ridhk oHdj

ridhksl nkaOk

10

ridhk oHdj

ridhksl nkaOk

bx.%Sis fydafha wvx.= jkafka wlaIr 26 ls' tfy;a tu wlaIr ixfhdackfhka jpk
Yd, ixLHdjla iEfohs' uQ,jH we;af;a o iS; ixLHdjls' tfy;a tu uQ,jH
ridhksl j ixfhdackfhka ixfhda. ,shk .Kkla iEfohs'
uQ,jH fndfyduhla ridhksl ixfhda. iEj o" idudkH ;;a;aj hgf;a ixhda.
iEug iyNd.S fkdjk uQ,jH o we;' yS,sh" ksfhdka" wd.ka tA i|yd WyrK
f' iajNdjfhka ;ks mrudKq jYfhka mj;sk f uQ,jH jdhq jYfhka mj;S' tajd
Wp jdhq f,i yekaf'
fndfyda uQ,jH ixfhda. ieug;a" Wp jdhq ixfhda. fkdiEug;a fya;=j l=ulao@
uQ,jHj, bf,lafg%dak kHdi i,ld ne,Sfuka th meye,s l< yels h'
j.=j 10'1
uq,jHh

bf,lafg%dak kHdih

ksfhdka

(Ne)

2, 8

wd.ka

(Ar)

2, 8, 8

fidah (Na)

2, 8, 1

laf,daka (Cl)

2, 8, 7

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

164

bf,lafg%dak Yla;s ugys

mj;sk wdldrh

ridhksl nkaOk

ridhk oHdj

uQ,jH mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak mj;sk ndysr;u ljph ixhqc;d ljph f,i

ye`kaf'
ksfhdka yd wd.ka mrudKqj, ixhqc;d ljpfha bf,lafg%dak wgla ne.ska ;sf'
fuu bf,lafg%dak kHdi ia:dhs kHdihla f,i y`kdf.k we;' fuu ia:dhs
kHdih ksid fjdfha m%;sl%shdYS,S;ajh b;d wvq h' tneka fuu uQ,jH Wp
jdhq f,i ye`kaf' tfy;a fidah yd laf,daka mrudKq ie,l+ g tu ;;a;ajh
fjkia h' fidah mrudKqjg ia:dhs Wp jdhq bf,lafg%dak kHdih ,nd.ekSug
wjidk ljpfha bf,lafg%dakh bj;a lsug fyda bf,lafg%dak y;la ,nd.ekSug
fyda is f' tfia u laf,daka mrudKqjg ia:dhs bf,lafg%dak kHdih ,nd.ekSug
bf,lafg%dak tlla ,nd.ekSu fyda bf,lafg%dak y;la msglsu is l< hq;= h'
ia:dhs bf,lafg%dak kHdih ,nd .ekSu Wfoid fuu uQ,jH mrudKqj, ixhqc;d
ljpfha bf,lafg%dak m%;sixOdkh u is f' m%;sixOdkh Wfoid bf,lafg%dak
,nd.ekSu fyda msglsu fyda yjqf,a ;nd .ekSu fyda is f'
fuf,i uQ,jH mrudKq ia:dhs u Wfoid ixhqc;d ljpfha bf,lafg%dak
m%;sixOdkh lr.ekSfuka mrudKq w;r fyda whk w;r fyda we;s jk wdlIK
n, fyj;a ne ridhksl nkaOk f,i yekaf'
ridhksl nkaOk ief Bg iyNd.s jk mrudKq yeisfrk wdldrh wkqj
ridhksl nkaOk j. follg fnh yels h'
1' whksl nkaOk (ionic bonds)
2' iyixhqc nkaOk (covalent bonds)

10'1 whksl nkaOk

fidah (Na) mrudKqf bf,lafg%dak kHdih 2" 8" 1 f' fidah wvq oHq;a
>DK;d w.hla iys; uQ,jHhls' fidah mrudKqj i;= fm%dafgdak .Kk
bf,lafg%dak .Kkg iudk ksid fuu mrudKqj oHq;a jYfhka WodiSk h ^10'1
rEmh&'

bf,lafg%dak .Kk 11 ^-11&

fm%dafgdak .Kk
11 ^11&
iuia; wdfrdamKh 0

fidah mrudKqj
10'1 rEmh

165

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

ridhk oHdj

ridhksl nkaOk

fuys ndysr Yla;s ugf we;s bf,lafg%dakh msg lsu ksid th +1 l

wdfrdamKhla iys; fidah whkhla (Na+) njg m;a f ^10'2 rEmh&'
mrudKqjlg wdfrdamKhla ,efuka miq th ykajkafka whkhla f,ihs' fuu
whkhg + wdfrdamKhla we;s neka th Ok whkhla fyj;a legdhkhla f,i
ye|skaf' whkhl ridhksl .=K mrudKqjl ridhksl .=Kj,g jvd fjkia f'

bf,lafg%dakhla
bj;a u
Na+ whkh
Na mrudKqj
bf,lafg%dak .Kk
bf,lafg%dak .Kk 11(-11)
bf,lafg%dak kHdih
bf,lafg%dak kHdih 2, 8, 1
fm%dafg%dak .Kk
fm%dafg%dak .Kk
11(+11)
iuia; wdfrdamKh
iuia; wdfrdamKh
0
Na

10(-10)
2, 8,
11(+11)
+1

Na+ + e
Ok whkh + e

mrudKqj

10'2 rEmh - - Na mrudKqjlska Na+ whkhla iEu

laaf,daka mrudKqf bf,lafg%dak kHdih 2" 8" 7 f' laf,daka by< oHq;a
RK;d w.hla iys; uQ,jHhls' m%;sreoaO wdfrdamK iudk ksid fuu mrudKqj
oHq;a jYfhka WodiSk h' ^10'3 rEmh&'
laf,daka mrudKqj
bf,lafg%dak .Kk
bf,lafg%dak kHdih
fm%dafgdak .Kk
iuia; wdfrdamKh

17 ^-17&
2" 8" 7
17 ^17&
0

rEmh 10'3 - - laf,daka mrudKqj

laaf,daka (Cl) mrudKqf ndysr Yla;s ugug bf,lafg%dakhla ,nd .ekSu ksid
th iDK tll (-1) wdfrdamKhla we;s laf,darhs whkh (Cl-) idohs ^10'4 rEmh&'
fuu whkhg iDK wdfrdaKhla we;s neka th iDK whkhlaa fyj;a wekdhkhla
f,i y`kajkq ,ef'
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

166

ridhksl nkaOk

ridhk oHdj

+e

Cl mrudKqj
bf,lafg%dak .Kk
bf,lafg%dak kHdih
fm%dafgdak .Kk
iuia: wdfrdamKh

Cl (laf,darhs whkh)
bf,lafg%dak .Kk
18 ^- 18&
bf,lafg%dak kHdih 2" 8" 8
fm%dafgdak .Kk
17 ^ 17&
iuia; wdfrdamKh
- 1
Cl

17 ^- 17&
2" 8" 7
17 ^ 17&
0
Cl + e

mrudKqj + e

iDK whkh

10'4 rEmh - Cl mrudKqjlska Cl- whkhla iEu

WodiSk mrudKq bf,lafg%dak msg lsu ksid Ok wdfrdams; whk;a WodiSk

mrudKq bf,lafg%dak ,nd.ekSu ksid iDK wdfrdams; whk;a idohs' iuyr
+
2nyqmrudKql ldKav o Ok fyda iDK wdfrdamK orhs ( NH4 , SO4 , NO3 ).
oHq;a wdfrdamKhla iys; mrudKqjla fyda mrudKq fmdl=rla whkhla f,i
yekaf'
fidah laf,darhs ixfhda.h iEfok wdldrh <g uid n,uq' fidah
mrudKqj,ska bf,lafg%dak msg lsfuka iEfok fidah Ok whk;a laf,daka
mrudKq bf,lafg%dak ,nd .ekSfuka we;s jk laf,darhs iDK whk;a m%;sreoaO
j wdfrdams; ksid tlsfkld yd oe j ia;s oHq;a wdlIKj,ska ne fidah
laf,darhs k whksl nkaOk iys; ixfhda.h iEfohs' fuu ls%hdj 10'5 rEmfhka
ksrEmKh lr we;'

10'5 rEmh - Na+ yd Cl- whk w;r ia;s oHq;a wdlIK

167

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

ridhk oHdj

ridhksl nkaOk

tla mrudKqjlska ;j;a mrudKqjlg bf,lafg%dak m%odkh lsu ksid m%;sM, jq Ok yd

iDK whk w;r" we;sjk m%n, ia;s oHq;a wdlIKh fya;=fjka we;s jk nkaOk"
whksl nkaOk fyj;a oHq;a ixhqc nkaOk f,i yekaf' f wkqj fidah
laf,darhs whksl nkaOkj,ska iuka; ixfhda.hls' tjeks ixfhda. whksl
ixfhda. f,i ye`kaf'
fidah laf,darhs iEf mrudKqj, ndysr Yla;s ugf bf,lafg%dak ilia
jk wkaou my; igyfka laf'

fidah mrudKqj Na
fm%dafgdak
11

ixfhdackhg fmr

bf,lafg%dak

11 ( 2"8"1 )

laf,daka mrudKqj Cl

Na whkh
ixfhdackhg miq

fm%dafgdak
11

bf,lafg%dak
10 ( 2"8 )

bf,lafg%dak
17 (2"8"7)

fm%dfa gdak
17

Cl whkh
fm%dfa gdak
17

bf,lafg%dak
18 (2"8"8 )

10'6 rEmh

fidah laf,darhs ixfhda.fha whk w;r wdlIKh tla Na+ whkhlg yd Clwhkhlg iSud fkdfjhs' ieu Na+ whkhla jgd u Cl-whk yhla msysgk m;a
iEu Cl- whkhla jgd u Na+ whk yhla msysgk m;a Ok yd iDK whk Yd,
ixLHdjla cd,hla f,i ieliS wdlIK n, we;s lr .kS' f ksid Na+ yd Clwhk l%uj;a j ilia fidah laf,darhs ksYa; iaMl oe,si iEfohs' fuu
,si whksl ,sila f,i yekaf^10'7 rEmh&' ieu whksl ixfhda.hl u whk
ilia we;af;a ;%sudk oe,sil wldrhg h'

10'7 rEmh - - fidah laf,darhs whksl oe,si

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

168

ridhksl nkaOk

ridhk oHdj

whksl ixfhda.
fndfyda g whksl nkaOk yg.kafka oHq;a RK;d w.h wvq mrudKqj,ska iEfok
Ok whk yd oHq;a RK;d w.h by< mrudKqj,ska iEfok iDK whk w;r h'
tjeks whksl ixfhda. i`oyd ksoiqka lsysmhla 10'2 j.=f laf'
j.=j 10'2

ixfhda.fha ku

ridhksl iQ;%h

fidah laf,darhs
,s;sh Tlaihs
ue.akSish i,a*hs
le,aish laf,darhs
fmdgEish *afjdrhs

NaCl
Li2O
MgS
CaCl2
KF

by; ixfhda.j,g wu;r j whk LKavl yd whk ixfhdackfhka o whksl

nkaOk yg.kS' ta i`oyd ksoiqka 10'3 j.=f laf'
j.=j 10'3

ixfhda.fha ku

ridhksl iQ;%h
CuSO4
CaCO3
NH4Cl
NH4NO3

fldm i,af*a
le,aish ldnfka
wefudaksh laf,darhs
wefudaksh khsf
mejreu - 10--1

,s;sh Tlaihs (Li2O) yd le,aish laf,darhs (CaCl2) hk whksl

ixfhda.j, whksl nkaOk iEfok wdldrh fidah laf,darhs iEfok
wdldrh lajQ m rEmSh wdldrhg ksrEmKh lrkak'

l%shdldrlu 01
jKj;a laf,a fnda, fyda ma,diala fnda, fyda fjk;a iqiq jHhla fyda
Wmfhda.S lr .kska fidah laf,darhs whksl oe,sfia wdlD;shla ksudKh
lrkak

169

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

ridhk oHdj

ridhksl nkaOk

10'2 iyixhqc nkaOk

mrudKq w;r nkaOk we;s jk ;j;a l%uhla k tu mrudKq w;r bf,lafg%dak
yjqf,a ;nd .ekSuhs' fuf,i mrudKq w;r bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a ;nd .ekSfukao
Wp jdhq kHdih <`.d lr .;yelsh' mrudKq hq.,la w;r bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a
;nd .kska tu mrudKq tlsfkl yd ne`u iyixhqc nkaOkhla f,i ye`kaf'
tl u j.fha mrudKq w;r bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a ;nd .ekSfuka iu mrudKql wKq
iEfoa'
ksoiqka ( yhsv%cka (H2)" *afjdka (F2)" Tlaiscka (O2)" khsg%ckaa (N2)
O uQ,jH mrudKq w;r bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a ;nd.ekSfuka Iu mrudKql wKq
iEfoa'
ksoiqka ( c,h (H2O)" f;ka (CH4)" wefudakshd (NH3)
iu mrudKql yd Iu mrudKql wKq lsysmhl iyixhqc nkaOk we;s jk wdldrh
<g i,ld n,uq'

a. *afjdka wKqj
*afjdka mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak kHdih 2" 8" 7 f' *afjdka mrudKq folla
w;r bf,lafg%dak hq.,la yjqf,a ;ndf.k tla tla *afjdka mrudKqj ia:dhs
bf,lafg%dak kHdih ,nd.kS' tys m%;sM,h jkafka *afjdka mrudKq folla
iyixhqc j ne` maf,daka (F2) wKqjla ieuhs ^10'8 rEmh&'

*afjdka
mrudKqj

*afjdka
mrudKqj

*afjdka
wKqj

10'8 rEmh - - *afjdka wKqj iEu

b. yhsv%cka wKqj
yhsv%cka mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak tlla we;' yhsv%cka mrudKq folla w;r tu
bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a ;nd .ekSfuka tajd ia:dhs yS,sh kHdih ,nd.kS' tu`.ska
yhsv%cka mrudKq folla iyixhqc j ne` yhsv%cka wKqj (H2) idohs^10'9 rEmh&'

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

170

ridhksl nkaOk

ridhk oHdj

+
yhsv%cka
mrudKqj

yhsv%cka wKqj

yhsv%cka
mrudKqj

10'9 rEmh - yhsv%cka wKqj iEu

c. c, wKqj
Tlaiscka mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak kHdih 2"6 f' Tlaiscka mrudKqjla yhsv%cka
mrudKq folla iu. bf,lafg%dak hq.,a folla yjqf,a ;nd .kska tal nkaOk
folla iEfuka c, wKqj (H2O) iEfoa ^10'10 rEmh&'

Tlaiscka mrudKqj

yhsv%cka mrudKq hq.,

c, wKqj

10'10 rEmh - c, wKqj iEu

d. wefudakshd wKqj
khsg%ckaa mrudKqf bf,lafg%dak kHdih 2"5 f' khsg%cka mrudKqjla iu.
yhsv%cka mrudKq ;=kla bf,lafg%dak hq., ;=kla yjqf,a ;nd .kshs' fuys tal
nkaOk ;=kla idoka wefudakshd (NH3) wKqj iEfohs ^rEmh 10'11&'

khsg%ckaa mrudKqj

yhsv%cka mrudKq ;=k

wefudakshd wKqj

rEmh 10'11 - wefudakshd wKqj iEu

171

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

ridhk oHdj

ridhksl nkaOk

e. f;aka wKqj
ldnka mrudKqf bf,lafg%dak kHdih 2"4 f' ldnka mrudKqjla iu yhsv%cka
mrudKq y;rla bf,lafg%dak y;rla yjqf,a ;nd .kshs' fuys tal nkaOk y;rla
idoka f;aka wKqj (CH4) ilia f ^10'12 rEmh&'

+
ldnka mrudKqj
f;aka wKqj
yhsv%cka mrudKq y;r
10'12 rEmh - f;aka wKqj iEu

f. yhsv%cka laf,darhs wKqj

laf,daka mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak kHdih 2"8"7 f' laf,daka mrudKqjla
yhsv%cka mrudKqjla iu. bf,lafg%dak hq.,la yjqf,a ;nd .ekSfuka yhsv%cka
laf,darhs wKqj (HCI) iEfoa ^10'13 rEmh&'

laf,daka mrudKqj

yhsv%cka mrudKqj

yhsv%cka laf,darhs wKqj

10'13 rEmh - yhsv%cka laf,darhs wKqj iEu

g. ldnka fgrdlaf,darhs wKqj

ldnka mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak kHdih 2" 4 f' laf,daka mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak
kHdih 2" 8" 7 f' ldnka mrudKqjla iu. laf,daka mrudKq y;rla bf,lafg%dak
hq., y;rla yjqf,a ;nd .kska ldnka fgrdlaf,darhs (CCl4) wKqj iEfohs
^10'14 rEmh&'
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

172

ridhksl nkaOk

ridhk oHdj

10'14 rEmh - - ldnka fgrdlaf,darhs wKqj

h. Tlaiscka wKqj
Tlaiscka mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak kHdi 2" 6 f' Tlaiscka mrudKq folla
w;r bf,lafg%dak hq., folla yjqf,a ;nd .kska Tlaiscka (O2) wKqj iEfoa'
fuf,i mrudKq w;r bf,lafg%dak hq., folla yjqf,a ;nd .kakd ksid th
oa;aj nkaOkhla f,i y`kajkq ,ef ^10'15 rEmh&'

Tlaiscka mrudKqj

Tlaiscka mrudKqj

Tlaiscka wKqj

10'15 rEmh - - Tlaiscka wKqj iEu

i. khsrcka wKqj
khsrcka mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak kHdih 2" 5 f' khsrcka mrudKq folla
w;r bf,lafg%dak hq., ;=kla yjqf,a ;nd.kska khsrcka (N2) wKqj iEfoa'
fuf,i bf,lafg%dak hq., ;=kla yjqf,a ;nd.kakd ksid th ;%s;aj nkaOkhla
f,i ye`kaf ^10'16 rEmh&'

173

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

ridhk oHdj

ridhksl nkaOk

khsg%ckaa mrudKqj khsrcka mrudKqj

khsrcka wKqj

10'16 rEmh - khsg%ckaa wKqj iEu

l%shdldrlu 02
iyixhqc nkaOk ksrEmKh'
wjYH jH ( iaghsf*da" O jKj, mn" udl mEka" .
l%uh ( iaghsf*da ;yvqjla f.k" tys a, b, c, d, e, f, h, i f,i Tn by;
wOHhkh l< wKqjla we`o" bf,lafg%dak mnj,ska ksrEmKh lr" iynkaOk
iEu ksudKYS,s j ilia lrkak' th mka;sfha m%oYkh lrkak'

;s;a - l;sr igyk

iyixhqc nkaOk iEug ieu g u iyNd.s jkafka
mrudKqj, ixhqc;d ljpfha mj;sk bf,lafg%dak f'
H
iyixhqc nkaOkfha bf,lafg%dak mj;sk wdldrh
ia ;s;a l;sr igykska ksrEmKh lr oelah yels
H C H
h' tys tla mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak ;s;aj,ska o
wfkla mrudKqf bf,lafg%dak l;srj,ska o ksrEmKh
flf' ksoiqkla f,i f;aka ^CH4& wKqf ;s;a l;sr
jHqyh i,ld n,uq' ldnkaj, bf,lafg%dak kHdih 2" 4 jk w;r ixhqc;d ljpfha
bf,lafg%dak y;rla we;' tu bf,lafg%dak ;s;aj,ska ksrEmKh lr we;' ldnka
iu. iyixhqc nkaOk idok yhsv%cka mrudKqj, bf,lafg%dak l;srj,ska
ksrEmKh lr we;'
CH4 ys ;s;a l;sr jHQyh

ia jHqyh
wKqjl ta ta mrudKqj, ixhqc;d ljp bf,lafg%dak ;s;aj,ska ksrEmKh lr
iyixhqc nkaOk ksrEmKh lsu ia ;s;a igyk f,i ye`kaf'
H

H
CH4 ys ;s;a igyk

NH3 ys ;s;a igyk

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

174

ridhksl nkaOk

ridhk oHdj

nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq., fl brlska o ^ & nkaOk iEug inkaO fkdjk

tlir bf,lafg%dak hq., ;s;aj,ska o ^(& ksrEmKh l< g th ia jHqyh f,i
lah yels h'
H
H

H
H

H2 ys ia jHqyh

CH4 ys ia jHqyh

NH3 ys ia jHqyh

;s;aj,ska ksrEmKh lrk ,o bf,lafg%dak hq., tlir bf,lafg%dak hq., f,i;a

fl brlska ksrEmKh l< bf,lafg%dak hq., nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq., f,i;a
ye`kaf' iyixhqc wKq lsysmhl ;s;a - l;sr igyk" ia ;s;a igyk yd ia
jHqy my; olajd we;'
j.=j 10'3

wKqj

;s;a - l;sr igyk

xx

Cl2

Cl x Cl

H2

ia ;s;a
jHqyh
Cl Cl

x
x

xx

xx

CH4

H
H

xx

NH3

H2O

xx

NxH
x

H
H

N H

Cl

Cl

H
O

xH
H xC
x

H C H

xx

O O

N2

x
x
x

N N xx

N N

O C O

x x

O O

x
x

xx

x
x

O
175

O2

CO2

ia jHqyh

C
H

N N

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

ridhk oHdj

ridhksl nkaOk

wefudakshd wKqj ie,l+ g N uOH mrudKqj f,i;a H mhka; mrudKq f,i;a

ye`kaf' wefudakshd wKqf ixhqc;d ljpfha tlir bf,lafg%dak hq., tlla o"
nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq., ;=kla o we;'
by; olajd we;s ish wKq ie,l+ g tajdfha uOH mrudKqjg yd mhka;
mrudKqj,g ia:dhs Wp jdhq kHdih ,e we;' tk nkaOk iEfuka miq
mrudKqj, ixhqc;d ljpfha bf,lafg%dak wg imQK we; ^H yer&' tu ixfhda.
bf,lafg%dak wIaglh imQK we;s ixfhda. f,i ye`kaf'
we;e g tfia fkdjk wjia:d o we;' weksh laf,darhs (AlCl3) ksoiqkla f,i
i,luq' fuys weksh mrudKqf bf,lafg%dak kHdih 2" 8" 3 f' laf,daka
mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak kHdih 2" 8" 7 f' weksh mrudKqjla iu. laf,daka
mrudKq ;=kla bf,lafg%dak hq., ;=kla yjqf,a ;nd f.k AlCl3 wKqj idohs'
Cl
Al
Cl

Cl

fuys weksh mrudKqf ixhqc;d ljpfha we;af;a bf,lafg%dak

yhls' bf,lafg%dak wIaglh imQK ke;' tfy;a laf,daka
mrudKqj ie,l+ g bf,lafg%dak wIaglh imQK we;'

tfuka u ixhqc;d ljpfha bf,lafg%dak wIaglh blaujd hk wjia:d o we;'

WodyrKhla f,i fmdiamria fmkafgdlaf,darhs (PCl5) ie,lsh yels h' fmdiamriaj,
bf,lafg%dak kHdih 2" 8" 5 f' laf,dakaj, bf,lafg%dak kHdih 2" 8" 7 f'
fmdiamria mrudKqjla iu. laf,daka mrudKq myla bf,lafg%dak hq., myla yjqf,a
;nd f.k PCl5 wKqj idohs' tg uOH mrudKqj jk fmdiamria jgd bf,lafg%dak
oyhla we;' laf,daka mrudKqj ie,l+ g bf,lafg%dak wIaglh imqK we;'
Cl
Cl

Cl

P
Cl

Cl

mrudKql oe,si
oE,si wdldrhg mej;su whksl ixfhda.j,g fmd ,laIKhls kuq;a iuyr uQ,jH
iyixhqcj ne mrudKq ,sil wdldrhg ilia ;sf' mrudKq iyixhqc j ne`
iEfok fujeks ,sia mrudKql ,sia f,i ye`kaf' ksrka ^.%emhs& yd huka;s
^vhuka& hkqfjka mrudKql ,sia wdldr follska ldnka iajdNdl j mj;S'
tajd ldnkaj, nyqrEmS wdldr f,i ye`kaf' fjdfha ldnka mrudKq tlsfkl
iu. iyixhqc nkaOk idodf.k we;s wdldrh tlsfklg fjkia h' idudkHfhka
iyixhqc ixfhda.j, jdxl yd ;dmdxl my;a jqj o mrudKql ,si fya;=fldg
f.k huka;s yd ksrka by< jdxl yd ;dmdxl .kS'
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

176

ridhksl nkaOk

ridhk oHdj

.a/mhs ^ksrka&
iEu ldnka mrudKqjla u ;j;a ldnka mrudKq ;=kla iu. talnkaOk idoka
ia;r f,i msysfuka .a/mhs ksudKh f' ldnka mrudKqf b;s ixhqc;d
bf,lafg%dak iynkaOk fkdidohs' ia;r w;r n, nkaOk yg.ekSug tu
bf,lafg%dak bjy,af' fuu ia;r tlsfkl u; msysgd we;' f ia;r w;r we;s
nkaOk n, h' ta ksid tla ia;rhla u; wfkla ia;rh myiqfjka ,siaid hhs' f
fya;=fjka ksrka ,sysis jHhla f,i yeisfrhs'

ksrkaj, mrudKql oe,si

huka;sj, mrudKql oe,si

10'17 rEmh

vhuka ^huka;s&
iEu ldnka mrudKqjla u ldnka mrudKq y;rla iu. talnkaOk idoka ;%sudk
,sil wdldrhg msysfuka huka;s iEfoa' iajdNdl j yuq jk oDV nka by<
u jHh huka;s f'

10'3 nkaOkj, O%eh;dj

oHq;a RK;dj hkq ridhksl nkaOkhl we;s bf,lafg%dak nkaOkhlg iyNd.S
jk h mrudKqjla foig wdlIKh lsf yelshdjhs' th O mrudKq i`oyd
fjkia w.h .kS' oHq;a RK;dj iudk yhsrcka mrudKq folla iyixhqc
nkaOkhlska nefuka yhsv%cka wKqj iEfohs' fuys nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq.,fha
bf,lafg%dak jHdma;sh iu;sl j mj;S' tu ksid yhsv%cka ksO%eh wKqjls'
tfy;a" oHq;a RK;dj fjkia mrudKq folla iyixhqc nkaOkhlska ne` we;s
g tu mrudKq nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq.,hg olajk wdlIKh iudk fkdf'
WodyrKhla f,i yhsv%cka *afjdrhs wKqj i,ld n,uq' fuys *afjdka"
yhsv%ckaj,g jvd oHq;a RK;dfjka by< neka nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq.,h
*afjdka mrudKqj foig jvd;a wdlIKh mj;S' tg bf,lafg%dak jHdma;sh
wiu;lf' f fya;=fjka *afjdka mrudKqjg b;d l=vd iDK wdfrdamKhl=;a"
yhsv%cka mrudKqjg b;d l=vd Ok wdfrdamKhl=;a ,ef' fuh O%elrKh f,i
yekaf' kuq;a iuia; wKqj ie,l+ g HF WodiSk wKqjls'
177

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

ridhk oHdj

ridhksl nkaOk

10'18 rEmh - - yhsv%cka *afjdrhs wKqj O%elrKh we;s wdldrh

oHq;a RK;dj wiudk mrudKq folla iyixhqc nkaOkhlska neKq g nkaOk

bf,laafg%dak wiu;sl j jHdma; u kssid tu iyixhqc nkaOk O%elrKh f'
fujeks nkaOk O%eh iyixhqc nkaOk f,i ye`kaf'
oHq;a RK;d iudk fyda tlsfklg iq jYfhka fjkia mrudKq folla iyixhqc
nkaOkhlska ne` we;s g tu mrudKq fol w;r nkaOk bf,lafg%dak iu;sl
j jHdma; f' tjeks iyixhqc nkaOk ksO%eh iyixhqc nkaOk f,i ye`kaf'
c, wKqj wOHhkhg .;a g tys Tlaiscka mrudKqf ixhqc;d ljpfha bf,lafg%dak
hq., y;rla we;' bka folla nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq., jk w;r b;s fol
tlir bf,lafg%dak hq., f'
c, wKqfjys O-H nkaOkh ie,l+ g oHq;a RK;dj je Tlaiscka mrudKqj
fj; nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq., h jemqr wdlIKh jk neka ta u; l=vd RK
wdfrdamKhla o yhsv%cka mrudKqj u; l=vd Ok wdfrdamKhla o we;s jk m
wKqj O%elrKh f' f wkqj c,h O%eh iyixhqc nkaOk iys; ixfhda.hls'
c, wKqj ;%sudK wjldYfha ilia we;af;a my; i`oyka wdldrhghs' th fldaKsl
yevhla .kS ^10'19 rEmh&'

10'19 rEmh - - c, wKqf yevh

10'4 wka; - wKql nkaOk

c, wKqjl we;s b;d l=vd Ok wdfrdamKhla ork yhsv%cka mrudKq hdno c,
wKqjl b;d l=vd RK wdfrdamKhla ork Tlaiscka mrudKq iu. wdlIK n,
we;s lr .kS' wKq w;r we;s jk fujeks wdlIK" wka; - wKql wdlIK n,
fkdfyd;a wka; - wKql nkaOk f,i ye`kah yels h'

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

178

ridhksl nkaOk

ridhk oHdj

wka; - wKql nkaOk

10'20 rEmh - - c, wKq w;r wka; - wKql nkaOk

fuu wka; - wKql wdlIK n, c, wKqf Tlaiscka yd yhsv%cka mrudKq w;r

we;s iyixhqc nkaOk ;r m%n, fkdf' tfy;a iqfYaI .=K /ila fuu wka;
- wKql wdlIK n, ksid c,hg ,e we;'
fuu wka; - wKql wdlIK n, ksid ldur WIaK;ajfha c,h jhla f,i
mj;S' c, wKq w;r wka; - wKql nkaOk fkd;sKs k ldur WIAK;ajfha
c,h mj;skqfha jdhqjla f,ihs'
c, wKq w;r mj;sk wka; - wKql wdlIK n, ksid c,hg ,e we;s iqfYaI
.=K lsysmhla my; laf'
yy
yy
yy

c,fhys ;dmdxlh by< w.hla .ekSu

c,hg by< YsIag ;dm Od;djla mej;Su
whsiaj,g jvd by< >k;ajhla c,h i;= u
wu;r kqug

c, wKqfjys wka; wKql nkaOk yhrcka nkaOk f,i ye`kaf'

yhrcka nkaOk yg .ekSug k wKqjl Ok O%ejh yhrcka
mrudKqj RK O%ejh oHq;a RK;djfhka by< mrudKq jk
*afjdka (F) kshg%cka (N) fyda Tlaiscka (O) F, N fyda O h hq;=h'
c, wKqjg wu;rj fm%dak, DNA yd RNA jeks ffcj wKqj,o
yhsrcka nkaOk we;'

179

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

ridhk oHdj

ridhksl nkaOk

10'5 whksl yd iyixhqc ixfhda.j, .=K

l%shdldrlu 03
whksl yd iyixhqc djKj, oHq;a ikakdhl;dj mlaId lsu
wjYH jH ( lr y;rla" ldnka l+re folla" n,an folla" neg folla ^h,s
fldaI yhla& ikakdhl l" idudkH Kq djKhla" iSks djKhla" la,sm
fldm i,af*a jKhla" wdiQ; c,h
l%shd ms<sfj<
yy iudk lr y;rla f.k A, B, C, D f,i k lrkak'
yy A lrhg Kq djKh" B lrhg fldm i,af*a jKh" C lrhg
iSks djKh yd D lrhg wdiQ; c,h tla lr.kak'
yy tla tla lrhg" 10'21 rEmfha m ldnka l+re fol ne.ska oud mm:h
ilia fldg n,anh oe,af oehs kslaIKh lrkak' ^ldnka l+re fol
fyd`ka fidaod B <`. wjia:d i`oyd Nd; l< hq;= h'&
n,anh

negh

ikakdhl l

ldnka l=r
lrh
djKh

whksl yd iyixhqc ixfhda.j, djKj, oHq;a ikakdhl;dj mlaId lsu

10'21 rEmh

idudkH Kq djKh yd fldm i,af*a iys; mm:fha n,anh oe,af' iSks

djKh yd wdiQ; c,h iys; mm:fha n,anh fkd oe,af' idudkH Kq yd
fldm i,af*a whksl nkaOk iys; ixfhda. f' f wkqj whksl nkaOk iys;
ixfhda. c,Sh djK ;=<ska oHq;h .uka lrhs' iSks yd c,h" iyixhqc ixfhda.
f' ta ;=<ska ,sh .uka fkd lrhs' ,Sk wjia:df we;s idudkH Kq ;=<ska o
oHq;h .uka lrk nj mCIK u.ska fidhd f.k we;' whksl ixfhda.j, c,Sh
djK yd tajdfha ,Sk jh oHq;h ikakhkh jk nj ka ;yjqre f' kuq;a
whksl ixfhda. >k wjia:df mj;sk g th ;=<ska ,sh ikakhkh fkd f'
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

180

ridhksl nkaOk

ridhk oHdj

ixfhda. iuyrl jdxl iy ;dmdxl

j.=j 10'2

ixfhda.fha ku

jdxlh $ 0C

;dmdxlh $ 0C

nkaOk iajrEmh

fidah laf,darhs

801

1413

whksl

fmdgEish laf,darhs

776

1500

whksl

c,h

100

iyixhqc

wefudakshd

-78

-33

iyixhqc

Tlaiscka

-218

-183

iyixhqc

t;s,a we,afldfyd,a

-117

79

iyixhqc

le,aish Tlaihs

2580

2850

whksl

i,a* vfhdlaihs

-73

-10

iyixhqc

whksl ixfhda.j, jdxl iy ;dmdxl by< w.hla .kakd nj 10'5 j.=j wkqj
meye,s f' tajd fndfyda g ldur WIAK;ajfha mj;skqfha >k jYfhks' iyixhqc
ixfhda.j, jdxl yd ;dmdxl wvq w.hla .kakd nj by; j.=j wkqj ikd: f'
tajd fndfyda g ldur WIaK;ajfha mj;skafka j yd jdhq jYfhks'
whksl ixfhda.j, ,laIK
m%;sreoaO wdfrdamK ork whkj,ska ^ yd - whk& iuka; f'
ldur WIaK;ajfha fndfyduhla ixfhda. >k iaMlrEmS ,sh wdldrhg
mj;s'
by< jdxl yd ;dmdxl we;'
>k wjia:df oHq;h ikakhkh fkdf'
c,Sh djK yd ,Sk j ^r;alr j lrkq ,enQ& ;=<ska oHq;h ikakhkh f'
fndfyda whksl ixfhda. c,fha h f'
iyixhqc ixfhda.j, ,laIK
fndfyda g mrudKq lsysmhlska iuka; wKq f,i mj;S'
ldur WIaK;ajfha fndfyda iyixhqc ixfhda. jdhq fyda j wjia:df we;'
idudkHfhka iyixhqc ixfhda.j, ;dmdxl yd jdxl my< w.hla .kS'
^tfy;a iyixhqc ,si wdldrj, ;dmdxl yd jdxl by< h'&
iuyr iyixhqc ixfhda. c,fha h f'
we;e iyixhqc ixfhda.j, c,Sh djK oHq;h ikakhkh fkd lrhs'

181

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

ridhk oHdj

ridhksl nkaOk

wu;r kqug

wka; - wKql n, fya;=fldg f.k c,hg ,e we;s wkkH .=K

ms<sn`o f;dr;=re /ialrkak'

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

182

ridhksl nkaOk

ridhk oHdj

wNHdih
01' Ok whkhka yd >Dk whkhka iEfok wdldrh Wodyrk u`.ska meye,s
lrkak'
02' my; i`oyka whkj, bf,lafg%dak kHdi ,shd rEmuh f,i ksrEmKh
lrkak'
(a) Na+ (b) Mg2+ (c) O2- (d) N303' whksl nkaOkhla hkafkka l=ula woyia f o @
04' le,aish Tlaihs ixfhda.h iEfok wdldrh rEmSh f,i ksrEmKh
lrkak'
05' my; wKqj, ;s;a - l;sr igyka yd ia jHQy ksrEmKh lr olajkak'
(a) laf,daka (b) Tlaiscka (c) c,h
(d) f;aka

(e) wefudakshd

06' iyixhqc nkaOkhla f,i y`kajkaa fka l=ula o @

07' whksl ixfhda. yd iyixhqc ixfhda.j, .=K fol ne.ska olajkak'
08' ldnka y;r jeks ldKavfha uQ,jHhls' tys we;e nyqrEmS wdldr j,g
by< jdxlhla yd ;dmdxlhla we;af;a wehs @
09' iyixhqc ixfhda.hla jk c,fha ;dmdxlh 100 0Cla jkafka wehs @
10' jvd;a ksjer ms<s;=r f;darkak'
A. huka;s iy ksrka ms<sn`oj jvd;a ksjer j.ka;sh jkafka'
1'
2'
3'
4'

tlsfklg fjkia uq,jH folls'

tlsfklg fjkia ixfhda. folls'
tlu uq,jHfha nyqrEms wdldr folls'
tlu uq,jHfha iuia:dksl wdldr folls'

B. iyixhqc nkaOkhla ief mrudKq iska is lrkq ,nkafka

1'
2'
3'
4'

bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a ;nd.eksuhs

bf,lafg%dak ,nd.eksu yd msglsuhs'
fm%dafgdak yjqf,a ;nd.ekSuhs'
fm%dafgdak ,nd.eksu yd msglsuhs'
183

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

ridhk oHdj

ridhksl nkaOk

mdNdIsl jpk
ridhksl nkaOk

Chemical bonds

legdhkh

Cation

wekdhkh

Anion

whksl nkaOk

Ionic bonds

iyixhqc nkaOk

Covalent bonds

O%eh;dj

Polarity

wka; wKql n,

Inter molecular bond

yhsrcka nkaOk

Hydrogen bond

fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h

184