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r;akis wrx.,
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(grammar) hehs ykajkq ,nk ;s ud,djl (language rules)
m%j;kh (Crystal (1987) 1992: 88; n,.,af,a 1996" 129 ff.)
fuka u ;okql+, jQ NdId jHjydrh ksrjoH fia ie,lSf
iu;hla o ^n,.,af,a 1996: 184-188.) ye|sk .; yels h'
jHdlrK ;s wkqj ksrjoH fia ie,flk jHjydrh fuka u
lsish NdIdjl m%foaYSh fyda N+f.da,Sh fyda iudh fyda
jifhka fjka fjka j ye|sk .; yels WmNdId m%fNao lsym
s hla
mj;akd l,ays ta w;ka w.kqjr flaka fldg .ekqKq m%foaYfha
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jHjydrh ^n,.,af,a 1996: 90-99; Ouodi 1999: 1-20'& o NdIl
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yels NdIduh oarEm;djla iys; NdIdjkays zby<Z yd zmy<Z
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o ffkrela;l
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s efkk
wlaIr kHdi iu;hkag wkql+, u o wfmalaId flf'
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hq;= hehs iu; mj;S' ^n,.,af,a 1996: 66-69.)
isxy, f,aLk jHjydrh uYkhg ,la lrk l,ays
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mejish yels ia;rhkays fuka u idys;H ksudKh Ihfhys
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;;a;ajh wvq je jifhka oel .; yels fjhs'
wdOqksl f,aLlhkaf.a yd ikaksfok udOHhkays
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iudc n,mEu w,am fldg ie,lsh yelalla fkd f' tfuka
u NdId Ihfhys fuka u idys;H lghq;=j, o zm%Khkaf.aZ
f,aLkhkays we;=<;a jk zidjoH NdId m%fhda.j,skaZ b
mrmrdjkays NdId Nd;h flfrys Bg o jefhka Rcq n,
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m%m[aphla u fuka u tfia wkqlrKh flfrkqfha mqoa.,
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.kska u;a fndfyda g zzid:l f,i .%ka:lrKfha
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jHjydrZ fyj;a zfl m%fhda.Z fia ms<s.ekSug ,la u;a
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n,mEu w,am fldg ie,lsh hq;= fkd f'
fun idjoH NdId m%fhda. flfrka jk iudc
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2

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hkqfjka oelafjkqfha idudkH isxy, iajNdIlhka fkd j

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fmkajd h yels h' ^ fywdr ixia'" 1963: 464-465'& tfia

fyhska iuld,Sk NdId Nd;fhys jQ wmjHjydr fjfiid
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jifhka fuka u jks;d: jifhka o fhda.H nj lsj ukd
h' lfld|hdf Y%S m%{dfYaLr kd yshka tu ,smsh imhk
wjfha furg nyqck {dmk udOH iq,n fkd Kehs lsh
yels h; ffjoHq; udOH jQfha o rch i;= Yo jdyskS (Radio)*
fiajdj mu' ;okka;r j foaYSh j fuka u wka;cd;sl
jifhka o is jQ iudcdl mj;khkays fuka u udkj
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ch.%yKhkays o m%;M
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yels jHjydr lsysmhla uYkh fuys ,d wNsfm%a; h'**
fun fh 1' idjoH WpdrK" 2' idjoH wlaIr
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wdl=, $ idjoH mo fn yd 6' j; Ihhg fhda.H fkd
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ffjoHq; ;rx. ud.fhka is flfrk Yo ldikh hk wre; fkd
fok neka o ;kaud.fhka u is flfrk rEm isrk udOHh i|yd
zrEmjdyskSZ hkak Nd; jk neka o ta yd iure;a .kakd moafoka
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,shZ hk wmN%xY fhug jvd zffhdaZ hkak ;;aiu mohla fia
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** f ,smsh o uq,ska u k flrefKa zkQ;k isxy, wmN%xYZ hkqfjks'
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ie,l=j ukd h'

1' idjoH WpdrK

f,aLk iajrEmh NdIKh u`.k
s a bm;a flfrk wjia:d
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ksoiqqka
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uska m%pdrh lsu'
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foaaYk'
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jhsfka oekg ldih flfrk Yo jdyskS yd rEm jdyskS
fiajdjkays m%jD;a;s m%pdrj,ska wikakg ,enqKq tajd h' wod<
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hkq m;Hd.h hs'

1'4'1 uydm%dK wlaIrhlg miq j y ldrhla fhu1

zwd>%yKhZ ^nd,iQh ^1991& 1992( 29" 31'&
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8

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zme<|Z ^nd,iQh ^1991& 1992( 71'&
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wNs,dY
wdNdIh
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YAuh
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ixfhda.h'
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9

^lafrdtaYshd" lafrdah" khsrcka" mhsfkdacka" hqlafka"

iqlafrdaia wd jifhka& ,su ksrjoH fuka u wjq,ska f;dr o
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3' idjoH mo idOk

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^we;e pdrlfhda fuh ;=mamys j hkak hkqfjka
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1989: 25&
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10

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156&
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185& ^fuys jdlH fhdackh o idjoH h'&
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3' 3' 2' f.!rjd: nyq jpk mo kej; nyaj: fldg oelaug
-,d m%;Hhla fhu
jykafia,d
3'3'3' m%dKjd mo iu`. -j,a m%;Hh fhu
whjka ^fiQh" 1992: 200&
3' 4' m%;Hhd: rEm idOkh ms<sn| jer
my; 3'4'1 yd 3'4'2 hgf;a oelafjk ksoiqkaj,
f inkaO ksoiqka .%yd;aul j oelafjhs'
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idudh
iudc + Bh
iudh
iuQmldr
ix + Wmldr
iuqmldr
3'4'2' wjYH ia:dkhkays jDoa fkd lsu ^> fkd lsu&
idjoH rEmh
.%yh
ksrjoH rEmh
wOHd;al
wOHd;au + bl
wdOHd;al
wOHdmksl
wOHdmk + bl
wdOHdmksl
uKav,sl
uKav, + bl
udKav,sl
iajNdl
iajNdj + bl
iajdNdl
mqoa.,sl
mqoa., + bl
fm!oa.,sl
11

3' 4' isxy, moj,g ixialD; m%;Hh fhu

wod<;ajh
tl;ajh
ksy~;ajh
fun isxy, rEm iu fhh hq;af;a -nj -lu jeks isxy,
m%;Hh mu' ^-;d m%;Hh o isxy,fhys o fhfok neka
tl`.;dj ksy`v;dj jeks rEm o idOq;j
a fhka ie,lsh yels h'&
3'5' iudkd: m%;Hh tllg jefhka fhu
fm!reI;ajh ^mqreI + w + ;aj& -w yd -;aj
hkqfjka m%;Hh folla fhu wkjYH h'
ksrjoH rEmh fm!reIh
3' 6' ia;%S ,sx. moj,g wuq;=fjka ia;%S jdpl m%;Hh fhu
iy ia;%S wre;a fok moj,g kej;;a ia;%S m%;H tla
lsu
wx.kd
l=udld
lkHd
udKldh
wx.kd lkHd jeks mo m%lD;sfhka u ia;%S ,sx. hs'
tajd taljpk njg m;a lsug -j m%;Hh muKla fhu
iEfya' l=udld udKld hk mo ms<sfj<ska l=udr yd
udKjl hk moj,g ia;%S w:hla u i|yd fhdokq ,enQ bld m%;Hh iys; h tajdg kej;;a ia;%S jdpH;ajh f.k u
wkjYH h' {dmk udOHj, nyq, j Nd; flfrk ldka;d
fin<shka ldka;d fld idudldjka m<uq jk ldka;d
w.ue;sksh ldka;d ckdm;sks hkd fh o fujeks
wkjYH ia;%S w: wdfrdams; mo hs'
3'7' wkjYH Nla;s .ekau
iudchSh
idys;Hhsl ^,xlduq,a, 2002( 1; 85; 177&
idys;Hhuh ^,xlduq,a, 2002( 95&
f jpkj,g wod< m%lD;s hldrdka; fkd f' iudch
idys;Hh jeks jpk hldrdka;j;a jkqfha jr ke`.Sf h
12

m%;Hh tla fldg we;s neks' f jpkj,g uq,a j we;s

m%lD;sj,g -bl -Bh jeks m%;Hh fh l, ,efnkqfha
ms<sfj<ska iudh" idys;Hsl ^idys;ahsl& hk rEm hs'
ixialD;sluh ^,xlduq,a, 2002( 12&
ixialD;s hk m%lD;sfhka mr j iajd: ;oa; l
fhu m%udKj;a h'
3' 8' wkjYH mo jr ke`.S
wjHh mo fyj;a ksmd; ta ku ,nkafka tajd jHh
ula rys; fia ie,flk fyhsks' tk jr ke`.Sfuka f;dr
neks' lsish jdlHhla ksmd; mohlska fl<jr l< hq;=
k tu ksmd; mofhka miq j jdlHdjidkh y`.jk -h
ksmd;h fhh yels h' tfy;a we;e g ksmd; mo -tka
m%;Hh fhdod zjr k`.kZ wjia:d oel .; yels h'
ksidfjks ^wdhr;ak" 1997-a: 18" 90;wdhr;ak"1997-c:
93'&
ksidfjka ^,xlduq,a, 2002( 24; 25&
3' 9' m%lD;shg wh;a wka;HdlaIr f,dma lsu
mqia;ld,j,$ mqia;ld,Sh
foajd,
m%;H
wjH mo
f moj, m%lD;s hldrdka; neka tajd m%;Hh .ekah
hq;f
a ;a m%lD;s h ldrhg miq j h' tg ms<f
s j<ska mqi;
a ld,hj,
$ mqia;ld,hSh" foajd,h" m%;Hh" wjHh mo hkqfjka ksjeros
h hq;= h'
3' 10' ika ms<sn| jer
idjoH rEmh
.%yh
ksrjoH rEmh
w;Hd,xldr w;s + w,xldr > w;a + b + w,xldr
= w;ah,xldr ^w;H,xldr&
kS;Hdkql+, kS;s + wkql+, > kS;a+ b +wkql+,
= kS;ahkql+,
^kS;Hkql+,&
jd.afldaIh
jd + fldaI >
jdlafldaIh

13

jd hkak iu`. ika jk mr mofhys wd Yoh

wf>daIhla neka mQj modka; jH[ackh Bg
wkqrEm h hq;= h' mr mofhys wd Yoh f>daIhla
jQ l, mQj modka; jH[ackh o f>daIj;a fjhs'
jd.aoHd jd.d,dm wdh ksoiqka h'
oHd,Sh
oHd,h + Bh >
oHd,hSh
ika f m%lD;sfhys we;s h ldrh
f,dma fkd f'
Nla;Hd: Nla;s + w: > Nla;a + b + w + :
^b yd w ikafhka h fjhs'& Nla;ahaw: =
Nla;H:
i;a Ouh
i;a + Ouh
> ioaOuh
i;a hkak iu`. ika jk mr mofhys wd Yoh
f>daIhla neka mQj modka; jH[ackh Bg
wkqrEm j fjkia h hq;= h; ioaOu hkqfjks'
mr mofhys wd Yoh wf>daIhla jQ l, mQj
modka; jH[ackh o wf>daIj;a fjhs' tfyhska
u;= oela f jk zioa l dhhZ zioa m q r eIZ wdh
zi;aldhZ zi;amqreIZ hkqfjka ksjer h hq;= h'
ioa ldhh
i;a + ldhh
>
i;aldhh
ioa mqreI
i;a + mqreI
>
i;amqreI
iudchSh$idudh ^,xlduq,a, 2002( 10& iudc + Bh >
iudh
iuQmldr $ iuQmdldr
ix + Wmldr > i+Wmldr
> iuqmldr
3' 11' idjoH Wmi. fhu
wksiar ^wdhr;ak" 1991: 75'&
iar hkafkys reoaOd:h u i|yd fhh hq;= Wmi.h
w- hs' wks- hkqfjka Wmi.hla jd;d fkd f' ^l=udr;=x.
^nq' j' 2481& nq' j' 2491: 330 331'& wka- hkqfjka Wmi.hla
fjhs' tfy;a zwksiarZ jeks rEmhl idOkhg ta iu`. tla
14

h hq;af;a zbiarZ hk rEmhls' zia:Z jeks ixfhda.hlg

mQjfhys iqfLdapdrKh i|yd b iajrh tla flfrkqfha
wjHla; ke; fyd;a wmN%xY jHjydrfha h' ta wkqj fuys
ksjer rEmh jkafka zwiarZ hkak hs'

4' l%shd ldrl mo inkaOh ms<sn| jer

wdOqksl f,aLlhka yd uqK udOH fuka u m%lg hehs
iu; f,aLlhka o ish f,aLkj, l%h
s d ldrl mo inkaOh
wjq,a lr .kakd wkaou oelsh yels h' kdu moj, Wla; wkql;
a
rEm fNaoh ksjer j jgyd fkd .ekSu Bg tla fya;j
= la nj
fmfka' ^n,.,af,a 1996: 224- 226 wkqj hs'&
4' 1' idjoH f,i Wla; rEm-wkql;
a rEm Nd;h
uu ugu wh;aj ;snQ ;h ;,a lrf.k f.dia
mdrla whsfka .il Wv w;a;l ,Kqjla .eg .id
t,a,d urkakg ;e;a lrk g fldfyafoda hka is
fmd,sil
a drhl= mek ud w,a,d f.k Widhg olald
f.k .sfhah' ^lue,a,r 2000: 65-66'&
fuys wkql;
a j ;eh hq;= ud hkak uu hkqfjka Wla;
Nla;s .kajd we;s w;r .sfhah hk wjidk l%h
s dj lrkakd fia
fmkS isk moh zfmd,sil
a drfhlaZ hkqfjka Wla; Nla;s
.ekau fjkqjg zfmd,sil
a drhl=Z hkqfjka wkql;
a j ;nd
we;'
zztll= msgqmiska ;a ke Tyqf.a fom/kaog hka
ysi oud lrg .;af;ah'ZZ ^nd,iQh ^1991& 1992( 1516'&
zzysgmq weu;sjrhl= fnda;,a u w.=K hhs lshka
;u ma,dial=f oud we;s ialsu jka jr f;d,
.dka isfhah'ZZ ^nd,iQh ^1991& 1992( 19'&
zzTjqka w;a Tijka o fkdfhla bh mdka
is./ mqiaika o ishy'ZZ ^nd,iQh ^1991& 1992( 19'&
by; WodyrK ;=fkys u Wla;h fyj;a l;D jifhka
fhfok kdu moh wkqla; Nla;s .kajd we;' z.;af;a hZ"
zisfhahZ yd zishyZ hk wjidk l%shd rEmj,g .e<fmkqfha
ztfllaZ" zysgmq weu;sjrfhlaZ yd zTjqyqZ hk Wla; rEm hs'
15

Tyq ;jrg;a ldhnyq, mqo.

a ,fhla njg m;a h'
^wdhr;ak" 1997-e: 53'&
fuys wkql;
a j ;eh hq;= mqo.
a ,fhl= hkak mqo.
a ,fhla
hkqfjka Wla; Nla;s .kajd we;'
fldaj,ka ta wd;au Ndjfha isxymqrfhys Nr;ka k
rdc fiajlfhla j isfha h' ^wdhr;ak" 1991: 100'&
fuys wkq l a ; j ;eh hq ; = fia j lfhl= hka k
fiajlfhla hkqfjka Wla; Nla;s .kajd we;'
Wla; Nla;s rEmh fjkqjg wkqla; Nla;s rEmh
Nd; lsu o jHdlrK frda f:
mg,e,a,g w; fmug lsisjl= iu;a fkdh'
^fiQh" 1989: 3'&
zlsisjl=Z hkq wkqla; Nla;s rEm hs' Wla; Nla;s
rEmh h hq;af;a zlsisfjlaZ hkak hs'
zzch f>daIlhska zchfjd - chfjdZ hs lE
.dkakg jQy'ZZ ^nd,iQh ^1991& 1992( 26'&
zch f>daIlhskaZ hkq wkqla; Nla;s rEm hs' Wla; Nla;s
rEmh h hq;af;a zch f>daIlfhdaZ hkak hs'
zzB<`.g o;a; /ia lsf ks,Odhl= ke.S isfhah'ZZ
^nd,iQh ^1991& 1992( 60'&
jdlHfha Wla;h h hq;af;a zks,OdfhlaZ hkak hs'
f,dj ish fok u ;u {d;Ska h ^wdhr;ak" 1991:
46'&
fuys {d;S k a hka k {d;S y q hkq f jka Wla ;
Nla;f
s hka ;=nj
q ukd h'
tla m;sj%;djl ish iehd fjkqfjka msjd h'
;j;a m;sj%;djl ish iehd fjkqfjka m,s .id wm
rgg mehdh' ^wdhr;ak" 1991: 101'&
ia;%S ,sx. wkshud:fha Wla; rEm z-wlaZ m%;Hhj;a h;
z-wlZ m%;Hh wkqla; rEm i|yd h'
oaj;=ka hg lS foaYmd,k fjkiaj,g ixf
jQfjda fj;s' ^,xlduq,a," 2002( 165.&
16

z-WkaZ z-wkaZ wkqla; m%;Hh hs' jQfjda fj;s hk wdLHd;hg

mEfykqfha zoaj;a;=Z hkak hs:
rcq ish wud;Hhka pdrhs' ^wdhr;ak 1991: 101'&
zrcqZ hkak wkqla; Nla;s rEm hs' Wla; Nla;s rEmh
zrcZ hs'
4' 2' Wla;-wdLHd; wkqqrEm;dj |Su
wurfoajhkaf.a l=iq msmS w;= m;f i;r .kaf;a
we;=`M .S; rdYshla ' weia'f.a kj.S; jevigyka
ud,dj ;=<ska t<s gq ksudKfhda h' ^wdhr;ak
1997 a: 104'&
by; jdlHfha Wla;h .S; rdYshla hkq h' ta jQ l,s
wf;k .Khg wh;a kdu mohls' wf;k .Kfha kdu mohla
Wla; jQ l, th tal jpk jqj o nyq jpk jqj o wdLHd;h tal
jpkfhka u is' tfy;a f jdlHfhys fh we;af;a nyq jpk
wdLHd; rEmhls' ksudKfhda ^fj;s&ZZ hkq hs'
tlS kdgH nd,-fnd<| ksire lD;Syq jQy'
^wdhr;ak1997 e: 87'&
lD;s o pmq ldjHfhda fj;a' ^wdhr;ak ^1995&
1997: 11'&
kdgH yd lD;s hk wf;k .Kfha mo iu`. zlD;Syq
jQyZ zldjHfhda fj;aZ hkqfjka if;k nyq jpkhg wod<
wdLHd; fhdod we;'
my; oelafjk jdlHfha Wla; rEmh wkjYH ;ekl o
kdu mohla Wla; rEmfhka ;nd we;:
uq;a;=id l%ufhka jD;a;Sh jh,Sk jdolfhla njg
m;a fjka isfhah' ^wdhr;ak" 1997 b: 16'&
^ck udOH jHjydrfhka .;a ;j;a WodyrK i|yd iqrr
1993: 143 msgqj n,kak'&
jdlHhl Wla;h jifhka fhfok kdu moh tys
fhfok wdLHd;h iu`. mqreI" ixLHd yd ,sx. jifhka wkqrEm
h hq;= h' taljpk kdu mo Wla; jQ l, ta iu`. nyq jpk
wdLHd; fhu fuka u nyqjpk kdumo Wla; jQ l, wdLHd;h
taljpkhg .e<fmk fia fhu o {dmk udOHhkays iq,n j
17

oelsh yels h' we;e Y%jH ikaksfok udOH ish m%jD;a;s

m%pdrfha ,dis;djl- ke; fyd;a Tjqka mjik m kj
m%jK;djl- uqyqKqjka Wla; jk mofha ixLHd ,sx. mqreId
fNao fkd i,ld wdLHd;h NdIK jHjydrhg wkqj ;eu
wdrN flf<a ksrjoH jdlH kHdi ms<sn| fkdoekqu
jid .ekSug nj fmfka' uq, fm!oa.,sl Yo jdyskS
kd,sldjla iska wrUk ,o f z,dis;djZ l l,la rch
i;= cd;s l rEmjdys k s h is k a o wkq . ukh lrk ,'
iajd;ajfha fjkia u;a iu`. cd;sl rEmjdysksfha tu
m%jK;dj fjkia jqj o Wla; wdLHd; wkqrEm;dj | jefgk
wjia:d tug h'
4' 3' idjoH wdLHd; rEm Nd;h
{dmk udOHhkays NdId jHjjydrfhys iq,N j yuq
jk ;j;a idjoH iajrEmhla jkafka l;D ldrl jdlHhkays
lu ldrl wdLHd; Nd;h hs'
weu;sjrhd m%ldY lrkq ,eh' w.%dud;H;=ud fmkajd
fokq ,eh jeks jHjydr f hgf;a oelah yels fjhs'
fun jdlH lu ldrl jdlH rgdj wkqj i,lk l,
ksjer h' tfy;a tg tajdhska wNsfm%a; w: m%ldYkh is
fkd f' weu;sjrhd m%ldY lrkq ,eh hkqfjka ,shQ
;eke;a;df.a wNsmd% h jkakg we;af;a weu;sjrhd lsih
s fohla
mejiQ nj lSu jqj o ka .uH jkafka wfkll= iska
weu;sjrhdg lsih
s fohla m%ldY lrk ,o nj kd weu;sjrhd
tfia m%ldY l< nj fkd f' w.%dud;H;=ud fmkajd fokq
,eh hs lS g o thska mejfikqfha w.%dud;H;=ud h lreKla
fmkajd ka nj fkd j wka whl= iska w.%dud;H;=udg hula
fmkajd ka njls' l%v
S d ;r. ia;r m%pdrlhkaf.a jHjydrfhys
olakd ,efnk oeka y;f myrla t,a, lrkq ,enqjd jeks
fh o f .Kfhys jef'
kdu mohlska mr j iska ksmd;h fhdod l;D ldrl
wdLHd;hlska jdlHdjidkh lrk wjia:d o yuq fjhs:
18

f,dl=nKavdr uy;d iska m%d:kd lf<Ah

uqo,a weu;sjrhd iska l:dj wdrN lf<ah ^,lau"
2004' 11' 21&
jeks jdlH ksoiqka h'
urdjg me [dKinkao ffckhka yd
fn!oaOhka iu`. jdo fldg Tjqka mrdchg m;a
lrk , ^wdhr;ak" 1991: 132'&
fuh by; oelajQ oeka y;f myrla t,a, lrkq
,enqjd jeks idjoH wh;a fhuls' l;D ldrl jdlHhla
jk fuys Wla;h [dKinkao h' fhdod we;af;a lu
ldrl wdLHd;hls' Tjqka mrdchg m;a lrk , fjkqjg
Tjqka mrdchg m;a flf<a h hkqfjka b;d ir, j jdlHh
ksud l< yels h' f ;j;a tjeks u jelshls:
uq.hd jyd mek kd.hd iu`. fmdr nod W! urd
ouk ,' ^wdhr;ak" 1991: 95'&
uq.hd jyd mek kd.hd iu`. fmdr nod W! urd
oeuqf h lS l, wNsfm%a;d:h isoaO fkd f o @
uy uqo,s o fidhsid lrk ,o w;a msgm;a
ilaIKfha ^,xlduq,a," 2002( 59'&
zz;ud ilik ,o YofldaI ldKav fol Wvq w;g
je'''ZZ ^nd,iQh ^1991& 1992( 80'&
zznqrka iska '''fuu W;=re ksia o m%ldY lrk
,oafoa iqklaL;a; m;=rejd yk ,o u; neyer
lsrSu msih'ZZ ^kdro" 1994(13&
fjd o wkq; m fhdok ,o lu ldrl l%shd
mohla iys; jdlH hs' lrk ,oafoa ^wka whl= l< w;a msgm;a
ilaIKh ,enqf& uy uqo,s o fidhsid k w;a msgm;a
ilaIKh is flf<a ljfrlaa oehs m%YAkhla u;= f' ta ixYh
u`. yeug k uy uqo,s o fidhsid iska lrk ,o w;a
msgm;a ilaIKfha fyda uy uqo,s o fidhsid l< w;a
msgm;a ilaIKfha fyda h hq;= h' tfuka u zm;=rejd yk
,oafoaZ tk m;=rejd yeu ,enQfha iqklaL;a; k m;=rejd
yeu flf<a ljfrla oehs hk m%Yakh mek k`.S'
19

my; oelafjkafka tn u idjoH wdLHd; rEm iys;

jdlH lsysmhls(
zznqrcdKkajykafia i;ajhd fj; meje;s ffu;%i
s y.;
f;kdj ;u Y%djlhka fj; .%yfldg olajk ,'ZZ
^kdro" 1997( 17'&
zzix.S;ldrhka o ;u NdKavj,ska iemhsh yels
Wmuh imhk ,'ZZ ^nd,iQh ^1991& 1992( 23'&
zzmQcdj,sh lsUq,aj;a kqjr l< hul m%d;sydhh yd
.Kavn jDlaI uQ,fhys l< fm<yer folu jKkd
lrkq ,nhs'ZZ ^kdro" 1997( 59-60'&
zztfiau f:rjdoS NslI
a q wdh;kj, uydhdkslhka mx
Tjqkaf.a oyu uyckhdg im lrkq ,enqfh'ZZ
^kdro" 1997( 106'&
my; oelafjk jdlH lsysmh o wkjYH lu ldrl
rEm iys; h(
zzidys;Hlrejka lrkq ,nk jKkhka ;=<k
s 'a ''ZZ ^kdro"
1997( 43'&
zzinqoaO jrh ms<Sn| l;=jreka lrkq ,nk
jKkh'''ZZ ^kdro" 1997( 45'&
zznqrka ;yk lrk ,o f,daldh;jdoS woyia .e jQ
.%ka: ish,a,u ixialD; NdIdfjka rpkd lr ;sfnhs'ZZ
^kdro" 1997( 106'&
4'3'1' l;D ldrl yd lu ldrl jdlH fhdack mg,jd
.ekSu
lu ldrl jdlHhl Wla;h f,i l%shd lrkafka
lu moh fyj;a l%shdjg hg;a jkak f,iska fmkS isk
kdu moh hs' l;D fyj;a l%shdj lrjkakd fia fmkS isk
kdu moh l;D;ajh fyj;a Rcq j l%shdj lrfuka bj;a
jk ksid l;D moh wkqla; rEm .ekah hq;= jk w;r lu
moh Wla; rEmfhka fyj;a m%:ud Nla;sfhka ;eh hq;= h'
wdLHd;h fhh hq;= jkafka Wla; rEm .ekajQ ke; fyd;a
m%:ud Nla;sfhka ;enQ luhg wkqj h' we;e f,aLlhka
wkql;
a l;D fyda Wla; luh fyda hk folska tll= ms<n
s |
j fkd i,lka jdlH fhdackh is lrkq oel .; yels h:
20

ta lghq;a; ksu jk ;=re n,d isk l=iais wud jk

fidmsyd iska f,dl= uefldamam folla lEu fih
<`.g f.k tkq ,nkakSh' ^fiQh" 1989: 3&
f jdlHfhys l;D jk fidmsyd wkqla; j is'
tu kdu mohg iska hk l;D Nla;s ksmd; moh tla
fldg ;sfuka th meye,s h' fuys Wla;h h hq;af;a
uefldamam folla hkak hs' th wm%dKjd .Kfha kduhla
neka tys Wla; wkqla; rEm fNaohla wm%lg h' ;okqrEm
wdLHd;h h hq;af;a f.fkkq ,ef jekakls' fuys fhdokq
,en we;s wdLHd; rEmh ia;%S ,sx. wdLHd;hls'
isxy,fha ,sx. fNaohla oelsh yels jkafka if;k
.Kfha fyj;a m%dKjd .Kfha kdu mo inkaOfhka mu'
wf;k fyj;a wm%dKjd .Kfha kdu mo inkaOfhka
,sx. fNaohla l%h
s d;aul fkd u isxy,fha fYaI;ajhls' tfy;a
f jdlHfha f,dl= uefldamam folla hk wf;kjd
Wla; luhg fhdod we;af;a if;k ia;%S ,sx. wdLHd;hla
u fuys we;s W!k;dj hs'
iy fhdka i;=ka lsh io f b;s ,s`.= k hkqfjka
iso;a i`.rdj ia;%S ,sx. Yo ljf oehs fjfiid olajd we;'
^{dkdf,dal ys ^ixia'& 1971: 67'& ta wkqj uefldamam b;s
,s`.= ug iy fhdka fyj;a fhdaks iys; jqj ukd h!
u;= oelafjkafka ;j;a tn u idjoH jdlH fhdack
lsym
s hls:
iqukdf.a uj iska mshodig ksu,isj h<s frday,g
we;=<;a l< mqj; ie<lrKq ,enqjdh ^fiQh" 1992:
185'& ^fuys wlaIr kHdih o idjoH h'&
t;=ud iska lshkag fhfKa isxy, lyq iska n|skq
,n;a k ljr ;la ;la njg m;a fkdjkafka o
hk j. hs' ^wdhr;ak" ^1995& 1997: 15'&
zrd<yd tajd tlsfkl mslaik ,'ZZ ^nd,iQh ^1991&"
1992( 50'&
fjila lel= iq i| t<sfha jeks .Sj, ix.S;h iska
wm <ud f,djlg le|jdf.k hkq ,nhs' ^wdhr;ak"
1997-a: 112'&
21

fuys ix.S;h hkafkka mr j iska ksmd;h fhdod

we;s neka th lu ldrl jdlHhla njg fmr<d we;s fia
fmfka' tg Wla;h h hq;af;a l=ula o hkak mslaiqj ukd
h' ix.S;h iska flfrkafka ^lrkq ,nkafka& l=ula o@
le|jdf.k hkq ,eu hs' le|jd f.k hkq ,efnkafka
ljfrla oehs fih hq;= h' f jdlHh wkqj wm hs' tg
wm hkak fuys Wla; luh fjkqjg fhdod we;s nj fmfkA'
tfy;a wm hkq W;a;u mqreI nyq jpk wkqla; rEmh hs'
;okqrEm Wla; ke; fyd;a m%:ud Nla;s rEmh wms hkq hs'
wms hkak fh l, jdlHdjidkh W;a;u mqreI nyqjpkhg
wkqrEm h hq;= h' tk f jdlHfhka wfmalaIs; wre;
mejfik m k le|jdf.k hkq ,efnuq le|jdf.k
hkq ,nkafkuq jekakla h hq;= h'
lu ldrl jdlHhl jHQyh ms<sn| wkjfndaOh
lshd mdk ;j;a jdlH lsysmhla u;= oelafjhs:
tneka iskud jHdmdlhka iska Yod.dr jD;
lsu i|yd le|jkq ,enqf o uq;;
a i
= djhs' ^wdhr;ak"
1997-b: 21'&
fuys Wla; luh h hq;= uq;a;=id hs hkak
fjkqjg uq;a;=idjhs hkqfjka wjHla; lufhka ^;=mamys
j hkak iys; j& ;nd we;'
Ysj fohka fjkqfjka .S .ehQ idOqjreka kdhkaud
hk kka o IAKq fohka fjkqfjka .S .ehQ idOqjreka
wd<ajd kka o ykajk ,' ^wdhr;ak" 1991: 128'&
fuh o lu ldrl jdlHhls' wkqla; l;D wOHdydrfhka
.; hq;= jk w;r o ksmd;fhka kdu mo folla inkaO
fldg oelaf' ta kdu mo wkqla; j ;nd we;' idOqjreka
hkak nyaj:j;a neka yd o ksmd;h u`.ska tajd inkaO
fldg we;s neka o Wla; luh jifhka .sh hq;= ta mo
fol m%:ud Nla;s .kajd jdlHdjidkfhys fhfok z,Z
hk tal jpk rEmh z,oyZ fyda z,enQyZ fyda hkqfjka nyq
jpkfhka ;eh hq;= f'
22

my; oelafjkqfha lu ldrl jdlHhl uQ,sl jHQyh

fuka u Wla; wkqla; rEm fNaoh o fkdi,ld ,shjqKq jdlH
lsysmhls(
zzr;s[a[d je, m;a;= lsug flfkl= fhdok ,'ZZ
^nd,iQh ^1991& 1992( 23'&
zzTjqka fldfu uq,a,l r|jd .kakd ,'ZZ ^nd,iQh
^1991& 1992( 23'&
zz;=jd, ,o ch f>daIlhska lSm fofkl= weof.k fuka
fnfy;a oeu i|yd msg;a lrk ,'ZZ ^nd,iQh ^1991&
1992( 24'&
zzlE.eiQ ;j;a ch f>daIlhl= ;j;a fofokl= iska
w,a,d bj;g f.k hk ,'ZZ ^nd,iQh ^1991& 1992( 24'&
zziellrejka fjk;a ia : dkhlg f.k hk ,'ZZ
^nd,iQh ^1991& 1992( 51'&
zzmdf hk tkakka yuqod iska kj;kq ,ef'ZZ ^nd,iQh
^1991& 1992( 63'&
4' 3 '2' oa;aj Wla;h iys; jdlHhkays fojk Wla;h
fkdi,ld yeu
isxy,fha tla jdlH rgdjla k oa;aj Wla;h fhKq
jdlH hs' tk wdLHd; mQrKh i|yd m%Odk Wla;hg wu;r
j wm%Odk Wla;hla o wfmalaId lrk jdlH hs' wjidk l%shdj
-j ^& Od;=c jQ l,ays fufia fojk Wla;hla wfmalaIs; hs'
uu isxy,fhla fj udka l%uisxy YsIg
A f,aLlfhla
h jeks jdlH ksoiqka h' f WodyrK foflys isxy,fhla
yd f,aLlfhla hk kdu jpk ms<f
s j<ska uu yd udka
l%uisxy hk l;D mo foflys wdLHd; mQrlh fia is'
tla kdu jpkhla ;j;a kdu jpkhl wdLHdkh fyj;a l%shd
jdplh (predicate) u f jdlH m%j.fha ,laIKh f' u;=
oelafjk jdlHhkays is we;af;a Wla; rEmfhka ;eh
hq;= fojk kdu moh wkqla; rEmfhka ;eu hs'
kkaod ud,kS tjl fldgfyafka .=Kdkkao oHd,fha
mQj fcHIaG mka;sfhys YsIHdjl jQjd h' tfuka u
23

.=jka,sfha <ud wxYfhys .dhsldjl o jQjd h'

^wdhr;ak 1997-e: 80'&
fuys ksjer fh h hq;af;a YsIHdjla jQjd h yd
.dhsldjla o jQjd h hkqfjks'
fldaj,kaf.a urka miq udOh o NslaIqhl jQjd
h. ^wdhr;ak 1991: 120'&
fuys ksjer fhu h hq;af;a NslaIqhla jQjd h
hkqfjks'
4' 3' 3' ia;%S ,sx.sl fkd jk Wla; mo iu`. wdLHd;h ia;%S
,ssx.fhka ;eu
/iau wjika jQjd h'
i;sh ;SrKh l<d h'
fuys /iau i;sh hk mo ia;%S ,sx. fkd jk neka
wdLHd;h ia;%S ,sx. .ekau idjoH h' ^n,.,af,a 1995: 235.)
iNd f;dfuda isr .shdh jeks m%fhda.hla foi n,d fhdok
,o idjoH fh fia ie,lsh yels h'
4' 3' 4' ia;%S jd mohla Wla; jQ l, wdLHd;h nyq jpkfhka
;eu
iNd f;dfuda i;=ka isr .shy'
f;dfuda hkq ia;%S ,sx. tal jpk mohls' Bg wkql+,
jk wdLHd;h .shy hk nyq jpk rEmh fkd j .shd h hk
tal jpk rEmh hs'
wehf.a ;a;ksh (sic) -;%dm;s f;dfuda rdc foah
yuq lreKq ie< lr is;sZZ ^wdhr;ak 1991: 123'&
fuys Wla;h z;a;fhdaZ hs ksjer f.!rjd: nyq
jpk rEmh fia .; fyd;a is;a hk wdLHd;h .e<fma' Wla;
a h
z;%dm;s f;dfudaZ k wdLHd;h zisZ hkqfjka tal jpk
h hq;= h'
4' 3' 5' f.!rjd: nyq jpk mohla Wla; jQ l, wdLHd;h tal
jpkfhka ;eu
isxy,hg wdfl mo fYaIhla jk f.!rjd: nyq
jpk mo jQ l,s ks;H nyq jpk fYAIhls' tn mohlska tla
mqoa.,hl= ms<sn| j lshjqK o wod< kdu moh nyaj:j;a fia
24

ie,flhs' tn mohla Wla;h jifhka fhKq l, wdLHd;h

nyq jpkfhka ;eu wksjdh f' -wdK" -w" -wKq" -wKav
hk rEm f.!rjd: m%;Hh f' m%:ud Nla;s rEm idOkh
i|yd f.!rjd: m%;Hhfhka mr j - m%;Hh tla flf'
f.!rjd:fhys fhfok md hkq o oE hkq o jykafia
hkq o nyq jpk wdLHd;hla ue m;hs' ^l=udr;=x. ^nq' j' 2481&
nq' j' 2491: 280&'
zzoUrka meye we;s Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia rc.ykqjrg
msisfhah'ZZ ^kdro" 1997( 40'&
zzksiqka w;r .efgka ffoksl jk lghq;= l<
nqrcdKka jykafia isxy, .oHlrejd iska bm;a
lrk ,o uydmqreI ,laIK fya;= fldg f.k w;sudkqIl
s mqo.
a ,fhl= njg m;a h'ZZ ^kdro" 1997( 83 - 84'&
rd<ydf.a mq;Kqjka bf.kSu w;yer oeug lsif
s ia;a
leu;s fkd h' ^fiQh" 1989: 6'&
yduqrefjda l:d lf<a ;rul wukdmhlska nj
ur;Skqg;a .fndaksiag;a jegys' ^fiQh" 1989: 45'&
fkdak uy;a;hdf.a uEhkaoE jevldr .eyeh j
wdr f.or kj;d mdkaoka u wdmiq msg;a jQjd h'
^fiQh" 1989: 133'&
4' 4' mo ms<sfjf<a wkql%uh |Su
jdlHhl mo fhu fyj;a mo fhda.h inkaOfhka
NdIl iudch ms<sf.k we;s wkql%uh fyj;a wkqms<sfj<
fkd|Su o wfmalaIs;d:h wika.aOj mejiSf fnfyka
jeo.;a fjhs' wlul jdlHhla k l;D-wdLHd; folo
ilul jdlHhla k l;D -lu-wdLHd; ;=ko ms<sfj<ska
fhu ir, isxy, jdlH rgd i|yd NdIl iudch ms<sf.k
we;s idudkH modkql%uh hs' ^n,.,af,a , 1995: 245.)
wef.a ysi j;af;a fl,a, mSrka ishd h
^fiQh" 1989: 36'&

5' mo fnf fyj;a jpk fjka lsf idjoH ia:dk

mo fnu fyj;a jpk fjka lsu hkqfjka woyia
flfrkqfha jdlHhl we;=<;a jpk tlsfklska fjka fldg
25

,shd oelau hs' mer isxy,fha mo fnod ,sula kqjQ nj Ys,d

f,aLkdfhka fuka u mqiafld< fmd;aj,ska o fmkS hhs'
wdos;u f,aLk l%uj, o mo fyda jdlH fyda fnod fjka fldg
,sjSf im%odhhla fkd mej;s nj wd Bma;shdkq ,sms"
fuifmdfhdkq lS,dlaIr f,aLk yd Bhdkq iuia;
YodlaIr f,aLk o ixialD; yd fou< wd Ndr;Sh f,aLk o
uik l, m%lg fjhs' f iudchkays f,aLkh ta ms<sn|
fYaI{Ndjhlska hqla; jQjkaf.a ldhhla jQ w;r fmd;a
lshjQfjda o wlaIr ud,dj muKla fkd j wka;.;h o ms<sn|
ukd wjfndaOhlska hqla; jQfjda h' uOHld,Sk hqfrdamSh w;a
msgm;a inkaOfhka o ;;= fufia f' tfia fyhska tl,
f,aLkhl mo" jpk fyda jdlH fyda fjka fldg ,shd oelaula
wjYH fkd jQ nj ks.ukh lsu hqla;s hqla; h' ^ Gaur,(1984)
1987: 65. & uqK ;laIKh me;sr hdf m%;sM, jifhka
fmd;a uqKh wdrN jQ uq,a wjfha o u;a mo fnula fkd
mej;s nj fmfka' isxy,hg mo fjka fldg ,shd oelaf
im%odhh m%p,s; jQfha l=udr;=x. uqksodi m%uqL fy< yjqf,a
f,aLlhkaf.a f,aLkj,ska hehs mejish yels h' ^l=udr;=x.g
fmr me<Efka jr[dK yshkaf.a f,aLkj, o mo fn
olakg ,ef'& ta wkqj kdu mo lsh
% d mo yd Wmi. tlsfklska
fjka fldg ,shd oelau wNsfm%a; hs' mo fnu NdId Nd;h
hgf;a jHdlrK m%j.hlg jvd ;sh ke; fyd;a ffY,sh
hkqfjka o ykajkq ,nk m%ldYk ,dih hgf;ys ,d
ie,lSu hqla;s hqla; h' ta wkqj mo fnu f,aLlhdf.ka
f,aLlhdg fjkia h yels h' tfia o jqj jHdlrKdkql+, j
fjka fldg ,sh hq;= mo yd tla fldg ,sh hq;= mo ljf
oehs ye|sk .ekSu jeo.;a lreKls' kdu Nla;Hka; fldge;s
kdu mo yd wdLHd; Nla;Hka; fldg we;s l%h
s d mo tlsfklska
fjka fldg ,sh yels h' Y+kH Nla;sl jQ ksmd; yd Wmi.
w;ka ksmd; fjka j ,shd oelafjk w;r Wmi. ^mQj i.
o we;= j& ieu l,ays u fmr fyda miq mohg tla fldg ,sh
hq;= h' iudi hkqfjka ie,flk ix.; mo fYaIh >;ajh
i,lka mo folla fyda lsysmhla fia i,ld fjka fldg
fyda ;ks mohla fia i,ld tla fldg fyda ;eh yels h'
26

my; oelafjkafka jHdlrKdkql+, j idjoH jk mo

fn lsysmhls:
wkq ud;Dldj ^kdro" 1997( 87&
wkq j ^wdhr;ak" 1991: 34" 36" 37 wd ;eka; wdhr;ak"
^1995& 1997: 12'&
w;s olaI ^wdhr;ak" 1997 e: 83'&
foajd;s fo flfkla" ^kdro"1997( 7'&
fkdms<s .;ay ^kdro"1997( 5'&
n%yaud;s n%yau flfkla ^kdro"1997( 7'&
f ksoiqkays ms<sfj<ska wkq yd w;s hk Wmi. wmr
mofhka fjka fldg olajd ;su idjoH h'
.S j,ska ^wdhr;ak" 1997 a: 33'&
.S j,g ^wdhr;ak" 1997 a: 28" 29'&
nyaj: -j,a m%;Hh mQj mohg tla l< hq;= h' mohl
m%lD;s m%;Hh fjka fldg oelau fodils'
oela jQ ^wdhr;ak" 1997 a: 27'&
oeka jQ ^kdro"1997( 26'&
fmka jQ ^wdhr;ak" ^1995& 1997: 15'&
oela fj hs ^fr;ak"1992: 1- 14'&
fm,U h ^kdro" 1997( ix&
olajd" fmkajd" fmd,Ujd jeks m%fhdacH rEmj, zjZ
ldrh Od;=fjys fldgils'
oelafj hs" fj hs" h" fmfk hs ^fr;ak"1992: 114'&
f moj, > iajrhla jdlHdjidk ksmd;hla iu`.
ika y%iaj;ajhg m;a we;' th ika fldg olajd ,Sug
jHdlrK ;Hkql+, wjirhla fkd ,ef' we;e f,aLlhka
o ksmd;h iajr f,dam j wf>daIdfoaYhg m;a j isk l, o
fjka mohla fia ,shd olaj;;a th o mo fn kshr fuka u
ika o wkqj idjoH h'
6' j; Ihhg fhda.H fkd jk jHjydr yd fh
f,aLkhl Nd; flfrk NdIdj tu f,aLkfha
jia;= Ihh" f;audj hk wx. yd idl,Hfhka .e<fmkakla
27

h hq;= h' fYaIfhka u m%nkaO l:d Ihfhys ,d md;%

j.hdf.a iajrEmh wkqj NdIK jHjydrh mjd ilid .;
hq;= nj lsj ukd h' ^iqrr,2000: 1- 12.)
jdla fldaIh inkaOfhka flfrk idlPdjl
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= ;j o wxYhla jkafka fhdokq ,nk
mo fyda jpk fyda tajdys ksYa; w:h ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka
fhh hq;= u hs' ksoiqkla jifhka my; oelafjk jdlHh
uiuq( zznqrka mfNda. l< w|kh mh yd isr ms<sn|
.oH idys;Hlrejd lrkq ,nk jKkhka ;=<ska whialdka;
nqrejla mdGl ukfiys uef'ZZ ^kdro 1994( 47& fhda.H;d
yd wdldxlaId hk ,laIK iqrlska jdlHhla ksudKhg o
jpkj, fldaId: flfrys fuka u m%lrKd: o flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h hkak f jdlHh ksudKfha
i,ld ke;s nj fmkS hhs' tfuka u w:ySk jpk Nd;hg
o fuh ksoiqka imhhs' fuys fhfok zwhialdka; nqrejZ
hkafkka f,aLlhd woyia lrkakg we;af;a is;al nqrej
fyda ;a;dlIKSh nqoaOm%;sudj fyda jekaklehs wkqudk l<
yels h' tfy;a zwhialdka;Z hkafkys tjeks wre;la .e
fkd f' zwhiaZ hkq f,day tk hlv hk wre;a fok mohls'
zldka;Z hkafkys wre; zleu;s $ weo .kakdZ hkq hs' ta wkqj
hlv weo .kakd hk wre;ska zwhialdka;Z hehs fhh yelafla
zldkaoZ i|yd h' tfia k f,aLlhd fuys olajkqfha zldkao
nqrejlaZ ms<sn| j h hq;= h'
ft;sydisl kjl;djla rpkd lrk f,aLlhd ;ud
ksrEmKh lsug woyia lrk ksY
a ; wjh ;;a;j
a dldrfhka
oelau i|yd ;;a hq.fha iudc ft;sydisl miqu wOHhkh
lr ;su fuka u ;ud jHjydr lrk NdIdj flf;la rg
wod< miqu yd inkaO f o hkak;a ie,ls,a,g .ekSu
w;HjYH h' gq.euqKq rdc iuh miq fldg .;a kjl;djl
md;% f hda uhs , .Kks k a r uks ; a k frl= , dis
fldkafoais ;lafiare fi jeks fh jyr;a k
^fmfrd" 1992&" ta flfrys mdGlhdf.a Yajdih f.dv kef`.a
o hkak .egjls' Ndr;Sh pdrlhka lhd Ihh
28

WmIhhkays flao;ajfhka hqla; h hq;= hehs olajd

we;af;a;a yq l Yla;sh u; fkd j jHq;am;a;s{dkh u;
lhl=f.a id:l;ajh r|d mj;akd njg u; f.k yer md
we;af;a;a f ksid nj meye,s h' (Kane, 1961: 350; wrx.,"
1993:127-128'&

uYk .%ka: yd f,aLk(

wrx.," r;akis" 1993" lhd l;ajh yd ksudKh"
ixjd 1" 1993" kqf.af.dv" 118 141 msgq'
{dkdf,dal kdhl ia:r" fldaodf.dv" 1971" iso;a i`.rd
mqrdK ikakh" fld<U'
Ouodi" fla' tka' '" 1999" ixiAlD;sl mqia;sld ud,d-19
f,aLkh yd NdIKh fyj;a NdId oarEm;dj"
n;a;ruq,a,'
n,.,af,a" u,a '" ^1992& 2006" isxy, NdIdf iNjh yd
mKduh" fld<U'
1995" NdId wOHhkh yd isxy, jHjydrh" fld<U'
uqksodi" l=udr;=x." ^nq' j' 2481&" nq'j' 2491" jHdlrK
jrKh" fld<U'
iqrr" ta' '" 1993" issxy, mqj;a m;a yd NdId Nd;h"
mqj;am;a l,d ilaId" fld<U" 140 144 msgq''
2000" isxy, ksudKd;aul f,aLkfha NdIK jHjydr
Nd;h" idys;Hh 2000-1" 1 - 12 msgq''
Crystal, David,(1987) 1992, The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of
Language, Cambridge.
Gaur, Albertine, (1984) 1987: A History of Writing, London.
Kane,P.V., 1961,(3rd edition), History of Sanskrit Poetics, Delhi.

29

idOl .%ka:(
wdhr;ak"iqks,a" 1991" fou< idys;H b;sydih" fld<U'
^1995&" 1997" kQ;k ldjH ixys;d" fld<U'
1997-a" .dkaOj wmodk: 1-fudfydu .jqia iy
'weia' fmfrd" fld<U'
1997- b" .dkaOj wmodk: 2-uq;a;=id iy frdlaid"
fld<U'
1997- c" .dkaOj wmodk: 3-iurjdlr iy pkafiak"
fld<U'
1997-e" .dkaOj wmodk: 5-fudfydu id,s iy mS'
t,a' taa' fidaumd," fld<U'
lue,a,r" ch;s,l" 2000" udxpq iy wka;su leue;a;"
uq,af,ahdj'
kdro" lsjf
q ,af.or" 1997" fmd;ska ksrEmKh jk nqyduqrefjda"
fld<U'
fmfrd" fgksika" 1992" rdcdNrK" fld<U'
nd,iQh" fidaur;ak" ^1991&" 1992" lr;a;h" le,h'
,xlduq,a," l=iqu,;d" 2002" kQ;k isxy, idys;Hfha
mqfrda.dhd fia o w,aia" mkaksmsh'
fr;ak" t' v,s' u,a" 1992" o<od mqj; Ydia;%Sh
ixialrKh" fld<U'
fiQh" ir;a" 1989" w wr" fld<U iy mdkj-mdlal'
1992" je,a md,u" fld<U'

30