mqrdK ,xldfõ wOHdmk mrud¾: idOkfhys,d

isxy, WmfoaY ldjHfha ld¾hNdrh

iaj¾Kd by<.u
fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h
isxy, wOHhk wxYh
le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h

woH;k Y%S ,xldfõ l%shd;aul jk iuia; wOHdmk l%shdj,shg jvd fndfyda fihska
fjkia jQ ir, yd .=Kd;aul wOHdmk l%uhla Ñrka;kfhys l%shd;aul ù ;sfí' ,laÈjg
nqÿooyfï iïm%dma;sh iksgyq ka l< ft;sydisl ixisoaêh jk uyskaod.ukh isÿ jQ l%s'mQ' ;=kajeks
ishjifia mgka l%s' j' 1505 § mD;=.sis wd.ukh olajd jQ ld, mrdih ;=< ta wOHdmk l%uh
mej;=Ks' th fn!oaO wdNdih iys; ;;ald,Sk iudc wjYH;d bIag lsÍug iu;a iodpdr
ixj¾Okhg idkqn, iemhqKq wOHdmk l%uhla jQfha h' id¾: wOHdmk l%uhla hkq mqoa.,hdf.a
ffoksl Ôú;fha wjYH;d fyda cd;sl wd¾Ól yd idudÔh wjYH;d imqrd,Su fyda muKla fkdj
mqoa.,hdf.a wdOHd;añl mdßY=oaêh we;s lr,Sfuys fmdfydi;a ffp;isl wNHdihla o
,efnkakla úh hq;= h'

ñksid yod rg ie§u;a rg yod ñksid ;ekSu;a ld¾hoajhhlss' fuys ye§u hkafkys w¾:h
ixj¾Okh hs' ñksid ye§u hkq rfgys fjfik ck;dj wdOHd;aóh jYfhka by< ;,hlg
f.k hdu hs¦ rg ye§u hkq fN!;sl jYfhka tkï wd¾Ól jYfhka by< ;eklg f.k hdu hs'
nqÿoyñka fmdaIs; Ñrka;k Y%S ,dxflah iudchg wd¾Ól yd wdOHd;añl ixj¾Ok l%shdj,s fol
u ;=,s; uÜgulska idOkh lr.ekSug yels ù ;sfnkafka tl, mej;s id¾: wOHdmk l%shdj,sh
ksid h' mqoa.,hl=f.a wdOHd;aóh ixj¾Okhg moku jefgkafka <ud wjêfha § wOHdmk
l%shdj,sh Tiafia h' th <uhska Ôú;h ms<sn| w¾:h yd fya;= ms<sn| wjfndaO lr.ekSug ork
m%h;akh yd iïnkaO jkakls' tys § ;u ðú;fha w¾:h yd wruqK l=ulao@ ;uka ljqo@ ;uka
fuys isákafka wehs@ ;u wkd.;h fln÷o@ ksjerÈ foa yd jerÈ foa w;r fjkialï fudkjdo@
;uka ksjerÈ foa u l<hq;af;a wehs@ f,dalfha úYd, jYfhka jerÈ foa u isÿjkafka wehs@ hk
iajhx mekj,g ms<s;=re ,eîu isÿ fõ ^Thompson and Randall 1999:8 &' ckhd iqprs; ud¾.hg
fhuq ùu;a" ÿYapß; ud¾.fhka neyer ùu;a tu.ska YsIagiïmkak" ixhuYS,S" keKj;a hy
iudchla f.dvke.Su;a wdOHd;añl ixj¾Okfhka w;ajk m%ÓM, hs'

ck;djf.a wOHdmkfhys iajNdjh Tjqkaf.a idys;Hfhys ms<sìUq jkafka h' merKs fuka
u uOHld,Sk ,laÈj wOHdmkh nqÿiuh yd b;d wdikak j ne£ mej;s fyhska ta ld,j, ìys jQ
idys;Hh wd.ñl uqyqKqjrlska fyìfha h ^,xldfõ wOHdmkh 1969( xivii)' úfYaIfhka u isxy,
WmfoaY idys;Hfhka wOHdmkfha wdOHd;aóh ixj¾Ok wruqKq idOkfhys,d jeo.;a
ld¾hNdrhla bgq jqKs' YsIAg iïmkak Ôú;fha bÈß .ukg ;=vq fok pdß;% úê yd iudc
jákdlï y÷kajd fok nqoaêu;a wkqYdikd iys; .eÈ meÈ idys;H lD;s WmfoaY idys;Hh fia
ie,lsh yels h' Ñrka;k idys;Hlrejka iajlSh ks¾udKj, kkaúO i¥mfoaY wka;¾.; flf<a
o tjka hy iudchla ìys lsÍug odhl;ajh iemhSfï uqLHdOHdYfhks' tneúka zzÑrka;k
idys;H ks¾udK fndfyduhla wd.ñl yd i¥mfoaYd;aul lD;Syq fj;sZZ^okkaiQßh 2004(21&' úo.aO
idys;Hfhka fuka u ck idys;Hfhka o i¥mfoaY ikaksfõokh isÿ úKs' flfia fj;;a isxy,
idys;H b;sydifha WmfoaY idys;Hhla fjka fldg y÷kd.; yelafla 13 jk ishjfia § h'
tf;la ld,hla WmfoaY idys;Hhl wjYH;dj u;= fkdùug fya;=j" Bg mQ¾j iEu idys;H
lD;shl u mdfya WmfoaYd;aul lreKq we;=<;a ùu h'

1
 Ñrka;k isxy, .oH idys;H lD;Skays wruqK jQfha O¾fudamfoaY iemhSu h' nqÿ isß;"
nqÿoyu yd úkh ms<sn| lreKq u.ska ck Ñka;kh fmdaIKh fldg wdOHd;aóh ixj¾Okfhka
fyì iudchla ia:dms; lsÍug f,aLlhka ±lajQ wNsreÑh tjka lD;s rpkfha uqLHdOHdYhka
úuiSfï § meyeÈ,s fjhs' zzyslauúh hq;a;ka yslaujd wud uy ksjka ,k fia okakd udf.a iajdñ
orejka zirK fhñhsZ nq;airK hdhq;=ZZ ^nqq;airK" 1960( 84&' zzi;a mqreIhka úiska yeu fjf,a
ue fï nK is;" ;nd ;=kafodßka isoaO jk wl=Y,ska ÿre je l=i,a mqrd f,ù f,djq;=rd iem;a
ksrdhdifhka isoaOlg hq;=ZZ ^ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh"1971(6&' zzl,HdK mD:.ack jQ wlaIrdNdHdih
we;s i;amqreIhka idjoH jQ l¾udka;hla yer ksrjoH jQ O¾ufhka wd;aud¾:-mrd¾:
iod.Kqïyhs is;d ksrjoH Ôúldfhka ta ta ;kays O¾uodkd§ f,dajevlrKqfia i;ajk f,dajev
hhs lshñZZ ^mQcdj,sh"1986( 19& hkd§ ;eka Bg kso¾Yk jYfhka ±laúh yels h'

md,s cd;lÜGl;dfjka isxy,g fm/<S we;s cd;l l;d yefull u mdfya we;af;a o
i¥mfoaYhka h' zzWmfoaYl;ajh .¾N fldg we;s .oH wdLHdk" cd;l l;dj, ixj¾Okfhys
iqúfYaIdx.hla f,i úkag¾ksÜia olajhs ^Winternitz, 1938: 11&' Èh;a;la f,i werö uy .`.la
njg fm/<S .,d hkakd fia furg ck Ôú;fha úúO wxY Tiafia me;sr f.dia we;s cd;l l;d
úh;=kg fuka u fkdúh;a yq§ okg;a tlfia ßis jvñka M, okjñka Ôú;h iïnkaO yeu
wjia:djla yd .e<emS we;s ieá ±lsh yels h' fï cd;l l;d mqj;a isxy, .eÈ-meÈ idys;H lD;s
ks¾udKhg jia;= úIh iemhQ fldaIaGd.drhla jQfha ta l;d i¥mfoaY ikaksfõokhg w.kd
udOHhla jQ fyhsks'

isxy, idys;Hfha iudrïNl hq. ksfhdackh lrk moH lD;sj, o i¥mfoaY wka;¾.; j
we;s whqre ye¢k.; yels h' O¾udkql+, Èú meje;au wdOHd;a óh ixj¾Okfha moku nj fn!oaO
ck iudcfha ms<s.ekSu úh' ta nj iajlSh ldjH ks¾udKj,ska o ckhdg isysm;a lrùug
idys;Hlrefjda l%shd l<y' iqrì fok" is;=ñKs rejk" Nø>gh yd ÈjH jDlaIh hkdÈhg
mqoa.,fhl= b,a,k leu;s jia;=jla ,nd Èh yels jqj;a fudalaI iqjh ,nd §ug fkdyels nj;a"
fudalaI iqjh ,nd .; yelafla O¾uh wkq.ukh lsÍfuka muKla nj;a iiodjf;ys ±lafõ(

zz.j`.k is;=ñKs - no l< iqr;=re h;=ÿ

isßfoa fudla isß fkdfoa - fuoï .; fyo w;am;aZZ
^iiod újrKh" 1954 ( 247 moHh&

zz;uka w;g ;u w;uh fijKe,a,ZZ hk m%lg lú mdGfhka o lshefjk mßÈ

mqoa.,hl=g iajlSh Ôú;h ch .ekSug Wmia:ïNl jkafka iafjda;aidyh yd lemùu nj by;
moH mdGfhka ,nd fok WmfoaYh hs' fy< niska rÑ; uydldjHhlg .;yels m%Yia;;u
ksoiqk f,i ie,lsh yels lõis¿ñK wdrïN fldg we;af;a o iqpß;j;a iudchla ìys lsÍug
fnfyúka u bjy,a lr .; yels i¥mfoaYhla ikaksfõokh lrñks(

zz;ud jroi fkdÈiafka -furud fodia ue Èiafka

kqjka neyer kyu;a -;ud uq;a fkdolafka lsuZZ
^lõis¿ñK 1983( 1 i.-1 moHh&
;udf.a jrÈka ì|l=ÿ fkd±l" wkqkaf.a jro u ±lSu jHjydr f,dalfha idudkH iajNdjh
jQj;a weia wer n,f;d;a ;ud yer fkdolafka l=ulao@ hkqfjka lúhd ;shqKq ;¾lhla
f.dvk`.hs'

2
 fldaÜfÜ hq.fha rÑ; uydldjH .Kfhys,d ie,flk ldjHfYaLrfha o ldka;d mlaIh
b,lal lr .;a i¥mfoaY wka;¾.; fõ' iudcfha hymeje;aug bjy,a jk mjq,a tallfha iu.s
iïmkakNdjh wdrlaId lsÍfï § ldka;djg m%uqL j.lSula mjrk l;=jrhd ta iïnkaOfhka
WmfoaY ud,djla isysm;a lrjhs(

zzfkdlshd ish ysñ g - ke;=jo W;=re i¿mg

.uk blauka fldg - fkdhka kqU jik f.ka msg;gZZ

zzysñ jqjo WrKd - fkdlshd f;mq,a oreKd

jvj is;a lreKd - je,s;a fkdis;j fo;ek irKdZZ
^ldjHfYaLrh" 1960( 16 i.&
.=;a;s, ldjHfhys wka;¾.; i¥mfoaY iudc h:d¾:h ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd §fuys ,d
w;sYhska u jeo.;a fõ' tys we;=<;a i¥mfoaY w;r" iev myrlg yiqj .id f.k hk ,S o`vqjla
uqod .;a;;a ÿ¾ckhkag msysg fkdjekakhs hkak;a" lsß Èhßka fldf;la fidaod yeßh o w`.=rej,
meyeh lsisúfgl;a fjkia l< fkdyelsjdla fuka ÿ¾ck mqoa.,hkag fl;rï Woõ Wmldr l<
o Tjqkaf.a whym;a .;s mej;=ï fjkia l< fkdyelsh hkak;a iudc jHjydr.; fhÿï njg o
m;aj ;sîfuka tajd ck ú{dkh yd noaO ù we;s wkaou y÷kd.; yels h(

zzÈfhys hk oKavg - msysgla fj;;a fmr isg

ÿokayg msysg - fkdjjQ hk ni ieno flf< ugZZ
zzfldmuK .=K l<;a - ÿofkda fkdfj;s hy m;a
lsß Èfhks foúh;a - w.re iqÿjk lf,la kï ke;aZZ
^.=;a;s, ldjHh" 1991( 198- 199moH&

rdcH md,lhka w±yeñ jk úg ue;s weu;sjreka" wkqYdilhka yd rgjeis ckhd o

w±yeñ jk nj yd .skafkka isis,ila ,eìh yels jqj;a mska mõ lshd fohla ke;ehs mjik
ksjgqkaf.ka lsisÿ fi;la me;sh fkdyels nj jeks jeo.;a i¥mfoaY nqÿ.=Kd,xldrfha o we;=<;a
fõ' ^nqÿ.=Kd,xldrh" 1978( 104" 131moH&

mdGl yd fY%da;%e ckhd fj; i¥mfoaY /ila ikaksfõokh flfrk lD;shla jYfhka
f,dajev i`.rdjg o úfYaI w.hla ysñ fõ' fn!oaO b.ekaùï wkqj nqÿjrhl= f,dj my<
jkafka l,d;=rlsks' tfia u ukqIHNdjhla ,eîu o ÿ,n wjia:djls' nqoaêfha Wmß M,h jQ
nqoaO;ajh ,eîug kï ukqIH wd;auNdjhla ,eìh hq;= fjhs' fï iajNdjh wjfndaO lrf.k"
wiSrefjka w;am;a lrf.k ;sfnk ukqIH wd;auNdjfha § iißka ñ§u i|yd ù¾hh jeãfuys
jeo.;alu wkdjrKh lrk f,dajevi`.rd l;=jrhd" lï iemf;ys f,d,a ùfï wd§kj" oi
wl=i,a" mqKH l%shd" mrd¾: p¾hdj yd ndysr Tmfhys ksIaM, nj wd§ lreKq /ila ms<sn| Tjoka
;u lD;sh u`.ska y÷kajd fohs(

zzl=ugo ld î ke;s ierfika fka

fld;ko fï lh wrf.k hka fkaZZ
zzw;a jev mrjev iuj is;ka fka
fu;a is; iõ i; flfrys lrka fkaZZ

3
 zzld,d ri uqiq fndack lr fmï
.d,d iqj|e;s i÷kq;a ukrï
,d,d wnrK ßisf,i ier iqï
md,d .sh jeks nyqrE flda,ï
^f,dajev i`.rdj"1978( 29" 33" 51 moH&
isxy, idys;Hfhys fuka u iudcfhys o ydhk ld, mßÉfþohla jQ iS;djl hq.fha §
rÑ; iqNdIs;h ixialD;" md,s yd øúv WmfoaYd;aul idys;H lD;Skays wdNdih o ,nñka isxy,
ck iudch fj; i¥mfoaY /ila odhdo lr we;s lD;shls' ñ:HdoDIaál foaj weoySïj, ksire
nj" mska lsÍfï w.h" iqok .=K" ÿok w.=K" hym;a ck weiqr" iqÿiaidg iqÿiq ;ek ,eìh hq;=
nj" jeks hym;a Ôú;hlg u. fmkajk lreKq /ila fï lD;sfhys wka;¾.; fõ'

wyfia ;drld fl;rï ;snqK o" f,dfõ w÷r ÿre l< yelafla tl mqka i|g muKls'
tfia u iudchg hym;la fkdlrk mq;=ka ishhlg jvd" .=K kqjKska fyì tla mq;%hl= isàu
m%udKj;a nj lúhd mjikafka tjeks hym;a orejl=f.a jákdlu mdGlhdg wjfndaO lrùug
h'
mska u| mq;=ka ishhla ,ÿj;a ksire
tl mqka i¢ka ÿre fjhs f,dj .K w÷reZZ ^iqNdIs;h"1978( 20 moHh&'

mQ¾fjdala; WmfoaYh j¾;udk iudcfha mjd iEu wjia:djl § u mdfya nyq,j Ndú;
ùfuka ckuki flfrys WmfoaY ldjH u.ska isÿ flfrk n,mEu fln÷ ±hs y÷kd.; yels h'

isxy, WmfoaY ldjH w;r .S ldjH wdlD;sfhka rÑ; f,dafldamldrhg o úfYaI ;ekla
ysñ fõ' iqok .=K yd iqok weiqfrys m%;s,dN" mõlïys wdoSkj" ia;%shf.a ÿ¾.=K" foudmshkag
ie,lSu yd fiajkhg iqÿiq mqoa.,hka hkd§ lreKq ms<sn| WmfoaY /ila fï lD;sfha we;=<;a
fldg we;' wd{dklï neyer fldg fuf,dj Èúh iemj;a fldg f.k f,daflda;a;r jYfhka o
iem ,eîug f,dafldamldrh fiajkh lrk fuka l;=jrhd mdGlhdg werhqï lrhs(

zzwkqjK ÿ/r iem jdih - lr fuf,dj ksr;=frka

i.fudla iem;a ,en .kag - n,õ f,dafldamldrhZZ
^f,dafldamldrh" 1963( 236 moHh&
merKs wOHdmk l%ufha § Ndú; mdG .%ka:hla jk joka lú fmd; <ud mrmqrg w;sYh
m%fhdackj;a i¥mfoaY rdYshla we;=<;a lD;shls' bf.kSu jQ l,s f,dj we;s iEu Okhlg u jvd
W;=ï nj lúhd úiska ;yjqre lrkq ,nkqfha hï mqoa.,hl= úiska wOHdmkh u.ska Wlyd
.ekqKq ±kqu lsisÿ wdldrhlska fidr i;=rkg meyer .; fkdyels jQ o iev c, myrlska mjd
úkdY ù fkdhkakd jQ o rcqkag fyda ue;s weu;sjrekaag fyda iajlSh n,h fhdojd wh;a lr .;
fkdyels jQ o Ôú;h mqrd u ;uka ika;lfhys ;nd .; yels uyd¾> iïm;la jYfhka olajñks(

zz;=nQ ;ekl fidr i;=rka .; fkdfykd

tiev ukd j;a j;=frka j, fkdhkd
fldam jqj;a rc ue;s÷ka .; fkdfykd
W.;ukd Ys,amh uhs u;= /flkdZZ
^.Kfoú yE,a, iy joka lú fmd;"1992( 30 moHh&

4
 wOHdmkh fl;rï W;=ï jqj o th ,nd .ekSu t;rï myiq ld¾hhla fkd fõ' w;S;fha
mjd wOHdmkh flfrys wd¾Ól idOlh n,md ;sfí' wd¾Ól ÿIalr;d wOHdmkh ,eîug
ndOdjla jqj o u;= ÈhqKqj ms<sn| is;d tjeks ;;a;ajhka bjid ord f.k lghq;= lsÍug YsIHhka
Wkkaÿ lr ;sfí' msßmqka wyr fõ,la ke;s l, isÕd ld fyda iqj miq we;sß,a,la ke;s l,
fld< w;= w;=rk ,o ìul jqj ksodf.k fyda" w¨;a jia;% ke;s l, lvud¨ we÷ï jqj we|f.k
fyda wkd.; Ôú;h id¾:l lr.ekSu Wfoid buy;a ,eÈhdjlska Ys,amYdia;% bf.k .kakd
fuka joka lú fmdf;a rplhd YsIH mrmqrg fok WmfoaYh i¾j ld,Sk jákdlulska hqla;
jQjls(
zzw,a,g is`.dj;a ri ke;s leú,s lld
j,a fld< ìu w;=g ks¢ fkd,en ÿla ;ld
l,a .sh frÈ jer<s we| ±,s l=fKka jld
we,afuka wl=re W.ksõ bÈß jev ;ldZZ
^.Kfoú yE,a, iy joka lú fmd;" 1992(31 moHh&

ndf,dajdoh kï ldjH ix.%yh" wOHdmkh ,nk nd, mrmqrg i¥mfoaY rdYshla odhdo
flfrk iy mqrdK wOHdmk l%uh ms<sn| jeo.;a lreKq fy<s flfrk ldjH lD;shla jYfhka
lemS fmfka' orejl= m%d:ñl wOHdmkh wdrïN lr we;af;a jhi wjqreÿ my imsfrk l, nj
tys i|yka fõ¦

zzwjqreÿ mi .sh oji g - lshuka mq¿jks ´ y g

fokak fo.=re jr iy;= g - foj ;u ore .=re f.or gZZ
^jðr{dK ysñ 1992(207&

bf.kSu wdrïNfha § u YsIHhkag wdOHd;añl ixj¾Okhg wjYH moku f.dvk.d

.ekSug bjy,a jk miamúka je<lsu" w`Mhu msì§u" wd.ñl j;dj;ays fh§u" fouõmshka yd
.=rejreka keu£u wdÈ ioap¾hdjka Ydiaf;%daoa.%yK ld¾hfhys § jeo.;a jk whqre ndf,dajdo
lúhd wjOdrKh lrhs¦

zzfldr ms`M w| nd,hkag

uq. L§r úlal¨kag
;j;a fkdfhla kdlshkag
iskd fikak tmd WkagZZ

zzfoúhka fuka ks;s .=reka is;ka fka

tu úg Ys,amh my< fjñka fkaZZ

zz;uka .=rejre Wj;a flf,id fkdhka wka .=rejre fj ;d

wkqkaf.a nia isf;a fkdr|d .=reka nia ;n uqÿk ;dZZ
^jðr{dK ysñ 1992(207"209&

hym;a isß;a úß;a YsIH wjÈfha isg u mqyqKq lsÍug" moku ieliSu fuu moH ks¾udKh
lsÍfï wruqK ù we;' ÿn,hska ydiHhg ,lalsÍu fkdukd ls%hdjla fia i,ld neyer lsÍu;a"
.=rejreka" foúhka yd iudkj i,ld lghq;= lsÍu;a wOHhk ls%hdj,sfha iM,;ajh flfrys
Rcqju n,mdk wkaou mQ¾fjdala; moHj,ska wjOdrKh flfrhs' tfia u ;ukag Ys,amh ,nd
fok .=rejrekaf.a fiajh wj;lafiare fldg" wúYajdihg ,lalr fjk;a .=rejreka flfrys
úYajdi ;nd Tjqka fj; hdfuka je<lSu hym;a nj o fï moHj,ska wkdjrKh flfrhs'

mQ¾fjdala; WmfoaYh j¾;udkhg o ukd j .e<fmkakls' mdi,aj, isák l=i,;dmQ¾K

.=rejreka yd Tjqkaf.a úêu;a wOHdmk l%ufõohka flfrys úYajdih fkd;nd mqoa.,sl
Wmldrl mka;sj, .=rejrekaf.a irK me;Sfï rgdjlg kQ;k YsIH mrmqf¾ nyq;rh wkq.; j

5
isàu j¾;udkfha ±lsh yels fmdÿ m%jK;djls' úêu;a" úkh.rel wOHdmkhla ,nd fok
mqoa.,sl mka;s yd .=rejreka we;s kuq;a nyq;rhla fiajhg jvd uqo,g m%uqL;dj fok m%udKj;a
wOHdmk iqÿiqlï mjd ke;s .=rejreka nj ta ms<sn| j isÿ flreKq m¾fhaIKj,ska ;yjqre ù
;sfí' fndfyda úg ta .=rejreka úiska mdi,a .=rejrhdf.a fiajh wj;lafiare flfrk wdl,am
YsIH ukig msúiúu o isÿ lrkq ,efnhs' fun÷ ;;ajhka yd iei£fï § ndf,dajdoh jeks
lD;Skays i¾jld,Sk jákdlu fln÷ ±Zhs hkak uekúka jgyd .; yelsh'

fujeks i¥mfoaY wka;¾.; idys;H lD;s u.ska merKs ck iudchg wOHdmk

l%shdj,sfhys .eí jQ wdOHd;aóh ixj¾Ok wruqKq idOkh lr .ekSug úYd, ld¾hNdrhla bgq ù
;sfí' j;auka YsIH mrmqrg o tjeks lD;s mßYS,kh M,odhl jqj;a Tjqkg tys m%;s,dN
w;aú£ug bv m%ia:d fkdue;s ;rï h' tla mfilska Tjqka ;r.ldÍ wOHdmk rgdj fya;=fjka
idys;H fiajkhg Wkkaÿj we;;a Bg ld,h ke;s msßils' wfkla miska Tjqkag ld,h ;snqK o
ckms%h ixialD;sl m%jdyhka yd iqmsß ;dlaIKsl udOHhkaf.a wdl¾IKhg yiqj wka;¾cd,
iudccd,j, uxuq<d jQ msßils' fï ;;ajh yuqfõ WmfoaY idys;H fiajkh j¾Okh lsÍfï
wNsfm%arK iemhSï flfrys wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha § wjOdkh fhduq ùu jeo.;a h'
tfia u kQ;k ckudOHj,g o ta iïnkaOfhka .; yels Wmdh ud¾. o fndfyda h'

mdol igyka

1. Implementing the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child; A Standard of living adequate
for children's spiritual development, Thompson, Rose A. and Randall, Brandy, 1999, Ed.
Arlene Bowers Andrews and Natalie Hevener Kaufman Praeger Publishers: USA: pp 87-104.
2. ,xldfõ wOHdmkh - ishji m%ldYkh 1995" wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl wud;HdxYh( fld<U
3. iïm%odh yd ixialD;sl yr" ðkodi okkaiQßh" 2004" f.dvf.a( fld<U'
4. nq;airK" ixialrKh( ,nq.u ,xldkkao ysñ" 1960" .=Kfiak iy iud.u( fld<U'
5. ioaO¾ur;akdj,sh" ixialrKh( lsßwe,af,a" [dKúu, ysñ" 1971" .=Kfiak iy iud.u( fld<U
6. mQcdj,sh" ixialrKh( lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ" 1986" .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U'
7. History of Indian Literature, Winternitz, M., Vol. II, 1938, Calcutta
8. iiod újrKh" ixialrKh( uqkos di l=udr;=x." 1954" .=Kfiak iy iud.u( fld<U'
9. lõis`MñK iqukidr jHdLHd" ixia( lryïmsáf.dv iqukidr ysñ" 1983" bkaÈl uqøKd,h(
fld<U'
10. ldjHfYaLrh" ixialrKh( lsßwe,af,a [dKúu, ysñ" 1960" .=Kfiak iy iud.u" fld<U'
11. .=;a;s, ldjHh"1991" ^ixia'& ví' weia' lreKd;s,l" .=Kfiak iy iud.u( fld<U'
12. nqÿ.=Kd,xldrh" 1978" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U'
13. f,dafldamldrh" 1963" ^ixia'& weï' tÉ' mSg¾ is,ajd( fld<U
14. .Kfoú yE,a, iy joka lúfmd;" 1992" .=Kfiak iy iud.u( fld<U
15. jð{dk ysñ" fydrK 1992" isxy, idys;H .%k: a m%§msld" f.dvf.a( fld<U'
16. f,dajev i`.rdj" ixialrKh( fojqkoa r jdÑiair ysñ" 1978" .=Kfiak iy iud.u( fld<U'
17. iqNdIs;h" ixialrKh( .=Kmd, fiakdër 1978" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j( fld<U