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Math Review and Vectors
Math Review and Vectors
Course:
AP Physics
Room:
207
Teacher:
Mrs. LaBarbera
Email:
diana.labarbera@valleycentralschools.org
Post session: Tue. Fri.
Objectives
Percent error
Measurements made during laboratory work
yield an experimental value
Accepted value are the measurements
determined by scientists and published in the
reference table.
The difference between and experimental value
and the published accepted value is called the
absolute error.
The percent error of a measurement can be
calculated by
(absolute error)
Percent error
=
X 100%
Identifytherelevantconceptsdetermine
targetvariableandthegivenquantities.
Setuptheproblemchooseequationsbased
ontheknownandunknownfromIdentifystep.
Executethesolutiondothemath
EvaluateyouranswerDoestheanswer
makesense?
SI unit (symbol)
Time
second (s)
Length
Meter (m)
Mass
kilogram (kg)
Derived units
Like derived dimensions, when we
combine base unit to describe a quantity,
we call the combined unit a derived unit.
Example:
Volume = L3 (m3)
Velocity = length / time = LT-1 (m/s)
Density = mass / volume = ML3 (kg/m3)
SI prefixes
SI prefixes are prefixes (such as k, m, c,
G) combined with SI base units to form
new units that are larger or smaller than
the base units by a multiple or sub-multiple
of 10.
Example: km where k is prefix, m is
base unit for length.
1 km = 103 m = 1000 m, where 103 is in
scientific notation using powers of 10
Symbol
Notation
tera
1012
giga
109
mega
106
kilo
103
deci
101
centi
102
milli
103
micro
106
nano
109
pico
1012
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 pound = 4.448221615260 N
Physical Dimensions
The dimension of a physical quantity specifies
what sort of quantity it isspace, time, energy,
etc.
We find that the dimensions of all physical
quantities can be expressed as combinations of
a few fundamental dimensions: length [L],
mass [M], time [T].
For example,
The dimension for Energy: E = ML2/T2
The dimension for Impulse: J = ML/T
at
L
L= 2
T
=L
Example
use dimensional analysis to check if the equation is correct.
d=v/t
L = (L T ) T
[L] L T2
3218m
1mile
1 yard
Note: the units are a part of the measurement as important as the
number. They must always be kept together.
Example 1.1
The official world land speed record is 1228.0
km/h, set on 10/15/1997, by Andy Green in the
jet engine car Thrust SSC. Express this speed in
m/s.
Example 1.2
The worlds largest cut diamond is the First Star
of Africa. Its volume is 1.84 cubic inches. What is
tis volume in cubic centimeers? In cubic meters?
Example
Convert 80 km/hr to m/s.
Given: 1 km = 1000 m; 1 hr = 3600 s
km
80
x 1000 m
hr
1 km
1 hr
= 22
3600 s
m
s
Example
Dimensional Analysis is simply a technique you can use to
convert from one unit to another. The main thing you have to
remember is that the GIVEN UNIT MUST CANCEL OUT.
65
1 60 60 1
hour 60 min 60 sec 1mile
ft
95
s
1meter 95 1
1 3.281
3.281 ft
29 m / s
ft
95
s
1.5 10
1.50 10
Example 1.3
The rest energy E of an object with rest mass m is given by
Einsteins equation
E = mc2
Where c is the speed of the light in vacuum (c = 2.99792458 x 108
m/s). Find E for an object with m = 9.11 x 10-31 kg.
Example 1.4
You are writing an adventure novel in which the hero
escapes across the border with a billion dollars worth of
gold in his suitcase. Is this possible? Would that amount
of gold fit in a suitcase? Would it be too heavy to carry?
(given 1 g of gold $10.00 and density of gold 1 g/cm 3)
Vectors
Vectors show magnitude and direction, drawn as a ray.
Algebraic approach
Vectors are represent in a coordinate system, e.g.
Cartesian x, y, z. The system must be an inertial
coordinate system, which means it is non-accelerated.
y
y1
o
p(x1, y1)
x1
Direction: = tan-1(y1/x1)
Vector addition
Vectors may be added graphically, head to tail. or
parallegram
Commutative properties of
vector addition
R A B C ( A B) C A ( B C )
A+B=R
A
R
example
At time t = t1, and objects velocity is given by the vector v1 a
short time later, at t = t2, the objects velocity is the vector v2.
If the magnitude of v1 = the magnitude of v2, which one of
the following vectors best illustrates the objects average
acceleration between t = t1 and t = t2
v1
v2
v2
v2 v1
v1
v2 -v1
-v1
v2
Example 1.5
A cross-country skier
skies 1.00 km north and
then 2.00 km east on a
horizontal snow field.
How far and in what
direction is she from the
starting point?
A Ax A y
sin
Ay
A
cos
Ay
A
Y is negative
X is negative
Example 1.6.
a) what are the x and y components of vector D? the magnitude
of the vector is D = 3.00 m and the angle = 45o.
b) what are the x and y components of vector E? the magnitude of
the vector is E = 4.50 m and the angle = 37.0o.
2A is twice as long as A
Dx = 2Ax, Dy = 2Ay
Example 1.7
Three players are brought to the center of a large, flat field, each is
given a meter stick, a compass, a calculator, a shovel, and the following
three displacements:
72. 4 m 32.0o east of north
57.3 m 36.0o south of west
17.8 m straight south
The three displacements lead to the point where the keys to a new
Porsche are buried. Two players start measuring immediately, but the
winner first calculates where to go. What does she calculate?
Example 1.8
After an airplane takes off, it travels 10.4 km west, 8.7
km north, and 2.1 km up. How far us it from the takeoff
point?
^
j
^
j
^
k
^
i
x
example
a. Is the vector A = ^
i + ^
j + ^
k a unit vector?
b. Can a unit vector have any components
with magnitude greater than unity? Can it
have any negative components?
^
^
A
=
a
(3.0
i
+
4.0
j ), where a is a
c. If
constant, determine the value of a that
makes A a unit vector.
Example 1.9
Given the two displacement
D =(6 ^
i + 3^
j -^
k) m
^
^
j
E =(4i - 5 + 8 ^
k) m
C A B A B cos
C = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
Scalar product or dot product, yields a result that is
a scalar quantity.
Example: work W = F d the Result is a scalar with
magnitude and no direction.
Scalar product is commutative:
A B B A
C ( A B) C A C B
1.25
C A B A B cos
C A B//
C A// B
-A
W = Fd
ii=1
ij=ji=0
jj=1
jk=kj=0
kk=1
ik=ki=0
C A B Ax B x Ay B y Az B z
example
A = Axi + Ayj + Azk
Aj = ?
Aj = (Axi + Ayj + Azk)j = Ay
Component of A along y-Axis
A B ( A 2 A 2 A 2 )( B 2 B 2 B 2 )
x
y
z
x
y
z
If cos is negative, is between 90o and 180o
example
A = 3i + 7k
B = -i + 2j + k
AB = ?
=?
Example 1.11
Find the angel between the two vectors:
A = 2i + 3j + k
and
B = -4i + 2j - k
BxA=-AxB
Magnitude of C = A B
C = AB sin (magnitude)
C A B A B
C A B B A
Scalar product:
AB = ABcos (magnitude)
It has no direction.
Cy = AzBx - AxBz;
Cz = AxBy AyBx
AxB=
Ax
Ay
Az
Ax
Ay
Az
Bx
By
Bz
Bx
By
Bz
- direction
+ direction
Example 1.12
Vector A has a magnitude of 6 units and is in the
direction of +x axis. Vector B has a magnitude of 4
o
units and lies in the xy-plane, making an angle
of
30