03

mirfha .;sl nj

fuu mdvu yeoErSfuka miq j Tng"

O i;=kaf.a jk pl% u; mok jQ wka; ls%hd kslaIKh lsug"
ksidf.a hym; i|yd i;=kaf.a jk pl%j, O wjia:d md,kh
lsug"
iajdNdl mirhl meje;au i|yd ffcj yd wffcj idOlj, n,mEu
uYkh lsug"
m%Yia; m%fhdack i|yd fnda.j, meje;au flfrys n,mdk O idOl
yeisrug"
wjYH ksmqK;d ,nd.ekSug yels jkq we;'
91

3'1 kaf.a jk pl% u; mok jQ wka; ls%hd

wm wjg mirh fld;r iqkaor o @ fld< meye ;=re,;d" O jK we;s
mqIam" w,xldr mlaISka we;= mirfha j;a jk fjk;a i;=ka o" kS, jK wyi"
.,d hk we<f< jeks iqkaor oiqka o" mirh w,xldr lsug hl fjhs'
tfy;a fuu iqkaor mirh ksrka;r fjkia j,g nka f' fjd
flld,Sk fyda .=ld,Sk fjkia h yels h' fydka ysre mdhd we;s fkl
wyi wre jIdj we;s u o" uqvq ulska wer m%d:l ika;;shla Tiafia
jkdka;rhla we;s u o fujeks fjkia i`oyd WodyrK lsysmhls'
msh weig fmfkk fuka u Bg fkdfmfkk fjkia o mirh ;=<
ksrka;rfhka is f' fuh mirfha .;sl iajNdjh f,i yekaf'
O i;=ka ;u ; ld,h ;=< .; lrk O wjia:d ms<sn| j yeoEfuka
o mirfha .;sl iajNdjh ;jrg;a wjfndaO lr.; yels h'
iuk,hd hkq kE u whl=f.a fk;g m%sh
oiqkls' kuq;a o<Uqjd hkq iuk,hdg jvd
iajrEmfhka fjkia if;ls' tfia jqj o o<Uqjd
hkq iuk,hdf.a ;fha u tla wjia:djla
nj Tn kgu;a okakjd we;s' ;fha O
wjia:d tlsfklg fjkia ndysr rEmdldrhka
fmkakq lrk yq mirfha fjfi;s'
3'1 rEmh

iuk,hd" urejd" f.ueiaid yd f.nd

tjeks ka i|yd ksoiqka f' fujeks i;a;=
;u jk pl%fha rEmdka;rKh ^metamorphosis& kue;s ixisoah fmkakq
lr;s'
hl= Wmf;a isg jevqKq hl= njg m;a " ;j;a mrmrdjla ys lrk
f;la ;h .;lrk wjia:d tu hdf.a jk pl%h ^life cycle& f,i yeka
f'
lsish hl= ;u jk pl%fha O wjia:dj, tlsfklg fjkia ndysr
iajrEm fmkakq lsu rEmdka;rKh f,i yeka f'
f,dalfha j;a jk ish lD j. rEmdka;rKh fmkakq lr;s' lDkaf.a
rEmdka;rKh m%Odk wdldr folls'
1' imQK rEmdka;rKh - ;a;r ^eggs&" lSg ^larva&" ms,d ^pupa& yd iqyU
q ,
q a
^adult& f,i jk pl%fha wjia:d y;rls'
2' wO rEmdka;rKh - ;a;r" YsY= ^nymph& yd iqyqUq,a f,i jk pl%fha
wjia:d ;=kls'
92

;a;r

;a;r

wO
rEmdka;rKh

imQK
iqyqUq,d rEmdka;rKh lSg

iq
iqy
yqU
qUq,
q,dd

YsYj
= d
^wvla jevqKq
iqyqUq,d&

ms,d
^fldaI&
ksoiqka (- iuk,hka" l=rehka" ueiaika

ksoiqka (- lerfmd;a;ka" ul=Kka

mirfha yuq jk i;=ka lsysm fofkl=f.a jk pl% iy jk pl%fha O

wjia:d mirh iu olajk wka; ls%hd ms<sn| j i,ld n,uq'
iuk,hdf.a jk pl%h
iuk,hd mQK rEmdka;rKhla fmkakq lrk lDfhls' jk pl%fha O
wjia:dj, ndysr rEmdldrh fuka u j;a jk mirh o yeis rgd yd .kakd
wdydr o tlsfklg fjkia f'
.eyekq iuk,hd Ydl
m;%j, h me;af;a ;a;r ouk
w;r" tu ;a;r mqmqrd msg jk
lSghdg uD Yrhla we;'
fuu lS g hka myiq f jka
i;=rkag f.dre fkdu i|yd
mirfha meyeh f.k we;'
iuyr g wdrlaIdj i|yd I
iys; frdau we;' fujeks iuk,
lSghka o<Uq j ka f,i
ykajkq ,ef' lSghdf.a m%Odk
wdydrh <m Ydl m;% jk w;r"
tAjd ymd lEu i|yd ieliqKq
fu!L Wmdx. o msysgd we;'

;a;r

iuk,hd
lSg wjia:d

ms,jd
3'2 rEmh - iuk,hdf.a jk pl%fha wjia:d

93

lSg wjfhka miq t<fUk ms,d wjia:dj wl%Sh

wjhls' ms<d wjia:dj fldaIhla ;=< .; lrhs' fldaIfhka
msgjk iqyqUq,a iuk,hdf.a wdydrh u,a me h' me
Wrd u i|yd fYaIfhka yev.eiqKq Y=Kv
a dj^proboscis&
kue;s kd,dldr wjhjhla iqyqUq,dg we;'
Y=Kv
a dj
fudjqkg mshUd hEu i|yd ;gq we;' tfia u i;=rka
f.ka wdrlaId u i|yd mirhg wkqrEmS Yr jKhla 3'3 rEmh - iuk,hdf.a
Y=Kv
a dj
f.k we;'
;a;rfhka ys Ydl m;% wdydrhg .kska j;a
jk o<Uqjd u,a me fndka mshUdhk iuk,hl= njg m;ajk whqre fld;r
wmQre o@
urejdf.a jk pl%h
urejd o mQK rEmdka;rKhla olajk lDfhls' jk pl%fha O wjia:d
tlsfklg fjkia mirj, .; lsu yd O wdydr .ekSu fuu lDhdf.a
fYaI;ajhls'
urejd
;a;r
urejd
oukafka ksi, c,fha h'
;a ; r ug f;da r d
.kakd c,fha iajNdjh
ure j.h wkqj fjkia
uhla f,i ieliS we;s
f' ;a;rj,ska msg jk
;a;r
lSg wjia:dj c,fha .;
ms,jd
lrk w;r Tjqkg
c, ugu
Ya j ikh ls u i|yd
Yajik kskd, ^ syphon
lSghd
tubes& k jQ fYa I
wjhj ms ysgd we;'
3'4 rEmh - urejdf.aa jk pl%fha wjia:d
fudjqkaf.a wdydrh
c,fha j;a jk laIq
ka yd ldnksl jH f' lSghd c,h ;=< yej ye lsysmhla is lrhs' bka miq
ms,d wjia:djg m;a f' lSg wjh fuka u ms,d wjh o c, mDIaGfha t,a,S .;
lrhs'
ms,d wjia:dfjka miq ys jk urejd ;gq iys; mshUd hd yels lDfhls' ms
urejdf.a wdydrh Ydl hqI jk w;r .eyekq urejd i;a;j
a rerh u; hefma'
Tn okakjd o@
.eyekq urejdg ;a;r u i|yd wjYH WIAK;ajh Yrh ;=< mj;ajd
.ekSug laISrmdhs rerh Wmld f'
94

iu isre lr rerh Wrd u i|yd yev .eiqKq

fl ;shqKq Y=Kavdjla urejdg we;'

Y=Kv
a dj

YS% ,xldf j;a jk ure j. w;ka we;e

j. O frda. jHdma; lsug hl f'
f.ueiaidf.a jk pl%h

3'5 rEmh - urejdf.a Y=Kavdj

f.ueiaid o imQK rEmdka;rKhla olajk lDfhls' .eyekq f.ueiaid

l=Kq jk ldnksl jH u; ;a;r ouhs' ;a;r mqmqrd msg jk lSghd ,d ly mdg
mKqfjls' idudkH jHjydrfha fudjqka by| mKqjka f,i yekaf' lSg iy
ms,d wj mi ;=< u .; lrhs' ms,jdf.ka msg jk iqyqUq,d ;gq iys; f.ueiafils'
f.ueiaid

ms,jd
;a;r

lSg wjia:dj ^1&

jevqKq lSghd

lSg wjia:dj ^2&

3'6 rEmh - f.ueiaidf.aa jk pl%h

f.ueiaaika u, jHj,g" krlajk wdydrj,g yd i;a;aj u, isrerej,g

wdlIKh f' fYaI ixf bkashhka uska wjg mirfha we;s tjeks jH
ykd.ekSf yelshdj Tjqkg we;' ueiaika fujeks jH u; jeiSf mdoj,
yd fu!L fldgiaj, tu wmjH ;ejf' fudjqka jD; j we;s wdydr u; jeiSf
fuu wmjH wdydr u; o ;ejf' tuska ksid yd fjk;a i;=ka fj;
mdpkh" fld,rdj" fndajk fix.ud,h jeks frda. ifm%aIKh f'
f.ueiaidf.a mdoj, we;s fYaI ixf bkashhka ri ykd.ekSug Wmld
f' fl Y=Kavdj Wmfhda.S lrf.k wdydrfha hqI Wrd u is lrhs'
Tn okakjd o @
wmsis ia:dkj, je mqru .ejfik f.ueiaid ;u Yrfha msis nj
ms<sn| j fnfyka ie,ls,su;a fjhs' W! mehlg y;r j;djla muK ;u
Yrfha yd mdo u; ;ejreKq wmjH bj;a lr Yrh msis lr.kS'
95

f.ndf.a jk pl%h
WNh ldKavhg wh;a f.nd" c,c yd fN!l mirj, j;a ug
yev.eiqKq if;ls' wjia:d lsysmhlska hq;a f.ndf.a jk pl%h o" mirfha
.;sl iajNdjh uekka fmkakq lrhss'
f.nd c,h wdY%s; j ;a;r
ouk w;r" tAjd c,a,suh
f.nd
wdjrKhlska jg jQ ;a;r leo,s f'
;a;r msm
s fuka msg jk biaf.hd
^tadpole& c,fha msyskSf yelshdj
we;s" lru,aj,ska Yajikh lrk
if;ls'
c,fha msyskd hEu i|yd
biaf.hdf.a Yrfha wkdl+, yevh
Wmld f' Wf.a wdydrh c,c Ydl
jevqKq biaf.hd
j. f' c,h ;=< is jk rEmSh
fuka u ldhsl fjkia
,m biaf.hd
fY%ahlska miq j biaf.hd jevqKq
f.nl= njg m;a f' jevqKq f.nd
lD NlaIlhl= jk w;r lDka
w,a,d .ekSu i|yd yev.eiqKq fYaI
3'7 rEmh - f.ndf.aa jk pl%h
wdldrfha jla o W! i;= h' f.ndg
ixprKh i|yd mdo o" Yajikh i|yd f;;a iu yd fmky o Wmld f'
;a;r

3'8 rEmh - lDka w,a,d .ekSug

yev.eiqKq f.ndf.a j

3'9 rEmh - c,fha msyskd hEug

yd mekSug yev.eiqKq mdo

mejreu -1
O i;=kf
a .a jk pl%j, wjia:d ykd.ekSu i|yd kslaIK pdrsldjl
fhfokak' tu wjia:d iajdNdl mirh ;=< u kslaIKh lr" Tn olsk oE
igyka lr .kak'
96

3'2 i;=kaf.a jk pl%j, O wjia:d

md,kh lsu
2006 jif jhsfka O m%foaYj,ska fvx.= frda.Ska 11"976 la
by; lafjkafka km;d mqj;am;l m< jQ YSI mdGhls' fvx.= frda.h
urejd uska jHdma; jk frda.hls' urejd fuka u f.ueiaid o ksidg je<f|k
O frda. jHdma; lsug hl jk nj Tn by; mdvf yrd we;' g wu;r
j mirfha fjfik ;j;a iuyr yq fnda. j.djkag ydks lrk w;r tAjdfha
wiajekak o wvq lr;s' urejd yd f.ueiaid fuka u fnda. Ydlj,g ydks lrk
O lDka md,kh lsu i|yd Tjqkaf.a jk pl% ms<sn| kqu Wmfhda.S lr.;
yels whqre i,ld n,uq'

3' 2'1 frda. md,kh

^w& urejdf.ka fnda jk frda.
kg ,xldf j;a jk urejka j. 18la muK ykdf.k we;' f w;ka
ure j. lsysmhla ksidg je<f|k frda. jHdma; lsug hl fjhs'
j.=j 3'1 ksidg frda. fnda lrk ure j.

frda.h
uef,ahd
nrjd
fvx.=
l=ka .=kahd
cemkSia tkafim,hsia

frda. jHdma;sh is lrk ure j.h

wefkdams,ia
lshqf,laia
Bia
Bia
lshqf,laia

f w;ka we;e frda. udrdka;l

s jk w;r"
tAjd uokh yd m%;sldr i|yd rchg Yd,
houla ug is f' frda.j,g m%;l
s dr lsug
jvd jeo.;a jkafka frda. j<lajd .ekSuhs'
frda. jdyl ka ^vector& uokh lsu frda.
je<elaf jeo.;a mshjrls' fuu ldhfha
Tjqkf
a .a jk pl% ms<n
s | kqu fuka u Tjqkf
a .a
phd rgd ms<sn| wjfndaOh o m%fhdackj;a f'

frda. we;s lrk laIq

ka frda. ldrlhka
f,i o tu frda. ldrlhska
/f.k hka tAjd jHdma;
lsug Wojq jk ka frda.
jdylhka f,i o yekaf'

uef,ahd frda.h" YS% ,xldf h<s l,dmfha jix.; ugka mej;s frda.hls'
fuu frda.fha frda. ldrlhd ma,eiafudah k laIq fhls' ^micro-organism&
jdylhd f,i ls%hd lrkafka wefkdams,ia urejd h'
97

uef,ahd frda.shl=f.ka rerh Wrd fndk frda. jdyl urejl= ksfrda.S

whl=g oIag lsf frda. ldrlhka ksfrda.S mqoa.,hdf.a rerhg we;= fuka
tu mqoa.,hdg o frda.h je<ug bv we;'
nrjd" fvx.= hk frda. jHdma; jkafka o by; wdldrhg h'
fvx.= rla;md; WK frda.h fuka u l=ka .=kahd frda.h o f jk g YS%
,xldf mj;sk nrm;, fi!LH .eg f' jId ld,h wjidk u;a iu
fuu frda. YSS>% f,i jHdma; f'
by; i|yka frda. ish,af,ys u jdylhka jkafka tlsfklg fjkia ure
j. f' fuu frda. je<fuka wdrlaId u i|yd m%Odk Wml%u folla wkq.ukh
l< yels h'
urejdf.a jk pl%fha O wjia:d md,kh lsu'
urejka oIag lsfuka wdrlaId u
urejd ;a;r oukafka ksi, c,fha h'
lshqf,laia j.hg wh;a ure j. ;a;r oukafka fmd,a f,,s j<j,a" ldKqq
wd je .eUqrlska hq;a Is; c,h we;s ia:dkj, h'
wefkdams,ia urejd je .eUqrlska hq;a msis c,fha ;a;r ouhs'
tfy;a fvx.= rla;md;h yd l=ka .=kahd jdyl Bia urejdg ;a;r u
i|yd msis c,h b;d iq m%udKhla ;su o m%udKj;a h' fmd,algqj," fhda.
fldamamj," jeys msys,sj, fuka u u,a mrej, m;%mdoj, tl;= jk iq c,
m%udKfha o fudjqyq ;a;r ou;s' tneka fujeks nkaj, yd ia:dkj, c,h
tl;= ug bv fkd;eh hq;= h' fYaIfhka u fvx.= urejdf.a ;a;r c,h
fkdue;s j .= l,la kdY fkd mej;sh yels ksid c,h tl;= jk nka
fydka w;=,a,d inka oud fiah hq;= h' ke;fyd;a tAjd kdY lsu fyda j<,d
u l< hq;= h'
urejka fnda u md,kh lsug fhd.; yels l%u ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsu
i|yd my; lafjk ls%hdldrlfuys fhfokak'
ls%hdldrlu - 3'1
c,h msrjQ fhda. fldamam ;=kla f.k my; lafjk m tAjd ilia
lrkak
A - msis c,h"
B -Kq hl< c,h"
C - inka hl< c,h
fjd t<suyka ia:dkhl ;nd i;shlska muK miq kslaIKh lrkak'
Tng ure lSghka iy ms,jqka olskakg ,fnkafka l=uk fhda. fldamamh
;=< o@

98

msis c,h we;s nfka ure ms,jqka kslaIKh lsug yelsjkq we;' urejdf.a
jk pl%fha O wjia:d md,kh lsu ms<sn| j h wjfndaOhla f weiqfrka
Tng ,nd.; yels h'
ure Wjr md,kh lsu i|yd my; i`oyka l%u fhd.; yels h'
ure ms,jqka" lSghka wdydrhg .kakd ;s;a;hd" nq,;aymhd jeks udxY
NlaIl uiqka fmdl=Kq" c,dY iy ud gexlsj, we;s lsu'
c,h tl;= jk ldKqj,g O f;,a j. tl;= lsu - fuys Yajikhg
ndOd fuka ure ms,jqka iy lSghka kdY f'
ksfjia we;s c,h tl;= jk u,a nkaj,g" l+ W.=,aj,g Kq" inkajeks
jH tla lsu'
DDT" ue,;shka jeks ridhk jH fhu ^mirh IKh jk fyhska
fuu l%u kg Nd; fkd f'&
iqyqUq,a urejd mshUd hk lDhl= neka uokh lsu o ;rula wiSre h'
tfia jqj o ksfjia yd f.j;=j, urejka je jYfhka /f|k wre ia:dk
msis lsu yd O OQudldrl Nd;h jeks lghq;= uska urejka m<jd yeu
is l< yels h'
Tn okakjd o @
ure;,d" lcqf,,s jeks jH mqiaid we,a,Su urejka m,jd yeu i|yd
Nd; jk idm%odhsl l%uhls'
flfia jqj o iEu g u urejka oIaglsfuka wdrlaId u uska by; frda.
je<u j<lajd.; yels h'
mejreu - 2
ure Wjr msgqolsuq hk uefhka w;a m;s%ldjla ilia lrkak'
urejdf.ka je<f|k frda." urejka fnda u md,kh lrk l%u"
ure oIagkfhka je<flk wdldrh ms<sn| Wmfoia f m;%sldfjys
we;=<;a h hq;= h'
^wd& f.ueiaid uska jHdma; jk frda.
f.ueiaid ;a;r oukafka;a" lSg yd ms,d wj .; lrkafka;a l=Kq jk
ldnksl jH u; h' mdpkh" fld,rdj jeks wdid; frda. f.ueiaid uska
ifm%aIKh jk nj by; mdvf Tn Wf.k we;' ksfji wjg we;s l=Kq
f.dvj,a bj;a lsu" j<,d u" fldfmdaia fmdfydr ilia lsu jeks l%u
uska f.ueiaidf.a ;a;r" ms,d" lSg wj kdY l< yels h' l=Kq ouk nka
jid ;eu;a" f.ueiaidg jeish fkdyels f,i wdydr jH jid ;eu;a uska"
f.ueiaikaf.ka ifm%aIKh jk frda.j,ska wdrlaId h yels h'

99

3'10 rEmh - l=Kq nka jid

;eu

3'11 rEmh - wdydr nka jD;j fkd;eh hq;= h

3'2'2 m,sfndaO md,kh

ksidg m%fhdackj;a jk O fnda. yd wiajkqj,g ydks lrk ka Ydl
m,sfndaOhka ^plant pests& f,i yekaf'
Tn okakjd o@
m<sfndaO ydksh ksid ,xldf uq wiajekafkkaa 15%-20% la muK wmf;a
hhs'
fnda. wiajkq wvq f'
m,sfndaO ydks md,kh i|yd wu;r
ho ug is f'
m,sfndaO ydksh ksid

wiajekafka fj<|fmd< jkdlu wvq

f'
f.dhdg ,efnk ,dNh wvq f'

by; lreKq ksid fnda.j,g ydks lrk m,sfndaOhka md,kh lsu b;d
jeo.;a f' fnda.j,g ydks lrk m,sfndaOhka fldgia folls'
lDka
lDka fkdjk i;=ka
f w;ka lD m,sfndaOhka iska is lrk ydksh jvd Yd, h' tneka
fnda. j.djkays nyq, j yuq jk lD m,sfndaOhkaf.a jk pl% yd yeis rgd
ms<sn| kqu Wmfhda.S lr.kska Tjqka md,kh lrkafka flfia hs uid n,uq'
1' fmd,a l=rehd
imQK rEmdka;rKh olajk lD m,sfndaOfhls' jevqKq l=rehd fmd,a
.fia lrh ld u uska Ydlj,g ydks lrhs' fudjqka ;a;r oukafka rdm;a
jk ldnksl jH u; h' lSghd iq meye;s mqIau;a mKqfjls'
100

3'13 rEmh - fmd,a l=rehd ydks l<

fmd,a .ila

3' 12 rEmh - fmd,a l=rehd

md,k l%u
l=Kq f.dvj,a wjqiaid u - tA uska lSghka udxY NlaIl l=re,a,kaf.a
f.dre njg m;a jk w;r Yrh h<Su ksid o kdYhg m;a fj;s'
iqyqUq,ka w;x.=jlska w,a,d kdY lsu'
2' m,;=re ueiaid
m,;=re ueiaid o imQK rEmdka;rKhla olajk
lD m,sfndaOfhls'
iqyqUq,d wU" flfi,a" fmar jeks M, isre lr ;a;r
ouhs' lSghd M,h ;=< j;a fjka th wdydrhg .kS'
f ksid M, l=Kq jk w;r jkdlu o wvq f'

3'14 rEmh - m,;=re

ueiaid

md,k l%u
iqyqUq,dg ;a;r ug fkdyels jk f,i
M, wdjrKh lsu'
lDkdYl fh iSks djK W.=,a f,i
;eu'
.ihg je we;s lSghka isk M, kdY
lsu'
3' 15 rEmh - ydks l< M,

3' f.dh ul=Kd ^f.dh ueiaid&

wO rEmdka;rKh olajk lDfhls'
iqyqUq,d fuka u YsY=jd o lr,a isre lr hqI
Wrd u ksid wegj,g ydks is f ^fnd,a we;s
u&'

3'16 rEmh - f.dh ul=Kd

101

md,kh
fuu lDyq wdf,dalh ms%h lr;ss' f ksid l=Uqrej,
wdf,dal W.=,a wegu uska f.dh ueiaika md,kh
l< yels h'
wjYH wjia:dj, lDkdYl ksfoaYs; m%udKfhka
fhu'
Tn okakjd o @
m,sfndaO md,kh i|yd lDkdYl fhu mir IKhg
m%n, fya;=jls' f ksid w;HjYH wjia:dj, yereKq
g tAjd Nd; fkdl< hq;= h'

3'17 rEmh - f.dh

ul=Kd ydks l<
lr,a

ls%hdldrlu - 3'2
l=Uqrej, m,sfndaO md,kh i|yd fhd.kakd my; lafjk idm%hsl
l%uj, oHd;aul moku Tf .=re;=ud $.=re;=h iu idlPd lrkak'
f.dhug f.dgq u'
l=Uqrg lsn;a biSu
rd;%s ld,hg lel=Kf;,a mkao ,au'
4' wjq,lfmdard l=rehd ^Ydl m;% wdydrhg .kakd l=rehd&
imQK rEmdka;rKhla olajk lD m<sfndaOfhls' iqyqUq,d fndfyda t<j
fnda.j, m;% ld ouhs' lSg yd fldaI wjia:d mi ;=< .; lrk w;r" lSghd Ydl
uq,a ld ouhs'
md,kh
lSghd md,kh i|yd mi fydka ilia lsu'
mi iu w Y% lsu'

3' 18 rEmh - wjq,lfmdard

l=rehd

3' 19 rEmh - wjq,lfmdard l=rehd ydks l<

Ydl m;%

mejreu - 3
Tf mdi,aa f.j;a;g hkak' tys j.d lr we;s fnda.j,g ydks lrk
m,sfndaOlhka Tf .=re;=hf.a .=re;=hf.a iydh we;s j ykd.kak'
Tjqkaf.a rEm igyka" ydksh yd md,k l%u ms<sn| lreKq we;=<;a lr
fmdaiagrhla ksudKh lrkak'
102

3'3 mirfha wLKav meje;au i`oyd

ffcj idOlj, n,mEu
Tf f.,g f.dia wjg
mirh fydka ks la I Kh
lrkak' wyfia mshUd hk
l=re,a,ka o" u,aj, me Wrd
fndk iukka o" wU .fia wU
lka isk f,akk
q a o Tng l.;
yels jkq we;' ysre/ia ksid Tng
WKqiqu fkk w;r" yud hk
iq<ska .ia fi,fjk whqre o
Tng fmfka' Tnf.a ksfjfia we;s
lrk iqr;,a mQid l=re,a,l=g fyda
f,akl=g fyda l=reudk w,a,kq
o Tng l.; yels jkq we;'
by; isoaka ms<sn| j ;j
rg;a is;d n,kak' mirh iE
we;af;a ffcj yd wffcj
ix>gl rdYs h la tla fuks '
mirfha isk ka - ka
w;r;a ka yd wffcj idOl
w;r;a" wffcj - wffcj idOl
w;r;a ksrka;r wka;l%shd is
fjka mj;sk nj Tng wjfndaO
jkq we;'

3'20 rEmh - iajdNdl mirhl isjk O

wka; lsh
% d

mirfha iu;=,;
s ;dj /l.ekSug yd tys wLKav meje;au i|yd ksrka;rfhka
is jk fuu wka;l%shd Wojq f' tA wkqj mirfha we;s ffcj idOl mirfha
meje;au yd iu;=,s;;djh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh i,ld n,uq'
l%shdldrlu - 3'3
Tn wjg mirfha ffcj idOl w;r we;s jk O wka;l%shd kslaIKh
lr tAjd igyka lrkak'

103

3'3'1 kaf.a O;ajh ^Diversity of organisms&

wm wjg mirfha O j.j,g wh;a yq rdYshla jdih lr;s' fuu ka
msh weig fkdfmfkk ;r l=vd ffjria" nelahd" Ydl ma,jdx. jeks
kaf.a isg w;s jeka; ks,a ;,auid" w,shd jeks i;=ka o" frjq" kj| jeks
Yd, jDlaI o w;r mrdihl ys mj;S' tfia u f.dvu fuka u mi wNHka;rfha
o" whsia l u; yd WKqiq ldka;drj, o" uqyq m;=f,a yd b;d Wia l uqkaj,
o O j.j, yQ j;a fj;s'
m%udKh

tA wkq j mirfha fjfik

wkqj
ixprk
Yr
ka fmkq f uka " m% u dKfhka
l%uh wkqj
ieleiau
fuka u .kakd wdydr w;ska o
wkqj
kaf.a
tlsfkldg fjkia nj meye,s
O;ajh
f' tfia u tu yq tlsfklg
fNdack
j;ajk
fjkia mirj, j;a ug
l%uh wkqj
mirh wkqj
yev.eiS we;s w;r ;ud j;a jk
wdydr j.
mirh ;=< fkdkeiS isu i|yd
wkqj
O wkqj;k o fmkakq lr;s'
fuh kaf.a O;ajh hs'
3'21 rEmh - kaf.a O;ajh
mirfha wLKa v meje;a u
i|yd fuka u iu;=,s;;dj i|yd o kaf.a O;ajh Wmld f'
mirfha j;a jk Ydl iy wKalaISh ka we;= i;=ka yevh" m%udKh"
jKh" yeis rgd" .kakd wdydr yd jdiia:dk w;ska O;ajhla oelau
kaf.a O;ajhhs'

3'3'2 ;r.h ^Competition&

jejl fyda fmdl=Kl fyda isk
u;aiHhkg wdydrh i|yd lv, weghla
uQ g ta i|yd u;a i Hhs k a rdYs h la
fmdrlk whqre Tn oel ;sfnkq we;' fuh
ka w;r ;r.h fmkakq flfrk b;d
ir, ksoiqkls'
mir moaO;shl fjfik ka w;r
wdydr" c,h" yd jdiia:dk jeks uQ,sl
wjYH;d imqrd.ekSu i|yd ksrka;r
;r.ld;ajhla mj;S' fuu ;r.h tl u
j.fha ka w;r fuka u O j.j,
ka w;r o l .; yels h'
104

3'22 rEmh - wdydr i|yd uiqka w;r

;r.h

tl u mirfha j;a jk yq O wjYH;d imqrd.ekSf we;s jk

;r.h wvq lr.ekSu i|yd O wkqj;k olaj;s' isxyrdch jeks ksj;k f;;a
jkdka;rhl Ydl hk ia;r wdldrfhka ilia we;af;a wdf,dalh i|yd we;s
;r.h wvq lr.ekSug h' f ms<sn| j Tn m<uqjeks mfofha Wf.k we;'
tfia u we;e Ydlj, w;= fnu lf|a by< fldgig muKla iSud ;su
ksid o bvlv i|yd we;s ;r.h wvq f' wdfrdayl je,a j. l|kaj, t;S by<g
jeu ksid o" w;=j, wmsYdl jOkh u ksid o" bvlv i|yd we;s ;r.h wvq f'
is;d n,kak
fldia .ila hg fldia weg rdYshla je me< jqj;a tAjd Yd, Ydl f,i
jOkh fkd f' fufia jkafka wehs hs is;d n,kak'
wm wjg mirfha j;a jk O ka" O mirj, j;a u i|yd yev
.eiS we;' we;e ka fN!l mirfha j;a ug;a ;j;a iuyr ka c,fhaa
j;a ug;a yev.eiS we;' jdhj mirfha fuka u mi wNHka;rfha j;a u
i|yd o yev.eiqKq ka wmg mirfha yuq f'
l%shdldrlu - 3' 4
O mirj, j;a u i|yd O kaf.a we;s fYaI wkqj;k ie,ls,,
a g
f.k my; lafjk j.=j Tf wNHdi fmdf;a msgm;a lrf.k imQK
lrkak'
hd
1& f.nd
2& .ev,d
3& uqjd
4& udjd
5& mf;dla
6& Wvjehd
7& me l=re,a,d

j;a jk mirh$
jdiia:dkh
c,fha$ f.dvu
mi wNHka;rh
f.dvu mirh
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

fYaI yev.eiSu
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

O ka fjkia mirj, j;a ug yev.eiS ;su ksid jdiia:dk i|yd

we;s ;r.h wvq f'
Ydl jOkh i|yd wjYH jk fmdaIl yd c,h ,nd.ekSug tys uQ, moaO;sh
Wmld f' tl u jdiia:dkhl j;a jk Ydl fuu idOl ,nd.ekSug W;aiy
lsf tAjd w;r ;r.hla we;s f'
105

tfy;a O Ydlj, uQ, moaO;s tlsfklg

fjkia whqka ilia ;su ksid f ;r.h wvq
we;' uqka uq,a iys; Yd, Ydlj, uq,a" mi ;=<
.eUqrg ysfok w;r" ;ka;= uQ, moaO;s we;s Ydlj,
uq,a mi u;=msg ysfoa' f ksid O uQ, moaO;s
iys; Ydlj,g mfia O ia;rj, we;s Ydl
fmdaIl yd c,h ,nd.ekSf yelshdj ,ef'

fldhd
isxyhd
jDlhd
Wl=ii
a d
fudard

Ydl w;r fuka u mirfha

fjfik i;=ka w;r o wdydr
,nd.ekSu i|yd ksrka;r ;r.hla
mj;S' tfy;aa kaf.a O;ajh ksid
tl u mirfha O wdydr j. u;
hefmk i;=ka yuq f' Ydl NlaIl"
udxY NlaIl yd ij NlaIl i;=ka
ms<sn| j Tn y;ajeks fY%afha
wOHhkh l< lreKq isym
s ;a lrkak'

aIl
Nl

.jhd
tjd
w,shd
ydjd
uqjd

Y
udx

Ydl
NlaI
l

uqka uq,
;ka;= uq,a
3'23 rEmh - Ydlj, uQ, moaO;s'

ksid
n<,d
l=l<
= d
n,a,d

ij NlaIl

ls%hdldrlu - 3'5
mlaISka .kakd wdydr j. wkqj Tjqkaf.a fydgj, yevh o fjkia f' fuu
rEmigykaj,ska lafjk mlaISka .kakd wdydr j. yd tA i|yd Tjqka olajk
wkqj;k fudkjdhs k lrkak'

.srjd

l=re,a,d

rdcd,shd

me l=re,a,d

fldld

;drdjd

tl u mirfha O wdydr j. u; hefmk i;=ka isu ksid wdydr i|yd

we;s ;r.h wvq we;'
106

3'3'3 f,damSh;dj ^Predation&

mir moaO;shl isk ka w;r"
O wka; inkaO;d mj;S' f w;ka
wdydr u; mok jQ in|;d ksid wdydr
u yd wdydr cd, f.dvkeS we;s nj
Tn g fmr wOHhkh lr we;' wdydr
uj, ;=kj
a eks fyda y;rjeks fyda mqrel
ksfhdackh lrk udxY NlaIl i;a;=
wdydr msi fjk;a i;=ka f.dre
3'24 rEmh - f.drla ovh lrk isxyfhla
lr.ks;'s
fuh f,damSh;dj f,i yekaf'
fuys udxY NlaIlhd f,damshd ^predator& f,i;a f.dre jk i;d f.dr
^pray& f,i;a ykajhs'
iajdNdl mir moaO;shl" idudl ixLHdj md,kh lrka " mirfha
iu;=,s;;dj /l.ekSu i|yd f,damSh;dj Wojq f'
h mirhl isk f.dfn,a,ka ixLHdj md,kh lsu i|yd wel=l=<ka
Wmld f' tfia u jkdka;rhl isk uqjka ixLHdj md,kh lsu i|yd
hka jeks udxY NlaIl i;=ka Wmld f' kuq;a udxY NlaIlhska je jQ g
Tjqka g f.dre jk i;=kaf.a ixLHdj o l%ufhka wvq f' tg wdydr ys u
ksid udxY NlaIlhkaf.a ixLHdj o my; jefghs'
ksoiqka f,i lsish jkdka;rhl isk hka ixLHdj je jQ g tys isk
uqjka ixLHdj wvq fjhs' tg hkag o wdydr ysjk w;r kej; jrla hkaf.a
ixLHdj wvq fjhs'
f,damshkg ;u f.dr ovh lsu i|yd" fYaI jQ wkqj;k fuka u
yelshdjka o we;'

fldhd
W,a o;a" ksh

msUqrd
Wl=iaid
W,a o;a" m<,a l< yels uqLh
W,a ksh" ;shqKq fydg
3'25 rEmh - f,damshka i;= O wkqj;k

Tn okakjd o@
gdg mehg lsf,dagr 150la muK f.fhka f yelshdj we;' msUqrdg
Wf.a isref IalNh ;r mia .=Khla Yd, i;=ka .s,Sf yelshdj we;'
107

3'3'4 mrfmdaIs;;dj ^Parasitism&

uelalka" lsK;
s ,
= ,
a ka" Wl=Kka jeks yq
f.orff we;s lrk iqr;,a i;=kaf.a iy
f.dm< i;=kaf.a fuka u ksidf.a Yrfha
o j;a fj;s' fudjqyq i;a;aj Yr u; j;a
fjka thska fmdaIKh fukau wdrlaIdj o
,n;s' fuh o fYaI w;r mj;sk wdydr
u; mok jQ ;j;a wmQre in|;djhls' fuu
in|;dj mrfmdaIs;;dj f,i yekaf'

3' 26 rEmh - .jhdf.a Yrfha fjfik

lsKs;=,a,d ^Yd, lr we;&

mrfmdaIs;hd ^parasite& wksjdhfhka u Odrlhdg (host) jvd l=vd h' fuu

in|;df ks;r u tla mdYajhla" tk mrfmdaIs;hd muKla jdis ,nhs' fuys
fndfyda g Odrlhdg ydks is f' f ydksh jOkfha nd, ula" frda.hla
fyda urKh fyda mjd h yels h' mrfmdaIs;hka m%Odk wdldr folls'
ndysr mrfmdaIs;hka
wNHka;r mrfmdaIs;hka
ndysr mrfmdaIs;hka Odrlhdf.a Yrh u; j;a fjka thska fmdaIKh
fuka u wdrlaIdj o ,n;s' tfia u fudjqyq we;e wjia:dj, O frda. jdylhka
f,i o l%shd lr;s'
3' 2 j.=j O ndysr mrfmdaIs;hka yd Tjqkaf.ka isjk ydksh

mrfmdaIs;hd
lsKs;=,a,d
Wl=Kd
uelald

Odrlhd

ydksh $ frda.h

n,a,d" n<,d" .jhd

ksid" mlaISka
n,a,d" n<,d

rerh Wrd u" lsKs;= WK

rerh Wrd u'
rerh Wrd u'

wNHka;r mrfmdaISyq Odrlhdf.a Yrh ;=< j;a fjka Odrlhdg O ydks

is lr;s'
3'3 j.=j - O wNHka;r mrfmdaIs;hka yd Tjqkaf.ka isjk ydksh

mrfmdaIs;hd

Odrlhd

ydksh $ frda.h

jgmKqjd
ksidf.a wdydr ud.h
ma,eiafudah ksidf.a wlaudj
fldl=mKqjd
ksidf.a wdydr ud.h
108

rerh Wrd u'

uef,arshd frda.h'
rerh Wrd u'

is;d n,kak
mrfmdaI;
s hka ;u Odrlhdg ydks lrk kuq;"a urKhg m;a lrkafka l,d;=rlsk's
Bg fya;=j l=ula hs Tng meye,s l< yels o@
i;=ka muKla fkdj" we;e Ydl o mrfmdaI;
s ;dj fmkak
q
lrhs' Ydl u; mrfmdaIS j jefvk f,d/ka;ia ^ms<s,& yd
lial=gd ^w.uq, ke;s je,a& hk Ydl ms<sn| j Tn y;ajeks
fY%afha wOHhkh lr we;'
f,d/ka;iaj, fld< meye;s m;% we;s w;r" tAjd c,h yd
Lksc ,jK muKla Odrl Ydlfhka ,ndf.k
m%NdixYaf,aIKfhka wdydr ksmojd.kS' fjd wO mrfmdaI;
s
Ydl f,i yekaf'

3' 27 rEmh f,d/ka;ia

lial=gd Ydlfha y;m%o fkdue;s ksid Bg ;ks j

wdydr ksmojd .; fkd yels h' tu ksid Odrl Ydlh
ksmo jQ wdydr m%fhdackhg .kS' tneka fun Ydl
3'28 rEmh - lial=gd Ydlh mQK mrfmdaIS Ydl f'
l%shdldrlu - 3' 6
zmrfmdaIs; YdlZ Tjqkaf.a ;h mj;ajd.ekSu i|yd olajk wkqj;k
,ehsia;=.; lrkak'
;j o iuyr laIq ka Ydl ;=< mrfmdaIS j j;a
fjka Odrl Ydlj,g O frda. we;s lrhs' fuys fuu
mrfmdaIs;hka frda. ldrlhka ^pathogens& f,i yekaf'
3'4 j.=j - Ydlj,g je<f|k O frda.

Odrl Ydlh
f.dh ^&
flfi,a
ia $;lald,s

mrfmdaIs;hd
frda.h
,Sr
Uqre mq,a,s frda.h
ffjria
j| mSu
nelahd
nelahdkq ue,u

3'29 rEmh - Uqre

mq,a,s frda.h

l%shdldrlu - 3'7
Tnf.a f.j;af;a we;s Ydl kslaIKh lr frda.j,g f.dre jQ Ydl ;sf
hs ykd.kak' Tnf.a kslaIK jd;d lrkak' tA weiqfrka tu frda. fudkjd
hs ykd.ekSug W;aidy .kak'
109

3'4 mirfha meje;au i|yd wffcj idOlj, n,mEu

ysre Wj;a iu ojfia jev lghq;= wdrN lsug wms mqre j isuq' fndfyda
i;aa;= fuka u Ydl o ysref.ka ,efnk wdf,dalh yd ;dmh yuqf ilS%h fj;s'
tla WoEikl fyda ysre fkdmEhqjfyd;a ;;a;ajh fln f hs is;d n,kak'
ksidf.a yd i;=kaf.a ls%hdldrl fuka u Ydlj, ls%hdld;ajh o uq`Mukska u
wjq,a ug th fya;= jkq we;'
tA wkqj ysref.ka ,efnk wdf,dalh yd ;dmh hk wffcj idOl iu
mirfha fjfik kaf.a meje;au ne mj;sk wdldrh ukdj meye,s f'
;dmh" wdf,dalh yereKq g mi yd c,h jeks fjk;a wffcj idOl o iuia;
mirfha meje;au flfrys n,mE we;s lrhs' fuu idOl mirfha meje;au
i|yd hl jk wdldrh i,ld n,uq'

3'4'1 WIaK;ajh ^^Temperature&&

iQhhdf.ka ,efnk ;dmh ksid mir WIAK;ajh
we;s f' Y%S ,xldf kqjrt<sh jeks m%foaYj, wvq mir
WIaK;ajhla o ynkaf;dg jeks m%foaYj, je mir
WIAK;ajhla o mj;S' fuf,i tlsfklg fjkia mir
WIAK;ajhla we;s m%foAYj, pdldjl fhfok g tu
tla tla m%foaYhl jefvk Ydl w;r we;s fjkial
Tn kslaIKh lr ;sf o@ f,dalfha WKqiq ldka;dr
fmfoil jefvk Ydl yd YS; l,dmSh fmfoil jefvk
Ydl w;r o fujeks O fjkial kslaIKh l<
yels h'

3'30 rEmh-YS; foaY.=Khg

yev .eiqKq Ydl

f wkqj WIAK;ajh hk mir idOlh uska O Ydl m%cdjka O

m%foaYj,g iSud lr we;s nj fmfka'
Y+Ial Ydl iy fla;=Or
Ydl tajdg ksoiqka f'

3'31 rEmh - WKqiq

foaY.=Khg yev .eiqKq Ydl

Ydlhl jOkh i|yd o

WIAK;ajh Rcq j u n,mdhs'
Ydl Wiska yd jg m%udKfhka
jOkh jkafka ffi,
ixLHdfjka yd m%udKfhka
je u
ksid h' ffi,
jOkh i|yd m%Yia;
WIAK;ajhla mej;Su wjYH
f'
110

YS;
jika;
3'32 rEmh - YS; yd
jika; iD;=j, Ydl
jOkh

fi!uH l,dmfha jefvk Ydl l|l yrialvla kslaIKh

l< g 3'33 rEmfha lafjk wdldrfha jOk j< l.;
yels h' fuys je m<,lska yd ,d meyefhka hq;a j< uska
lafjkafka .%I
S u
a yd jika; R;=j, Ydlj, lf|a jOkh hs'
Ydlj, m%NdixYaf,aIKh" Yajikh" W;aiafokh jeks
ldhsl oHd;aul ls%hdj,s is u i|yd o m%Yia; mir
3'33 rEmh - Ydl
WIAK;ajhla wjYH f'
l|l jOk j<
Ydlhl m%NdixYaf,aIKh fydka is jkafka
fikaf.%a wxYl 30-35 w;r WIaK;aj mrdifha
h' WIAK;ajh wl jQ g fuka u wl YS;
;;a;aj hgf;a o m%NdixYaf,aIK f.h wvq f'
Yajik f.h o WIaK;ajh iu je f'
3'34 rEmh - wl W;aiafokh
ksid Ydl ue,f'

WIAK;ajh je u;a iu Ydlj,

W;aiafok f.h o je f' tu ksid Ydl
m;%j,ska wl f,i c, jdIam msg jk w;r tA
ksid Ydl ue,ug bv we;'

WIaK;ajh mirfha fjfik i;=kaf.a yeis rgd

flfrys o n,mdhs' WKqi
q kj, yrl=ka uf ,e. iskq
Tn l we;' tfia u YS; kj, l=l= megjqka tlg .=<s
isk wdldrh o Tng kslaIKh l< yels h' WKqiq
kj, Yrfhka wl f,i oyh msg lsu uska wms o
wl WKqiqug m%;spdr olajkafkuq'
WIAK;ajh wvq yd je m%foaYj,g iSud jQ i;a;aj fYaI
o we;' wm rf i;a;afjdaoHdkhka ys ysu j,id" fmka.=ka
jeks i;=ka i|yd YS; l< l= o" YS; rgj, i;a;f
a jdaoHdkj, 3'35 rEmh - tlg tl;=
isk l=l=`M megjqka
Tgqjka jeks i;=ka i|yd WKqiq l= o ilia lr we;'

fmka.
= ka
Tgqjd
ysuj,id
3' 36 rEmh - O foaY.=l ;;a;ajj,g yev .eiqKq i;=ka

111

mirfha is jk O iajdNdl ls%hdj,s flfrys o WIAK;ajh n,mdhs'

mila ksudKh jkafka mdIdK K ls%hdj,sfha m%;sM,hla f,ih' fuu
ls%hdj,sh fydka is jkafka je mir WIaK;ajhla hgf;a h' mig tl;= jk
ldnks l jH rdm;a u f.j;a j
isjkafka o je WIAK;ajhla hgf;a h'
ldnksl jH rdm;a lrk fhdaclhskaf.a
lsh
% dld;ajh Wmu jkafka WKqi
q ;;a;j
a
hgf;a u Bg fya;=j f'
c m%frdayKh i|yd o m%Yia;
WIAK;ajhla wjYH f' R;= fNaoh iys;
rgj, c m%frdayKh i|yd iqiq WIAK;ajh
,efnk f;la tAjd iqma;j mj;S'

3'37 rEmh - m%frdayKh jk c

mDhg jIdj ,efnkqfha c, pl%h ls%hd;aul fuks' c, pl%h ;=< is

jk m%Odk ls%hdj,S jk jdIamSNjkh yd >kSNjkh i|yd WIAK;ajh w;HjYH
idOlhls' fuu lsh
% dj,sh kslaIKh lsu i|yd my; lsh
% dldrlfu ys fhfokak'
ls%hdldrlu - 3'8

Trf,daiq rej
c, x

rEmfha lafjk m
wegjqula ilia lrkak'

c,h
lrh

c,h r;a jk g Trf,daiq

ref h me;af;a
we;s
jk
fjki
kslaIKh lrkak'

r;a lsu

Trf,daiq ref h me;af;a c, x we;s nj kslaIKh l< yels h'

jIdj we;s u i|yd WIaK;ajh n,mdk wdldrh f uska meye,s f'
mejreu - 4
mir WIAK;ajh

wvq jk g

je jk g
i;=kaf.a phdf is jk fjkial ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'
112

3'4'2 wdf,dalh ^^Light&&

wmg wdf,dalh ,nd fok m%Odk
ldnkavfhdlaihs
u iajdNdl m%Njh iQhhd h' y;
c,h
Tlaic
s ka
Ydl m% N dixYa f ,a I Kh us k a
;ukag wjYH wdydr ksmojd .kS'
c,h
mirfha fjfik wfkl=;a Iu
fmdaISka o fuu wdydr u; hefma'
3' 38 rEmh - m%NdixYAf,aIKh i|yd wdf,dalh
m% N dixYa f ,a I K ls % h dj,s h i|yd
w;HjYHh'
wf,dalh w;HjYH f'
Ydlj, mq I a m ms m S u flfrys o
wdf,da l fha n,mEula we;' fk"
iQhldka; jeks mqIm
a WoEik ysre Wj;a
iu msfmk nj;a ysre wjrg hEf
uql=,s; jk nj;a Tn okS'
tfia u we;e Ydlj, mq I a m
yg.ekS u i|yd klg wdf,da l h
3' 39 rEmh - ysre Wj iu. lis; jk
,efnk ld,iS u dj o n,mdhs ' fuu
mqIm
a
,laIKh fndfyda g lsh yelafla
fi!uH l,dmfha jefvk fnda. i|yd h' tfy;a YS% ,xldf jefvk oU," mer
j. jeks we;e Ydl o fuu ,laIKh fmkakq lrhs'
Tn okakjd o @
ySk" ud" foj/oa jeks mer j.j, wiajkq ,nd.ekSu i|yd
jirl muK ld,hla .; f' g fya;j
= tu Ydlj, mqIm
a msmS lr,a yg.kafka
jif tla ld,hl muKla u ksid h'
Ydlj, is jk O p,k flfrys o wdf,dalh n,mdhs' Ydlhla wdf,dalh
we;s foig ke jOkh jk wjia:d Tn;a l we;s'
mirfha jefvk we;e Ydlj, m;% wdf,dalh
wvq jk g yelsf,hs' l;=reuqrex.d" uqrex.d jeks Ydl
f i|yd ksoiqka f'

3' 40 rEmh - l;=reuqrex.d

is;d n,kak
uqyq fjrf<a
jefvk fmd,a .ia
uqyqo foig ke
je ;sfnk whqre
Tn gqjd o @ fufia jkafka wehs hs is;d n,kak'
113

mirfha jefvk Ydl j. w;r ;o wdf,dalh ms%h lrk Ydl j. fuka u

u| wdf,dalh ms%h lrk Ydl j. o we;' weka;+h" ls jeks O u,a j.
o f.dakshd" jk jeks is;=re m;s%l Ydl o fydka jOkh jkafka u|
wdf,dal ;;a;aj hgf;a h' tk wvq wdf,dal ;Sj%;d hgf;a h'

blafidard
;lald,s
3'41 rEmh - ;o wdf,dalh ms%h lrk Ydl

f.dakshd
jk
3' 42 rEmh - uo wdf,dalh ms%h lrk Ydl

tfy;a blafidard jeks u,a j." nvb=" l=rlalka jeks OdkH j. fuka
u ia" ;lald,s jeks t<j j. o b;d fydka jOkh M, orkafka je
wdf,dal ;Sj%;djh we;s g h'
Ydlj, jKl we;s u flfrys o wdf,dalfha n,mEula we;' ka wms tA
ms<sn| j fidhd n,uq'
ls%hdldrlu - 3'9
;K iail tla ia:dkhla fmd,a lgqjlska jid k 3-4la ;nd kslaIKh
lrkak' Tng kslaIKh l< yelafla l=ula o@
;Kfld< ly meyehg ye we;s nj fmfka' tA
wkqj Ydl m;%j, fld< meyeh we;s u i|yd wdf,dalh
wjYH nj fmfka'
tfia u we;e M,j, r;= meyeh we;s ug;a" u,aj,
jKh we;s ug;a wdf,dalh wjYH f'
ksoiqka #- ,d wUj, r;= meyeh we;s u'
3' 43 rEmh - ,d wU

3'4'3 c,h ^^Water&&

mDh u; fjfik iEu hl=g u ;u ;h mj;ajd.ekSu i|yd c,h

w;HjYH idOlhls' Ydlhl nka 65]la muK c,h f' Ydl jOkh i|yd
wjYH fmdaIl ,nd.ekSug;a" tAjd Ydlh ;=< mjykhg;a c,Sh udOHhla wjYH
f'
fN!l Ydl c,h ,nd.kafka mdxY= c,fhks' wmsYdl jdhqf.da,fha we;s c,
jdIAm ,nd.ekSug yev .eiS we;'
114

Ydlj, m%NdixYaf,aIK ls%hdj,sh is u

i|yd o c,h w;HjYH idOlhls ^3'38 rEmh&'
fndfyda Ydlj, ikaOdrKh i|yd o c,h
jeo.;a f' k folla fyda ;=kla c,h
fkdfh jQ g l=vd Ydl ue, hk nj Tn
l we;' kej; c,h fh g tu Ydl m%dKj;a
f'
3' 44 rEmh - c,c ka i|yd c,h

jeo.;a f'
c,c ka i|yd jdiia:dkhla f,i o
c,h jeo.;a f' Tjqyq j;a u i|yd wjYH
Tlaiscka" wdydr jeks idOl ,nd.kafka c,fhks' c m%frdayKh i|yd o c,h
w;HdjYH f'

i;=kaf.a foay nka 70]la muK c,h f' kag c,h fkdue;s j k
;=klg jvd j;a u wmyiq h' Yrh ;=< O jH mjykhg;a" wmjH neyer
lsug;a" ish mjD;a;Sh ls%hd i|yd udOHhla f,i;a c,h jeo.;a f' jukh
iys; wl mdpkh jeks frda.S ;;a;ajj, Yrfhka wlj c,h neyer u
ksid c,khg m;a frda.Ska h hd yels h'
tfia u mirfha meje;aug Wmld jk fjk;a ls%hdj,s /ila i|yd o c,h
wjYH f' mdIdK Kh tjeks tla ls%hdj,shls'

3'4'4 mi ^^Soil&&
O ia:dkj, O ,laIK we;s mia j. wmg yuq f' kE u mia
j.hl je,s" ue yd frdkauv hk Lksc fldgia o ldnksl jH o mdxY= c,h
yd jd;h o mdxY= ka o O wkqmd;j,ska wvx.== f' Ydl ord isf udOHhla
iy Ydlj,g wjYH fmdaIl yd c,h ,nd f udOHhla f,i o mi ls%hd lrhs'
Ydl jOkh i|yd mfia n,mEu .ek idlPd lsf wmg mia j. 3la
ykd.; yels h' tAjd k je,s mi" ue mi" yd f,dau mi h'
3' 5 j.=j - O mia j.j, ,laIK

je,s mi

ue mi

jemqr je,s wvx.= h' jemqr ue wvx.= h'

f,da u mi

je,s" ue" frdkauv iu

m%udKj,ska wvx.= h'
c,h r|d mej;Su wvq h' wvx.= jd; m%udKh wvq h' c,h yd jd;h fydka
Ydl fmdaIl wvq h'
r|jd .kS'
laIq ka ixLHdj wvqh' laIq ka ixLHdj wvq h' fmdaIl m%udKh jeh'
115

Ydl jOkh i|yd jvd;a iqiq jkafka f,dau mi nj by; j.=j wOHhkfhka
Tng meye,s jkq we;' f,dau mila ;=< c,h yd jd;h Ydlhg wjYH m%udKfhka
r|jd ;nd.kakd w;r tAjd ,nd.ekSf yelshdj o je h'
ls%hdldrlu - 3'10
mia iaj,amhla f.k iq lvishl w;=rd tys isk O ka
ykd.kak'
l=vd ka ykd.ekSu i|yd w;a ldphla Nd; lrkak'
mi ;=< O ka isk nj Tng jegfykq we;'
mi u; jefvk Ydlj, uq,a r|d mj;skafka o mi
;=< h' mi fndfyda laIq kag yd uyd kag jdiia:dk
imhhs' .ev,d" xl=Kavd" fhd jeks i;=ka mfia we;s
l=yr ;=< j;a f' .ev,d mi ;=< .=,a ydrk w;r
ldnksl jH rKhg o yjq,a f' f ksid .evka
isk mila idrj;a mila f,i ie,fla'
Ydl j.d lsf mfika wys;lr n,mE o we;s
h yels h' mfia j;a jk iuyr laIq yq Ydlj,g
frda. we;s lr;s'
3' 45 rEmh - Ydl uq,a mi
;=< ys we;s wdldrh

3' 46 rEmh - .ev,a mKqjd

iuyr Ydl m,sfndaka Tjqkaf.a jk pl%fha O wjia:d .; lrkafka mi

;=< h' fudjqyq fndfyda g mi ;=< j;a fjka Ydl uq,aj,g ydks is lr;s'

is;d n,kak'
;jdkla ilia lsug fmr f.dyq mi ms<siaiSu is lr;s' f ls%hdf
ys;lr yd wys;lr m%;sM, fudkjd hs idlPd lrkak'

116

3'5 m%Yia; m%fhdack i|yd fnda.j, meje;au flf

n,mdk idOl yeisru
uquy;a mirfha meje;au iy iu;=,;
s ;djh i|yd Ydlj,ska bgq jk fufyh
iqYd, h' tA nj yhjeks yd y;ajeks fY%aj, Tn wOHhkh lr we;'
w;S;fha ksid j;a jQfha o jkfha we;s fkdfhla t<j" m,;=re" fld<
j. yd w, j. wuqfjka wdydrhg .ekSfuks' tfy;a ovh hq.h" tfr hq.h
miq lrka f.d hq.hg msiqKq ksid ;u mfNdackh i|yd wjYH wdydr ;ud
iska u ksmojd.ekSu i|yd f.d;eka lsug yqre h' uq,a ld,fha f.d;ek
ir, lghq;a;la jQ w;r" miq ld,Sk j th Odx.SlrKh lrka ;ukg wjYH
wdydr jH ish,a, u mdfya ksmojd.ekSug ksid iu;a h' tuska lDIsldl
lghq;= o l%ufhka ixlSK ;;a;ajhg m;a h'
j;udkfha f,dal ck.ykh je u yd kd.lrKh iu bv hkq iS;
im;la njg m;a we;' tA iu wdydr i|yd we;s b,au o je ;sf' f
ksid wvq m%udKhla j.d lr je wiajekakla ,nd.; hq;= j we;' fuu
wNsfhda.h ch.ekSu i|yd f jk g kQ;k f,dalfha O hqKq j.d l%u
fuka u ;dlaIKh o Nd; f' tA wkqj idm%hsl wjia:df isg kQ;k ;;a;ajh
olajd YS% ,xldf j.d l%u ldYkh jQ wdldrh i,ld n,uq'
Tn okakjd o @
YS% ,xldf uq N+ m%udKfhka j.d lsu i|yd iqiq bv we;af;a 29% la
mu'

3'5'1 idm%hsl j.d l%u

Ydlhla jOkh ukd wiajekakla ,nd u i|yd w;HjYH mir idOl
rdYshla we;' iajdNdl mirfha jOkh jk g fuu ish idOl wvq - je
jYfhka Ydlj,g ,ef' tfia jqj o fuu idOl Ydlj,g m%Yia; m%udKhg
,nd h yels k" tuska Ydlh ukd j jOkh lr.; yels w;r" thska Wmu
wiajekakla o ,nd.; yels h'
idm%hsl j.d l%uj, iajdNdl ;;a;ajj,g wkql+, jk m j.d lghq;=
yiqrejd .efkhs' fuys mirh md,kh lsu fjkqjg" fnda. jOkhg n,mdk
mir idOlj,g .e<fmk m j.d l%u f;dard.ekSu isf'
fnda. j.djkag n,mdk mir idOl my; igyk uska laf'
117

c,h

wdf,dalh

WIaK;ajh

Ydl fmdaIl

Ydlfha ukd jOkh yd

Wmu wiajekak

wd;djh

ldnkavfhdlaihs
yd Tlaiscka

ys;lr mdxY=
;;a;aj

3' 47 rEmh - Ydl jOkhg wjYH idOl

w;S;fha mgka j;udkh olajd mejf;k idm%hsl j.d l%uhla jk fyaka

f.d;ek ms<sn| j f;dr;=re uid n,uq'
fyaka f.d;ek ^^Chena Cultivation&&
fyaka f.d;efka fnda. fjkqjg bv udre lrka f.d;eka lghq;= is
flf' i, f.d;ek f,i o fuh yekaf'
m<uq j jkdka;r ula fy<s lr tys fld<frdvq wdh h<S .sh miq Bg .sks
;nkq ,ef' .skafkka b;s jk ,S o~q fhdf.k fyak jgd o~q jeg ilia
flf' fyak ueo Yd, .ila b;s lr tA u; me,la ilia lsu o fYaI;ajhls'
jIdj wdrN u;a iu fldgd mi iu w Y% lr c j. biskq ,ef'
fuys c biSu mr;rhla rys; j Y% j is lrhs' fyaka j.dj h<s l,dmfha
nyq, j is lrk ksid c, wjYH;dj wvq nvb=" ;," fufka" jglald"
flduvq" msms[a" lms iy l=rlalka jeks fl ld,Sk fnda. j. j.d flf'
fuys c,h" fmdfydr" lDkdYl fkdfhdok w;r j,a i;=kaf.ka fyak
wdrlaId lsu muKla is flf' th me,a /lSu f,i yekaf' me,a /lSf
.sks f.dvla .eiSu yd Yo kd me,al lSu uska i;=ka m<jd ykq ,ef'
wiajekak fk<Sfuka miq bmke,s bj;a fkdlrk neka c, ixrlaIKh
fuka u mdxY= ixrlaIKh o is f' fuu bmke,a, rdm;a fuka ldnksl jH
mig tl;= u ksid mi idrj;a f'
Y% fnda. j.djla is lrk ksid Ydl fmdaIl plS%lrKh o fydka is f'
118

fya k la jir
myla muK .ska
.g u j.d lsf
tys mfia idrj;a
nj l%ufhka wvq
f'
tg fyaka
f.dyq tu fyak
w;yer oud fjk;a
w;a ula lrd
ixl%uKh fj;s'
3' 48 rEmh - idm%hsl fyakla

Tn okakjd o@
j.d lr w;ayer ouk ,o fyakla kej; iajdNdl jkdka;rhl ;;a;ajhg
m;a u i|yd jir ishhl muK ld,hla .; f'
mejreu - 5
1' YS% ,xldf fyaka f.d;eka is lrk m%foaY fudkjd hs fidhd n,kak'
2' fyaka f.d;efka olakh ,efnk mdil jYfhka ys;lr yd wys;lr
,laIK ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'

3'5'2 iqfYaIS j.d l%u

kk j.d l%u mok we;af;a Ydlhl jefvk mirh lD;s%u j md,kh
lrka" fnda.j,g n,mdk idOl ^3' 47 rEmh& m%Yia; whqka iemhSu uska
Ydlfhka Wmu yd .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajfhka Wiia wiajekakla ,nd.ekSu i|yd h'
kg YS% ,xldf Nd; jk kk j.d l%u lsysmhla ms<sn| j f;dr;=re
uid n,uq'
y;d.dr j.dj ^^Green house Cultivation)
Ydlhl jOkh i|yd wjYH WIaK;ajh yd jd;fha ixhq;sh hk mdil
idOl j.djg W; m lD;s%u j md,kh lrka" ilid.;a me<E .Dy ;=<
fnda. j.d lsu y;d.dr j.dj f,i yekaf'
119

fnda. j.d lsu i|yd ilia l< kk y;d.drj, WIAK;ajh" jd;fha

ixhq;sh yd wd;djh lD;s%u j md,kh lsug fuka u tu idOl uekSu i|yd
o fYaI WmlrK Nd; flf'
fndfyda y;d.dr blrkq ,nkafka wdrelal= yevhg h' tAjd blsu i|yd
fYaIs; re j." ma,diala yd fmd,s;ska jeks jH Nd; flf' j;udkfha
tA i|yd mdrcnq, lsrK m%;sfrda fmd,s;ska ^UV Treated Polythene& nyq, j
fhd .efkhs'

3' 49 rEmh - y;d.drhl ndysr fmkqu

3'50 rEmh - y;d.drh we;=<; fmkqu

y;d.dr j.dj ho wl j.d l%uhls' th je jYfhka u Nd; jkafka

fi!uH l,dmSh rgj, YS; ld,fha wjYH WKqiqu /l.kska fnda. j.d lsu
i|yd h' Bg wu;r j fnda. mfhaIK lghq;= i|yd o" wl fjf<|fmd<
jkdlula iys; fnda. j.d lsf o f l%uh fhd.efkhs' ksoiqka f,i
fn,afmm j.dj" i,do ;lald,s j.dj" iafg%dafn j.dj yekah yels h'
c, frdamK j.dj $ c,.; j.dj ^^Hydro Ponics&&
fnda. j.df oS Ydlhl jOkh flfrys mi jeo.;a f' th Ydlh r|jd
;nd.kakd udOHh f,i;a c,h" fmdaIl yd jd;h ,nd f udOHh f,i;a ls%hd
lrhs' tfy;a mfia mj;sk O .eg uyrjd .kska fnda. j.d lsu i|yd
uE; ld,Sk j mia rys; fnda. j.dj ^ksmdxY= j.dj& ykajd we;' fuys mia
fjkqjg fjk;a udOH fhdf.k fnda. j.d flf' mia fjkqjg c,h fhd
f.k is lrk j.djka c, frdamK j.d f,i yekaf'
c, frdamK j.d l%uj, m%Odk uQ,Ouh jkafka Ydlhg wjYH fmdaIl"
c,Sh udOHhla Tiafia ,nd uhs' nka ;=< Ydl uq,a r|jd ;nd.ekSu i|yd
fldyqn;a" ,S l=vq" oyhshd jeks ijr udOHhla fhd.efka'
c,.; l%u ksfjfia fyda mdif,a fyda is l< yels ir, l%uj, isg by<
;dlaIKhla wjYH jk l%u olajd O f' fuu l%u my; lafjk rEm uska
ykd.; yels h'
120

isria j.d u l%uh

fld< t<j" i,do" is;=re u,a

fkd.eUqre fmdaIK Odrd l%uh

ia" ;lald,s" fld< t<j

iaghsfmda fm ;=< j.dj

lxl=x" i,do" f.dgqfld<

w, fnda. j.dj"
" ler" rdnq jeks fnda.

3' 51 rEmh - O c, frdamK j.d l%u

c,.; j.df fhd.kakd fmdaIK udOHh

c,.; j.df id:l;ajh r|d mj;skafka Ydlj,g fmdaIl ,ndu i|yd
fhd.kakd c,Sh fmdaIK udOHh u; h' kg f i|yd nyq, j Nd; jkqfha
we,an djKhhs ^albert solution&' tys my; i|yka .=Kdx. we;'
Ydlhg wjYH ish fmdaIl wvx.= u
c,fha b;d fydka djH u'
Ydl uq,aj,g I fkd u'
fhd.kakd nka iu m%;sls%hd fkd lsu'
Tn okakjd o@
ishjia .Kkdjlg fmr nef,dakshdj" Bma;=j" kh" bkahdj jeks rgj,
c,.; l%uhg fnda. j.d lr we;s nj Tn okakjd o @

121

ls%hdldrlu - 3' 11
bj; ouk whsialS% nkla fhdf.k f.dgqfld< j.d nkla ms<sfh, lruq'
wjYH jH
mshk iys; ysia whsialS% nkla ^,Sgr 4 m%udKfha Wi nkla&
ksis Wmfoia m ms<sfh, lr.;a we,an djKh ,Sgr 3'5la
jdIamfhka ;nd.;a fldyqn;a
bj; ouk ma,diala fldamamhla ^fuys ;ekska ;ek isre lrkak&
f.dgqfld< mre lsysmhla
l%uh
id.;a djKfhka ysia whsil
a
S% nk mqrjkak' isre lr.;a ma,diala fldamm
a h
fldyqn;aj,ska mqrjd tys f.dgqfld< me< 2la isgqjkak' ysia whsialS% nfka
mshk isre lr f.dgqfld< me< isg jQ ma,diala fldamamh rEm igyfka
lafjk wdldrhg nk ;=< r|jkak'

fmdaIl djKfhka
mqrjd.;a whsialS% nk

f.dgqfld< me<h
isg jQ nk

fydka jevqKq
f.dgqfld< me<h

fufia ilia lr.;a nk fydka wdf,dalh we;s ia:dkhl ;nd km;d

c,h biskak' j ugu wvq jk g ksis m ms<sfh, lr.;a we,an
djKfhka nk mqrjkak' k lsysmhlska Tng ukd j jevqKq f.dgqfld<
mrla ,nd.ekSug yelsjkq we;' lxl=x" i,do fld< yd u,a j. o Tng f
whqka j.d lr.; yelsjkq we;'

u,a j.dj ^y;= j.dj&

wE; w;S;fha mgka iajdNdl j jefvk u,a j. ksid ;u wdydrhg
tla lrf.k ;sf' YS% ,xldf o uE;la jk ;=re u wdydrh i|yd fuf,i
iajdNdl j jefjk u,a j. mfNdackh lrk ,'
ksoiqka f,i f,ak y;=" l|ka y;=" W!re y;=" ySka je,s y;= lah yels h'
uE;l isg jdc jYfhka u,a j.d lsu ckms%h ;sf' u,aj, we;s
rih yd fmdaIK .=Kh fuu j.dj ckm%sh ug m%Odk fya;=j we;'
122

uy je,s y;=
f,ak myqre
3' 52 rEmh - wdydrhg .kakd foaYSh u,a j.

ySkaje,s y;=

Tn okakjd o@
u,a hkq by< fmdaIK .=Kfhka hq;a wdydrhls' u,a 100g l wvx.= fmdaIH
m: fudkjd hs Tn okakjd o@
c,h
- 91]
hlv
- 1 mg
Yla;h
s
- 13 KJ
;hka
- 129 mg
fm%daka
- 2'5 g
rhsfndmaf,akA - 500 mg
foh
- 0'3 g
ksheiSka
- 5'8 mg
le,aish - 20 mg
gka C
- 3.0 mg
u,la hkq fkdoshK
q q Ydl fYaIhla jk ,Srj, fYaI;
s m%ckl jHqyhls'
,Srj, y;m%o wvx.= fkdjk ksid idudkH Ydlj,g fuka ;ks j wdydr
ksmojd.; fkdyel' tA ksid fuu ,Sr IufmdaISka f' we;e ,Sr j.
wm%dl Ydl yd i;a;j
a fldgia u; jef' fjd uDf;dam ,Sr f,i yekaf'
ukqIH mfNdackh i|yd iqiq jkafka uDf;dam ,Sr j. w;ka b;d iq
ixLHdjla mu'
u,a j.dj i|yd wjYH jkafka wvq bv m%udKhls' j.d udOHh f,i
myiqfjka fidhd.; yels ,dNhS ,S l=vq" msre jeks Ydl fldgia Nd; f'
frdamK jH f,i Nd; lrkafka ,Sr c f'
wfma rf jdc jYfhka nyq, j j.d flfrk u,a j. folls'
^1& uq;=fn,s u,a ^Thsiag u,a&
^2& msre u,a
f w;ka YS% ,xldf jvd;a ckms%h j we;af;a uq;=fn,s u,a j.djhs'

a. rkajka meye j.h

b. weulka j.h
3' 53 rEmh - uq;=fn,s u,a j.

123

u,a j.df ie,lsh hq;= fYaI lreKq

ksfrda.S u,a cdKq ^frdamK jH& ,nd.ekSu'
j.d udOHh ^,S l=vq iys; u $ msre& fydka jdKqyrKh lr.ekSu'
,Sr cd,h jOkh jk f;la wf ;eu - f i|yd fYaIfhka ilia
lr l= fhd.efkhs'
,Sr cd,h jevqKq miq fydka wd;djh we;s mirhl ;eu - f
i|yd tu mirh ;=< c,h ula f,i iqrejd ykq ,ef'
ksis l,g wiajkq fk<d.ekSu'
Tn okakjd o@
iajdNdl j jefvk fndfyda u,a j. wdydrhg
.ekSug iqiq ke;' my; i|yka ,laIK we;s u,a
j. I y;= f,i yekaf'
1' ;o jKhla iys; u'
2' ier iqj|la ;su'
3' lDka wdlIKh fkdu'
4' j<h yd jg/,a, hk fldgia fol u ;su'

jg/,a,
j,h

mejreu - 6
Tf m%foaYfha u,a j.dj is lrk ia:dkhla keru i|yd .=re;=udf.aa
$.=re;=hf.a iydh we;s j lafIa;% pdldjl fhfokak'
Tn fidhd.;a f;dr;=re we;=<;a lr u,a j.dj ms<sn| w;afmd;la
ilia lrkak'
u,a j.dj ms<sn| j jer f;dr;=re" Tf m%foaYfha lDIslu
WmfoaYljrhdf.ka uiSfuka fyda u,a j.dj kue;s lDIslu
fomd;fka;= m%ldYkh lshfuka fyda ,nd.; yels h'
is;=re u,a j.dj
is;=re u,a j.dj iajhx /lshdjla fuka u foaY ksuh bmhSf ud.hla
f,i o YS% ,xldj ;=< ckms%h we;' kg nyq, j is lrk j.djka f,i"

lS j.dj
weka;+h j.dj
frdai j.dj
ldfkaIka j.dj wdh lah yels h'

by; tla tla j.djla i|yd wjYH jk mir idOl fuka u mdxY= idOl o
O h' tu idOl ksis md,khlska hq;= j ,nd u uska" Ydlj,ska Wmu
ksIamdokhla ,nd.; yels h'
124

ls j.dj
ls ^Wvjehd& hkq
wmsYdl fYaIhls' iajdNdl j
jefvk ls j. rdYs h la
we;;a" jdKsc j.dj i|yd W;
jka f ka fvka f v% d a h yd
me,fkdma i S i a hk j.j,g
wh;a ls j. f'

3' 54 rEmh - ls j.

w,xldr jKj;a mqIm

a ;su
yd tAjd .= l,la mrfkd mej;Su fjdfha fYaI;ajh f'
ls jOkh i|yd fydka jd;kh iys; udOHhla wjYH f' tu ksid j.d
udOHh f,i w=re" .fvd len,s" h<s mdis Y%s; udOHhla Nd; flf'
w,xldr u,a ,nd.ekSu i|yd jd;fha wd;dj by< ugul mj;ajd.; hq;= h'
f ksid mirhg ksrka;r j ula wdldrhg c,h biSu jeo.;a h'
ls hkq u| wdf,dalh ms%h lrk Ydlhls' f ksid fijK imhk ,o
me<E .Dy ;=< ls j.d lsu id:l h'
weka;+h j.dj
weka;+h hkq YS% ,xldj ;=<
fuka u foaYfha o b;d fyd|
b,aula we;s u,a j.hls' r;="
iq" frdai" ;e,s" mn frdai"
oajK jeks O jK iys;
u,a we;;a je b,aula we;af;a
r;= jK iys; u,a i|yd h'

3'55 rEmh - O weka;+h j.

weka;
+ h o uo wdf,dalh msh
% lrk Ydlhls' f ksid lD;%u
s j fyda iajdNdl
j fijK imhk ,o mirhl j.d l< hq;= h' weka;+h Ydlfha uq,a jOkh
i|yd o" ,sys,a jHqyhla iys; udOHhla fhd.efka' f i|yd l=vdjg lmk ,o
fmd,a f,,s len,s" l=vq lrk ,o .fvd leg" h<s f.du
l=vq" isyska je,s iys; Y%Khla fhd.kS'
frdai" ldfkaIka jeks u,a j. i|yd foaYSh b,au
wl h' fuu u,a j. i|yd ;o wdf,dalh wjYH f' O
jK iys; h' m%udKfhka Yd, u,a ,nd.ekSu i|yd wvq
mir WIaK;ajh ys;lr f'
by; i|yka is;=re Ydl i|yd wjYH m mir yd
mdxY= idOl md,kh lrka tu Ydl j.d lsu uska
tAjdfhka Wmu m%fhdack ,nd.; yels h'
125

3'56 rEmh - frdai

wNHdi
f.nd

^1&

^w& by; jk pl%fha A yd B wjia:djka ykd.kak'

^wd& B wjia:dj j;a jk mirh iu olajk O m%;sls%hd ,ehsia;=.;
lrkak'
^b& jevqKq f.nd WNh hl= jk w;r lD NlaIlfhls' tu jk rgdjg
f.nd olajk wkqj;k k lrkak'
^B& by; jk pl%h lDkaf.a jk pl%j,g jvd fjkia h' lDkaf.a jk
pl% fnh yels m%Odk ldKav 2 k lrkak'
^2& my; lafjk foh weiqfrka wid we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re imhkak'
uef,ahd frda.h f,dalfha nyq, j jHdma; we;s frda.hls' jdIsl j
,shk 250la muK fuu frda.hg f.dre jk w;r" bka ,shk 2la muK
urKhg m;a fj;s' fuu frda.Ska nyq, j yuqjkafka i;a;aj md,kh is lrk
Is; c,dY we;s m%foaYj, h' uef,ahd frda. jdylhd wefkda*s,ia k ure
j.h jk w;r ldrlhd ma,eiafudah k laIq hd h' w;S;fha frda.
jdylhd md,kh i|yd D D T jeks ridhk jH Nd; l< kuq;a" j;udkfha
tA i|yd l,am l%u Nd; f' flfia jqj o uef,ahd frda.h f,dalfhka
;=rkalsug wmyiq we;af;a ck;djf.a kQ.;alu yd fkdie,ls,a, ksid h'
^f,dal fi!LH ixOdk jd;djla weiqks&
^w& frda. jdylhd
jdylhd yd frda. ldrlhd
ldrlhd hk mo ykajkak'
^wd& by; fofha i|yka fkdjk" urejka uska jHdma; jk fjk;a frda.
folla k lr tu frda. j, frda. jdylhd yd frda. ldrlhd i|yka
lrkak'
^b& c,dYj,g D D T fhfuka md,kh l< yelafla urejdf.a jk pl%fha
l=uk wjia:d o@
^B& tu wjia:d md,kh i|yd mir IKh is fkdjk m fhd .; yels"
l,am l%u 2 la fhdackd lrkak'
^W& fofha ;o l wl=ka uqs; jdlHh ms<sn| j Tf woyia olajkak'
126

^3&
3& ^w& f,damSh;dj yd mrfmdaIs;;dj hk mo ykajkak'
fuu tla tla in|;dj i|yd WyrK ;=k ne.ska fokak'
^wd& ka w;r wdydr i|yd we;s ;r.h wvq lsug kaf.a O;ajh Wmld
jkafka flfiahs my fokak'
^4& oHd;aul j my fokak'
^w& hqfrdamSh rgj,ska wdkhkh lrk ,o ls .jhska Wiia ls ksIamdokhla
,ndfokafka kqjrt<sh jeks m%foaYj, mu'
^wd& wre ia:dkj, jevqKq Ydlj, m;% ly meyehg yqre h'
^b& fnda. j.dj i|yd jvd;a u W; jkafka f,dau mi hs'
^B& YS; l,dmSh jkdka;rj, mi u; rdm;a fkd jQ fld< ;gqjla olakg
we;'
^W& R;= fNaoh we;s rgj, Ydl o ,d jOkh jkafka jika; R;=f h'
^5& my; i|yka m%ldY y ^
& fyda jer ^ X & nj ,l=Kq lrkak'
^w& fyaka j.df mi ms<i
s i
a u
S ksid wys;lr mdxY= ka muKla kdY f'^ &
^wd& y;d.dr j.dj jvd;a W; jkafka YS; m%foaYj, fnda. j.dj i|yd h' ^ &
^we& iajdNdl j jefvk ish u,a j. wdydrhg .ekSug iqiq h' ^ &
^wE& c,.; j.df fmdaIK udOHh f,i kE u fmdfydr j.hla fhd .;
yels h' ^ &
^b& ls wmkhkh i|yd iqiq jkafka tAjd .= ld,hla mrfkd mejf;k
ksid h' ^ &
^B& u,a j.df ,Sr cd,h jOkh i|yd ;o wdf,dalh wjYHh' ^ &
^W& Ydlhl m%NdixYaf,aIK lsh
% dj,sh fydka is jkafka wvq WIaK;ajhka
hgf;a h' ^ &
^W!& mrfmdaI;
s djfha Odrlhd fuka u mrfmdaI;
s hd o jdis ,n;s' ^

&

^t& m,sfndaOhka md,kh i|yd ridhksl jH fhu yels;r wvqfjka l<

hq;= h' ^ &
^tA& f.dh ul=Kdf.a iqyU
q ,
q d muKla lr,aj,g ydks lrhs' ^
127

&