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upm;p7mrsm; ? ?upm;p7mrsm;onf vlwpfrsK;d

ESiw fh pfrsK;d wpfEidk if EH iS w
hf pfEidk if H uGv
J aJG umif;uGv J rJG nf
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twkid ;f uav;upm;p7mrsm;onfvnf; acwftvku d f
trsKd;rsKd; wkd;wufajymif;vJvmcJh-uayonf? txl;
ojzifph ufrE= iS ohf _d yH nm xGe;f um;vmonfh tcgrSpI
uav;upm;p7mrsm;. tqift h wef;rSm odoo d mom
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jyKvkyaf omjrif;&ky/f EGm;&kyrf sm;/ 0g;yifusLyifrS jyKvkyf
aom ajyGuav;rsm;jzifh rdrdwkd\om;orD;rsm;. pdwf
aysmf7iF rf u
= dk zefw;D ay;cJ-h u.? t0wfpw k rf sm;/opfwdk
t&kyfavmuY twef;pm;jrihfonhf oHywfpuf&kyfrsm;

22
www.foreverspace.com.m

upm;p7mrsm;

jrefrmhvuf7mjzpfaom bDvl;acgif;/ewfacgif;/,Ofrif;&kyf/oli,fawmf&kyf/zkd;b&kyf/jrif;&kyfponfrsm;

tcsKd\rSmrl uav;rsm;pdwful;—m+f xufoefwkd;wuf ESiw

a7;twGuf zefw;D ay;I uav;rsm;uk, d w
f idk f wyfqif
jyKvky7f aom upm;p7mrsm; jzpfayonf?
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xm;aom bDv;l acgif;/ usm;acgif;ponfrsm; vnf;7Sd
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vuf7majrmufvSonhf *syefjrif;pD;ol7Jaumif;&kyf uav;wkdif; rESpfoufbJraeEkdifonhyf v=yfjrif;&kyf

23
www.foreverspace.com.m

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24
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upD uqkefv

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a7tkd;ukd,fpDESihf uqkefanmifa7yGJ qifEFJ-uol vSysKdjzLrsm;

25
www.foreverspace.com.m

uqkev
f jynhaf e\ uaZmfaygufjcif;

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26
www.foreverspace.com.m

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27
www.foreverspace.com.m

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rsm;ukd ckwx f iG vf suf jrdK\jy wnfaxmifonft h a-umif; cJ7h m t,l0g'ESihf bmompum; uGjJ ym;r=a-umifh jyifopf
rsm;ukd pwif a7;om;-u.? wk\donf rsm;pGm pdwrf csr;f omcJ-h uacs? xkad -umifh 1800
uae'gEkid if . H pmayuk-d unfv h ~if jyifopf,Ofaus;r= jynfhESpfokd\a7mufrS uae'gEkdifiH7Sd jyifopfpmay onf
qkdif7m twwfynmrsm;uwpfzuf/ t*‡vefjynf. xGef;um;vmavonf? jyifopfwkd\onf jyifopf
tpOftvm ynm7yfrsm;uwpfzuf[I l ESprf sKd; awG\7 ,Ofaus;r=EiS hf t,l0g'ponfw\du k dk jyifopfpmayjzifo h m
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twwfynmrsm; oufoufomv~if jzpfvmavonf? uae'gEkid if . H jyifopfpmaye,fwiG f orkid ;f ta7;
uae'g pmayoufouf[lI r7Sd? uae'gpmay[k tom;rSm t"du pmay jzpfonf?1^60 jynfEh pS f rwkid rf D
ac:qkd7aom pmrsm;rSm uae'gEkdifiH7Sd jyifopfESifh uyif orkid ;f ta7;tom;rsm; 7Scd . hJ ? ok\d7mwGif 1830
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uae'gpmay

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rsKd; tuf(z)/ tdyf(p)/ *gEkd; a7;om;aom uae'g vk0d aD [;rGet f jyif zdvpf'g*uf pay;ESihf a*77if vm*`Kd if
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paom pma7;q7mwkd\vnf; xGef;um;ao;onf? ESpfckukd zGJ\qkdomuAsmrsm;om acwfpm; cJhavonf?
jyifopfw\d. k a7S;tusq;Hk pmayonf vufO;D tpwGif atmhawhua7;rufZD. oDcsif;wpfyk'frSm jyifopfrsm;
owif;pmrCZif;rsm;Y twdt k xGm ygwwfonf? 1800 ,ckxufwkdifESpfjcdKufaeao;aom taumif;qkH;vuf
jynfEh pS wf idk af tmif owif;pm*sme,frsm;onf pmay. 7myif jzpf.? obm0ta-umif;ukd zG\J E\JG onfu h Asmyif
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vufeufozG,f tok;H us tzk;d wefaeavonf? 1860 rS 1900 jynfEh pS t f wGi;f uAsmta7;tom;
jyifopfpmayta7;tom;wGif vlw\dk tESpo f ufq;Hk ESihf wk;d wufrt = wGuf v=\Haqmf-uaom ykCKd vrf sm;rSm uDAG uf
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awG\7.? Tjyifopf0šKwu dk av;rsm;rSm a7S;rla[mif; avonf? olwkd\ESpfOD;acgif;aqmifI pma7;q7mrsm;
ukd jyefajymif;atmufarh owd7apjy;D v~if wpfcgwpf7jH ird hf trsm;tjym;yif uAsmzGJ\qkd-u.? xl;csGefaom uAsm
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f ufoefr/=
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jyifopfvlrsKd;wkd\. obm0tavhtxESifh awmifol rSm atrD;e,fv*D ef/ tJvAwfvZdk ;dk ESihf aygrk7d ifw\dk jzpf
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tcsKd \ y k H 0 šKwk d u av;rsm;rS m uav;rsm;twG u f ajz7Si;f 7efEiS hf vlw\dkpw d "f gwfEiS q hf idk of nfh ta-umif; 7yf
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a7;aomorkid ;f 0šKrsKd;omjzpf.? 1900 jynfEh pS t f xd a7S\aqmifjzpfcJhonf? xkdacwfrSmyiff ay:aygufaom
0šK7Snfta7;tom;onf rsm;pGmwkd;wufjcif; r7SdvS pmqkad wmf tJvAwfvZdk ;dk . vuf7mrSmtvGef odraf rG\
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jzpfoGm;atmif ul;ajymif;ay;7onfrSm rvG,fulacs?

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uAsmvu‡m

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uAsmvu‡m

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154
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umuG,af 7;0ef-uD;Xme
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1942 ck ZGefvtv,favmufwGif umuG,fa7;
Xmeudk tdN, d jynf qif;rvm;jrdK\wiG f jyefvnfz\JG pnf;
&k;H xkid af vonf? jydKuyJG supf ;D vmaom -unf;wyfz\Jt G oD;
oD;udkvnf; jyefvnfpkaqmif;jyD;aomf jrefrmjynfokd\
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ESihf jAdwdo~ bk7ifhavwyfrawmfwkd\wGif toD;toD;
xnho f iG ;f ay;cJah vonf?
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wyfrsm; jyefvnford ;f ydu k jf yD;aemuf ppftyk cf sKyfa7;u
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aejynfawmfo\kd ajymif;a7F\cahJ vonf?
jrefrmjynfukd jyefvnford ;f ydu k jf yD;aemuf 1946 ck
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fh pS f tm; yxrt-udrf jrefrmvlrsKd; bk7ifcH/ twkdifyifcH
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onf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; umuG,fa7; twkdifyifcH
t7m&S-d uD;tjzpf aqmif7u G af epOf Edik if jH cm;a7;Xmeudk
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umeuf*D at umayoD,efawmifwef;

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ul;pufwwfaoma7m*grsm; ul;yg; a*s/tuf(z)

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