4'5 Y% f,day iy tAjdfha Nd;

uQ,jH" uQ,sl jYfhka f,day iy wf,day f,i ldKav follg fnok

nj;a" tu f,day iy wf,day uQ,jH wfma ffoksl lghq;= i|yd Nd; lrk
nj;a" Tn wgjk fY%afha bf.k .;a nj u;l we;s'

4'5'1 Y% f,day hkq fudkjd o @

uQ,jH ;ekS we;af;a mrudKqj,sks' ixY=oaO uQ,jHhl wvx.= jkafka tla
mrudKq j.hla mu' whka ^hlv&" fldm ^;U& jeks f,dayuh uQ,jH" ie,l+
g tAjd ixY=oaO j Nd; jk wjia:d iS; h' fuhg fya;=j jkafka O
bls" WmlrK iy fuj, ;ekSu i|yd wjYH .=Kdx. tu f,day i;= fkdu
h'
tfyhska O ldh i|yd O .;s .=K iy .;s ,laIK iys; ;ekq jH
ksmojd .ekSug wjYH f' f i|yd ixY=oaO f,dayh iu fjk;a f,day fyda
f,dayuh fkd jk jH fyda Y%lr iucd;Sh f,day Y%K idod.kS' fuu Y%K"
tAjd ;kd we;s ixY=oaO f,dayj,g jvd m%fhdackj;a .=K iys; h' ms;a;," f,dalv
fuka u ler 22 r;arka o f wdldrhg idod.;a Y% f,dayj,g ksoiqka h'

4'5'2 rEmh - iajKdNrK

4'5'1 rEmh - ms;a;, NdKav

f,dayj,g fjk;a f,day fyda f,dayuh fkdjk jH fyda Y% fldg

ilia lr.kq ,nk f,dayuh .=K we;s jH Y% f,day ^alloys& f,i yekaf'

21
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

4'5'2 iq,n Y% f,day" tAjdfha .=K" .;s ,laIK iy Nd;

ka wm tfkod Nd; lrk O .=K yd .;s,laIK iys; Y% f,day iuyrla
iy tAjdfha Nd; o i,ld n,uq' my; 4'5'1 j.=j fydka wOHhkh lrkak'
Y% f,dayh

wvx.= ix>gl

.;s ,laIK

Nd;

ms;a;,
^Brass&

fldm ^Cu&
iskala ^Zn&

;rula h"
rkajka mdgg yqre h"
myiqfjka u,sk fkd
f'

irfka r e" w.= , a " c,

lrdu" Yd, myka "
iSkq" Yd, u,a nka"
,s WmlrKj,
ikakdhl fldgia
;ekSug'

f,dalv
^Bronze&

fldm ^Cu&
ka ^Sn&
f, ^Pb&

b;d h" wdykH iy m%;sud"

;kH nj wvq h" u, Yd, >Ka g d wdh
fkd nef|a" myiqfjka ;ekSug'
f. fkd hhs'

hq/ka
^Duralumin&

weksh^Al& Yla;su;a h"

fldm ^Cu& ieye,a h"
Mn, Mg,Si, Zn, u, fkd nef|a'
iq jYfhka

uD fida,av
^mdyk Bh&
^Solder&

f, ^Pb&
ka ^Sn&

ler - 22
r;arka
^Gold
22Karat&

r;arka ^Au&
fldgia 22
fldm ^Cu&
fldgia 2

wvq jdxlhla we;"

^myiqfjka WKq f'&

ksfl%da
^Nichrome&

ksl,a ^Ni&
fl%dah ^Cr&

f,day mEiaiSu i|yd

Nd; flf'

Yla;su;a h"
u,sk fkd f"
wdNrK ;ekSug'
ukd meyehla iy
,siSula we;'

Yla;su;a h"
iskala ^Zn&
wekauks ^Sb& ieye,a h'
fldm ^Cu&

mshqg
^Pewter&

.= j ka h dkdj, ms g ;
jeiau"
cfk,a rduq wdh
;ekSug'

c, lrdu" l= v d
jdykj,
msiagka"
fcda.= wdh ;ekSug'

oHq;a m%;sfrdaOh b;d ;dm uQ,djhj ;ekSug'

wl h'

4'5'1 j.=j #- hlv wvx.= fkdjk Y% f,day iy tAjdfha Nd;

22
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

O ldh i|yd W; jk O .;s ,laIK ,nd.ekSug hlvj,g o"

fjk;a f,day fuka u wf,dayuh uQ,jH o tla lr" Y% f,day rdYshla ;kd we;'
hlv ^whka& wvx.= Y% f,day ^ferro alloys& yd tAjdfha Nd; ms<sn| j <g
i,ld n,uq'

hlv wvx.= Y% f,day lsysmhla

bls ludka;fha o O hka;%i
- Q;%" wdhqO iy fuj, ;ekSf o"
nyq, j u Nd; jk jdfka" ixY=oaO f,dayhla fkd f' jdfka ksmojd.kq
,nkafka hlvj,g O m%udKj,ska ldnka kue;s wf,dayh Y% lsfuks'
tneka jdfka Y% f,dayhla f,i ie,fla'
ldnka Y% lr ;kkq ,nk jdfka Y% f,dayh b;d nyq, f,i Nd; f'
tuksid ldnka wvx.= Y% f,day ms<n
s | j o" flfhka fyda i,ld ne,Su W; f'
uD jdfka ^Mild steel& (- hlvj,g b;d wvqfjka ldnka Y%lr ksmojd we;'
Yla;u
s ;a h' uOHu f,i wdykH iy ;kH .=K we;' md," wg" l=kq"q jdykj,
msg; wdjrKh wdh ;ekSug .kq ,ef'
jdfka ^Hard steel& (- hlvj,g uD jdfkaj,g jvd jefhka ldnka Y% lr
ksmojd we;' Yla;su;a h' nj je h' tneka myiqfjka f. fkd hhs'
wdykH iy ;kH nj wvq h' mkakrh h yels h' mSr" nqreu" lsh;a ;," wd wdhqqo
iy fuj, ;ekSug fhdod .efkhs'
kp fyj;a jd;a;= hlv ^Cast iron& (- hlvj,g jemqr ldnka Y% lr
ksmojd we;' b;du;a h' Yla;su;a h' wdykH nj yd ;kH nj fnfyka wvq
h' tkaka f,dla wdh jd;a;= lsug .kq ,ef'
u, fkdnef|k jdfka ^ Stainless steel& (- hlvj,g fl%d
a h yd ksl,a Y% lr
ksmojd we;" Yla;u
s ;a h" ,sfia" u, fkd neu fYaI;ajh hs' ye" .Eremam"q c, lrdu"
c, fi iy ie;al WmlrK wdh ;ekSug u, fkd nef|k jdfka Nd; f'

4'5'3 rEmh - ye|s.Eremamq

4'5'4 rEmh - ie;al WmlrK

gxiagka jdfka (Tungsten steel)

hlvj,g gxiagka Y% lr ksmojd we;' b;d Yla;su;a h' b;d h' wf.S
lemq wdhqO ;ekSug Nd; f'
23
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'

4'5'5 rEmh - .=jkahdkd idod we;af;a

hq/ka Nd; lsfuka h'

4'5'6 rEmh
f,dalv m%;sudjla

4'5'7 rEmh
ms;a;, Wmdx.

tl u f,dayhlg jqj o O f,day j. Y% lsfuka tlsfklg yd;amiska

u fjkia .=K yd ,laIK iys; Y% f,day ;eksh yels nj Tng wjfndaO jkakg
we;'

Tn okakjd o@
ish .Kkla jQ Y% f,day w;ka Tf kqug tla lr.ekSu i|yd
;j;a Y% f,day lsysmhla ms<sn| f;dr;=re my; j.=f laf'
Y% f,dayh

m%Odk ix>gl

.;s ,laIK

Nd;

bkajd
^Invar&

whka ^Fe&
ksl,a ^Ni&

b;d wvqfjka
m%idrKh f'

Trf,daiq
fldgia"
WIaK;aj md,lj,
oa ;a j f,da y m
;ekSug'

we,aksflda
^Alnico&

weksh ^Al&
ksl,a ^Ni&
whka ^Fe&
fldafnda,a^Co&

b;d fydka
pqnlkh f'

iar pqnl ;ekSug'

Tiah
^Osmiridium&

Tiah ^Os& u, fkd nef|a"

mEka ;=vq ;ekSug'
bh ^Ir& myiqfjka f. fkd
hhs'

iag,sx is,aj is,aj ^Ag& ixY= o a O is , a j j,g iajKdNrK ;ekSug'

^Sterling Silver& fldm ^Cu& jvd Yla;su;a h'

mejreu 2
Tf mdi,a mqia;ld,h iy fjk;a ia:dkj,ska imhd.; yels fmd;m;
ird iy mqj;am;aj,ska f,day iy Y% f,day ms<sn| j yels;dla lreKq
/ia lrkak' Y% f,dayj, k" .=K" ,laIK wvx.= ix>gl Nd;" PdhdrEm
iy ksoYl o tl;= fldg oHd m%oYkhlg iqiq m%oYk mqjrejla ilia
lrkak'
24
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h'