Mt s Kinh nghim thit k v thi cng sa cha

kt cu cng trnh b tng ct thp b h hng

do tc ng n mn ca mi trng bin vit nam
SOME EXPERIENCE ON DESIGNING AND REPAIRING FAILED
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES CAUSED BY CORROSION
OF VIETNAMS MARINE ENVIRONMENT
TS. Phm Vn Khoan
ThS. Nguyn Nam Thng
KS. Nguyn ng Khoa
KS. Trn Nam
Vin KHCN Xy dng-B Xy dng
ABSTRACT: Corrosion situation causing failure in reinforced concrete structures in marine

areas in Vietnam has become very serious. Corrosion of reinforced steel damaging reinforced
concrete structures is a widespread problem. Now, there is a few constructions in coastal
atmosphere (1 to 30 km from water edge) with 50 to 60 durability, most of the others in upper
marine and estuary near marine, in the land atmosphere areas (0 to 1 km from water edge) are
corroded and damaged after from 15 to 20 years. On average, the structures durability in the
above mentioned areas is from 40 to 50 percent of designing requirements. Suffering due to
corrosion is serious, cost on repairing failed constructions caused by corrosion accounts for 30 to
70 percent of prises of making new constructions. To solve corrosive resistance and protection of
reinforced concrete constructions in marine areas in Vietnam, this article introduces some
experience on designing and repairing failed reinforced concrete structures caused by corrosion
of Vietnams marine environment. This has been researched, developed matter and applied
effective for the last few years by IBST (Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology)
1. Vn n mn v h hng cng trnh b tng ct thp
vng bin Vit Nam
Kt qu nghin cu v kho st ca Vin KHCN Xy dng 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 cho thy cc
cng trnh b tng ct thp (BTCT) xy dng vng bin nc ta phi gnh chu tc
ng n mn mnh ca mi trng bin, trong ph bin v nguy hi nht l hin
tng xm thc clorua gy n mn v ph hu ct thp trong cc kt cu BTCT.
Hin nay, trn khp vng bin c nc c hng nghn cng trnh BTCT c xy
dng trong khong thi gian t trc nm 1990 ang b n mn v ph hu ct thp
nghim trng. Trong s , c rt nhiu cng trnh cn phi sa cha ln mi c th
tip tc ko di c tui th phc v. Qu trnh n mn ct thp c th bt u ngay
t khi hm lng ion clorua xm nhp vo min b tng cn ct thp khng ln,
khong 0,60 0,80 kg/m 3 b tng. Do sn phm n mn (g st) n th tch 4 6 ln s
gy ng sut lm nt b tng bo v dc theo cc thanh ct thp b n mn, to iu
kin thun li cho s xm nhp ngy cng nhanh ion clorua vo bn trong b tng, y
nhanh tc n mn v ph hu ct thp.

Share-connect.blogspot.com

Bc tranh chung v n mn v ph hu kt cu cng trnh BTCT do ion clorua nh sau :

o Cc phn kt cu BTCT nm cc vng nc ln xung v sng tp, kh quyn trn
mt nc bin v mt nc sng gn bin, kh quyn trn b (cch mp nc 0 1
km) chu xm thc clorua rt mnh, vi nin hn khong 15 20 nm v tu thuc
vo cht lng b tng, v tr lm vic ca kt cu min b tng cn ct thp c th
b xm nhp ti 0,94 3,60 kg Cl--/m3 b tng. V vy c rt nhiu kt cu b n
mn v ph hu ct thp rt nghim trng sau khong 15 20 nm s dng.
o Cc phn kt cu BTCT nm vng kh quyn gn b (t 1 30 km) chu xm
thc clorua kh mnh, vi nin hn s dng 20 30 nm, min b tng cn ct thp
c th tch t ti 0,63 1,41 kg Cl-/m3 b tng v ct thp cng b ph hu nng n
sau khong 20 30 nm s dng.
o Cc phn kt cu BTCT thng xuyn b ngp trong nc bin mc d b xm thc
clorrua rt mnh, min b tng cn ct thp c th tch t ti 15 kg Cl-/m3 b tng,
thi gian phc v kh lu, nhng ct thp hu nh cha b hoc mi ch b n mn
rt nh. Chng hn, kt qu kho st gn y ti cc phn kt cu ngp trong nc
bin v ca sng ven bin nh Cng Hn Gai sau hn 100 nm, Cu b tng (cu
gia) Phan Thit trn 90 nm, cu Ph Hi Phan thit trn 85 nm ch pht hin
thy ct thp chm b g nh, b tng cha b nt v. i vi cc cng trnh c nin
hn ngn hn, nh Cng Thng v Vng Tu trn 15 nm, Cng Nha Trang trn
15 nm, Cng Sng Hn trn 35 nm, Cng Ca Cm gn 30 nm u cha pht
hin thy ct thp b n mn. Hin tng ny c gii thch l do lng oxy ho
tan trong nc bin thp nn khng kh nng oxy ho ct thp.
o Ngoi ra, cc kt qu kho st cho thy tc xm thc ion SO42-vo trong b tng
vng ngp nc v nc ln xung rt chm, v vy cha pht hin thy hin
tng b tng b ph hu do n mn sunft ti cc cng trnh c nin hn 15 n
trn 100 nm k trn.
Nh vy, tnh trng n mn v ph hu kt cu BTCT cc vng nc ln xung v
sng tp, kh quyn trn mt nc bin v mt nc sng ven bin, kh quyn trn b (
cch mp nc 0 1 km) v gn b (cch mp nc t 1 30 km) l rt ph bin v
gy thit hi nghim trng cho nn kinh t nc ta. Tnh hnh thc tin t ra vn
cp bch phi nghin cu v trin khai p dng cc gii php thit k v thi cng sa
cha cho cc kt cu b tng ct thp v ang b h hng do tc ng n mn ca
mi trng bin nc ta.
Di y xin gii thiu mt s kinh nghim thit k v thi cng sa cha cc cng
trnh BTCT b h hng do tc ng n mn ca mi trng bin nc ta do Vin
KHCN Xy dng nghin cu v trin khai ng dng c hiu qu tt trong nhng
nm gn y.
2. Mt s kinh nghim thit k sa cha kt cu BTCT b h
hng do n mn
Nhn chung cc kt cu BTCT khi b n mn ct thp v nt v b tng bo v u
ko theo s suy gim kh nng chu lc v c th mt hon ton kh nng chng n
mn. Do vy, phng n thit k sa cha kt cu BTCT b h hng do n mn cn
phi m bo t ng thi cc yu cu sau y:
- Kh nng chu lc ca kt cu;
Share-connect.blogspot.com

- Kh nng phng chng n mn;

- iu kin lm vic bnh thng
2.1. Thit k m bo kh nng kh nng chu lc ca kt cu
Cc phng n di y c th p dng i vi cc kt cu cn gia c tng cng kh
nng chu lc. Tu thuc vo tnh trng v mc h hng c th chn mt trong cc
phng n thit k gia c sau:
a) Gia c khng m rng tit din
-

p dng cho kt cu b h hng cc b;

Din tch ct thp cn gia c xc nh theo kt qu tnh ton kh nng chu lc;

Lin kt thp mi vi thp c bng hn hoc buc, chiu di hn hoc buc theo
quy phm hin hnh.

V d minh ho thit k sa cha cc b kt cu ct hnh 1;

0WFW

Ct BTCT c

B tng kh chng n mn
M300, dy tb 60mm

Trt hon thin XM - Plime,

M200, dy tb 20mm

Thp dc c o 16

Lin kt hn gia
4
thp mi v thp c
(Lh= 100mm, a= 500mm)

Thp dc mi o 16

Thp dc c o 16

Thp dc mi o 16

Hnh 1. V d thit k sa cha h hng cc b kt cu ct BTCT ti cng trnh sa

cha chng n mn kt cu BTCT Nh ngh L Li Sm sn Thanh Ho (nm 2002)

Mt ct 2-2

2
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Hnh 2. V d thit k gia c c m rng tit din kt cu dm BTCT ti cng trnh sa

cha chng n mn kt cu BTCT Nh ngh L Li Sm sn Thanh Ho (nm 2002)
b) Gia c m rng tit din
Share-connect.blogspot.com

p dng cho kt cu b h hng ton din hoc kt cu chu lc ln

Din tch ct thp cn gia c xc nh theo tnh ton;

Lin kt thp hnh mi vi kt cu c thc hin bng gng kt hp vi hn;

Lin kt thp trn mi vi thp c thc hin bng hn.

V d thit k gia c sa cha ton din kt cu dm minh ho hnh 2.

2.2. Thit k m bo kh nng phng chng n mn lu di cho kt cu

Cn c kt qu kho st nh gi h hng thit k phng n phng chng n mn
lu di cho cc kt cu b n mn v khng cn nng lc phng chng n mn
(bao gm c kt cu v khng kh nng chu lc).
o Trng hp kt cu b tng ct thp b n mn
Phng n thit k chng n mn cc b: p dng cho trng hp kt cu b n
mn v h hng cc b. Loi b phn b tng b nt, bong l, nhim mn xung
quanh cc thanh ct thp b n mn, to khong trng ti thiu 20-30 mm lm
sch g ct thp (v d xem hnh 1). Sn chng n mn ct thp. Chn v lp y
phn b tng c b bng b tng hoc va mi c tnh nng tho m n yu cu
thit k chng n mn bng 1, c th chn theo mt trong cc ph ng n sau:
-

B tng chng thm;

B tng phun kh;

Va bm khng co;

Va rt t chy chng n mn clorua: cho trng hp ct thp b n mn nng,

min b tng cn ct thp b nhim ion Cl - trn 2,0 kg/m 3, kt cu c ct thp
dy, cu to phc tp, kh x l theo cc phng n khc.

Phng n thit k chng n mn ton din: p dng cho trng hp kt cu b n

mn v h hng trn din rng. Cch lm nh sau:
+ Loi b cc phn b tng b nt, bong l, b nhim mn xung quanh v dc
theo cc thanh ct thp b g, to khong trng ti thiu 20-30 mm ;
+ Lm sch g ct thp v sn chng n mn ct thp;
+ Gia c b sung thm thp mi theo (nu kt cu khng m bo kh nng chu
lc);
+ B sung b tng hoc va mi c tnh nng tho m n yu cu thit k chng n mn
bng 2, v d xem hnh 2 v 3. C th chn theo mt trong cc phng n sau:
-

B tng chng thm;

B tng phun kh;

Va bm khng co;

Va rt t chy khng co.

Va rt t chy chng n mn clorua: cho trng hp ct thp b n mn nng,

min b tng cn ct thp b nhim ion Cl - trn 2,0 kg/m3, kt cu c ct thp
dy, cu to phc tp, kh x l theo cc phng n khc.

Share-connect.blogspot.com

o Trng hp kt cu khng cn nng lc chng n mn (in hnh l cc trng

hp chiu dy b tng bo v mng, khng t mc v chng thm):
i vi kt cu c lp b tng bo v mng, khng t mc theo yu cu thit k
chng n mn bng 1 th bo v mt ngoi bng lp b tng phun kh, va trt
chng thm hoc sn chng thm ngn chn s xm nhp ca nc, oxy v cc
cht xm thc vo kt cu.
Chiu dy lp b tng, va gia c mi c tnh ton sao cho tng cng lp b tng
bo v c v lp bo v mi t yu cu bo v ti thiu theo quy nh bng 1.
C th chn mt trong cc phng n sau:
-

B tng chng thm;

B tng phun kh;

Va bm khng co;

Va rt t chy khng co.

Va trt chng thm

Bng 1. Cc yu cu ti thiu v thit k bo v kt cu chng n mn
trong mi trng bin 9
Kt cu lm vic trong vng

S
T
T

Kh quyn
Yu cu
thit k

Ngp
nc
(4)

1 Mc b tng, Mpa

30 40

Nc
ln
xung

Trn mt
nc

Trn b,

Gn b,

01 km cch
mp nc

130 km
cch mp
nc

40

50

30

40

50

25

30

40

25

30

40

10

12

10

12

10

12

10

12

- Kt cu ngoi tri

50

40

30

40

30

25

- Kt cu trong nh

40

30

25

30

25

20

2 chng thm
8
nc, at
3 Chiu dy lp b tng
bo v ct thp, mm

10

- Nc bin

50 40

70

60

60

50

40

- Nc l ca sng

40 30

60

50

50

40

30

4 m rng vt
nt, mm
0,1
0,1
0,1
- Kt cu ngoi tri 0,1 0,05
0,15
0,1
0,15
- Kt cu trong nh
5 Cu to kin trc
- B mt kt cu phng, khng gy ng nc, khng gy tch hi m
v bi.
- Hn ch s dng kt cu BTCT dng thanh mnh (chp, lan can chn
nng)
- C kh nng tip cn ti mi v tr kim tra, sa cha.
Share-connect.blogspot.com

2.3 . m bo iu kin lm vic ca kt cu

Cn c kt qu kho st nh gi iu kin lm vic ca kt cu. Trong ph ng n thit
k sa cha cn c bin php ngn chn hoc loi b cc yu t gy tng tc n
mn v h hng nh cng trnh b qu ti, thm t, ng nc, m t ko di
3. Kinh nghim thi cng sa cha kt cu BTCT b h hng do
n mn
3.1 Vt liu s dng
a) B tng phun kh: Vt liu s dng ch to b tng phun kh, thnh phn b
tng phun kh c chn theo ch dn k thut xy dng B tng phun kh - Ch
dn k thut thi cng v nghim thu.
b) B tng chng thm: Vt liu ch to v thnh phn b tng chng thm chn theo
Ch dn k thut chn thnh phn b tng cc loi, hoc B tng Ch dn k
thut thi cng x l cc vt nt, r, thm nc bng cng ngh bm p h, va xi
mng.
c) Va bm khng co: ly theo ti liu B tng Ch dn k thut thi cng x l cc
vt nt, r, thm nc bng cng ngh bm p h, va xi mng
d) Va rt t chy khng co: Chn loi va t chy khng co trn sn p ng yu cu
k thut ca TCXD 258: 2001
e) Va t chy chng n mn clorua: p ng yu cu k thut bng 2 thnh phn cp
phi va c th s b chn theo bng 3 di y.
Bng 2. Yu cu k thut ca va t chy chng n mn clorua
T
Yu cu
Phng php
Ch tiu k thut
n v
T
t c
kim tra
1 chy (sau 60 pht )
cm
Nht k Suttard
20
2 tch nc (sau 90 pht)
%
0
TCVN 3109:1993
3 Cng nn tui 28 ngy
daN/cm2 400 600 TCVN 3121:1979
Ch dn k thut chn
Tnh khng co ( bin dng
mm/m 0,0010,05
4
thnh phn b tng cc loi
tui 28 ngy)
5 thm ion clorua
culng
AASHTO T-277
1.000
Bng 3. Thnh phn va t chy chng n mn clorua
Cng
va tui
TT
28 ngy
(daN/cm2)
1
600
2
3

500
400

T l pha trn vt liu, phn n v

Lng/rn
0,180,20
0,180,20
0,180,20

1,5- 2

Ph
gia
n
8-10

10-15

1,5- 2

8-10

10-15

1,5- 2

8-10

100

Cht c
ch n
mn
0,8-1,0

Ph gia
khong
siu mn
10-15

100

125

1,0-1,2

100

150

1,2-1,4

Xi mng

Ct

100

Ph gia
siu do

Share-connect.blogspot.com

Ghi ch:

Trc khi s dng cn trn th nghim va t yu cu k thut bng 2;

Xi mng s dng loi PC40 hoc PCB40;
Ct s dng c ht t 0,30 2,0
Cht c ch n mn: Dng ph gia canxi nitrit dng lng, nng NO2- 30%
Ph gia khong siu mn: dng silicafume hoc metacaolanh hoc dng c tnh nng
tng ng;
Ph gia siu do dng bt

Ph gia n dng AC-89 hoc loi tng ng.

Va trt chng thm: Vt liu ch to v thnh phn cp phi chn s b theo bng 4.
Bng 4. Thnh phn va trt chng thm
Mc va,
chng
TT
thm tui
28 ngy
1
2
3
4

200, B8
300, B10
400, B12
500,B14

T l pha trn vt liu, phn n v

Lng/rn

Xi
mng

Ct

Ph gia
siu do

Ph gia
khong
siu mn

Ph
gia
plime

Ph gia
n

0,140,16
0,140,16
0,140,16
0,140,16

100
100
100
100

180
150
150
125

0,2-0,3
0,2-0,3
0,2-0,3
0,2-0,3

5-10
5-10
5-10
5-10

10-15
10-15
10-15
10-15

6-8
6-8
6-8
6-8

Ghi ch:
-

Trc khi s dng cn trn th nghim va t yu cu mc v chng thm

Xi mng: Loi M200,B8 v M300,B10 dng xi mng PC30 hoc PCB30; loi M400,B12
M500, B14 dng xi mng PC40 hoc PCB40;
Ct s dng c ht t 0,30 2,0
Ph gia siu do dng nc chm ninh kt, nng cht kh 40%;
Ph gia khong siu mn: dng silicafume hoc metacaolanh hoc dng c tnh nng
tng ng;
Ph gia plime gc latex hoc acrylic
Ph gia n dng AC-89 hoc loi tng ng

f) Sn chng n mn ct thp: Dng sn epoxy bin tnh hoc sn chng n mn xi

mng plime. Yu cu sn chng g phi c kh nng chng n mn cao v lin
kt bm dnh tt vi c b tng v ct thp v phi p ng yu cu k thut theo
ASTM D 3963/D 3963M-01.
3.2 Thit b thi cng
a) Thit b phun kh: Cc thit b dng cho cng ngh phun kh b tng chn theo ti
liu B tng phun kh - Ch dn k thut thi cng v nghim thu.
b) Thit b bm va lng khng co: Chn theo "B tng - Ch dn k thut x l cc
vt nt v thm bng cng ngh bm p h va xi mng"
Share-connect.blogspot.com

c) My nh g ct thp: Dng my nh g cm tay, in 1 pha, cng sut 550 800

W, chi a loi phng v loi bt.
d) My khoan b tng: S dng my khoan in xoay p, cng sut 750 1150 W,
mi khoan 18 38
e) My ct thp cm tay, in 220V, cng sut 750 - 900 W.
3.3 Qui trnh cng ngh thi cng
Qui trnh cng ngh thi cng sa cha kt cu BT&BTCT b h hng do n mn c
tin hnh theo trnh t sau y:
a) Chng kt cu: Khi thc hin vic sa cha hoc gia c kt cu, c bit l i
vi cc kt cu b gim yu kh nng chu lc, nht thit phi tin hnh chng
kt cu v gii phng hon ton hoc mt phn kt cu cn sa cha khi trng
thi chu lc. Cc kt cu chu lc ti ln c th chia ra x l tng phn thit din.
Tu thuc vo ti trng tc dng ln kt cu, c th chng kt cu bng ct g
c chc 80mm, hoc yu cu phi c ct chng thp kh nng chu ti v
m bo an ton cho thi cng.
b) c ta b tng: c ta k thut loi b phn b tng dc theo cc thanh ct thp
b g, to khong trng sao cho c th nh sch c g ton b thanh ct thp cn
sa cha.
c) Ty g ct thp: Ct thp phi c nh sch g bng bn chi, chi st, my nh
g cm tay hoc phun ct.
d) Khi cn c th phi phun hoc qut cht bin i g lm sch hon ton g trn
b mt ct thp v bo v ct thp trong khi ch phun hoc b tng.
e) Hn hoc ni b sung ct thp: Theo bn v thit k sa cha, tin hnh hn gia
cng lin kt vng chc ct thp c v mi. Trong trng hp khng th hn lin
kt gia ct thp c v mi th c th dng t hp bu lng cng cao khoan chn
su vo phn b tng c lin kt vi thp gia cng. Bin php ny thng p
dng cho cc kt cu c kch thc ln gia c b ng thp hnh.
f) Qut sn bo v ct thp: Thng s dng cc loi sn chng g c ngun gc t
Epoxy, xi mng v xi mng-Plime.
g) Tng cng bm dnh gia b tng mi v b tng c: Cch lm nh sau:
- c nhm b mt b tng c, ra sch b mt bng nc, ro nc;
- Qut mt lp h xi mng st vi t l N/X nh hn hoc bng 0,3 hoc h xi
mng polime acrylic, xi mng polime styrenbutadien ln b mt b tng c (t
l polime 15 n 20% khi lng xi mng). Polime to dnh h latex phi p
ng yu cu k thut theo ASTM C 1509-90;
h) Thi cng b tng v va sa cha
- b tng: Thc hin theo TCVN 4453:1995. Ch s dng ct liu kch
thc Dmax khng vt qu 1/3 kch thc nh nht ca khi v to lin kt
tt vi b tng c.
- Bm va lng khng co: Thc hin theo "B tng - Ch dn k thut x l cc
vt nt v thm bng cng ngh bm p h va xi mng"
- Rt va t chy khng co, va t chy chng n mn clorua: Ghp cp pha
tng t nh bm va lng khng co, ch khc l thay bm bng rt, nn ca rt
v l thot kh phi b tr pha trn cng.
Share-connect.blogspot.com

Phun b tng kh: Thc hin theo "B tng phun kh - Ch dn k thut thi
cng v nghim thu"
Bo dng b tng v va: Thc hin theo TCVN 5592:1991.

4. Kt lun
Kinh nghim thit k v thi cng trnh by trn y c c kt t kt qu
nghin cu v ng dng ca Vin KHCN Xy dng trong nhiu nm qua c hiu
qu tt trong sa cha cc cng trnh BTCT b h hng do tc ng n mn ca mi
trng bin nc ta.
Kinh nghim gii thiu c th p dng lp phng n thit k v thi cng sa
cha chng n mn cho cc cng trnh BTCT xy dng vng bin nc ta.
Mi thng tin cn thit xin lin h: Phng nghin cu n mn v bo v cng trnh
-Vin KHCN Xy dng. T: 04. 754 01 89, Fax: 04. 836 11 97, D: 0913522602

Ti liu tham kho

1. Bo co tng kt ti 26B.03.03 "Nghin cu cc bin php bin php chng n
mn b tng ct thp bo v cng trnh vng ven bin"- Vin Khoa hc K thut
Xy dng, H Ni, 1990.
2. Bo co tng kt ti 02.15.05.R116 "Nghin cu mt s bin php k thut v
cng ngh bo v cc cng trnh xy dng di tc ng n mn ca kh hu vng
ven bin Vit Nam "- Vin Khoa hc K thut Xy dng, H Ni, 1994.
3. Bo co tng kt ti c lp cp Nh nc m s 40-94TL "Nghin cu cc
iu kin k thut m bo bn lu cho kt cu b tng v b tng ct thp xy
dng vng ven bin Vit Nam "- Vin KHCN Xy dng, H Ni, 1999.
4. Bo co Tuyn tp hi tho: Chng n mn v bo v cc cng trnh b tng v b
tng ct thp vng bin Vit Nam. H Ni, 5/1999, 88 tr.
5. TCVN 2737:1995: Ti trng v tc ng. Tiu chun thit k.
6. Ch dn k thut chn thnh phn b tng cc loi, Nh xut bn Xy dng, H
Ni, 1998.
7. Ch dn k thut xy dng: B tng phun kh - ch dn k thut thi cng v nghim
thu; B tng- ch dn k thut thi cng x l cc vt nt, r thm nc bng cng
ngh bm p h, va xi mng; Sa cha khe co d n chn nc- ch dn thit k v
thi cng, Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni, 1999.
8. Ti liu tp hun k thut chng n mn v bo v cc cng trnh b tng v b
tng ct thp vng bin, Vin KHCN Xy dng, H Ni, 10- 2002.
9. TCXDVN d tho Kt cu BT&BTCT Yu cu bo v chng n mn trong mi
trng bin Vit Nam , Vin KHCN Xy dng, H Ni, 2003.

Share-connect.blogspot.com