Chapter 03

ridhk oHdj
mod:fha jHqyh
03
ridhk oHdj
mod:fha jHqyh
wm wjg mirfha we;s oE mod: yd Yla;s f,i m%Odk fldgia follg j. l<
yels h' wjldYfha bvla .kakd" ialkaOhla iys; jH mod: f,i ye`kaf'
mod: tajdfha fN!;sl iajNdjh yd ridhksl ixhq;sh wkqj j. lrk wdldrh
my; igyfka laf'
mrudKq hkq mod:fha ;ekq tall f' mrudKqj Wm mrudKql wxY=j,ska iuka;
f' fm%dafg%dak" bf,lafg%dak yd kshqfg%dak tajd w;=ka m%uqL Wm mrudKql wxY= f'
bf,lafg%dakh hkq RK wdfrdams; wxY=jls' fm%dafgdakhlg Ok wdfrdamKhla
we;' kshqfg%dakj,g wdfrdamKhla fkdue;'mrudKqf bf,lafg%dak" fm%dafgdak yd
kshqfg%dak keue;s wxY= we;s nj ykd.ekSu;a iu. tu wxY=" mrudKqj ;=< ixOdkh
we;s wdldrh ia;r lsug .;a W;aidyfha m%;sM,hla f,i mrudKql wdlD;s
bm;a h' wkia ro* iska 1911 bm;a lrk ,o kHIal wdlD;shg
wkqj mrudKqjl uOHfha kHIah k ialkaOh taldrdYS jQ b;d l=vd m%foaYhla
mj;S' kHIafha fm%dafgdak iy kshqfg%dak talrdYS mj;sk nj miqj wkdjrKh
h' kHIah Ok wdfrdams;h'
mrudKqj hkq mdmka l%Svd msgkshla k kHIAh hkq th ueo msys lv, weghlg;a
jvd l=vd m%foaYhls' mrudKqjl kHIah mrudKqjg idfmalaI j fld;r l=vd o
hkak by; ksoiqfkka meye,s f'
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h
52
mod:fha jHqyh
ridhk oHdj
bf,lafg%dak mj;skqfha kHIah jgd jQ wjldY m%foaYhlhs' mrudKqjl wvx.=

bf,lafg%dak .Kk fm%dafg%dak .Kkg iudk h' tkuq;a fm%dafgdak yd bf,lafg%dak
m%;sreoaO wdfrdamKj,ska hqla; h'kshqfg%dak WodiSk wxY= f' f ksid mrudKqj
oHq;a jYfhka WodiSk h'
3'1 mrudKqj ms<snò .%y wdlD;sh

mrudKqj ms<snò .%y wdlD;sh bm;a
lrk ,oafoa wkia ro* isks'
mrudKqj ;=< we;s Ok wdfrdamK talrdYS
jQ kHIah jgd bf,lafg%dak p,s;fha
fhfoka mj;S' th .%yf,dal iQhhd
jgd N%uKh ug iudk lr lah yels
h ^3'1 rEmh&'
kHIafha we;s Ok wdfrdamKh u`.ska
bf,lafg%dak kHIah fj;g wdlIKh
jk kuq;a tajd kHIah u;g m;s; fkd
f' Bg fya;=j kHIah jgd bf,lafg%dak
b;d f.fhka N%uKh uhs'
3.1 rEmh - mrudKqj ms<sn| .%y wdlD;sh
ro*f.a wdlD;sh ;jrg;a ia;r l< kS,aia fnda m%ldY lf<a Ok wdfrdams;
kHIah jgd we;s ksYa; m:j, fyj;a llaIj, bf,lafg%dak p,s;fha fhfok
njhs'
mrudKqj jgd bf,lafg%dak N%uKh jk llaI wh;ajkqfha mrudKqf msys ljp
j,ghs' fuu ljp kHIafha isg msg;g ms<sfj<ska 1" 2" 3" 4''' fyda K, L, M, N...
f,i o yeòskaf' fjd Yla;s ug f,i o ye`kaf' tla tla Yla;s ugug
ksh; Yla;shla mj;S' kHIafha isg bj;g hk g fuu Yla;sh o l%ufhka je
f' kuq;a Yla;s ug w;r mr;rh wvq f ^3'2 rEmh&' mrudKqjl kE u Yla;s
ugul ;sh yels Wmu bf,lafg%dak ixLHdjla we;' m<uq Yla;s ug y;frys
mej;sh yels Wmu bf,lafg%dak ixLHd 3'1 j.=f olajd we;'
j.=j - 3'1
mej;sh yels Wmu

bf,lafg%dak ixLHdj
Yla;s ugu
1 (K)
2 (L)
3 (M)
4 (N)
2
8
18
32
53
ridhk oHdj
mod:fha jHqyh
N
M
L
K
mejreu - 3'1
.=re;=ud $ ;=hf.a Wmfoia wkqj iqiq jH
f;dardf.k" mrudKqf ;%sudK rEmSnj ksrEmKh
jk m" mrudKql wdlD;s ksudKh lrkak'
Tf ksudK mka;sfha m%oYkh lrkak
3'2 - rEmh
mrudKql l%udxlh
uQ,jH mrudKqjl wvx.= fm%dafgdak ixLHdj tys mrudKql l%udxlh (atomic number)
f,i yekaf' tk"
uQ,jHfha mrudKql l%udxlh } uQ,jHfha mrudKqjl we;s fm%dafgdak ixLHdj
ksoiqkla f,i .;fyd;a fidah mrudKqjl kHIAfha fm%dafgdak 11 la wvx.=
f' tu ksid fidahj, mrudKql l%udxlh 11 ls' tl u uQ,jHhl iEu
mrudKqjl u wvx.= fm%dafgdak ixLHdj iudk f' tlsfklg fjkia uQ,jHj,
wvx.= fm%dafgdak ixLHd tlsfklg fjkia h' tneka tlsfklg fjkia uQ,jH
mrudKq foll mrudKql l%udxl lsis fgl;a iudk fkdf' f ksid uQ,jHhl
mrudKql l%udxlh tu uQ,jHhg wkkH ,laIKhls' ksoiqkla f,i ie,l=j fyd;a
uQ,jHhl mrudKql l%udxlh 6 k bka woyia jkafka tu uQ,jHh ldnka
njhs' fjk;a lsis uQ,jHhl mrudKql l%udxlh 6 fkdf' uQ,jHhl mrudKql
l%udxlh Z j,ska ksrEmKh lrhs' WodiSk mrudKqjl wvx.= fm%dafgdak ixLHdj
tys bf,lafg%dak ixLHdjg iudk f' tneka uQ,jHhl mrudKql l%udxlh tu
uQ,jH mrudKqjl we;s bf,lafg%dak ixLHdjg o iudk nj ie,lsh yels h'
tfy;a ridhksl m%;sl%shd is f mrudKqj,ska bf,lafg%dak bj;a ula fyda
tajdg bf,lafg%dak tl;= ula is h yels h' fujeks wdfrdams; mrudKq ykajkq
,nkafka whk hkqfjks' whkhl bf,lafg%dak ixLHdj fm%dafgdak ixLHdjg wvq
fyda je h yels h' tfy;a h mrudKqjlska iEfok whkhl fm%dafgdak ixLHdj
fjkia fkdjk neka mrudKql l%udxlh fjkia fkdf'
ialkaO l%udxlh
mrudKqjl wvx.= fm%dafgdak" kshqfg%dak iy bf,lafg%dak hk uQ,sl Wm mrudKql
wxY= w;=ka bf,lafg%dak b;du;a ieye,a h' fm%dafgdak iy kshqfg%dakj, ialkaO
wdikak jYfhka iudk f'
54
mod:fha jHqyh
ridhk oHdj
wdikak jYfhka bf,lafg%dakhl ialkaOh fm%dafgdakhl ialkaOfhka 1$1840 ls'

mrudKqjl wvx.= bf,lafg%dakj, ialkaOh fm%dafgdak yd kshqfg%dakj, ialkaO
iu. ieif|k g fkd.sksh yels ;r l=vd h' tfyhska mrudKqf ialkaOh
flfrys n,mdkafka fm%dafgdak iy kshqfg%dakj, ialkaO muKs' mrudKqjl kHIafha
wvx.= fm%dafgdak ixLHdf;a kshqfg%dak ixLHdf;a ftlHh ialkaO l%udxlh (mass
number) hkqfjka yekaf'

\ ialkaO l%udxlh } fm%dafgdak ixLHdj kshqfg%dak ixLHdj
uQ,jHhl ialkaO l%udxlh A ixfla;fhka ksrEmKh flf'

yy
yy
yy

fidahj, mrudKql l%udxlh 11la f'

tneka fidah mrudKqjl fm%dafgdak 11la we;'
tys wvx.= jkafka kshqfg%dak 12la k"
fidah mrudKqf ialkaO l%udxlh } 11 12 } 23 ls'
uQ,jHhl mrudKql l%udxlh yd ialkaO l%udxlh ,shd laf iu; l%uhla

we;' wod< uQ,jHfha ixfla;fha j mi my<ska mrudKql l%udxlh o jmi
by<ska ialkaO l%udxlh o fhdokq ,ef'
ksoiqka ( fidahj, ialkaO l%udxlh 23

mrudKql l%udxlh 11
A 23

X

Na
Z 11
A - ialkaO l%udxlh ialkaO l%udxlh
- 23
Z - mrudKql l%udxlh
mrudKql l%udxlh - 11
ialkaO l%udxlh yd mrudKql l%udxlh w;r wka;rfhka ,efnkafka mrudKqf
wvx.= kshqfg%dak ixLHdjhs'
3'2 bf,lafg%dak kHdih

kg ms<s.kakd mrudKql wdlD;sh wkqj ta ta Yla;s ugj, ;sh yels Wmu
bf,lafg%dak ixLHd ms<snò j l,ska iòyka lrk ,' mrudKqjl kHIafha isg
msg;g ms<sfj<ska ta ta Yla;s ugj, bf,lafg%dak ms we;s wdldrh ksrEmKh
lsu bf,lafg%dak kHdih f,i ye`kaf'
ksoiqkla i,ld n,uq' fidahj, mrudKql l%udxlh 11ls' tneka fidah
mrudKqjl fm%dafgdak 11la o bf,lafg%dak 11la o we;' f wkqj fidah mrudKqf
tu bf,lafg%dak 11 m<uq Yla;s ugf bf,lafg%dak 2la o" fojk Yla;s ugf
55
ridhk oHdj
mod:fha jHqyh
bf,lafg%dak 8la o" ;=kajk Yla;s ugf bf,lafg%dak 1la o jYfhka mj;S' tneka
fidahj, bf,lafg%dak kHdih my; wdldrhg ,shd lah yels h'
Na - 2, 8, 1
j.=j 3'2 - mrudKql l%udxlh 1 isg 20 olajd jQ uQ,jHj, bf,lafg%dak kHdi
yhsrcka
bf,lafg%dak kHdih
K
L
M
N
1
yS,sh
He
,s;sh
Li
fnrs,sh
Be
fndafrdaka
ldnka
khsrcka
Tlaiscka
*afjdka
ksfhdaka
Ne
10
fidah
Na
11
ue.akSish
Mg
12
weksh
Al
13
is,slka
Si
14
fmdiamria
15
i,a*
16
laf,darSka
Cl
17
wd.ka
Ar
18
fmdgEish
19
le,aish
Ca
20
uQ,jH
ixfla;h
mrudKql
l%udxlh
uQ,jH mrudKqjl lsish Yla;s ugula tys bf,lafg%dak wka;.; wjidk Yla;s
ugu jk g tys ;sh yels Wmu bf,lafg%dak ixLHdj 8 ls' tfyhska fmdgEish
iy le,aish ys bf,lafg%dak wka;.; wjidk Yla;s ugf bf,lafg%dak 9 iy
10 ne.ska fkdmj;S'
56
mod:fha jHqyh
ridhk oHdj
3'3 kQ;k wj;s;d j.=j'

f jk g uQ,jH 115 lg jvd je ixLHdjla fidhdf.k we;' tajdfha .=K fjka
fjka j wOHhkh lsu b;d wmyiq lghq;a;ls' uQ,jHj, iy tajdfha ixfhda.j,
f;dr;=re f,dalfha oHd{hska iska fkdlvjd /ia lrkq ,ef' f f;dr;=re
iNdrh fl;r Yd, o O o h;a ish lreKq u;l ;nd .ekSu lsisfjl=g;a
l< fkdyelalls' f ksid O oHd{hska iska uQ,jH O l%u wkqj j.
lsug W;aidy ord we;' tu W;aidyfha w.%.KH m%;sM,hls wdj;s;d j.SlrKh'
uQ,jH j.SlrKh iòyd wdj;s;d j.=jla uq,ska u bm;a lrk ,oafoa reishdkq
cd;sl oHd{fhla jk oa;a fukav,S*a isks'
kQ;k wdj;s;d kshuh

kQ;k wdj;s;d j.=j ^3'3 rEmh& mok we;af;a mrudKql l%udxlh yd bf,lafg%dak
kHdih u;hs' bka lshefjkafka uQ,jHj, .=K tajdfha mrudKql l%udxlj,
wdj;s;d Y%s;hla njhs' bka woyia jkqfha mrudKql l%udxlh wdfrdayKh jk
ms<sfj<g uQ,jH ilia l< g lsish uQ,jH mrdihlg miqj iudk .=K iys;
uQ,jH h<s;a yuqfjk njhs'
1
VIII / O
2
I
3
Li
11
III
II
12
13
14
15
31
32
33
Be
20
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
23
Cr
40
Nb
41
42
55
56
57
72
Hf
73
74
87
88
89
104
105
106
Fr
Ba
Ra
La
Ac
Zr
Rf
Db
59
Ce
Th
83
91
Co
28
45
75
Re
76
77
107
108
109
110
60
61
62
63
92
93
94
95
Ru
Os
Hs
Pm
85
Rh
Ir
46
29
Zn
78
Pt
Ga
C
Si
Ge
N
P
34
As
16
S
Se
10
17
Cl
18
35
36
49
In
50
51
52
53
79
80
81
Tl
82
83
84
67
68
69
99
100
101
Au
Hg
Sn
Pb
Sb
Te
Bi
Ne
Po
f,day
Ar
Br
48
Cd
He
VII
VI
47
Pd Ag
Mt Uun
Sm
30
Ni Cu
44
Nd
84
27
Tc
Bh
Pr
Pa
Fe
43
Sg
58
26
Mn
Mo
Ta
90
25
24
39
Sr
B
Al
38
Cs
37
Rb
Na Mg
19
IV
wf,day
Kr
54
85
At
86
70
71
102
103
f,daydf,day
Wp jdhq
Xe
Rn
.......
64
Eu Gd
96
65
Tb
97
Np 86 Pu Am Cm Bk
66
Dy
98
Cf
Ho
Es
Lu
Er Tm Yb
Lr
Fm Md No
3'3 rEmh - kq;k wdj;s;d j.=j

wdj;
I
ldKav
fuu fY%aKsfha wOHhk lrkq

,nkafka mrudKql l%udxlh 1 20 olajd jQ uQ,jH muKla wvx.=
kQ;k wdj;s;d j.=f fldgila
muKs' tu fldgi 3'4 rEmfha olajd
we;'wdj;s;d j.=f ;sria fma<s
wdj; hkqfjka o isria fma<s ldKav
hkqfjka o ye`kaf'
Li
1
3
III
II
Be
12
11
Mg
19
Ca
3 Na
4
57
VIII / O
20
13
Al
IV
14
Si
VI
7
15
16
VII
9
17
Cl
He
10
Ne
18
Ar
3.4 rEmh - kQ;k wdj;s;d j.=f

fldgila
ridhk oHdj
mod:fha jHqyh
uQ,jH wdj;j,g fnu

h uQ,jHhla wh;a jkafka wdj;s;d j.=f ljr wdj;hg o hkak ;SrKh
jkafka tu uQ,jHfha mrudKqjl ;sfnk bf,lafg%dak jHdma; j mj;sk zzYla;s
ugZZ ^ljp& .Kfkks'
m<uq Yla;s ugf muKla bf,lafg%dak mj;sk
1 wdj;h
m<uq yd fo jk Yla;s ugj, muKla bf,lafg%dak mj;sk
2 wdj;h
m<uq" fo jk yd ;=ka jk Yla;s ugj, muKla bf,lafg%dak mj;sk
3 wdj;h
m<uq" fojk" f; jk yd y;r jk Yla;s ugj, muKla bf,lafg%dak mj;sk 4 wdj;h
He
Li
2, 1
Be
2, 2
2, 3
2, 4
2, 5
2, 6
2, 7
Ne
2, 8
Na
2, 8, 1
Mg
2, 8, 2
Al
2, 8, 3
Si
2, 8, 4
2, 8, 5
2, 8, 6
Cl
2, 8, 7
Ar
2, 8, 8
2, 8, 8, 1
Ca
2, 8, 8, 2
1 wdj;h
2 wdj;h
3 wdj;h
4 wdj;h
uQ,jH ldKavj,g fnu

uQ,jHhl .=K r|d mj;skafka tys wjidk Yla;s ugf we;s bf,lafg%dak ixLHdj
u;hs' fjd ixhqc;d bf,lafg%dak hkqfjka yekaf' uQ, jHhl .=K fndfyda
58
mod:fha jHqyh
ridhk oHdj
rg tys wjidk Yla;s ugf we;s bf,lafg%dak .Kk u; rod mj;S' by;
j.=j wkqj ,s;sh"fidah yd fmdgEishj, wjidk Yla;s ugf bf,lafg%dak
tlla muKla we;' tneka fmfkkafka ixhqc;d bf,lafg%dak tlla muKla we;s
,s;sh" fidah yd fmdgEishj, ridhksl .=K fndfyda rg iudk njhs' fuu
uQ,jH ;=ku wdj;s;d j.=f tlu isria fma<sfha mj;S'
fufia by< ;sria fma<sfha we;s kE u uQ,jHhl .;s.=K Bg my<ska we;s
uQ,jHfha .;s.=Kj,g iudk jk nj fmfka'
h uQ,jHhla wh;a jk ldKavh ;SrKh jkafka tys wjidk Yla;s ugf wvx.=
bf,lafg%dak .Kk wkqj h'
wjidk Yla;s ugf ;sfnk bf,lafg%dak .Kk
wh;a jk ldKavh
wjidk Yla;s ugf bf,lafg%dak 1la ;sfnk uQ,jH
I ldKavh
II ldKavh
III ldKavh
IV ldKavh
V ldKavh
VI ldKavh
VII ldKavh
VIII / 0 ldKavh
wjidk Yla;s ugf bf,lafg%dak 8la fyda ia:dhs

kHdihla ;sfnk uQ,jH

yhsrcka isg le,aish olajd uQ,jH 20 wh;a jk ldKav
uQ,jH
H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
bf,lafg%dak
kHdih
mrudKql l%udxlh
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
2, 1
2, 2
2, 3
2, 4
2, 5
2, 6
59
uQ,jHh wh;a
ldKavh
I
VIII / 0
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
ridhk oHdj
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
mod:fha jHqyh
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2, 7
2, 8
2, 8, 1
2, 8, 2
2, 8, 3
2, 8, 4
2, 8, 5
2, 8, 6
2, 8, 7
2, 8, 8
2, 8, 8, 1
2, 8, 8, 2
VII
VIII / 0
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII / 0
I
II
hlsis uQ,jHhla wdj;s;d j.=f ljr ia:dkhlg wh;a hs fidhd .kakd wdldrh'
ksoiqka( ue.akSishj, mrudKql l%udxlh 12
bf,lafg%dak kHdih - 2" 8" 2
ue.akSish mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak mj;sk
Yla;s ug 3 ls' tuksid th ;=ka jk wdj;fha
uQ,jHhls'
ue.akSish mrudKqjl wjidk Yla;s ugf
bf,lafg%dak 2 ls'
\ th fojk ldKavhg wh;a f'
wdj;s;d j.=f ue.akSish we;af;a ;=kajk
wdj;fha fo jk ldKavfha h'
ksoiqka( fmdgEish mrudKql l%udxlh 19
bf,lafg%dak kHdih - 2" 8" 8" 1
fmdgEish mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak mj;sk
Yla;s ug 4ls' tu ksid th y;rjk wdj;fha
uQ,jHhls'
fmdgEish mrudKqjl wjidk Yla;s ugf
bf,lafg%dak 1 ls'
\ th m<uq ldKavhg wh;a f'
wdj;s;d j.=f fmdgEish we;af;a
4 jk wdj;fha m<uq ldKavfha h'
60
2
8
2
Mg
3.5 rEmh
1
8
8
2
K
3.6 rEmh
mod:fha jHqyh
ridhk oHdj
mrudKql l%udxlh 1 isg 20 olajd jQ uQ,jH wdj;s;d j.=f msysgk ia:dk
mrudKql
l%udxlh
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
uQ,jH
H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
3'3 j.=j
bf,lafg%dak
kHdih
1
2
2, 1
2, 2
2, 3
2, 4
2, 5
2, 6
2, 7
2, 8
2, 8, 1
2, 8, 2
2, 8, 3
2, 8, 4
2, 8, 5
2, 8, 6
2, 8, 7
2, 8, 8
2, 8, 8, 1
2, 8, 8, 2
wh;a jk
wdj;h
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
wh;a jk
ldKavh
I
VII / 0
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII / 0
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII / 0
I
II
3'4 iuia:dksl'
tl u uQ,jHfha mrudKqj, jqj o kshqfg%dak ixLHdj fjkia mrudKq ;sh yels
h' tfy;a tajdfha mrudKql l%udxlh tk fm%dafgdak ixLHdj iudk f' f
wkqj tl u uQ,jHfha fjkia ialkaO l%udxl iys; mrudKq ;sh yels h' tlu
uQ,jHfha we;s fjkia ialkaO l%udxl iys; mrudKq tu uQ,jHfha iuia:dksl
(isotopes) f,i ye`kaf'
iuia:dksl i|yd ksoiqka
yhsrckays iuia:dksl ;=kls' tajd fm%dah" hqh yd %h hkqfjka ykajkq
,ef'
61
ridhk oHdj
mod:fha jHqyh
j.=j 3'4 - yhsv%ckaj, iuia:dksl

iuia:dkslh
fm%dah
hqh
%h
mrudKql wdlD;sh
bf,lafg%dak 1 bf,lafg%dak 1 bf,lafg%dak 1
fm%dafgdak 1 fm%dafgdak 1 fm%dafgdak 1
kshqfg%dak 0 kshqfg%dak 1 kshqfg%dak 2
mrudKql l%udxlh
ialkaO l%udxlh
iu; ksrEmkh
1
1
2
1
3
1
laf,dakaj, iuia:dksl folls' tk"

35
17
Cl
37
17
Cl
35
37
laf,daka jdhqj kshehla ;=< 17
Cl yd 17
Cl iudk m%udKj,ska fkdmj;S' jdhq
35
37
fldgia ishhl 17 Cl fldgia 75 la o" 17 Cl fldgia 25 la o mj;S' fuh tla tla
iuia:dkslj, iq,N;d m%;sY;h f,i ye`kaf'
3'5 wdj;s;d j.=f oelsh yels rgd'

wdj;s;d j.=f wdj;hla Tiafia jf isg ol=Kg hk g iy ldKavhla f.a
by< isg my<g hk g uQ,jHj, fN!;sl iy ridhksl .=K l%udkql+, rgdjlg
p,kh jk nj fmfka' tu rgd wOHhkh iòyd uQ,jHj, my; iòyka .=K
i,ld n,uq'
m<uqjk whkSlrK Yla;sh (first ionization energy)
oHq;a RK;dj (electro negativity)
m<uqjk whkSlrK Yla;sh

mrudKqj ms<sn| kHIal wdlD;sh wkqj tys bf,lafg%dak kHIah jgd N%uKh
fjka mj;S' RK wdfrdams; bf,lafg%dak fj; Ok wdfrdams; kHIAh u.ska
wdlIKhla we;s lrhs' tneka mrudKqjlska bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsug k
tu wdlIKh wnjd hdug ;r Yla;shla iemhsh hq;=hs' fufia mrudKqjlska
bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a l< g th Ok whkhla njg m;a f'
62
mod:fha jHqyh
ridhk oHdj
I
H
Li
II
Be
Na
Mg
1310
519
495
418
897
738
III
B
IV
C
V
N
VI
O
799
1085
VII
F
1406
1314
1682
Al
577
Si
786
1018
Cl
1000
jdhquh wjia:df we;s uQ,jH

mrudKqjlska bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a
lr jdhquh tal Ok whkhla iEug
iemhsh hq;= wju Yla;sh tys m%:u
whkSlrK Yla;shhs'
jdhquh wjia:df we;s mrudKqjlska
bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lr jdhquh
wjia:df mj;sk Ok whkhla iEu
f wdldrhg ridhksl ilrKhlska
ksrEmKh l< yels h'
VIII / O
He
1255
2372
Ne
2080
Ar
1521
Ca
590
3.7 rEmh mrudKql l%udxlh 1 - 20 olajd jQ

uQ,jHj, m<uqjk whkslrK Yla;s w.hhka (kJ mol-1)
Na(g)
Na+(g) + e
mrudKqjla i|yd fuu Yla;sh idfmalaI j l=vd w.hls' tu ksid fuu w.h mrudKq
6.022 x 1023 m%udKhla fyj;a ujq,hla i|yd bm;a lrhs' 3'7 rEmfha olajd
we;af;a mrudKq ujq,hla i|yd bm;a lrk ,o w.hka h' ta wkqj" fidahj,
m<uq whkSlrK Yla;sh 495 kJ mol-1 f'
wdj;hla ie,l+ g tys wvq u m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh we;af;a I ldKavfha uQ,jHj,g hs' tfuka u iEu wdj;hl u Wmu m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh we;af;a VIII
ldKavfha uQ,jHhghs' wdj;hl jf isg ol=Kg hk g l%udkql+, rgdjlg
m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh p,kh f' 2 jk yd 3 jk wdj;j, whkSlrK Yla;sj,
p,k m%ia;drh ^3'8 rEmh& weiqfrka wOHhkh l< g f nj ;yjqre f'
m<uq whkSlrK Yla;sh $ kJ mol-1
2800
2600
2400
2200
He
Ne
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
Ar
N
H
Be
800
600
Cl
P
Mg
B
Li
400
200
2
Na
4 6
S
Si
Ca
Al
K
10 12 14 16 18 20
mrudKql l%udxlh
3'8 rEmh mrudKql l%udxlhg t j whkSlrK Yla;s p,k m%ia;drh
63
ridhk oHdj
mod:fha jHqyh
mejreu - 3-2
3'7 rEmfha we;s mrudKql l%udxlh 1 - 20 olajd jQ uQ,jHj, m<uqjk
whkSlrK Yla;s w.h mrudKql l%udxlhg tj m%ia;dr.; lrkak'
f iòyd m%ia;dr fld<hla Nd; lrkak' wdj;hla f.a jf isg
ol=Kg yd ldKavhla f.a by< isg my<g m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh
p,kh jk wdldrh m%ia;drh weiqfrka ia;r lrkak'
I ldKavfha uQ,jHj, ldKavfha by< isg my<g m%:u whkSlrK Yla;s w.hka wvq
we;s nj fmfka' wfkl=;a ldKavj, w.hka ie,lSfuka o Tng f nj wjfndaO lr
.; yels h' ta wkqj ldKavhl by< isg my<g hdf whkSlrK Yla;sh wvqula
isjk nj ks.ukh l< yels h' ldKavfha my<g hk g uQ,jH mrudKqjla i;=
Yla;s ug .Kk jejk ksid wjidk Yla;s ugf bf,lafg%dakj,g kHIafhka
fhfok wdlIKh wvq h' tneka bf,laafg%dak bj;a lsu myiq f'
oHq;a RK;dj
oHq;a RK;dj hkafkka woyia jkafka uQ,jH mrudKqjla ;j;a uQ,jH mrudKqjla
iu. iyixhqc nkaOkhlska ne we;s g tu nkaOkfha bf,lafg%dak ;ud fj;g
weo.ekSf yelshdjhs' oHq;a RK;dj je mrudKqjla bf,lafg%dak flfrys olajk
wdlIKh oHq;a RK;dfjka wvq mrudKqjl tu yelshdjg jvd je h' ridhksl
nkaOk tallh hgf;a oHq;a iDK;dj ms<snò j jerg;a idlPd flf'
oHq;a RK;dj m%ldY lsu iòyd O mudK we;s w;r wm fuys i,ld n,kqfha
fmda,xs mudKhhs' fmda,xs mudKh wkqj oHq;a RK;dfjka by< u uQ,jH f,i
i,lkafka *afjdka h' Wp jdhq iòyd oHq;a RK;d w.hla fmda,xs mudKfhys
,nd ke;' ^Wp jdhq ridhksl nkaOk iEu flfrys wvq keUqrejla we;'&
I
2.1
Li
1.0
II
Be
1.5
Na Mg
III
B
2.0
Al
IV
C
V
N
2.5
3.0
Si
VI
O
3.5
2.5
VII F Ne
4.0
Cl
Ar
0.9
1.2
1.5
Ca
3.9 rEmh - mrudKql l%udxlh

1-20 olajd jQ uQ,jHj, oHq;a>DK;dj
^fmda,sx mudKhg wkqj&
0.8
1.0
1.8
2.1
3.0
4
oHq;a >DK;dj
VIII / O
He
Cl
N
C
B
Be
Li
P
Al
Si
Mg
Na
10
15
mrudKql l%udxlh
Ca
K
20
3.10 rEmh - mrudKql l%udxlhg tj

oHq;a>DK;d p,k m%ia;drh
64
mod:fha jHqyh
ridhk oHdj
uQ,jHj, oHq;a RK;dj p,kh jk wkaou olajd we;s by; m%ia;drh fyd`ka
wOHhkh lrkak' wdj;hla f.a jf isg ol=Kg hk g oHq;a RK;dj je
jk nj;a ldKavhla f.a by< isg my<g hkg oHq;a RK;dj wvqjk nj;a
ksCIKh l< yelsh'
3'6
f,day wf,day iy f,daydf,day

H
VIII / O
He
II
III
IV
VI
VII
Li
Be
Ne
Na Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
Ca
Sc
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni Cu
Zn
Ga Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
f,daydf,day
Rb
Sr
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
Xe
Wp jdhq
Cs
Ba
La Hf
Ta
Re Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Fr
Ra
Ac
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh Hs
Mt Uun
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm Sm Eu Gd
Tb
Dy Ho
Er Tm Yb
Lu
Th
Pa
Cf
Fm Md No
Lr
Np
Pu Am Cm Bk
Es
f,day
wf,day
3'11 rEmh - wdj;s;d j.=f > wdldrh
3.11 rEmfha lafjk wdj;s;d j.=f > wdldrh fyd`ka wOHhkh lrkak'
tys fndafrdaka (B) isg weiagka (At) olajd msh.eg fm<la fuka weò we;s fLdj
i,lkak'
fuu fLdj j miska we;s ks,amdka olajd we;s fldgqj, wvx.= uQ,jH f,day f'
ol=Kq mi Uqre mdka olajd we;s uQ,jH wf,day f' msh.eg fm< wjg ,d fld<
mdka olajd we;s uQ,jHj,g f,day yd wf,dayj,g w;rue .=K we;s neka tajd
f,daydf,day f,i ye`kaf'
f,day (metals)
kg ykdf.k we;s uQ,jH w;ka ishhg wiQjla muK ixLHdjla f,day f'
fjd iajNdjfha ksoyia f,day f,i fuka u ixfhda. f,i o mj;S' rka" jeks
f,day ksoyia f,day f,i iajNdjfha yuq jk w;r hlv" weksh" ue.akSish"
fidAh jeks fndfyda f,day we;af;a tu f,dayj, ixfhda. jYfhks'
f,dayj, fN!;sl .=K
f,dayj, fN!;sl .=K lsysmhla my; laf'
yy wdfl iakhla ;su ^metallic lustre&
65
ridhk oHdj
mod:fha jHqyh
yy .ef / fok y~la kexu'

yy idudkH WIaK;ajfha >k wjia:df mej;Su uZl - ^rih& f,dayhla jqj
o idudkHh WIaK;ajfha j wjia:df mj;S'
yy ;=kS ;yvq njg ;e,sh yelsu ^wdykH;dj - malleability& iy lhla fia
weh yels u ^;kH;dj - ductility&'
yy fyd| ;dm yd oHq;a ikakdhl u'
yy fndfyda g by< >k;ajhla ;su'
f,dayj, ridhksl .=K
yy f,day bf,lafg%dak msglsfuka Ok whk fyj;a legdhk idohs'
yy f,day Tlaiscka iu. ixfhdackh Ndial Tlaihsv idohs'
yy tu Tlaihsv c,fha h fuka Ndial djK iEfoa'
f,day uQ,jH lsysmhla

fidah (sodium)
3.12 rEmh - fidah
fidah wdj;s;d j.=f m<uq ldKavhg wh;a

f,day uQ,jHhls' th wl m%;sl%shdYS,s uQ,jHhls'
lsis fgl;a f,dayh f,i iajNdjfha fkd mj;S'
wl m%;sl%shdld;ajh ksid fidah iajNdjfha
mj;skqfha fjk;a uQ,jH iu`. ixfhda; ;;aj
j,sks' fidah wvx.= m%Odk ixfhda.hla jk
fidah laf,darhs uqyq c,fha mj;akd m%Odk
ixfhda.hls'
l%shdldrlu 01
.=re;=ud $ ;=hf.a iydh ,ndf.k fuu l%shdldrlu is lrkak'
fidah f,dayh oHd.drfha .nvd lr we;s wdldrh kslaIKh lr
jd;d lrkak'
fidah lene,a,la veys w`vqjla Nd;fhka bj;g f.k h<s u;= msgla
u; ;nd msyshlska lmkak'
th kd myla muK jd;hg ksrdjrKh lr ;nkak' kslaIK igyka
lrkak'
fidah f,dayfha we;s wl m%;%sl%shdYS,S;ajh ksid jd;h fkd.efgk m
mer*ska f;,a fyda N+f;,a ;=< .nvd lr ;nkq ,ef' fidah lene,a,la
mer*ska f;,aj,ska bj;g .;ag tys iakhla olakg fkd,ef' th msyshlska
66
mod:fha jHqyh
ridhk oHdj
b;d myiqfjka lemsh yels h' lemQ mDIaGfha jka f,dayuh iakhla we;' l
f,djlska iakh l%ufhka wvq f'
fidah f,dayfha fN!;sl .=K
yy msyshlska lemsh yels ;r uD f,dayhls'
yy c,hg jvd >K;ajh wvq ksid c,h u;= msg md f' ^>K;ajh 0.927 g cm-3)
yy oHq;a yd ;dm ikakdhlhls'
fidah f,dayfha ridhksl .=K
yy fidah f,dayh Tlaiscka iu. m%n, m%;sls%hdYS,S;ajhla olajhs' jd;fha
we;s Tlaiscka jdhqj iu. YS>%fhka m%;sl%shd lr f,dayfha Tlaihsv idohs'
yy fidah isis,a c,h iu YS>%fhka m%;sl%shdlr fidah yhsfrdlaihs yd
yhsrcka jdhqj idohs'
yy fidah ;kql w, iu m%pKav f,i m%;sl%shd lr f,dayfha ,jKh yd
yhsrcka jdhqj idohs ^fuh fnfyka wk;=rodhl m%;sl%shdjla ksid w;ay
ne,S fkdlrkak&'
fidah f,dayfha Nd;
yy rka ksiaidrKhg wjYH fidah ihkhs ksmoug'
yy ldnksl ridhk oHdf Tlaisydrlhla f,i .kakd fidah ixrih
iEu'
yy ghsfksh" ifldaksh jeks f,dayj, ixfhda.j,ska f,dayh fjka lr
.ekSug Nd; lsu'
yy l,si fr ^fvks& jK .ekaug fhd .kakd bkaf.da jeks idh j.
ksmoug'
yy ly meye wdf,dalh ysok ,s ,dmq iòyd fhdod .ekSu'
ue.akSish ^magnesium&
ue.akSisho m%;sl%shdYS,S ieye,a f,dayhls' ksoyia
f,dayh f,i iajNdjfha fkd mj;S' uqyq c,fha
th ue.akSish laf,darhs f,i mj;S' jd;hg
jD; j we;s g u,sk jk ksid iAkhla lsh
fkdyels h' tfy;a je,s lvishlska ueo.;a g
iakh l .; yels f'
3'13 rEmh - ue.akSish
67
ridhk oHdj
mod:fha jHqyh
ue.akSish f,dayfha fN!;sl .=K

yy c,hg jvd >k;ajh je h' ^>k;ajh 1740 kg m-3&'
yy by< ;dm yd oHq;a ikakdhlhls'
ue.akSish f,dayfha ridhksl .=K
yy ue.akSish f,dayh jd;fha r;a l< g ma;su;a iq ,a,la we;s lrka
iq meye;s ue.akSish Tlaihsvh idohs'
yy ue.akSish f,dayh isis,a c,h iu m%;sl%shdjla fkdlajqj o WKq c,h
iu. m%;sls%hdjla olajhs' tfia m%;sl%shd ue.akSish yhsfrdlaihs yd
yhsv%cka jdhqj idohs'
yy ue.akSish yqud,h ;=< r;al, g l< g ue.akSish Tlaihs yd yhsrcka
jdhqj iEfohs'
yy ue.akSish ;kql w, iu YS>%fhka m%;sl%shd lr wod< ue.akSish ,jKh
yd yhsrcka jdhqj idohs'
ue.akSish f,dayfha Nd; wjia:d
yy weksh iy ue.akSish Y% lsfuka ue.afka,sh k Y% f,dayh idohs'
^fuu Y% f,dayh Yla;su;a" ieye,a" Ldokhg Tfrd;a;= fok f,dayhls'
.=jkahdkd ksmoug yd r:jdyk fldgia ;ekSug Nd; lrhs'&
yy T!IO ksmou ûe.akSish laISrh - milk of magnesia).
yy Ldokh je<elau iòyd lemfjk f,dayhla f,i Nd; lsu'
wf,day (non - metals)

wf,day ksoyia uQ,jH f,i fuka u fjk;a uQ,jH iu ixfhdackh ixfhda.
f,i o mj;S' idudkH WIaK;ajfha >k wjia:df mj;sk wf,day f,i fuka u
j yd jdhq wjia:df mj;sk wf,day uQ,jH we;' ldnka" i,a*" fmdiamria" whka
>k wjia:df mj;S' fn%d
a ka idudkH WIaK;ajfha mj;skf
a ka j wjia:df h'
laf,daka" *afjdka" yhsrcka" khsrcka iy Tlaic
s ka jdhq wjia:df we;s wf,day
uQ,jH lsym
s hls' wf,dayj,g f,dayuh iakhla ke;' ;yvqjla fia ;,d .ekSug fyda
lhla fuka weo .ekSug o fkdyels h' fndfyda wf,day Nx.=r jk w;r j, oHq;a
yd ;dm ikakdhl .;s ,laIK olajhs' tfy;a ldnka yS tla nyqrEmS wjia:djla jk
ksrka wf,dayhla jqj o oHq;a ikakdhlhls' wf,dayj, >k;ajh idfmalI
a j wvq h'
tfia jqj o ldnka yS tla nyqrEmS wjia:djla jk huka;j
s , >k;ajh je h'
wf,dayj, ridhksl .=K
yy wf,day iDK whk ^wekdhk& idohs'
yy wf,day Tlaiscka iu idok Tlaihsv fndfyda g wd,sl Tlaihsv f'
fjd fndfyda g jdhq wjia:df mj;S' c,fha h w, idohs'
68
mod:fha jHqyh
ridhk oHdj
wf,day uQ,jH iuyrla

khsrcka (Nitrogen)
jdhq f.da,fha ksoyia oamrudKql jdhqjla f,i mj;S' jd;fha mudfjka 78.1%
la muK khsrcka jdhqj we;' i;a;aj yd Ydl fm%dakaj, ix>gl uQ,jHhla
f,i khsrcka uQ,jHh wvx.= h' mdxY= jd;fha ix>glhla f,i o yshquia jeks
ldnksl jHj,o khsfg" khsrhsg, wefudaksh ixfhda. wdfha o ix>gl
uQ,jHhla f,i khsrcka mj;S'
khsrcka jdhqf fN!;sl .=K
yy jKhla fyda .kaOhla fyda ke;'
yy oyk wfmdaIl jdhqjls' jd;hg jvd u|la ieye,a h'
yy c,fha iq jYfhka h f'
khsrcka jdhqf ridhksl .=K
yy m%;sl%sh;dj b;d wvq jdhqjls' tfy;a b;d by< WIaK;ajj, khsrcka jdhqj
Tlaiscka" yhsrcka" ldnka" is,slka jeks wf,day iu fuka u ue.akSish"
weksh jeks f,day uQ,jH iu o m%;sl%shd lrhs'
yy m%n, oHq;a pdmhla yuqf jd;fha we;s Tlaiscka iu. khsrcka ixfhdackh
wia:dhs khsla Tlaihs jdhqj iEfohs' fufia iEfok khsla Tlaihs
jdhqj jd;fha we;s Tlaiscka iu ;jrg;a m%;sl%shd wd,sl jdhqjla jk
khsrcka vfhdlaihs iEfoa' wl=Kq .eiSf fuu l%shdj,sh iajdNdl j
isf'
yy khsrcka jdhqj yhsrcka jdhqj iu. fYaIs; ;;a;aj hgf;a m%;sl%shd
lr wefudakshd jdhqj idohs' ldl jYfhka wefudakshd jdhqj ksmojkq
,nkafka fuu l%ufhks' fufia ms<sfh, l< wefudakshd jdhqj khsrcka
wvx.= fmdfydr ksmou yd mqmqrk jH ksmou iòyd wuqjHhla f,i
Nd; flf'
yy ue.akSish jeks f,day khsg%cka jdhqj iu r;a lsf m%;sl%shd
f,dayfha khsrhsvh idohs'
khsrcka jdhqf Nd;
yy ldl jYfhka wefudakshd ksmougo ridhksl fmdfydr ksmoug yd
fjk;a khsrcka wvx.= ixfhda. ksmoug o khsrcka Nd; f'
yy wl%h
s jdhqjla ksid ,s ,dmq" WIaK;ajudk wdh msrug o th fhdod .efka'
yy bf,lafg%dksl Wmdx. iEf ishq f,day fldgia Tlaiscka iu`. .eu
je,elau iòyd khsrcka jdhq mirhla Nd; flf'
69
ridhk oHdj
mod:fha jHqyh
yy iuyr m%;sl%shdYS,S ridhk jH .nvd lsf wdjrK jdhqjla ^blanketing

gas& f,i Nd; f' lsms mel weisf tAjd ;=< wvx.= lr we;af;a
khsrcka jdhqj h'
yy j khsrcka w isis,k ldrlhla f,i Nd; f'
yy jdykj, ghj,g msrug Nd; f'
i,a* (sulphur)
3'14 rEmh i,a*
idudkH jHjydrfha i,a* f.kao. kka o

yekaf' iajNdjfha O iajrEmj,ska mj;S'
lsish uQ,jHhla iajNdjfha O iajrEmj,ska
we;s g tAjd tu uQ,jHfha nyqrEmS wdldr
(allotropes) f,i yekaf' i,a* f|kiq ly
meye;s iatl f,i o ^3'14 rEmh& iq meye;s l=vq
jeks wiaMl iajrEmfhka o mj;S' by; wdldrhg
iajNdjfha ksoyia uQ,jHh f,i fuka u i,af*ag"
i,a*hsv jeks ixfhda. f,i o i,a%* yuq f'
kaf.a foay ;=< we;s iuyr weuhsfkda w,j,
ix>gl uQ,jHhls' meye,s f,i wf,day .=K
olajhs'
fN!;sl .=K
yy iatlrEmS wdldr ly meye;sh'
yy c,fha wdjH h' ldnksl djlj, iq jYfhka o ldnka vhsi,a*hs
jlfha b;d fydòska h f'
ridhksl .=K
yy i,a* ks,a ,a,la iys; j jd;fha i,a* vfhdlaihs jdhqj idohs'
yy fndfyda f,day i,a* iu. r;a l< g f,dayfha i,a*hsvh iEfohs'
i,a*j, Nd; wjia:d'
yy i,a*shqla w,h ksmoug'
yy rn j,alkhsia lsug'
yy le,aish yd ue.akSish i,a*hsg iEug ^fjd ,S m,am rxckh i|yd
Nd; f&'
yy i,a*hsv wvx.= idh j." ldnka vhsi,a*hs jeks djl" i,a* vfhdlaihs
jdhqj" .sksl+re" r;s[a yd fj fnfy;a ksmoug o Nd; f'
yy jhska yd r ksmof o" ,Sr kdYlhla f,i o T!IO j. ksmoug o
i,a* yd i,a* wvx.= ixfhda. fhdod .efka'
70
mod:fha jHqyh
ridhk oHdj
ldnka (carbon)
3'15 rEmh
huka;s yd ksrka
nyq, jYfhka mj;sk wdf,day uQ,jHhls'

jdhqf.da,fha ldnka vfhdlaihs jdhqj f,i
ldnka mj;S' i;a;aj yd Ydl mglj,;a ish u
ldnksl ixfhda. yd .,A w`.=re" fmfg%da,sh
ksIamdok hkdfha;a fjk;a yhsfrdldnkj,;a
m%Odk ;ekq tallh ldnka h' ldnkaj, iaMl
wdldr (crystalline) fuka u wiatlrEmS
(amorphous) wdldr o we;' iaMlrEmS wdldrj,
mrudKq ksYa; rgdjlg msysgd we;' wiaMlrEmS
wdldrj, tjka ksYa; rgdjla ke;' iatlrEmS
wdldr nyqrEmS;dj olajhs'
iaMlrEmS ldnka ^ldnkaj, nyqrEmS wdldr& ( huka;s" ksrka" *q,ka

wiaMlrEmS ldnka ( w=re" ,dmq ,s" .,a w=re
ldnkaj, fN!;sl .=K
tA tA ldnka iajrEmh wkqj fN!;sl .=K fjkia f' huka;s yer wfkl=;a ldnka
iajrEm l meye;shs' >k wjia:df mj;S' >k;ajh idfmlaI j wvq h' tfy;a
huka;s je u >k;ajhla we;s ldnka iajrEmh f' by< j;kdxlh yd oe
nj hk .=K ksid huka;sj, g Yd, jkdlula ,e we;' huka;s oHq;a
l=ikakdhl jHhls' tfy;a ksrka oHq;a ikakdhlhls' w=rej,g jdhq j.
wfYdaIKh (adsoption) lr .ekSf yelshdj we;'
ldnkaj, ridhksl .=K
yy ldnka m%;sl%shdYS,S nfjka wvq uQ,jHhls' b;d by< WIaK;ajj, Tlaiscka
iu. ixfhdackh jk w;r w," NiAu" laf,daka hkdh iu m%;sl%shdjla
fkd olajhs' w=re jeks wiaMl wdldr ridhksl j m%;sl%shd lrhs'
yy w`.=re ;ka r;a lr j,kh l< g Tlaiscka iu. m%;sl%shd ldnka
vfhdlaihs jdhqj idohs'
yy by< WIaK;ajfha ldnka" le,aish Tlaihs iu. m%;sl%shd lr le,aish
ldnhs idohs'
ldnkaj, Nd; wjia:d
ldnkaj, nyqrEmS iajrEm Odldrfhka m%fhdackhg .efka' ldnkaj, m%fhdack
iuyrla 3'5 j.=fjys olajd we;'
71
ridhk oHdj
mod:fha jHqyh
3'5 j. j
=
ldnka iajrEmh
m%fhdack
wiaMl ldnka
yy lmdg ;Ska; j. ksmou

yy rnj, msrjqldrlhla f,i
.,aw`.=re
yy bkaOkhla f,i
ksrka
yy mekai,a ksIamdokh
yy ,s fldaIj, bf,lafg%dv
a iEu yd iafkaylhla f,i fhoSu
huka;s
yy wdNrK iEug o ueKsla lemSug yd re lemSug o

hka;%iQ;%j, yd ;rd wdfha f. hk ;ekaj, j;ks
f,io fhdod .efka'
w`.=re
yy jdhq wjfYdaIKh yd c,h msis lsug
kefkda"
yy kefkda jH fhdod in, .ekajQ NdKav ksIamdokh iòyd
mudKfha ldnka
fhdod .efka'
;ka;= yd ldnka
yy ldnka ;ka;= b;du;a ieye,ajk w;r wl Yla;shlska
kd,
hqla;h'
f,daydf,day (metalloids) iuyrla

is,slka (silicon)
3'16 rEmh is,slka
mD lfndf,ys Tlaiscka yereKq g je jYfhka u

olakg we;s uQ,jHh is,slka h' is,slka ixfhda.
iajNdjfha iaMlrEmS fuka u wiaMlrEmS wdldr f,i o
mj;S' ;srejdk yd je,s" tur,a jeks uela j.
iaMlrEmS is,slka ixfhda. f' ue is,slka wvx.=
ixfhda.hls' is,slkaj, jdxlh 1410 0C f'
is,slkaj, Nd;
yy g%dkaisiagr iy vfhdav iEug Nd; f'
yy iQh fldaI iEug Nd; f'
yy m.Kl Wmdx. iEug Nd; f'
fndafrdaka (boron)
ixY=oaO fndafrdaka l meye;s iaMlrEmS >k uQ,jHhla f,i mj;S'
fndafrdakaj, >k;ajh 3300 kg m-3 jk w;r jdxlh 2200 0C f' m%;sl%shdYS,S
nj idfmalaI j wvq h' tA ksid jd;h ;=< by< WIaK;ajj,g r;a l< o m%;sl%shd
fkd lrhs' wiaMlrEmS fndafrdaka b;d by< WIaK;ajj, Tlaiscka" khsrcka"
72
mod:fha jHqyh
ridhk oHdj
khsla w,h" idka i,a*shqla w,h" ldnka" i,a*

jeks jH iu m%;sl%shd lr wkqrEm ixfhda. idohs'
fndafrdakaj, Nd;
yy f,day mEiaiSf Nd; f'
yy pu wdf,amk iEug Nd; f'
yy by< WIaK;ajj,g r;a l< yels re j.
ksIamdokhg Nd; f'
3'17 rEmh fndafrdaka
Tlaihsvj, wd,sl, Ndiaal yd WNh.=KS

iajNdjh
uQ,jH Tlaiscka iu`. inkaO idok ixfhda. tu uQ,jHfha Tlaihsv f,i
ye`kaf'
;=kajk wdj;fha uQ,jH
Tlaihsvh
wd,sl $ NdIal iajNdjh
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Na2O
MgO
Al2O3
SiO2
P2O5
SO3
Cl2O7
m%n,
n,
WNh
NdIal NdIal .=Ks
n,
n,
m%n,
m%n,
wd,sl wd,sl wd,sl wd,sl
Tlaihsvj, wd,sl .=K jef'

Tlaihsvj, NdIal .=K wvqf'
;=kajk wdj;fha j mi msys fidahys Tlaihsvh m%n, Ndial jk w;r

ue.akSish Tlaihs n, f,i Ndial h' is,slka isg laf,daka olajd hk g
Tlaihsvj, wd,sl .;s.=Kh je f' weksh Tlaihsv iuyr wd,sl yd
NdIal hk .=K folu olajhs' tjeks Tlaihsv WNh.=KS Tlaihsv f,i yekaf'
f wkqj wdj;s;d j.=f wdj;hl jf isg ol=Kgh;a u tu uQ,jH idok
Tlaihsvj, NdIal iajNdjh wvqjk w;r wd,sl iajNdjh je f'
mejreu - 3-3
> wdldrfha wdj;s;d j.=jla imhd .kak' th fyd`ka wOHkh lrkak' ta
weiqfrka uQ,jH ms<snò j ,nd.; yels f;dr;=re jd;d lrkak'
mejreu - 3-4
Tn wOHkh l< f,day" wf,day fyda f,daydf,day uQ,jH w;=ka tlla
f;dard.kak' tu uQ,jH ms<snòj f;dr;=re /ia lrkak' ^fm<fmd;a"
wka;cd,h" ridhk oHdj ms<snò w;sfl fmd;a& tu uQ,jHfha f;dr;=re
we;=<;a fmdaiagrhla ksudKh lrkak' ta ms<snòj ia;r mka;shg bm;a
lrkak' fmdaiagrh mka;sfha m%oYkh lrkak'
73
ridhk oHdj
mod:fha jHqyh
3'7 ridhksl iQ;%

ixhqc;dj
ixhqc;dj hkqfjka ykajkq ,nkafka h uQ,jH mrudKqjl ixfhdackh f
yelshdjhs' fuh ukskq ,nkafka yhsrckaj,g idfmalaIjhs' f wkqj uQ,jHhl
ixhqc;dj hkq tu uQ,jH mrudKqjla iu. ixfhdackh h yels fyda ta u.ska
m%;sia:dmkh l< yels fyda yhsrcka mrudKq ixLHdjhs' uQ,jH mrudKqjl
wjidk Yla;s ugf we;s bf,lafg%dak ykajkq ,nkafka ixhqc;d bf,lafg%dak
hkqfjks'
iuyr uQ,jHj,g ixhqc;d lsysmhla ;sh yels h' uQ,jH mrudKqjl we;s ixhqc;d
bf,lafg%dak ixLHdj idudkHfhka uQ,jHfha Wmu ixhqc;djg iudk f'
uQ,jHhl ixhqc;dj, ridhksl ixfhdackfha tu uQ,jHfha mrudKqjlska bj;a
jk bf,lfg%dak .Kkg fyda tu uQ,jH mrudKqjlska ,nd.kakd bf,lafg%dak
.Kkg fyda uQ,jH mrudKq w;r yjqf,a mj;sk bf,lafg%dak hq., .Kkg fyda
iudk f'
uQ,jH myiqfjka yekau i|yd ridhksl ixfla; Nd; lrk nj wms oksuq'
ldnka C fmdgEish

le,aish
Ca
i,a*
tfuka u ixfhda. myiqfjka yekau i|yd o wms ridhksl ixfla; we;=<;a jk

l%uhla Nd;d lruq' yhsrcka mrudKq folla yd Tlaiscka mrudKq tllska ie
we;s ixfhda.h jk c,h yekau i|yd wm fhdod .kafka H2O hkak h' fuh
c,fha ridhksl iQ;%h f,i ykajkq ,ef'
ridhksl iQ;%hl uQ, jHhl ixfla;h <g my<ska wxlhla wef;d;a bka
lafjkafka ixfhda.fha wKqjl we;s tu uQ,jHfha mrudKq ixLHdj h' tjeks
wxlhla fkdue;s k tu ixfhda.fha wKqjl we;af;a tu uQ,jHfha mrudKq tlla
nj h'
ksoiqkla f,i .;fyd;a .afldaiaj, ridhksl iQ;%h C6H12O6 f. ka woyia
jkafka .afldaia wKqjl ldnka mrudKq 6la yhsrcka mrudKq 12la iy Tlaiscka
mrudKq 6la we;s njhs'
ridhksl iQ;%fhka wKqjla ksrEmKh fkdjk wjia:d o we;' fidah laf,darhs
hkqfjka yekafjk fi Kq tjekakls' >k fidah laf,darhsj, tlsfklska
fjka jQ wKq ke;' tys we;af;a tlla yer tlla Na+ whk iy Cl- whkj,ska
iuka; whk ,sils' tu whk ,sfiys Na+ yd Cl- 1:1 wkqmd;fhka we;s neka
tys ridhksl iQ;%h NaCl f,i ,shkq ,ef'
74
mod:fha jHqyh
ridhk oHdj
ixhqc;dj weiqfrka ridhksl iQ;% ,su'

ixfhda. ie we;af;a uQ,jHj, mrudKq fyda whk nkaOkj,ska nefuks' tneka
ixfhda.hl iQ;%h ,sug tajdfha ixfhdack n, fyj;a ixhqc;d o; hq;= h' tu
ixfhdack n, ;=,kh jk m iQ;%h ,shkq ,ef'
yhsrckaj, ixhqc;dj 1 f'
Tlaisckaj, ixhqc;dj 2 ls'
f wkqj Tlaiscka mrudKq tlla iu. yhsrcka mrudKq folla ixfhdackh
h yels h'
fuh H2O f,i ,shkq ,ef'
khsrckaj, ixhqc;dj 3 ls'
f wkqj khsrcka mrudKq tlla iu. yhsrcka mrudKq 3 la ixfhdackh
h yels h'
fuh NH3 f,i ,shkq ,ef'
ldnka ys ixhqc;dj 4 ls' f wkqj C mrudKq tlla iu. yhsrcka mrudKq
4la ixfhdackh h yels h'
fuh CH4 f,i ,shkq ,ef'
mrudKql l%udxlh 1 isg 20 olajd uQ,jHj,g ;sh yels ixhqc;d j.=j
3'6 j.=j
mrudKql
l%udxlh
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
uQ,jHh
ixfla;h
H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
yhsrcka
yS,sh
,s;sh
fn,sh
fndafrdaka
ldnka
khsrcka
Tlaiscka
*afjdka
ksfhdaka
fidah
ue.aksish
weksh
is,slka
75
ixhqc;dj
1
0
1
2
3
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
ridhk oHdj
mod:fha jHqyh
15
16
17
18
19
20
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
fmdia*ria
i,a*
laf,daka
wd.ka
fmdgEish
le,aish
5,3
6,2
7,1
0
1
2
f wkqj"
ixfhda.hl ridhksl iQ;%h ,sf is lrkq ,nkafka tajdfha ixfhdack n,
;=,kh jk m mrudKq inkaO lsu h' uQ,jH foflys ixfla;j, ol=Kq mi
my<ska" uQ,jHj, ixhqc;d udrelr ,sfuka fuh is lrkq ,ef'
01'
fidah laf,darhs
ixfla;h
ixhqc;dj
Na
Cl
Na1Cl1
02'
ridhksl iQ;%h
le,aish laf,darhs
ixfla;h
ixhqc;dj
NaCl
Ca
Cl
Ca1Cl2
03'
ridhksl iQ;%h
fidah Tlaihs
ixfla;h
ixhqc;dj
CaCl2
Na
Na2O1
04'
ridhksl iQ;%h
le,aish Tlaihs
ixfla;h
ixhqc;dj
Na2O
Ca
Ca2O2
05'
ridhksl iQ;%h
ue.akSish khsrhs
ixfla;h
ixhqc;dj
CaO
Mg
Mg3N2
ridhksl iQ;%h
Mg3N2
76
mod:fha jHqyh
ridhk oHdj
nyq mrudKql whk ^whk LKavl&

nyq mrudKql whkhla hkq wdfrdamKhla iys; lsish rgdjlg ieliqKq uQ,jH
mrudKq tl;=j ls'
3'7 j.=j
nyq mrudKql whkh
wefudaksh
yhsfrdaksh
khsf
yhsrckaldnfka (nhsldnfka)
yhsfrdlaihs
mzuex.fka
yhsrckai,af*a (nhsi,af*a)
lafrdaf
vhsfl%daf
i,af*a
ldnfka
fmdiafma
ridhksl iQ;%h
NH4+
H3O+
NO3HCO3OHMnO4HSO4CrO42Cr2O72SO42CO32PO43-
ixhqc;dj
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
nyq mrudKql whkj,ska iuka; my; lafjk ixfhda.j, iQ;% i,ld n,uq'
fidah khsf
fmdgEish ldnfka
Na NO3
+
ixhqc;dj
ixhqc;dj
NaNO3
ridhksl iQ;%h
ue.akSish khsf
K2CO3
NH4+ PO43-
ixhqc;dj
Mg1(NO3)2
ridhksl iQ;%h
wefudaksh fmdiafma
Mg2+ NO3-
ixhqc;dj
CO32-
K2CO3
NaNO3
ridhksl iQ;%h
K+
(NH4)3PO4
Mg(NO3)2
ridhksl iQ;%h
(NH4)3PO4
ixfhda.hl ridhksl iQ;%fha nyq mrudKql whk ^whk LKavl& tllg jvd
we;=<;a jk g tajd jryka ;=< ,shkq ,ef'
77
ridhk oHdj
mod:fha jHqyh
78
mod:fha jHqyh
ridhk oHdj
wNHdih
01' my; lafjk jdlHj, ysia;eka mqrjkak'
i. mrudKqjl ialkaO l%udxlh 14la jk w;r tys mrudKql l%udxlh
6ls' tu mrudKqf bf,lafg%dak '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' la wvx.= f'
ii. uQ,jH mrudKqjl fm%dafgdak 19la o bf,lafg%dak 19la o kshqfg%dak
18la o wvx.= f' mrudKqf ialkaO l%udxlh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' la f'
iii. mrudKqjl kHIafha wvx.= fm%dafgdak ixLHdf;a
ixLHdf;a tl;=j tys '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' f,i yekaf'
kshqfg%dak
02' wekshj, mrudKql l%udxlh 13 jk w;r tys ialkaO l%udxlh 27 ls'

w& wekshj, mrudKql l%udxlh yd ialkaO l%udxlh iu;
wdldrhg ,shkak'
wd& tu weksh mrudKqf wvx.= kshqfg%dak ixLHdj fldmuK o@
03' my; j.=j mqrjkak
uQ,jHh
31
15
mrudKqjl we;s
fm%dafgdak
.Kk
bf,lafg%dak
.Kk
kshqfg%dak
.Kk
7
3
Li
24
12
Mg
40
20
Ca
35
17
Cl
04' my; lafjk ixfhda.j, ridhksl iQ;% ,shkak'

iv. ,s;sh *afjdrhs
v. fn,sh laf,darhs
vi. weksh Tlaihs
vii. ue.akSish Tlaihs
viii. ldnka i,a*hs
79
ridhk oHdj
mod:fha jHqyh
05' my; lafjk ixfhda.j, ridhksl iQ;% ,shkak'

ix. wefudaksh laf,darhs
x. le,aish yhsfrdlaihs
xi. le,aish fmdiafma
xii. ue.akSish i,af*a
xiii. weksh khsf
xiv. fmdgEish mZuex.fka
xv. le,aish lafrdaf
xvi. wefudaksh vhslafrdf
xvii. fidah yhsrckaldnfka (fidah nhsldnfka)
xviii. fmdgEish ldnfka
06' my; lafjk uQ,jHj,g ;sh hq;= ixhqc;d fudkjd o @
1' ,s;sh
2' ldnka
3' le,aish
4' i,a*
5' laf,daka
07' wdj;s;d j.=jl fldgila my; laf' tys olajd we;af;a wod< uQ,jHj,
ksh; ridhksl ixfla; fkdf' tajd weiqfrka wid we;s m%Yakj,g
ms<s;=re imhkak'
A
Y
R
i. ksIal%sh jdhq f,i yeisfrk uQ,jH $ uQ,jHhka ykd.kak'
ii. Y ys ialkaO l%udxlh 35 f' tys we;s fm%dafgdak .Kk;a kshqfg%dak
.Kk;a fidhkak'
iii. R ys bf,lafg%dak kHdih ,shkak'
iv. A ys ixhqc;dj fldmuK o @
v. A yd Y m%;sl%shd lsfuka iefokq we;e hs Tn wfmalaId lrk ixfhda.
fha ridhksl iQ;%h ,shkak'
vi. f,dayuh uQ,jH folla k lrkak'
80
mod:fha jHqyh
ridhk oHdj
08' D, E, G, J, L, M, Q, R, yd T hk wdj;s;d j.=jg wh;a wkqhd; uQ,jH

kjhls' ;=kajk wdj;hg wh;a jk uQ,jhla jk R ksIal%sh jdhqjls'
i. fuu uQ,jH w;=ka tlu ldKavhg wh;a jk uQ,jH fol y`kdf.k
k lrkak'
ii. tu uQ,jH wdj;s;d j.=f l=uk ldKavhg wh;af o @
iii. fuu uQ,jH w;=ka oHq;a RK;dfjka je u uQ,jH k lrkak'
iv. E yd M w;r m%;sl%shdfjka iEfok ixfhda.fha iQ;%h ,shkak'
v. by; uQ,jH w;=ka ixhqc;d bf,lafg%dak y;rla we;s uQ,jHh
ykdf.k tys bf,lafg%dak kHdih ,shkak'
vi. fuu uQ,jH w;=ka by< u m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh we;s uQ,jHh
k lrkak'
mdNdIsl jpk
bf,lafg%dak kHdih
Electronic configuration
iuia:dksl
Isotopes
wdj;s;d j.=j
Periodic table
wdj;
Periods
ldKav
Groups
ixhqc;dj
Valency
m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh
First ionization energy
oaHq;a RK;dj
Electro negativity
f,day
Metals
wf,day
Non- metals
f,daydf,day
Metalloids
wd,sl
Acidic
NdIal
Basic
WNh.=kS
Amphoteric
81

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Chapter 03

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ridhk oHdj

bf,lafg%dak mj;skqfha kHIah jgd jQ wjldY m%foaYhlhs' mrudKqjl wvx.=

3'1 mrudKqj ms<sn`o .%y wdlD;sh

3.1 rEmh - mrudKqj ms<sn| .%y wdlD;sh

mej;sh yels Wmu

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

wdikak jYfhka bf,lafg%dakhl ialkaOh fm%dafgdakhl ialkaOfhka 1$1840 ls'

\ ialkaO l%udxlh } fm%dafgdak ixLHdj kshqfg%dak ixLHdj

uQ,jHhl ialkaO l%udxlh A ixfla;fhka ksrEmKh flf'

fidahj, mrudKql l%udxlh 11la f'

uQ,jHhl mrudKql l%udxlh yd ialkaO l%udxlh ,shd laf iu; l%uhla

3'2 bf,lafg%dak kHdih

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

3'3 kQ;k wj;s;d j.=j'

kQ;k wdj;s;d kshuh

3'3 rEmh - kq;k wdj;s;d j.=j

fuu fY%aKsfha wOHhk lrkq

3.4 rEmh - kQ;k wdj;s;d j.=f

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

uQ,jH wdj;j,g fnu

uQ,jH ldKavj,g fnu

wjidk Yla;s ugf bf,lafg%dak 1la ;sfnk uQ,jH

wjidk Yla;s ugf bf,lafg%dak 2la ;sfnk uQ,jH

wjidk Yla;s ugf bf,lafg%dak 3la ;sfnk uQ,jH

wjidk Yla;s ugf bf,lafg%dak 4la ;sfnk uQ,jH

wjidk Yla;s ugf bf,lafg%dak 5la ;sfnk uQ,jH

wjidk Yla;s ugf bf,lafg%dak 6la ;sfnk uQ,jH

wjidk Yla;s ugf bf,lafg%dak 7la ;sfnk uQ,jH

wjidk Yla;s ugf bf,lafg%dak 8la fyda ia:dhs

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

mrudKql l%udxlh 1 isg 20 olajd jQ uQ,jH wdj;s;d j.=f msysgk ia:dk

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

j.=j 3'4 - yhsv%ckaj, iuia:dksl

laf,dakaj, iuia:dksl folls' tk"

3'5 wdj;s;d j.=f oelsh yels rgd'

m<uqjk whkSlrK Yla;sh

jdhquh wjia:df we;s uQ,jH

3.7 rEmh mrudKql l%udxlh 1 - 20 olajd jQ

m<uq whkSlrK Yla;sh $ kJ mol-1

3'8 rEmh mrudKql l%udxlhg t j whkSlrK Yla;s p,k m%ia;drh

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

3.9 rEmh - mrudKql l%udxlh

3.10 rEmh - mrudKql l%udxlhg tj

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

f,day wf,day iy f,daydf,day

3'11 rEmh - wdj;s;d j.=f > wdldrh

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

yy .ef / fok y~la kexu'

f,day uQ,jH lsysmhla

3.12 rEmh - fidah

fidah wdj;s;d j.=f m<uq ldKavhg wh;a

3'13 rEmh - ue.akSish

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

ue.akSish f,dayfha fN!;sl .=K

wf,day (non - metals)

wf,day uQ,jH iuyrla

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

yy iuyr m%;sl%shdYS,S ridhk jH .nvd lsf wdjrK jdhqjla ^blanketing

3'14 rEmh i,a*

idudkH jHjydrfha i,a* f.kao. kka o

nyq, jYfhka mj;sk wdf,day uQ,jHhls'

iaMlrEmS ldnka ^ldnkaj, nyqrEmS wdldr& ( huka;s" ksrka" *q,ka

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

khsla w,h" idka i,ashqla w,h" ldnka" i,a