Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Banu Oja
Shambhu Oja
Department of Asian Studies
South Asia Program
Cornell University
Third Edition 2004
Table of Contents
page
The Nepali Alphabet
vowels, consonants and their pronunciations
Lesson One
19
Lesson Three
past tense negative, suffix & and , colours, the taste of foods,
numbers up to thirty
Lesson Four
times of the day, review of past tense (positive and negative),
numbers up to forty
29
43
Lesson Five
51
Lesson Six
63
Lesson Seven
numbers up to seventy
75
87
101
ii
Lesson Ten
115
Lesson Eleven
past tense of
133
0 , , ), use of
141
Lesson Thirteen
compound verbs, present perfect tense, review adjectival clauses
153
Lesson Fourteen
past progressive tense, past perfect tense, use of colloquial phrases like
167
, 0 0 , 5 , all numbers
Lesson Fifteen
structures ...
179
Lesson Sixteen
directions, review of lesson fifteen
191
Appendix A
Nepals administrative boundaries
199
Appendix B
verb conjugation tables
203
iii
aa
ii
uu
ai
au
Nepali Consonants:
consonant + h = aspirated consonant
the half consonant forms are given in parentheses
(()
())
(*)
(+)
(-)
ka
kha
ga
gha
nga
(.)
(/)
(0)
(2)
(3)
cha
chha
ja
jha
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Ta
Tha
Da
Dha
Na
(9)
(:)
(;)
(<)
(=)
ta
tha
da
dha
na
(>)
(?)
(@)
(A)
(B)
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
(C)
(D, )
(E)
F ()
ya
ra
la
wa
iv
()
()
()
sha
sha
sa
(K)
L ()
()
P ()
ha
kshya
tra
ga
Romanized
Linguistic
Pronunciation
( )
low back
()
aa
aa
low back
()
ii
front high
()
ii
ii
front high
()
back high
()
uu
uu
back high
()
mid front
()
ai
ai
dipthong (a+i)
()
mid back
()
au
au/aw
(/)
/
: ()
Devanagari
Vowels:
Consonants:
(()
ka
())
kha
kh
(*)
ga
(+)
gha
gh
(-)
nga
ng
velar nasal
(3)
palatal nasal
(4)
Ta
(5)
Tha
Th
(6)
Da
(7)
Dha
Dh
(8)
Na
retroflex nasal
(9)
ta
(:)
tha
th
(;)
da
(<)
dha
dh
(=)
na
dental nasal
(>)
pa
(?)
pha
ph
(@)
ba
vi
(A)
bha
bh
(B)
ma
bilabial nasal
(C)
ya
palatal glide
ra
alveolar liquid
(E)
la
alveolar liquid
F ()
wa
velar glide
()
sha
sh
palatal fricative
()
sha
sh
palatal retroflex
()
sa
dental fricative
(K)
ha
glottal fricative
(.)
cha
(/)
chha
ch
(0)
ja
(2)
jha
jh
L ()
kshya
kshy
()
tra
tr
P ()
gya
gy
(D,
Affricates
Non-standard
Lesson 1
(Lesson 1)
(Part 1)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
B:
?
!
?
!
?
?
?
,
(A)
(Translation) :
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
B:
Hello! (greetings)
Hello.
What is your name?
My name is Samjhana.
What is his/her name?
His/Her name is Samjhana.
Where do you come from (literally where is your home)?
I come from America (literally my home is America).
Where does s/he come from?
S/he comes from Nepal.
Does Kathy come from Nepal?
No, she comes from America.
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
B ?
B
B ?
B
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
What is this?
This is a pen.
What is this?
This is a chair.
What is that?
That is a book.
What is that?
That is a bag.
Lesson 1
(C)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
B ?
B
B ?
B
?
?
?
?
?
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
What is this?
This is a pen.
Whose pen is this?
This is my pen.
What is that?
That is a notebook.
Whose notebook is that?
That is his/her notebook.
Is this a book?
No.
What is this then?
This is a pen.
Is this a watch?
Yes.
Is this your watch?
No.
Whose watch is it then?
This is his/her watch.
Isnt this your watch?
No.
Lesson 1
Vocabulary :
?
?
hello, greetings
name
what?
house, home
is
to be
where?
pen
chair
book
bag
notebook
who?
whose?
watch
pencil
gloves
shirt
sock
shoe
window
(Part 2)
(A)
A:
B:
A:
:
A:
B:
A:
Hello, Banu!
Yes?
Please take the book. Please read the book. Please close the book.
(B)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
B ?
B
B ?
?
P
?
P
?
Lesson 1
(B)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
Banu!
Yes!
What is that?
That is a book.
Whose book is that?
This is my book.
Please open the book. What did you do?
I opened the book.
Please read the book. What did you do?
I read the book.
What did she do?
She read the book.
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
!
?
U
?
U
?
, U
U
P
?
?
,
Lesson 1
(C)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
Samjhana!
Yes.
Please get up. Please take the chalk. Did you take the chalk?
Yes, I took it.
Go near (towards) the blackboard. Where did you go?
I went to the blackboard.
You didnt go near the door?
No, I didnt (go).
Didnt s/he go near the door?
S/he didnt go near the door, s/he went to the blackboard.
Please write your name on the blackboard. What did you do?
I wrote my name.
You didnt write Rams name?
No, I didnt.
S/he didnt write Rams name?
S/he didnt write Rams name, s/he wrote her/his name.
(D)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
?
B
?
B
10
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
Kalpana!
Yes?
How much is this?
This is seven.
And this?
That is nine.
Please count from one to ten.
(Numbers) :
Lesson 1
Vocabulary :
11
12
Useful Expressions :
$
G
?
G
?
g
I know.
I dont know.
I understood.
I didnt understand.
Did you understand?
Didnt you understand?
Please say it again.
Please say it slowly.
I am sorry, excuse me.
See /meet you again. (casual farewell)
Grammar Notes :
1) Basic Nepali sentence structure follows this pattern:
Subject Object Verb
(S/he took the book)
The verb always comes at the end. The root (citation form) of Nepali verbs always
ends in
Examples:
come
write
go
Lesson 1
13
ours, and yours (familiar). The possessive forms of the pronouns you have
learned so far are:
mine
yours (polite)
his/her (polite)
whose?
Examples:
Rams house
the books name
3) The polite command or imperative form for the second person is always
the root verb + s
Please come:
Please write:
Please read:
Please go:
+
+
+
+
=
=
=
=
4) The simple past tense conjugation for the pronouns introduced so far has the
following pattern:
root verb minus -nu plus the verbal conjugation ending:
positive (+)
I
you (polite)
s/he (polite)
...
...
...
negative (-)
...
...
...
14
Examples:
(to write)
positive (+)
I
you (polite)
s/he (polite)
negative (+)
(to go)
positive (+)
I
you (polite)
s/he (polite)
negative (+)
The verb
(to be) is also irregular and the conjugation will be introduced later.
In addition, if the verb being conjugated in the simple past tense is transitive, the
subject takes as a suffix.
Examples:
BUT:
(intransitive)
Lesson 1
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
15
16
Exercises:
Questions:
Ask the following questions in Nepali and answer them:
1) What is your name?
2) Where are you from?
3) Whose shirt is that?
4) Did you teach Nepali?
5) Is that your pencil?
6) Does s/he come from America?
7) Did s/he go home?
Translation:
1) I wrote my name.
2) Didnt you learn Nepali?
3) That is Pauls notebook.
4) Did you take the shirt?
5) Please get up.
6) I didnt teach English.
7) He went towards the window.
8) This is my house.
9) Please sit.
10) She didnt close the door.
Lesson 1
17
Conjugate in the simple past tense (positive and negative) using I, you and s/he:
(A)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
?
-
-
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
20
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
?
- ?
-
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
21
Lesson 2
(C)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
B ?
B ?
P
?
P
?
,
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
What is that?
This is a notebook.
Whose notebook is that?
This is my notebook.
Please write your name in the notebook. What did you do?
I wrote a name.
Whose name did you write?
I wrote my name.
Did s/he write her/his own name?
Yes, s/he wrote his/her own name.
22
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
B
?
B
B ?
?
) ?
)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Jim!
Yes?
What is this?
That is a lime.
And what is this?
That is a banana.
Please eat the banana. What did you do?
I ate the banana.
How does that banana taste?
This banana tastes good.
How does a lime taste?
A lime tastes sour.
How does a red pepper taste?
A red pepper is hot (spicy).
Lesson 2
(E)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
F
F
?
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Becky!
Yes?
How is Johns shirt (i.e. what is it like)?
Johns shirt is nice.
How is this shoe (i.e. what is it like)?
This shoe is no good.
23
24
Vocabulary :
father
mother
elder sister
younger sister
elder brother
younger brother
friend
teacher
ones own
lime
banana
pepper
orange
apple
sugar
to eat
tasty
sour
hot
sweet
to rest
to sleep
to talk
to say
good
not good, bad
Lesson 2
Grammar Notes :
1) Nepali has two forms of the verb to be (
) :
and
Examples:
my name is Jim
his/her home is America
that is a pen
25
26
For the pronouns you have learned so far, the present tense conjugations of
are as follows:
Positive
Negative Positive
Negative
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
identify family members
use adjectives
count from 11 to 20
and
Lesson 2
Exercises:
Sentence Completion:
B ( )
2. (
)
3. (
)
4. (
)
5. B (
)?
6. t
( )
7. (
)
8. (
)
9. (
)?
10. (
)
11. (
)
12. (
)?
13. (
)?
14. ) (
)
15. B
( )?
1.
27
(A)
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
30
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
B:
A:
C:
B ?
B
?
U
?
U
?
U
U
P
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
B:
A:
C:
What is that?
That is a piece of chalk.
Take the chalk please. What did you do?
I took the chalk.
Please go towards the blackboard. Where did you go?
I went to the blackboard.
Where did she/he go?
She/he went near the blackboard.
Please write your name on the blackboard. Whose name did you write?
I wrote my name.
Whose name did she/he write?
She/He wrote her/his name.
31
Lesson 3
(C)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
B:
?
?
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
B:
32
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
(t)
?
?
?
B
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
What is this?
This is a pen.
What are these?
These are pens.
How many pens are there?
There are four pens here.
Is your pen here?
My pen is here.
Which one is your pen?
This is my pen.
How about his/hers?
That one is his/hers.
Lesson 3
(E)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
B ?
B
?
B ?
B
B ?
B
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
What is that?
That is a book.
What are those?
Those are books.
How many books are there?
There are ten books.
Is your book there?
My book is there.
Which one is your book?
That one is my book.
33
34
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
u ?
B u
B ?
B t
B u ?
B u
, B ?
u ?
uu
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
What is this?
This is a piece of paper.
What color is this paper?
That paper is white.
What is that?
That is a tree.
What color is that tree?
That tree is green.
Banuji, whose shirt is that?
That is her/his shirt.
What color is his/her shirt?
His/her shirt is multicolored.
Lesson 3
(G)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
G ?
..... G
?
.....
,.02 ?
,.02
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
What is this?
This is a room.
How many chairs are there in this room?
There are three chairs in this room.
How many windows are in this room?
There are ...... windows in this room.
How many people are here?
There are ...... people here.
How many students are there at Cornell?
There are about seventeen thousand students at Cornell.
35
36
(A)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
U , / ?
B
,
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Shambhu-ji.
Yes.
Would you look at the pictures on the blackboard, how many people are
there?
There are five people.
Tell me, which one is Kathy?
That one is Kathy.
(B)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
B ?
B
?
Lesson 3
(B)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(C)
37
38
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
B
?
B
?
B
U
,
?
P
?
,
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(C)
Lesson 3
Vocabulary :
,
?
?
,
t
,.0
u
uu
own
to drink
sugar
these
those
which one?
about, approximately
(number classifier)
how many (things)?
how many (people)?
man, person, people
teacher
student
pocket
chair
color
multi-colored
green
white
black
blue
red
39
40
Grammar Notes :
1) Simple past negative: if the verb is transitive and in the past tense, dont forget to
add with the subject.
/
2) and
animate objects. Usually, is used for things and animals while is used for
counting people only.
(for example) :
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
use the simple past negative
use and
know colors
Lesson 3
Exercises:
Fill in the blanks:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
........ ? ( /)
........ ?
....... .......
41
(A)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
P
?
$
B ?
B
?
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
44
(B)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
C:
?
?
P
?
B ?
,
B ?
P
B ?
, B
B ?
B
45
Lesson 4
(B)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
C:
(C)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
|g ?
g
t ?
t
46
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(C)
, , ,
(she)
Comprehension:
t :
. ?
.
?
.
?
.
?
.
Lesson 4
(D)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
?
?
?
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
Practice:
, , , t, , ,
47
48
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
/
?
?
t
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
F
F
g
Lesson 4
Vocabulary :
snacks
hand
face, mouth
tooth
day before yesterday
yesterday
today
tomorrow
day after tomorrow
nowadays
nowadays
these days
these days
in the near future [later, tomorrow or
the day after, and any time thereafter]
in the immediate past [yesterday, the
day before or a few days before], the
other day
some time in the far past
49
50
Grammar Notes :
Simple past tense
to sleep
P /
(I slept / I didnt sleep)
B / B
B / B
B
/
Bg
/ g
B
/
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson you should able to:
(A)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
/
?
?
?
?
,
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
52
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
t
?
?
,,.
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(C)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
?
,.0 ,
?
?
,
Lesson 5
(C)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(D)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
u
?
?
?
- ?
() ()
?
53
54
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(E)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
,
-
?
, -
?
- :
55
Lesson 5
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(E)
Comprehension:
- B, < -
- , - :
t - ; B, t < -
t - : ; B t
Questions:
Answer the following questions:
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
- : ?
B, < -
?
- ?
- ?
t - : ?
B, t < - ?
, t -
t ?
- ?
: ?
: ?
56
< >
Lesson 5
Vocabulary :
,?,.
,.0
airplane
bus
train
car
year
now
perhaps
to return (intransitive)
language
to speak
a little
university
sociology
nowadays
student
school
history
geography
math
science
nowadays
morning
afternoon
evening
night
coffee
57
58
tea
to drink
lentil soup and rice, the typical Nepali
meal
Grammar Notes :
1) In Nepali, the same conjugation is used for the simple present, habitual and future
tenses.
For example, the sentence
or
or
- can mean
To conjugate the verb, drop from the root verb and add:
Affirmative
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Negative
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
The only variation is in root verbs that end in a vowel before the
or if there is a
consonant with a vowel symbol attached directly before the last letter of the root
verb; such as or . In such cases, keep the half ( ) when you conjugate in
the present positive tense.
59
Lesson 5
For example, with the verbs
, , :
; ; t
literally means something along the lines of to fall to mind, i.e., to like.
is an impersonal verb (it is never conjugated) and the subject always takes
Present tense :
Positive
-
-
-
Negative
- :
- :
- :
Past tense :
Positive
|
- |
- |
- |
2)
and
Negative
-
-
-
I have a car
I have a pen (with me)
He has a brother
His brother is with him
is used to
60
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
Exercises:
Translation:
1) She wont come this evening.
2) They study math.
3) He speaks English.
4) Nowadays I dont go to the university.
5) When do you (familiar) return?
6) We will discuss that.
7) You dont read the newspaper?
8) He (polite) rests in the afternoon.
9) She (familiar) writes books.
10) They dont speak Nepali.
Conjugation:
Conjugate the present tense of (to decide, to fix) for all pronouns.
Lesson 5
Translation (
61
/ ):
Applications:
1) Ask someone when they came to America and how long they will be staying.
2) Confirm that a friend went to New York and then ask how (by what means)
did s/he go? Find out if they liked the city?
3) Describe the members of your family: where they are and what they are
doing.
4) Ask a friend how old the teacher is. Then confirm this with the teacher.
5) Say that you like apples but that your older sister doesnt.
(A)
A:
B:
A:
:
A:
B:
A:
(B)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
,
?
?
64
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(C)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
,
,
?
:
?
B, ?
,
t
65
Lesson 6
(C)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Shambhu!
Yes?
Did you have tea?
Yes, I did.
Did Krishna also have tea, then?
No, he didnt (drink).
Why didnt he (drink) then?
Because he doesnt like tea.
What does he like then?
He likes coffee.
In that case, did he drink coffee?
Yes, he did.
Did he have only coffee or something else as well?
He also ate some cake and an egg.
(D)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
C:
A:
C:
,
?
?
?
,
?
?
66
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
C:
A:
C:
(E)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
,
,
?
?
,
?
t
,
,
?
t
Lesson 6
(E)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(F)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
, , , t
v ?
v
?
?
t
67
68
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Comprehension:
g
g
g,
g , B
Answer the following questions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
g ?
g ?
g ?
g
g g ?
g ?
Lesson 6
69
70
Vocabulary :
well, healthy
market
shop, store
things, goods
to buy
to sell
umbrella
why?
because
just because
if so, in this case
if so, in that case
if so, in that case
this being the case, because of this
that being the case, because of that
that being the case, because of that
only
others
stuff, things
egg
yesterday
the day before yesterday
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
now, these days
shopkeeper (male, term of address)
Lesson 6
)>,
v
v ?
71
72
Grammar Notes :
1)
to be available
Positive
Negative
Present
Past
:
B
?
(for example)
?
b) as for Y, in case of Y.
Lesson 6
73
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
buy things, including finding out where they are available and how much
they cost
count from 51-60
Exercises:
Applications
1) Find out if the shop has umbrellas, and if so how much they cost.
2) Ask a friend why they didnt go to the university yesterday.
3) You need eggs, rice and vegetables so that you can cook dinner tonight. Find
out where they are available and how much they cost from a friend, then go
and buy them.
4) Explain that you arent going to buy a shirt right now because you dont have
any money with you.
5) Explain that since your (younger) sister doesnt have a bike, she isnt coming
tomorrow.
(A)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
?
B t ?
, ?
,
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
76
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
?
, ?
,
, t
?
t
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
Lesson 7
77
Comprehension:
B
,
,
t
Answer the following question
1)
2)
3)
4)
?
?
B ?
, ?
78
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
?
, t
?
?
?
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Lesson 7
79
(D)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
,
?
P B,
P
?
?
,
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
80
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
t
?
g g
t ?
?
- C
- ?
, -
?
- B ,
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Lesson 7
81
Comprehension:
g
g g
g B g
g B, B
g, u g
F
Vocabulary :
B
B
to ask
to answer, to reply
apartment
room
to need, to be needed
is okay, fine
to search, look for
aerogram
ticket or stamp
post office
party, feast
person
therefore, for that reason
because of that, that being the case
meat
flour
stuff, things
yoghurt, curd
all
82
X
X
Lesson 7
u
B
music
that much
this much
,)
v
:
t
to feel sleepy
to feel lazy
to feel happy
to feel thirsty
to feel bored
to feel surprised
to feel sorrow, to feel sad
to feel sorry, to feel sad
to have a cough
to have a cold
to feel tired
to feel pleasant
to feel hungry
to feel unpleasant
to feel frustrated
83
84
Grammar Notes:
1)
Examples:
?
?
2)
I have a cough.
I dont have a cough.
(c) To feel: (subject takes , past tense of is used for present situation)
Feelings are always past tense in Nepali because you feel something first
then you express it:
He feels happy.
He has not felt happy.
I am hungry (I felt hungry).
She is not hungry (she has not felt hungry).
85
Lesson 7
(d) To be: (subject takes , past tense of is used)
3) The infinitive form is used in a sentence by replacing the u of the root verb with
an a.
For example, becomes :
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
Exercises:
Translation
1) They came two weeks ago.
2) Im not thirsty right now. Maybe later.
3) Do you have a cold?
4) How much do 2 kilos of rice cost?
5) She (familiar) likes to dance very much.
6) Please give me 5 of the 10 rupee pens.
7) Are they all looking for apartments?
8) He (familiar) didnt answer because he doesnt know.
9) Are you (polite) living in Kathmandu?
86
.......
U ......
.......
.......
......
....
Applications:
1)
A friend has found a possible apartment for you. Find out where it is, how
much it costs a month, and when it will be available.
2)
Explain that because there was a party last night you didnt sleep much.
Thats why you are sleepy now.
3)
Ask if many people are coming to the party tomorrow and suggest that since
it is very hot, they will be thirsty. Say that for that reason you are going to
the store to buy some stuff. Confirm that its okay.
(A)
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
U : G
?
U
: G
?
U
U : G
U
?
U P
?
U
:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
C:
88
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
B:
t t
t g
t : ?
t
t | ?
t g
: ?
:
A:
B:
A:
C:
A:
B:
Go out the door (2nd person familiar plural). What are you doing?
We are going out the door.
What are they doing?
They are going out the door.
What did you (plural) do?
We went out the door.
(C)
A:
B:
A:
B:
: ?
?
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Lesson 8
(D)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
?
?
?
?
,
89
90
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
B:
A:
(E)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
-
?
?
?
?
?
-
?
91
Lesson 8
(E)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(F)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
: G
?
?
?
92
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
?
,
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Lesson 8
(H)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
?
?
B ,
?
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
93
94
:
Dev is six and a half feet tall.
Shambhu is five feet six inches tall.
Hari is five feet four inches tall.
Shambhu is taller than Hari.
Dev is taller than Shambhu.
Hari is shorter than Dev.
(J)
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
,
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Lesson 8
(K)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
U
?
U
U
?
U
U
?
U
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
95
96
Vocabulary :
outside
inside
alternate form of
interesting
city
village
or
small
big
clean
dirty
thousand
people, person
height
= 4:30)
97
Lesson 8
Grammar Notes :
1) The present progressive tense is made by dropping
adding
Example:
I am eating.
You are eating.
He is eating.
See the table at the end of this book for the complete conjugation.
There is no negative form of the present progressive, although you may occasionally
hear it in spoken Nepali. To give a negative response to a question, simply negate
the question with and then say what you are doing.
Example:
2)
?
,
patterns:
-if the root verb minus ends in a vowel, drop the and add
-if the root verb minus ends in a consonant, drop the and add
98
3) and
is used for comparing two things, similar to than. There are two possible
U (+)
Lesson 8
:
B U
U
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson you should be able to:
Exercises:
Translation:
1) I am going to the store.
2) Ithaca is cleaner than New York City.
3) Younger sister, buy some yoghurt from the dairy farm.
4) My younger brother is taller than I am.
5) Oranges are sweeter than limes.
6) He (familiar) is asking the teacher.
7) Are they working in the city?
8) Thai food is the hottest in the world.
9) She (polite) is looking for her book.
10) We are cleaning our apartment.
11) Come inside, younger brother.
12) Are you living with your older brother?
99
100
Conjugation:
Conjugate the present progressive tense of (to honor, follow, respect, obey) for
all pronouns.
Applications:
1) Tell a young child to close the window.
2) Ask politely if a group of people speak English.
3) Ask a shopkeeper if s/he has apples or bananas.
4) Youve been asked about your recent travels in Nepal. Say that you liked
Kathmandu better than Pokhara, but that Tansen was the nicest of all.
(A)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
?
,
?
,
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
B:
A:
B:
Tom!
Yes!
Do you have a bike.
No, I dont.
Who does have a bike then?
Jim has a bike, but it is outside now. Why do you need it?
I need it to go out for a while.
Okay, ask for Jims bike then.
Okay.
102
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
,
, ?
,
,
,
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
, ?
?
?
?
, , , u,
,
,
Lesson 9
103
(C)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(D)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
?
, ?
,
?
,
! ?
,
,
104
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
, ?
?
,
? ?
, g
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Lesson 9
(F)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
?
,
?
,
?
,
, ?
,
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
105
106
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
?
?
,
?
,
?
v ?
,
,
, : ,
B v ,
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
Lesson 9
Comprehension:
107
L,
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
F
F
108
Vocabulary :
bicycle
to ask for, to request, to demand, to beg
to ride, to climb
to be able (to do something)
new
old
day (of the week)
holiday, day off
day of the month, date (in Western
calendar)
class
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
every
Lesson 9
X
X
109
110
Grammar Notes :
1)
to be able is often used with the infinitive form of other verbs to express
2) Time expressions:
Minutes before and after the hour are usually expressed as follows:
Y
X Y
X
Y minutes to X oclock
Y minutes after X oclock
Examples:
3)
and
(verb Y)
means to do X and then Y, and often implies that the two actions are
interdependent.
The structure is made by dropping - and adding
111
Lesson 9
(for example):
P
P
S/he took the book and left.
They discuss and write the report.
t
t
(to dance)
(to kid, to pick on)
112
(for example)
B
Yesterday after having a discussion, we wrote papers.
|g, B g
g
After dancing an hour, Radhika will go home.
113
Lesson 9
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
Exercises:
Time:
Translate the following into Devanagari script
4:56
6:30
8:25
12:20
2:05
3:10
7:15
10:45
1:30
11:14
2:30
1:45
Translation:
1) They can write Nepali.
2) Yesterday we went to Asan Tol and bought vegetables.
3) Will you play soccer after you study?
4) I dont think I can buy the bike right now because I dont have any money
with me.
5) He will go to Nepal after learning Nepali.
6) I will finish my work and come.
7) After he took a long breath he rode his bicycle up the hill.
Applications:
1) Describe your daily routine, try to fit more than one action into each
sentence.
2) Ask someone if they can come to the office a little early the day after
tomorrow.
(A)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
B ?
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
116
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
M
N ?
, N
N?
/
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
U
?
U
t ?
?
:
?
Lesson 10
(C)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(D)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
, :
< ?
,
?
?
117
118
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(D)
(E)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
?
B ?
,
B
t ?
t
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
Lesson 10
119
(F)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
P
N ?
B
?
B B
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
120
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
?
?
?
?
O ?
O ?
B
B
?
B B
?
121
Lesson 10
(G)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
(H)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
,
?
, , ?
, ?
v
,M, ,
?
t
, ?
122
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
, t
B B
?
B
, B
t
: ?
: , ,
, F
, ?
,
, ?
: ,
? B B
t
B t
u B
, ?
,
F
, ?
B
, ?
,
Q
B F
Lesson 10
123
(H)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
124
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Lesson 10
Vocabulary :
<
B
B
to know, to be able to do
that much
this much
education
Ministry
Pokhara (a city west of Kathmandu)
Himalaya
nature
natural
beauty
lake
liquor
always
sometimes
I never drink
road
New Road (a street in Kathmandu)
I ate nothing
cinema, film, movie
acting
story
on top of that, along with that
to have a pain, to ache
to try
at that time
125
126
t
t
B
F
about what?
certainly
spoon
fork
mandatory
custom
culture
to others
beginning
food contamination, pollution
to touch
to take off
to get upset, to become angry
uncivilized
to arrange
just because, for no reason
to swear the truth
127
Lesson 10
Grammar Notes
after the
present tense.
/ B /
t / t / t
:
*
t
:
g
128
......)
Unlike English, in Nepali we usually use the simple past tense in the first clause and
the present or future tense in the second clause in the general form of present and
future conditional clauses. The first clause begins with and ends with . You
can drop from the sentence but may never drop the .
()
() t
()
()
If my mother gives me money I will go to see a movie.
5) Use of in Nepali:
In Nepali
129
Lesson 10
(a)
transitive and in the past tense. Intransitive verbs dont take the suffix.
(You came)
is correct
X
X
not correct
(You ate)
is correct
not correct
. The correct form is
However, sometimes
John works
John is the one who works.
(iii)
B
That snake to eat (3rd. person singular)
That eats snake.
In this situation, this sentence could have two meanings:
1) That snake eats (the food)
2) That one eats snake, that could mean anybody or any animate thing.
130
B
That one (person/thing) eats (a/the) snake.
or:
B
That snake eats (something).
That particular snake eats (something).
(d) can also be used as the instrumental suffix, where it gives meaning of
with, of, by, for example:
(A)
(B)
(e)
is also used in obligatory structure (should, have to, must) with the
subject if the verb is transitive in both the present and past tenses:
:
a)
b)
c)
d)
:
:
Lesson 10
present or future
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
count up to 80
use obligatory structures (have to, need to, should and must)
Exercises:
Translation:
1) They almost fell down ( ) from a cliff ().
2) Can you eat that much food in the morning?
3) Do you know the name of the highest mountain in the world?
4) She does not like going to Nepal.
5) I dont feel like playing tennis now.
6) Mount Everest is taller than Fish-Tail Mountain.
7) What is the name of the longest river?
131
132
.....
2)
........ ()
3)
....... t .......
4)
........ (, , )
g
Make three sentences (positive and negative) each using need to, have to, should,
must and conditional clause.
(A)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
,
?
?
?
B P
?
M
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
134
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
t ?
?
?
t
?
,
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(C)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
?
?
?
?
,
! ,M
Lesson 11
135
(C)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
(D)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
?
B C
B ? ?
,
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
136
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
,L ?
? ?
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(F)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
,
?
?
?
Lesson 11
(F)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
137
Vocabulary :
/
/
/
/
/ u
,L
to remember
near, close
one (for counting things)
cheap
expensive
director
to return, to come back
crowd
138
Grammar Notes :
1) See attached table in this book for conjugation of the simple past tense of
2)
is a particle used at the end of a sentence when the speaker is not certain of
My name is Tom.
What was that?
Pardon me, I didnt get it.
is the unconjugated form of the past tense, usually used for informal situations
Verb
Negative
Example:
139
Lesson 11
The unconjugated form for present and future tense is .
Verb
Positive
Negative
Example:
?
t
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
140
Exercises:
Fill in the blanks:
Fill in the correct form of
1)
........
(negative)
2)
t .........
3)
...........
4)
5)
(negative)
.............
...........
(positive)
(positive)
(negative)
Which is correct:
(circle one)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
,.0
|
|
,.0
Applications:
1) Comment that youve heard that the bus to Pokhara is always late.
2) Casually inform a friend that youre going to the post office.
(A)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
,
?
,
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(B)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
, ?
?
B
?
B
142
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(B)
(C)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
?
, B
? ?
?
,
,
,M
F ! , , t/t
143
Lesson 12
(C)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
(D)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
, B ?
, B
,
?
, B ?
, B
144
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
t
?
t
? t
g
?
,
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Lesson 12
(F)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
?
, ?
, ?
,
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
B ?
B
?
?
?
145
146
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(H)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
, t ?
,
?
?
,
, ?
,
?
Lesson 12
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(H)
Vocabulary :
/
/
family
younger sister
to be finished, to be ended, to be
destroyed
know/dont know
song
folk song
place
what a hassle, what a problem
cultural
program
throat
voice
a lot, very, extremely
certainly
to sing
to dance
147
148
Lesson 12
149
Grammar Notes:
Examples:
t t:
$
G
?
150
2)
for, for the sake of, for the purpose of, in order to:
Examples:
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
Lesson 12
Exercises:
Translation:
1) He was sick but got better after taking medicine.
2) They have a habit of smoking (eating) cigarettes.
3) Does she know where the doctors office is?
4) This novel is good for learning Nepali.
5) The girl in the yellow shirt is Banu.
6) I forgot that we are not going this evening.
7) What is this medicine for?
8) The person who is coming this evening is my brothers friend.
9) Is he also going to sing with them?
10) In Nepali, a pen is called kalam.
11) When are you eating?
12) They will go home after their dancing class is finished.
Applications:
1) Ask a child about his/her family.
2) Ask a friend about his/her family.
3) Describe a (female) friends family.
4) Describe your daily schedule.
5) Ask a doctor what you should take for a headache.
151
(A)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
,
?
: G
?
,.,) ?
?
, ?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
154
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
t ?
g
t
g
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Lesson 13
(C)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
: ?
u
:
?
: ?
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
155
156
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
,
,
, ?
! ,
v , N
N
?
! ?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
157
Lesson 13
(E)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
: G
?
L ?
, ?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(F)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
...
?
B ,.0 , ?
, ,.0
158
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Where is he from?
He is from Boston. He teaches at MIT.
What does he teach?
He teaches science.
What are MIT students said to be like?
I heard that its good and that the students are very disciplined.
(G)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
t ?
t
t ?
< ?
,
, ?
,
t < ?
,
?
Lesson 13
(G)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(H)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
?
?
,
?
,
159
160
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(H)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
t
B t ?
, t t
t g B
t
?
C
, B
t
B ,
g,
,
Lesson 13
161
(I)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
U
U
162
Vocabulary :
, -
,.0
(neg verb)
sociology
economics
political science
anthropology
student
approximately, about
to be finished
holiday
Patan (city)
to walk (about, around)
thank you
to be made or manufactured
to make
very, extremely
strong
weak
science
manner, behavior
discipline
sometimes
never
often
stomach
to hurt
diarrhea
to cheat
Lesson 13
163
big (plural)
desire
opportunity
last year
year before last year
to climb
Grammar Notes :
1) Compound verbs:
Example:
2) verb
Examples:
Since the idea of doing something has to belong to someone, the subject must be
possessive. Since an idea is single, is never conjugated.
164
CORRECT:
-
Im thinking of eating daal-bhaat.
NEVER:
-
AND NEVER:
-
3) is often used to indicate emphasis.
:
B
B
4) The present perfect tense is made with the unconjugated past tense plus the
regular conjugation of (of the verb
) :
/
/
/
Lesson 13
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
use
count up to 90
Exercises:
Translation:
1) Ram bought a bike for his brother.
2) Im thinking of studying science next year.
3) He doesnt have a habit of cheating people.
4) These people are not thinking of doing their homework tonight.
5) Could you write a letter for me?
6) Im not thinking of going to Nepal this year.
7) I have not been to that new library yet.
8) Americans have climbed .
9) It has not rained this year.
10) She has not finished her research yet.
165
166
1)
.....
2)
....... ......... ( / / )
3)
t ......
4)
.... ( .
5)
? (
/ )
? ( . pres. progressive)
negative)
.........
? ()
Applications:
1) Write at least 15 sentences in the present perfect tense describing yourself
and your family.
2) Ask your friend whether s/he has been to certain countries or not and find out
whether they have eaten the food of each country or not.
(A)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
, :
, ?
?
?
,) ?
, ,)
?
?
,
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
168
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
G
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(C)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
<
?
?
, L ? : ,
,
?
B
Lesson 14
169
(C)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(D)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
A:
B:
A:
,
?
?
N ?
, N
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
170
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
U ?
U
<
?
?
,
?
:
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
171
Lesson 14
(F)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
< ?
,
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(G)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
?
B ?
?
172
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(H)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
:
?
?
B : ?
?
-
-
?
-
173
Lesson 14
(H)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Comprehension:
t , (), , tu
, , ,
: v
B V
:
(1)
(2)
(3)
?
?
(4)
(5)
t ?
174
: ?
(8)
(9)
(10)
,
,,
,,,
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
Lesson 14
Vocabulary :
()
tu
175
176
Grammar Notes :
1) The past progressive tense is made by dropping from the root verb and adding
doing.
:
?
,
2) The past perfect tense is made by using the unconjugated past tense ...
appropriate conjugation of .
+ the
Lesson 14
177
:
/
/
t /
4)
178
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
Exercises:
Translation:
1) He had eaten in Nepal, but not .
2) Last night David and some other people were counting 10 million rupees.
3) When I came to see them last night they were playing cards ( and such).
Now also make up three of your own sentences.
Applications:
1) Describe what your friend was doing the day before yesterday using the past
progressive tense.
2) Ask your younger sister if she has sent the letter you asked her to. Use the
past perfect tense.
(A)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
: ?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
180
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
t
?
t
?
F ,?,. ?
, u ,?,.
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Lesson 15
(C)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
, , ,
?
?
?
?
,.0 ,
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
181
182
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
,
B : G
?
B
?
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(E)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
O ?
G) ,?,.
?
, <
Lesson 15
(E)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
183
184
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
?
U ?
?
?
,
?
,
, ?
, , B :
B ?
P
< ?
F ?
P
P
F
?
F
, ?
B
F
, t
?
Lesson 15
B:
185
, t B
t B
t t
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
186
187
Lesson 15
Comprehension:
,
,
:
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
?
?
188
Vocabulary :
F ?
to begin
to finish
how much? / how often?
usually
agriculture
specialist
farmer
prohibition
pizza
in fact
custom
temple
caste system
religion
to obey, to practice, to regard, to
respect
percent
belief
189
Lesson 15
Grammar Notes :
1)
root verb X +
:
2)
+ / =
.. /
while.
Examples:
+ /
+ /
+ /
= /
while eating
=
/
while being
= /
while studying
/ :
()
/
He doesnt speak while eating.
()
/
It becomes cold while it snows.
190
()
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
know the structure ..... /
Exercises:
Translation:
1) Before he arrives, I would like to clean my apartment.
2) Before coming to Ithaca, where did you used to live?
3) While studying in high school what subjects used to come easily to you?
4) While eating daal-bhaat, I always eat with my hands.
5) Before singing the song at the party, he practiced a lot at home.
6) She had a habit of seeing her grandmother on Sundays.
7) When her grandmother was sick, she used to go to see her three times a
week.
8) Before we go, I feel like eating rice and stuff.
9) While you were going on the bus yesterday morning, was it very crowded?
10) I used to walk (walk and go) to school every day.
Applications:
1) Ask someone what s/he used to do when s/he was in their home country.
(A)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
?
,.0
! ?
,.0 ?
,.0
?
192
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(A)
(B)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
?
?
F
?
F
?
Lesson 16
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(B)
What is this?
This is a map.
Which countrys map is this?
This is a map of Nepal.
Which direction is Ilam?
Ilam is to the east.
Which direction is Jumla?
It is to the west.
Which country is to the north of Nepal?
China is north of Nepal.
Which country is south of Nepal?
India is south of Nepal.
(C)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
G)
?
G)
G)
?
?
G) X
?
X ?
193
194
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
(D)
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
?
,
L ?
?
B
?
,
Lesson 16
(D)
:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
195
196
Comprehension:
g B
,
t : ,
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
?
?
?
C ?
Lesson 16
Vocabulary :
tourist
foreigner
map
country
in which direction ?
east
west
north
south
Ilam
Jumla
Mustang
Birgunj
China
India
to come by walking
time, duration
habit
197
198
Objectives:
By the end of this lesson you should be able to:
Exercises:
Questions:
1) Describe the location of at least 10 places (cities, mountains, countries) in or
around Nepal, based on the map given to you in class.
Applications:
1) Explain that you have a habit of drinking coffee in the morning before going
to class. Otherwise it is difficult to wake up.
2) Ask a friend next to you what does s/he usually do before s/he goes to work?
And also ask if s/he has any particular habits.
199
@M
200
@MZ
[\
^
\
_M
201
202
203
Verb Conjugations
Table 1: Pronouns
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
singular
plural
( / -
/ -
, / -
/
, / -
1 / -
6 / 6
( / -
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
,( / -
they (familiar)
( / -
1( / -
they (polite)
5( (/) / -
,( () / -
singular
plural
,( / -
we
these
those
we
they (familiar)
they (polite)
those
these
204
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
singular
plural
,
9
you (polite)
they (familiar)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
those
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
plural
singular
we
these
we
they (familiar)
they (polite)
those
these
205
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
singular
plural
they (familiar)
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
they (polite)
those
we
singular
plural
these
we
they (familiar)
they (polite)
those
these
206
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
singular
plural
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
we
they (familiar)
they (polite)
those
singular
plural
,8
these
we
they (familiar)
,
,
they (polite)
those
these
207
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
singular
plural
,8
,
,
this
that
we
they (familiar)
they (polite)
those
these
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
singular
plural
98
we
these
they (familiar)
they (polite)
those
208
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
singular
plural
we
these
they (familiar)
they (polite)
those
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
singular
plural
we
they (familiar)
they (polite)
those
these
209
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
singular
plural
98
9
9
9
9
you (polite)
they (familiar)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
those
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
plural
9
9
singular
we
9
9
these
we
they (familiar)
they (polite)
those
these
210
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
singular
plural
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
singular
plural
we
you (polite plural)
you (familiar plural)
they (familiar)
she (familiar plural)
they (polite)
these
those
we
you (polite plural)
you (familiar plural)
they (familiar)
she (familiar plural)
they (polite)
these
those
211
singular
plural
98
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
9
9
this
that
you (polite)
they (familiar)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
those
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
98
9,
99
9
9
plural
singular
99
we
these
we
99
they (familiar)
99
they (polite)
those
these
212
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
singular
plural
this
that
we
they (familiar)
they (polite)
those
these
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
singular
plural
,8
we
9
9
they (familiar)
,
,
9
9
they (polite)
those
,
,
these
213
singular
plural
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
I ,
this
that
we
you (polite plural)
you (familiar plural)
they (familiar)
she (familiar plural)
they (polite)
these
those
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
singular
plural
I ,
we
you (polite plural)
you (familiar plural)
they (familiar)
she (familiar plural)
they (polite)
these
those
214
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
singular
plural
I
,
this
that
we
you (polite plural)
you (familiar plural)
they (familiar)
she (familiar plural)
they (polite)
these
those
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
singular
plural
I
,
we
you (polite plural)
you (familiar plural)
they (familiar)
she (familiar plural)
they (polite)
these
those
215
singular
plural
,8
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
I ,
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
,
,
this
that
,
,
,
,
,
,
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
singular
plural
,8
,
,
,
I ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
we
you (polite plural)
you (familiar plural)
they (familiar)
she (familiar plural)
they (polite)
these
those
we
you (polite plural)
you (familiar plural)
they (familiar)
she (familiar plural)
they (polite)
these
those
216
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
singular
plural
,8
,
,
I
,
that
,
,
this
we
you (polite plural)
you (familiar plural)
they (familiar)
she (familiar plural)
they (polite)
these
those
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
singular
plural
,8
I
,
we
you (polite plural)
you (familiar plural)
they (familiar)
she (familiar plural)
they (polite)
these
those
217
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
singular
plural
9K
9L8
9L
9L
9L
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
9L
9L
this
9L
that
you (polite)
they (familiar)
9L
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
those
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
98
9
9
plural
9L
singular
we
9L
these
we
they (familiar)
they (polite)
those
these
218
I
you (polite)
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
singular
plural
,8
this
that
you (polite)
they (familiar)
,
,
you (familiar)
he (familiar)
those
she (familiar)
he/she (polite)
this
that
,8
plural
singular
we
these
we
they (familiar)
they (polite)
those
these