet and buffet

Close (adjective) and close (verb)

Console (verb) and console (noun)

Contents (noun) and contents (verb, usually reflexive, third

person singular; but also works in the first person with the
singular form of the noun)

Contract and contract

Contrary and contrary

Converse (verb) and converse (noun)

Coordinates (verb) and coordinates (mathematical or

cartological noun)

Defect (verb) and defect (noun)

Delegate (verb) and delegate (noun)

Denier (one who denies something, such as the holocaust) and

denier (unit of measurement for the fineness of silk, nylon and

other fabrics)

Desert (noun) and desert (verb), though the latter is a

homophone for dessert (noun)

Deliberate (adjective) and deliberate (verb)

Does (verb) and does (plural noun)

Dogged (one syllable) and dogged (two syllables)

Dove (the bird) and dove (past tense of dive)

Entrance (noun) and entrance (verb)

Essay (noun) and essay (verb)

Evening (noun) and evening (verb)

Grave (to rhyme with 'halve') and grave (to rhyme with 'gave')

Import (verb) and import (noun; for example, close synonym for
importance)

Incense (noun) and incense (verb)

Invalid (adjective) and invalid (noun)

Intimate (adjective) and intimate (verb)

Lead (metal) and lead (verb)

lied(musical noun) and lied (verb, past tense)

Liver (internal organ) and liver ("a name arbitrarily given to the
bird figured in the arms of the city of Liverpool"

Minute (noun) and minute (adjective)

Moped (noun) and moped (verb, past perfect tense)

None (to rhyme with "nun") and none (may be attended by a

nun)

Number (noun) and number (relative form of numb)

Pace (by the leave of) and pace (footstep/speed)

Pasty (noun) and pasty (adjective)

Plaque and plaque

Present (verb) and present (noun)

Project (noun) and project (verb)

Pussy (adjective) and pussy (noun, meaning cat. Settle down,

class.)

Putting (not golf) and putting (golf)

Recreation and recreation

Recover (from illness or other misfortune) and recover (while

restoring furniture, for example)

Refuse (verb) and refuse (noun)

Resign (as in resignation) and resign (as in signature)

Routed (in battle) and routed (via a computer network)

Row (argue, argument) and row (line)

Seconded and seconded

Severer (more severe) and severer (one who severs)

Sewer (one who sews) and sewer (sanitation infrastructure)

Sin (mathematical) and sin (theological). This is a triple

heteronym, according to someone who knows better than I how
to pronounce Sin, the Akkadian god of the moon.

Skied (past tense of ski) and skied (an old cricketing term,

Slough (verb) and slough (noun)

sow(noun) and sow (verb)

Supply (verb or noun) and supply (adverb from 'supple'; this

spelling is preferable to 'supplely', according to the Oxford
Spelling Dictionary.)

Swinging and swinging (alternative spelling of 'swingeing',

according to the OED)

Tear (verb) and tear (noun)

Tier (noun, one who ties something) and tier (noun, a level or
layer)

Unionized (meaning formed a union) and unionized (reverse of

ionized)

Wicked (two syllables) and wicked (one syllable)

Wind (noun) and wind (verb, to rhyme with bind)

Whoops (verb) and whoops (exclamation)

Whooping (in which the 'h' is silent) and whooping, in which the
'w' is silent. Since the latter only occurs in 'whooping cough'

Worsted (yarn or fabric) and worsted (opposite of bested)

Wound (noun) and wound (past tense of wind)

Zoon (two syllables; scientific noun) and zoon (one syllable;

verb, meaning a style of preaching or praying)

Homophones
Homophones () ,

 .
air

heir

aisle

isle

ante-

anti-

eye

bare

bear

be

bee

brake

break

buy

by

cell

sell

cent

scent

cereal

serial

coarse

course

complement compliment
dam

damn

dear

deer

die

dye

fair

fare

fir

fur

flour

flower

for

four

hair

hare

heal

heel

hear

here

him

hymn

hole

whole

hour

our

idle

idol

in

inn

knight

night

knot

not

know

no

made

maid

mail

male

meat

meet

morning

mourning

none

nun

oar

or

one

won

pair

pear

peace

piece

plain

plane

poor

pour

pray

prey

principal

principle

profit

prophet

real

reel

right

write

root

route

sail

sale

sea

see

seam

seem

sight

site

sew

so

shore

sure

sole

soul

some

sum

son

sun

stair

stare

stationary

stationery

steal

steel

suite

sweet

tail

tale

their

there

to

too

toe

tow

waist

waste

wait

weight

way

weigh

weak

week

wear

where

Heterograph
Heterograph
.
Right write
Warn worn
Role
roll
Sight
site
Red
read
Reed
read
Due
dew
Dye
die
What
watt
Peel
peal
Reel
real
Raise
raze
Wait
weight
Piece
peace
Please
pleas
Jeans
genes
Throne thrown
Groan
grown
Pale
pail
Male
mail
Lie
lye
Pain
pane
Team
teem
Seam
seem
Pair
pear
Boy
buoy
Whale
wail
Bale
bail
Ail
ale
Aisle
isle
Fair
fare
Hair
hare
Stair
stare
Chord
cord
Board
bored
Where
wear

Bare
Saw
Raw
Sure
Paw
Or
Oar
Hour
Steal
Heal
For
Tore
Buy
Rain

bear
sore
roar
shore
pore
oar
ore
our
steel
heel
four
tour
by
reign

Homographs
Homographs
.
arms (weapons)
arms (part of body)
ball (sphere)
ball (dance)
band (music makers)
band (strap)
bass (low musical sound)
bass (fish) *
bear (animal)
bear (carry)
bluff (steep embankment)
bluff (fool)
boil (bubble)
boil (skin sore)
bow (bend)
bow (part of ship)
bow (weapon) *
box (container)
box (hit)
box (shrub)
brush (tool)
brush (undergrowth)
can (container)
can (able)
case (container)
case (condition)
colon (part of body)
colon (punctuation mark)

count (royalty)
count (number)
date (fruit); date (on calendar) date (companion)
down (feathers)
down (direction)
down (grassland)
duck (bird)
duck (avoid)
duck (cloth)
fan (admirer)
fan (cooling device)
fast (quick)
fast (starve)
fine (good quality)
fine (payment for wrongdoing)
firm (hard)
firm (company)
fly (insect)
fly (move through air)
fly (flap of cloth covering pant zipper)
fresh (new)
fresh (bold)
gum (chewing treat)
gum (mouth part)
hold (grasp)
hold (part of ship)
jam (preserved fruit)
jam (squeeze)
jam (impromptu music)
lap (part of body)
lap (course)
lap (drink)
lean (slant)
lean (thin)
left (direction)
left (went)
lie (untruth)
lie (recline)
loaf (lounge)
loaf (bread)
lumber (wood)
lumber (walk slowly)
mole (skin spot)
mole (animal)
page (call)
page (of paper)
page (youth)
pen (for writing)
pen (enclosure)
pitcher (container)
pitcher (in baseball)
pop (sound)
pop (popular)
pop (father)
pop (soda)

pound (weight)
prune (fruit)
pupil (part of eye)
racket (for tennis)
ring (circle)
row (in a line)
sock (hit)
tap (hit lightly)
swallow (bird)
well (good)
nail (body part)

pound (kennel)
pound (hit)
prune (cut)
pupil (student)
racket (scheme)
racket (noise)
ring (sound of bell)
row (with oars)
row (fight)*
sock (stocking)
tap (faucet)
swallow (gulp)
well (for water)
nail (hit with a hammer)

Homonym = same spelling + same pronunciation + different meaning

Homograph = same spelling (with same pronunciation or not) +
different meaning
Homophone = same pronunciation (with same spelling or not) +
different meaning
Heteronym = same spelling + different pronunciation + different
meaning
A word with:
Same spelling + same pronunciation + same meaning = same word!
Same spelling + same pronunciation + different meaning =
homograph, homophone and homonym
Same spelling + different pronunciation + different meaning =
homograph and heteronym

different spelling + same pronunciation + different meaning =

homophone

Tenses =

:
1. = Present tens
2. = Past tens
3. = Future tens
1. = Present tens
1. :

* = Present simple tense

* = Present continuous tense
* = Present perfect tense
* = Present perfect continuous
tense

* = Present simple tense

Present simple tense

subject ,
s es.
Subject
Verb
I / you / we / they
+
speak / learn
he / she / it

speaks / learns

: Subject + Verb+(s, es ) + Object

-O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, -Z
-es .
go goes

catch catches

wash washes

kiss kisses

fix fixes

buzz buzzes

y ,a (consonant)
y i es.(
)
marry marries

study studies

carry carries

worry worries

y, a (vowel)
s.( )
play plays

enjoy enjoys

say says

I always eat a salad for lunch.

I live in New York.
John drives a taxi.
Some birds sleep by day and hunt by night.

Present simple tense

.
Always -
often -
usually -
sometimes -
seldom -
never -
every day
-
every week -
every year -
on Mondays - ...........
after school - ...........
subject,
to do + not
.
: Subject + Do not(Does not ) + Verb
+ object
I do not play football.
He does not play football.

to do, subject ,
bject.
: Do(Does ) + Subject + Verb + object
Do I play football?
Does he play football?

Present simple tense :

.
She always forgets her purse.
He never forgets his wallet.
I always come to school by car.
I play football every weekend.
She never plays football.
My friend often draws posters.
.
It rains a lot in winter.
The sun sets in the West.
Wood floats on water.
The sun rises in the East.
Two and two make four.
.
You walk for two hundred metres, then you turn left.
First you roll out the pastry, then you cut circles with a cup or a glass.
Go straight on to the traffic lights, then you turn right.
Open your books at page 50.
.
I write. .( )
I work. .( )
.
The party starts at 5 o'clock.
The train leaves tonight at 7 PM.
The train departs in 20 minutes.

* = Present continuous tense

Present continuous tense subject
, to be ,
ing.
: Subject + is/ am/are + Verb + ing + Object

I am playing cricket.
He is driving a car.
not
to be .
: subject +is/am/are +not +verb+ing+object
I am not playing cricket.
He is not driving a car.
They are not reading their lessons.

to be subject.
to be subject,
-ing.
: Is/am/are + Subject + Verb + ing + Object
Am I playing cricket?
Is He driving a car?
Are they reading their lessons?

Present continuous tense :

.
The kids are watching TV.
They are doing their homework.
The telephone is ringing!

.
I am reading a really interesting book now.
We are studying English .
Jenny is working in a restaurant this week.

( .)
Mary is coming for dinner tomorrow.
We are having lunch at 13.30 o'clock.
I am going to the cinema tonight.
They're coming to the party at the weekend.
:

at the moment

at this moment

today

now

right now

Listen!

Look!

in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening

at noon / tonight

tomorrow

next ...

this week / this month / this year

at the moment

now / just now / right now

more and more

He is now watching TV.
She is just learning English.
They are spending this week in Paris.
I'm leaving for Vienna tomorrow morning.
He's studying right now.
More and more people are becoming vegetarian.
Are they visiting you next winter?

* = Present perfect tense

Present perfect tense j
,

.

Present perfect tense

subject to have past participle
bject.
: Subject + has/have + Past Participle (verb) + Object
I have known Mary since 2000.
You have gone to school.
He has already arrived in Catalonia.


-ed.
Arriv +ed
not
have .
: Subject + has/have not+ Past Participle (verb) + Object
I have not known Mary since 2000.
You have not gone to school.
He has not already arrived in Catalonia.
I have
not studied for three hours today.

have subjekt.
Have I known Mary since 2000?
Have You gone to school?
Has He already arrived in Catalonia?

Present perfect tense :

.
I have been to France three times.
I have never been to France.
He has never traveled by train.
.
He has lived in Canada for five years.
She has worked at the University since 1994.

.
I have buoght a car.

I have cleaned my room.

.
He has just played handball.
The bus has just arrived.
She has cooked dinner.
( )
:
just
I have made a special dish just for you.
yet
She hasn't found the time yet.
never
She has never been so surprised.
already
We have seen this movie already.
ever
Have you ever read books?
so far
up to now
recently
since
You have been sick since last week.
for
I have thought about it for two hours.

* = Present

perfect continuous tense

Present perfect continuous tense
subject
have (have/has) past participle
be(been) , o
ing object .
: Subject + have/has +been Verb + ing + Object
You have been watching TV for the last five hours.
You have been playing handball.
He has been painting the house for 5 hours.
not
have past participle been.
: Subject + have/has not
+been Verb + ing +
Object
You have

not

been watching TV for the last five hours.

You have not

been playing handball.
He has not
been painting the house for 5 hours.

subject have.
: Have/has+ Subject + been Verb + ing + Object
Have you been watching TV for the last five hours?
Have you been playing handball.
Has he been painting the house for 5 hours.

Present perfect continuous tense :

.
I have been reading for 2 hours.
We've been waiting for the bus for hours.
I have been working all afternoon.
He hasn't been talking to me for weeks.
.
I'm tired, because I've been running.
I'm so tired, I've been studying.
I've been reading your book, it's very good.
I have been waiting for you for half an hour.
:
all day
the whole day the whole (morning/ afternoon/ week/)
since
for
how long
I have been working all afternoon.
She has been writing for two hours.
I have been writing for an hour.

2. = Past tens

* = Past simple tense

* = Past continuous tense
* = Past perfect tense
* = Past perfect continuous

tense

* = Past simple tense

Past simple tense
ed. subject
ed, bject.
Past simple tense
.
: Subject + Verb +ed+ Object
We arrived at 9:00 o'clock.
She opened her bag.
We visited Japan in 2007.
I went to the cinema yesterday.
.
Susan bought her little sister a doll.
,
d.
baked, cared, eased, filed, greased,
hated, liked, piled, raced, seized,
smiled, typed, wheezed, whined
Y, Y
- ied
Apply / applied;
bury / buried;
cry / cried;
fry / fried;
hurry / hurried;
marry / married;
pry
/
pried;
spy / spied
try / tried
vary / varied
worry / worried
copy / copied;
defy / defied
fry / fried;

falsify / falsified;
hurry / hurried;
pity / pitied;
qualify / qualified;
spy / spied;
supply / supplied;

modify / modified;
reply / replied;
try / tried

A ,
,
d.
beg / begged; clap / clapped;
fan / fanned;
hop / hopped; jog / jogged;
mar / marred;
pin / pinned;
rip / ripped;
slam / slammed;
tan / tanned;
whip / whipped;
zip / zipped
She kissed me on the cheek.
He played the violin when he was a child.
subject,
to do(did), not ,
ed.
: subject +did +not +verb1(infinitive) + object
We did not arriv at 9:00 o'clock.
She did not open her bag.
subject
did.
: Did + subject + verb1(infinitive) + object
Did we arriv at 9:00 o'clock.?
Did she open her bag?
Did we visit Japan in 2007?

Past simple tense :

.
I visited Berlin last week.
He went to a club last night.
I visited a client in London yesterday.
.
First I got up, then I had breakfast.
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
She opened her bag, took out the key and unlocked the door.
:
ago, an hour ago, one minute ago, in 2011 ..., in 1999 ..., last

month,

last week, last year, last weekend, last summer,

yesterday,

at 5 o'clock.

They weren't in Rio last summer.

He went to a club last night.
Did he come to your party last week?

* = Past continuous tense

Past continuous tense subject
, to be
-ing (present
participle) ,a object.
: Subject + was/were + Verb + ing + Object
I was studying when she called.
She was crying yesterday.
We were listening to the music.
not
to be
ing.
: Subject + was/were + not Verb + ing + Object
I was not studying when she called.
She was not crying yesterday.
We were not listening to the music.

to be subject.
: was/were + Subject + Verb + ing + Object
Was I studying when she called?
Was she crying yesterday?
Were we listening to the music?

Past continuous tense :

.
I was taking a bath when the telephone rang.
You phoned while I was having a bath.
I was reading when he arrived.

.
At this time last week I was lying on the beach in Florida.
The children were doing their homework when I got home.
Peter was reading a book yesterday evening.
,
.
Anne was writing a letter while Steve was reading.
Ben was singing while Sarah was dancing.
What were they doing while she was crying?
:
while
when
She was watching TV when somebody knocked at the door.
While I was reading my wife was taking a shower.
Ben was singing while Sarah was dancing.
When she was sleeping, the phone rang.

* = Past perfect tense

Past perfect tense
subject, have,
ed, o (past
participle).
: Subject + had + Past Participle verb(verb+ed)+ Object


They had visited a doctor.
I had finished my work last year.
Mary had eaten dinner before he started his homework.
You had gone .( )
not
have .
: Subject + had + not + Past Participle verb(verb+ed)+
Object
They had not
visited a doctor.
I had not finished my work last year.
Mary had not
eaten dinner before he started his homework.

You had not

gone .( )

subject had.
: Had + subject + Past Participle verb(verb+ed)+ Object
Had they visited a doctor?
Had I finished my work last
year?

Past perfect tense :

.
I had finished my homework before I went playing football.

John had never been to London before we went there last year.
James had cooked breakfast when we got up.

.
If we had gone by taxi, we wouldn't have been late.

If Mary had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.

If I had known you were ill, I would have visited you.

.
Mary said she had already seen this film.

He asked if I had read Harry Potter.

He said he had lost his puppy.

:
1 By the time
Id finished all the work by the time you called.
2 When
When we arrived at the airport, our flight had already left.
3 Before
Before we sold our car, we had owned it for 12 years.
4 Until
Hed never met a native English speaker until he visited London.
5 Said
She said that shed lost her wallet.

after, before, when

After he had sent an email, he got an answer.
Before we read the book, we had bought the book.
When she arrived in London, she had waited for hours.

* = Past perfect

continuous tense
Past perfect continuous tense
subjekt , i have (had)
past participle be (been) ,
-ing , (present
participle ).
: Subject + had + been + Verb + ing + Object + since/for
I had been waiting for him for one hour.
She had been playing chess since 7 Oclock.
He had been playing cricket for two hours.
not

had been.
: Subject + had not
+ been + Verb + ing + Object +
since/for
I had not
been waiting for him for one hour.
She had not
been playing chess since 7 Oclock.
He had not
been playing cricket for two hours.
subject
had.
: had + Subject + been + Verb + ing + Object + since/for
Had I been waiting for him for one hour?
Had she be been playing cricket for two hours?
Had he been playing cricket for two hours?

Past perfect continuous tense :

 .
They had been watching TV for two hours before Mike came.
. Diana had been playing tennis for half an hour when it began to rain.
They had been playing tennis for two hours before the accident
happened.
"I had been studying at university for 6 months before I met her.

.
1. The road was wet because it had been raining.
2 . I had to go on a diet because I had been eating too much sugar.
3.Jason was tired because he had been jogging.
I put on weight because I had been eating too much.
.
If it hadn't been raining, we would have gone to the park.
If he hadn't been reading for hours last night, he would have got up
earlier.
.
He said that Jane had been driving for 8 hours.
She said she had been teaching English for the last three years in
Japan.
:
for, since, how long, all day, after, before
Lisa had been dancing for 2 hours before she was tired.
He had not been working at the dock at all that afternoon.
She had been playing chess since 7 Oclock.
Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at
work.
He had been playing football before ten years.

3. = Future tens
3. :

* = Future simple tense

* = Future continuous tense
* = Future perfect tense

= Future perfect continuous tense

* = Future simple tense

Future simple tense

Will Be Going

To.

Future simple tense Will / shall

: Subject + Will / shall + verb +object
I will finish my report later today.
He will finish his homework in twenty minutes.
You will help him later.
I will arrive on Tuesday
I shall arrive on Tuesday.
not
Will / shall
verb.
: Subject + Will / shall not
+ verb +object
I will not finish my report later today.
He will not
finish his homework in twenty minutes.
You will not
help him later.
I will not
arrive on Tuesday
I shall not
arrive on Tuesday.

Subject Will / shall .
: Will / shall + Subject + verb +object
Will I finish my report later today?
Will He finish his homework in twenty minutes?
Will You help him later?
Shall I arrive on Tuesday?
Shall we see?
* = Future simple tense
:
~ .
tomorrow, today, later today, in five minutes, in two hours, on
Monday, on Saturday afternoon, next week/month, this year,

I will finish my report later today.

The sun will rise at 6:03 am.
I'll go to the market tomorrow.
There will be another conference next month.
I'll come to see you on Sunday.
~ .
I'll close the window.
- The phone is ringing.
- I'll answer it.
~ .
I think it will rain.
It will rain in a moment.
It will get more difficult.
~ .
I'll be there at 7 p.m., I promise.
I'll tell your parents what you did.
I promise I will buy you this toy.
Promise you will never leave me!
:
next friday..., next weekend, next year, next party..., soon, tomorrow,
tomorrow evening..., in the future, 2011, expect, believe, hope,
suppose, think, probably
I will buy a computer tomorrow.
They will dance all night long.
John will be here in a second or two.

am/is/are
Subject.
re you going to meet Jane tonight?
re we going to make a bag as her birthday present?
m I going to pick it up for you?

Future simple tense (going to) :

.
We are going to sing at the party.
I'm going to see him later today.
I am going to study harder next year.
.
Look at those boys playing football! They're going to break the
window.
Look out! That cup is going to fall off.
Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain soon.
The sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain.

* = Future continuous tense (

will, shall)
: Subject + will+ be() + Vrb + ing(present
participle) + Object.
: Subject + shall+ be() + Vrb + ing(present
participle) + Object.
I will be waiting for you.
You will be feeling well tomorrow.
We shall be sleeping by the time you return.
At this time next week, I shall be playing poker.
:
: Subject + will +not + be() + Vrb +
ing(present participle) + Object.
: Subject + shall +not be() + Vrb +
ing(present participle) + Object.
I will not be waiting for you.
You will not be feeling well tomorrow.
We shall not be sleeping by the time you return.
At this time next week, I shall not be playing poker.
:

: Will+ subject + be() + Vrb + ing(present

participle) + Object.
: Shall + subject+ be() + Vrb + ing(present
participle) + Object.
Will I be waiting for you?
will you be feeling well tomorrow?
Shall we shall be sleeping by the time you return?
At this time next week, shall I be playing poker?

Future continuous tense :

.
At eight oclock, I will be eating dinner.
Tonight at 11 p.m, we will be dancing at the party.
.
This time tomorrow I will be celebrating my birthday.
.
He won't be coming any time soon. He is still at the office.
Beatrice will be getting married very soon.
She will be feeling very sad after learning the truth.
I will be waiting for you when your train arrives.
She will be working when the celebration starts.
At the concert tomorrow, Ben will be singing while Sarah will be
dancing.
I will be working hard next week while you will be relaxing on the beach.
= ( will be)(shall be)
tomorrow, next week/month/year, in 2041, at midnight
It will be raining tomorrow.
I shall be sleeping at midnight.
We will be going to the gym after work.
I will be speaking.
(I'll be speaking)
I will not be speaking. (I won't be speaking)

* = Future perfect tense

( will, shall)
: Subject + will have() shall
have() + verb+ed(Past participle )+ Object .
She will have fallen asleep by the time we get home.
I shall have gone by then.
She will have finished the work by Wednesday.
Jack will have finished his homework by the time his mother gets
home.
:
: Subject + will+ not+ have() shall
have() + verb+ed(Past participle )+ Object .
She will not have fallen asleep by the time we get home.
I shall not have gone by then.
She will not have finished the work by Wednesday.
Jack will not have finished his homework by the time his mother
gets home.
:
: will have() shall have()
+Subject + +verb+ed(Past participle )+ Object .
Will she have fallen asleep by the time we get home?
Shall I have gone by then?
Will she have finished the work by Wednesday?
Will Jack will have finished his homework by the time his mother gets
home?

Future perfect tense :

.
She will have cooked dinner by the time her husband repears the car.
By the time we get to the cinema the movie will have started.
Jack will have finished his homework by the time his mother gets
home.

.
The student will have passed his exam by Friday.
I will have finished the writing by midnight.

The snow will have stopped by April.

John will have eaten the whole cake, by the time the birthday party
starts!
= will have shall
have.
by (the end of the day, ... week, ...month, ...year, ...decade)
until, before by the end of the day, by the end of the week, by the
end of the month,
By the time you arrive, we will have finished the meal and the
speeches.
By next month, you will have received your promotion.
I will have finished by 5pm.
By the end of the month we will have finished the course.

* = Future

perfect continuous tense Will / Shall

: Subject + will have been() shall have
been() + Verb + ing(present participle) + Object +
since/for
I will have been waiting for him for one hour.
She will have been playing football since 2015.
I will have been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock.
I shall have been working in the company for five years next month.
:
: Subject + will + not + have been()
shall have been() + Verb + ing(present participle) +
Object + since/for
I will have not been waiting for him for one hour.
She will not have been playing football since 2015.
I will have not been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock.
I shall have not been working in the company for five years next
month.
:
: will shall + Subject+ have been + Verb + ing(present

participle) + Object + since/for

Will I have been waiting for him for one hour?
Will she have been playing football since 2015?
Will I have been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock?
Shall I shall have been working in the company for five years next
month?

Future perfect continuous tense :

.
I will have been working here for ten years next week.
.
By the next year, Ben and his wife will have been living together for 50
years.
:
By this time, he will have been working for 12 hours, so he will be
very tired.

, .
I'll go home on 20 June. By then I'll have been staying at this hotel for
a fortnight.
At six o'clock we'll have been waiting here for three hours.
When you arrive, we'll have been sitting in the classroom all day.
By tonight, it will have been raining several hours, and the street will
be very wet.
By next summer, I will have been running for almost a year, and I will
be fit and healthy.
By the time of the concert, she will have been practicing the piano for
several months, and she will be much better.
: will have been
shall have been.
all day long, for ..., the last couple of hours, by the time
By the time I finish this course, I will have been learning English for
twenty years.
He will have been driving for an hour by the time he gets home.

Future simple tense (going to)

Future simple tense (going to)
subject to
be(am,is,are) , going to

, bject.
: Subject + am/is/are + going to +infinitive verb +object
You are going to meet Jane tonight.
We are going to make a bag as her birthday present.
I am going to pick it up for you.
not
am/is/are
going to.
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
We are not going to make a bag as her birthday present.
I am not going to pick it up for you.
am/is/are

Subject.
re you going to meet Jane tonight?
re we going to make a bag as her birthday present?
m I going to pick it up for you?

* = Future continuous
tense
( be going to)
: subject+am/is/are + going to be +verb+ing( present
participle)+object
You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
He is going to be working at 3:00 tomorrow afternoon.
:
: subject+am/is/are +not + going to be +verb+ing( present
participle)+object
You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
He is not going to be working at 3:00 tomorrow afternoon.

 :
: am/is/are+ subject+ + going to be +verb+ing( present
participle)+object
Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
Is he going to be working at 3:00 tomorrow afternoon?
I am going to be learning English tomorrow at this time.
I am not going to be learning English tomorrow at this time.
Am I going to be learning English tomorrow at this time?

Future perfect tense

(going to)
: subject+am/is/are + going to have()
+verb+ed( past participle)+object
He is going to have finished his lecture by the time we get there.
I am going to have finished her homework by the time her schoolmate
arrives.
:
: subject + am/is/are+ not + going to have()
+ verb+ed(past participle)+object
He is not going to have finished his lecture by the time we get there.
I am not going to have finished her homework by the time her
schoolmate arrives.
:
: Am/is/are+ subject+ + going to have()
+verb+ed( past participle)+object
Is he going to have finished his lecture by the time we get there?
Am I going to have finished her homework by the time her schoolmate
arrives

Future perfect continuous tense ( be going

to)
:subject+am/is/are+going to have
been()+verb+ing
(present participle)+object
You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her
plane finally arrives.
She is going to have been working at that company for three years
when it finally closes.

 :
:subject+am/is/are+ not +going to have
been()+verb+ing
(present participle)+object
You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when
her plane finally arrives.
She is not going to have been working at that company for three
years when it finally closes.
:
: am/is/are +subject +going to have
been()+verb+ing
(present participle)+object
Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her
plane finally arrives?
Is she going to have been working at that company for three years
when it finally closes?

Tenses -
The four present tenses are :
1. the simple present ("I go")
2. the present progressive ("I am going")
3. the present perfect ("I have gone")
4. the present perfect progressive ("I have been going")

The four past tenses are :

1. the simple past ("I went")
2. the past progressive ("I was going")
3. the past perfect ("I had gone")
4. the past perfect progressive ("I had been going")

The four future tenses are :

1. the simple future ("I will go")
2. the future progressive ("I will be going")
3. the future perfect ("I will have gone")
4. the future perfect progressive ("I will have been going")

Conditional =
4 Conditional :
Conditional
Conditional
Conditional
Conditional

0
1
2
3

Conditional 0

, .
If + simple present, simple present
'IF' CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
(CONDITION)
If + simple present
simple present
If you heat ice
+
it melts.
If it rains
+ you get wet

If he gets there before me, ask him to wait.

If I eat too much, I get sick.
If I drink, I never drive.
If you freeze water, it turns into ice.
If people eat too much, they get fat.
If you mix red and blue, you get purple.
If it rains, the grass gets wet.
Ice melts if you heat it.

Conditional 1

,
If +simple present +simple futur

IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION)

If + simple present
If it rains
+
If you don't hurry
+

MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

Simple future
you will get wet
we will miss the train.

If he's feeling better, he will come.

If I have time today, I will phone my friend.
If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
Ill go shopping on the way home if I have time.
If its a nice day tomorrow we will go to the beach.
If it rains tomorrow, I will take my umbrella.
If it rains, I won't go to the park.
If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
If it rains today, I'll stay at home.
If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow.
CONDITION: if + subject + present simple
RESULT: subject + future (will/wont, going to)

 Conditional 2
,
.
If + Simple Past + Modal + Base Verb
If clause
If + Past Simple

+
+

Main clause
would / could / might + verb

If I had more money, I would buy a car.

If he were 16, he could drive.

If I were rich, I would buy a private jet.

If I had one million dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.

If he studied more, he would pass the exam.
If elephants had wings, they would be able to fly.
CONDITION: if + subject + past simple
RESULT: subject + would/might/could + verb

Conditional 3

.
If clause
Main clause
If + Past Perfect
would/could/might + have +
tense
past participle
If I had won the
I would have traveled around
lottery,
the world.
Present Conditionals (Present Real Conditional)

If / When .+.. Simple Present ...,+ ... Simple Present ...

... Simple Present .+.. if / when ..+. Simple Present ...
If I heat water to 100 degrees C., It boils.
If I go to a friend's house for dinner, I usually take a bottle of
wine or some flowers.
When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach.
If I have money, I spend it.
Present Conditionals (Present Real Conditional)
.
Present Unreal Conditional
If .+.. Simple Past ...,+ ... would + verb ...
.+.. would + verb ..+. if ..+. Simple Past ...
If I owned a car, I would drive to work. But I don't own a car.
She would travel around the world if she had more money.
But she doesn't have much money.
Present Unreal Conditional
.

Past Conditionals(Past Real Conditional)

If / When .+.. Simple Past ...,+ ... Simple Past ...
... Simple Past..+. if / when ..+. Simple Past ...
If I went to a friend's house for dinner, I usually took a bottle
of wine or some flowers. I don't do that anymore.
When I had a day off from work, I often went to the beach.
Now, I never get time off.
Past Conditionals(Past Real Conditional)

.

Past Unreal Conditional

If .+.. Past Perfect ...,+ ... would have + past participle ...
... would have + past participle .+.. if ..+. Past Perfect ...
If I had owned a car, I would have driven to work. But I didn't
own one, so I took the bus.
She would have traveled around the world if she had had
more money. But she didn't have much money, so she never
traveled.
Past Unreal Conditional
.

Future Conditionals(Future Real Conditional)

If / When ..+. Simple Present ...,+ ... Simple Future ...
... Simple Future .+.. if / when ..+. Simple Present ...
If I go to my friend's house for dinner tonight, I will take a
bottle of wine or some flowers.
When I have a day off from work, I am going to go to the
beach.
Future Conditionals(Future Real Conditional)

.
Future Unreal Conditional
If .+.. Simple Past ..., +... would + verb ...
... would + verb .+.. if ..+. Simple Past ...
If I had a day off from work next week, I would go to the beach.
I am busy next week. If I had time, I would come to your party.
.
Future Unreal Conditional
If ... were + present participle ...,+ ... would be + present

participle ...
... would be + present participle .+.. if ..+. were + present
participle ...
If I were going to Fiji next week, I would be taking my scuba
diving gear with me.
If I were not visiting my grandmother tomorrow, I would help
you study.

Future Unreal Conditional

If ..+. were going to + verb ...,+ ... would be + present
participle ...
... would be + present participle ..+. if .+.. were going to + verb
...
If I were going to go to Fiji next week, I would be taking my
scuba diving gear with me.
If I were not going to visit my grandmother tomorrow, I would
help you study.
Conditional with Modal Verbs
would + can = could
would + shall = should
would + may = might
If I went to Egypt next year, I could learn Arabic.
Unfortunately, that's not possible.
If I didn't have to work tonight, I could go to the fitness center.

mix Conditional

Past --> Present

If I had taken an aspirin, I wouldn't have a headache
now.
If I had installed an anti-virus, my computer wouldn't be so
slow now.
If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.
Past --> Future
If I had known that you are going to come by tomorrow, I
would be in then.
If she had signed up for the ski trip last week, she would be
joining us tomorrow.
If our house had been broken into, we would call the police.
Present --> Past
If she had enough money, she could have done this trip to
Hawaii.
if I was more diligent, I would've finished my degree at
university.
If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw
yesterday.
Present --> Future
If I were you, I would be spending my vacation in Seattle.
If you were more eloquent, you would become a politician.
If I didn't have so much vacation time, I wouldn't go with you
on the cruise to Alaska next week.

Future --> Past

If I weren't flying to Detroit, I would have planned a trip to
Vancouver.
If she had stayed up late yesterday, she will be late
tomorrow.
If I weren't going on my business trip next week, I would have
accepted that new assignment at work.
Future --> Present
If I were taking this exam next week, I would be high-strung.
If I were going to that concert tonight, I would be very
excited.

Clause
Clause (subject,verb,object.........)
Clause
.
clause
clause
clause = independent clause main clause=
clause.
He was eating a bacon sandwich.
He ran fast.
We walk to school.
And, or, nor, but, yet(
2 clause.)
The door opened and the man walked in.
clause

 , clause =
dependent clause.
clause :
Before, after, because, since, in order to, although, though,
whenever, wherever, whether, while, even though, even if,
Because I forgot my homework, I got sent home.
The door opened because the man pushed it.
Before they go to the airport, they will visit you.
I went to the show that was very popular.
= dependent clause :
Noun Clauses(how, that, what, whatever, when, where,
whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever,
whose, and why.)
Remind whoever is on your discussion panel that we will
meet tomorrow morning in the library.
I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language.
Adjective Clauses(who, whom, whose, which, that, where, or
when.)
Katie loves books which describe life in the 29th century.
The happy woman danced across the street.
The red coat which I bought yesterday.
Adverb Clauses
Place wherever, anywhere, everywhere, where
Everywhere she goes, she brings a camera.
Time since, while, as soon as, before, after, until, when,
anytime
While we were waiting for the pizza guy to arrive, we played
poker at the kitchen table.
Reason because, since, as, for, so that
Because it was exceptionally cold, I wore my winter jacket.
Condition if, when, unless, even if, even though
Even if they lose by five goals, people will still love them.
Contrast though, although, despite, in spite of, whereas
Despite the poor service provided by the wait staff, we still
enjoyed the food and the atmosphere of the restaurant.

Sentences =
:
1.Subject
2.Verb
3.Object
1.Subject
Subject e / . Subject
.
John dance on the table.
We go to school.
John drinks coffe.
2.Verb
Verb e ,
subject.
John dance on the table.
We go to school.
John drinks coffe.
3.Object
Object
.
John dance on the table.
We go to school.
John drinks coffe.
Sentence types =

4
:
1.Simple sentence( , )

2.Compound sentence
3.Complex sentence
4.Complex- Compound sentence
1.Simple sentence
Simple sentence (one
independent clause).
She is my girlfriend.
Joe waited for the train.
The train was late.
Mary and Samantha took the bus.
2.Compound sentence
Compound sentence
(independent clause)
:
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
I am skinny and you are obese.
I like chocolate ice cream, but my friend likes strawberry.
Joe waited for the train, but the train was late.
The boys walked down the road and their parents waved from
the house.
3.Complex sentence
Complex sentence

(independent clause)
(dependent clause).
As she is a big bully, I stay away from her.
Because my coffee was too cold, I heated it in the
microwave.
I always make friends quickly wherever I live.
We visited the museum before it closed.
4.Complex- Compound sentence

Complex- Compound sentence

( independent clause)
(dependent clause).
I usually use a pick whenever I play the guitar, or I just use
my fingers.
I would have purchased the cheese that you like, but it was
too expensive.
John went to school, but James remained at home because
he had a sore throat.

Sentence types =
:
1.Declarative sentences
2.Interrogative sentences
3.Imperative sentences
4.Conditional sentences
5.Exclamative sentences
1.Declarative sentences
Declarative sentences .
.
Subject + Predicate
My coat is red.
Yesterday I left school early.
Yesterday, I slept through my alarm.
My name is Mary.
We get lots of snow in the winter .
2.Interrogative sentences
Interrogative sentences
.
.
Interrogative sentences :
1. Yes/No interrogatives

2. Alternative interrogatives
3. Wh-interrogatives
4. Tag questions.
Yes/No interrogatives
Will you bring your book?
Answer: Yes or No
Are you a student?
Answer: Yes or No
Did Rama eat a mango?
Answer: Yes or No
Alternative interrogatives
Would you prefer chocolate or vanilla ice cream?
Do you want coffee, tea, or soda?
Should I telephone you or send an email?
Wh-interrogatives
What are you doing?

Where do you live?

Who is playing in the Super Bowl?

What is the meaning of this?

Which songs do you like best?

Tag questions
You came by train, didnt you?
She is collecting stickers, isn't she?
We often watch TV in the afternoon, don't we?
She works for a big company, doesn't she?
You've eaten breakfast, haven't you?
You made some coffee, didn't you?

3.Imperative sentences
Imperative sentences ,
.
.
Please pass the salt.
Get out of my way!
Shut the door.
Let's eat something, we are all hungry.
Give me the keys.
4.Conditional sentences
"Zero conditional" = "If you don't eat for a long time, you
become hungry."
"First conditional" = "If you make a mistake, someone will let
you know."
"Second conditional" = If it were to rain tomorrow, I would
dance in the street.
"Third conditional" = If you had called me, I would have
come.
"Mixed conditional" = If you had done your job properly, we
wouldn't be in this mess now.
If we were soldiers, we wouldn't have done it like that.
5.Exclamative sentences
No, you cannot dye the dog's hair! (anger)
I don't want to go to Grandma's house! (frustration)
I scored three goals at the soccer game! (happiness)
I love you! (love)
We're going to Hawaii! (elation)
Wow, I am excited about this trip!
What a beautiful place this is!
Some whales are over 90 feet long!
What a beautiful night!
Its a great day!
.

1. What + a/an + Adjective + Noun!

Example: What a beautiful day!
What an ugly picture!
What a sunny day!
What a bad weather!
2. How + Adjective + Subject + Be!
Example: How handsome he is!
How amazing story is!
How bad it is!

Direct and Indirect speech

Direct speech( )

.
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
"Today's lesson is on presentations", she said.
She says "What time will you be home?"
David said, I am writing a letter now.
Indirect speech( )
.
John said that he would give me a pen.
He said that he worked in a factory.
She said that she had seen him.
David said that he was writing a letter then.
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
now
- then
here
- there
this
- that
these
- those
ago
- before

thus
to-day
to-night

- so
- that day
- that night
the day before (or)
yesterday
the previous day
the next day (or)
tomorrow
the following day
last week
- the week before
next week
- the week after
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Present simple
Past simple
She said, "It's cold."
She said it was cold.
Present continuous
Past continuous
She said, "I'm teaching
She said she was teaching
English online."
English online.
Present perfect simple
Past perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the
She said she had been on the
web since 1999."
web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching She said she had been teaching
English for seven years."
English for seven years.
Past simple
Past perfect
She said, "I taught online
She said she had taught online
yesterday."
yesterday.
Past continuous
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I was teaching
She said she had been teaching
earlier."
earlier.
Past perfect
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had
NO CHANGE - She said the
already started when he
lesson had already started when
arrived."
he arrived.

Past perfect continuous

She said, "I'd already been
teaching for five minutes."

Past perfect continuous

NO CHANGE - She said she'd
already been teaching for five
minutes.

Modal verb=
Direct speech
Indirect speech
will
would
She said, "I'll teach English She said she would teach
online tomorrow."
English online tomorrow.
can
could
She said, "I can teach
She said she could teach
English online."
English online.
must
had to
She said, "I must have a
She said she had to have a

computer to teach English

computer to teach English
online."
online.
shall
should
She said, "What shall we
She asked what we should
learn today?"
learn today.
may
might
She said, "May I open a new She asked if she might open
browser?"
a new browser.

Questions =

:

.
It is snowing.
.
Is it snowing? ?

He was driwing fast. .

Was he driwing fast? ?


to do.
You speak English.
.
Do you speak English?
?
She lives in France.
.
Does she live in France?
?

:
Who =koj
Where =ka
When =
What =
Which =
How =

used to + infinitive =

.
I used to have long hair (but now I have short hair).
He used to smoke (but now he doesn't smoke).
Tom used to drink coffee. Now he prefers tea.
Be 'used to' + noun =
Tom is used to noise.
Julie is used to hard work.
be used to +verb+ing=
Tom is used to living in a noisy street.
Julie is used to working hard.

Must ( ) have to ()
.
Must
.
Have to
, .
I must buy flowers for my mother.
In France, you have to drive on the right.
I/we/you/they have to get up early.
He/she/it has to get up early.
Wish = ,
Wish
.
wish + past simple (
,
.
I wish I spoke Italian.
I wish I had a big car.
I wish it was the weekend tomorrow. (future)
wish + past continuous (

.
I wish I was lying on a beach now.
I wish it wasn't raining.
I wish you weren't leaving tomorrow.
wish + past perfect (
.
I wish I hadn't eaten so much.
I wish they'd come on holiday with us.
I wish I had studied harder at school.

Wish + would (
.
I wish you would stop smoking.
I wish it would stop raining.
WHATEVER - WHENEVER - WHEREVER - WHICHEVER WHOEVER
Whatever - Any thing (This could also be every thing)

Whenever - Any time (This could also be 'every time')

Wherever - Any 'where' (Anywhere or everywhere).

Whoever - Anyone (Any person or every person, or

sometimes used to refer to a person unknown to the
speaker)

Whichever - Any 'which' (Choice between a group or

set).

However - Any 'way' (In any manner or way, regardless

of how).

Whatever = anything or everything; regardless of what =

,
Whatever you bake will be delicious.(
.)
Whatever the hour, he calls me. (
.)
WHENEVER= = ; ,
.
You may leave whenever you wish.(
.)
Whenever he leaves the house he always takes an

umbrella.( ,
.)
WHEREVER = = ; ,

With a good education in English, wherever you go, you will
have a good time.
She'll be happy wherever she decides to live.
WHICHEVER= , [to
You can drive whichever of the cars you want.
Wear whichever shoes are the most comfortable.
WHOEVER= ,
Whoever broke the vase, can you please replace it?
Whoever comes with you is welcome.
However =
You can dress however you like for the party, it's not formal.
However much she eats, she never puts on weight.

There, Their, and They're

There

Their

Theyre

there are

There ( o to be
.
There are many documents that are used in investigations.
There is a library in the first building.
Stop right there.( Adverb)
Is there a phone?( Pronoun)

Those there look good.( Adjective)

Their .
My friends have lost their tickets.(
.
Theyre =
If theyre ready, we can go.

used to, get used to, be used to

Used to + verb (infinitive) =
, .
I stopped smoking last year.
I used to smoke ten cigarettes a day.
I used to smoke a packet a day but I stopped two years ago.

Get used to + verb (-ing) =

, .
She used to be a long distance runner when she was
younger.
I used to eat meat but I became a vegetarian 5 years
ago.
subject + be + used to + object =

I am used to driving on the left.

.
I am used to hard work. .

/ n / some / any

a banana, a pear.

n
, An apple, an orange

some

(uncountable nouns) ,
.
Some money, Some fruit, some friends
There is some cheese in the fridge.

Any

.
Is there any bread in the house?
I havent got any time.

Will Going To?

Will :
-
,
, .
I will be rich and famous. .
I'm sure you'll like her. .
It's raining. I'll take an umbrella!
Will
Probably = , possibly = , I think = ,
I hope = .
I hope you'll visit me in my home one day.

 .
I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.

Going To

:
-
.
The traffic is terrible. We're going to miss our flight.
Be careful! You're going to spill your coffee.

Look! David is going to crash against that tree!
-
I'm going to study law at university next year.
Lots of accidents will happen in that weather.

on / in / at
on ,,
,.
the 21th century
In the 1980s
In 2014
In the summer
In Octobe

In ,
On Friday
On March 15th

At ,
At 3:30.

At quarter past four.

there is and there are

there is .
there are .
There is a tree in our garden.
.
There are cows in the field. .

Something anything someone anyone

Some +
Any +
No +

-thing

-body

-one

-where

Someone is sleeping in my bed.

He saw something in the garden.
I left my glasses somewhere in the house.
Some, any + -body / -one, + -thing, + -where
I saw somebody there.
I did not see anybody there.
Did you see anybody there?
Would you like something better?
Something anything
Somewhere anywhere

Someone anyone
Somebody anybody
I need to find somewhere to live. (positive sentence)
Is there anywhere you would recommend? (question)
I didn't know anyone at the party. (negative sentence)
Somebody at the party spilt beer on the carpet. (we're not
sure who).
I saw somebody outside the window. (= 1 person)
Theres nobody there. (= 0 person)
Everybody knows that The Beatles were from Liverpool. (= all
people)
Has anybody seen my keys? (= 1+ people ).
People: someone - anyone - no one - everyone
Things: something - anything - nothing - everything
Places: somewhere - anywhere - nowhere - everywhere

Either, neither, both

either, neither and both
2 .
either =

Would you like tea or

coffee?

Would you like ham or

beef in your sandwich?
neither = , Neither. I am a vegetarian. I
don't eat meat.

both =

I take both milk and sugar

in my coffee.

either

either car, either person

either of the chairs, either

 ,

.

neither

,
.

of the people
Either day is fine for me.
Either of the days is fine for
me.
neither house, neither man
neither of the houses,
neither of the men
Neither day was suitable.
Neither of the days was
suitable.

both
.

both houses, both men

both of the houses, both of
the men

both

Both (of) my brothers are

tall.

GOOD LUCK