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Plate Buckling Notes
Plate Buckling Notes
[Reading Bulson, P.S. The Stability of Flat Plates, Elsevier, New York, 1969; Timoshenko and WoinowskiKrieger, Theory of Plates and Shells, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, NY, 1959; ]
Plates are a type of structural element commonly used to span areas and support
vertical loads e.g. floor or roof slabs. They are bounded by parallel plane
surfaces and are usually of a uniform thickness that is small compared with the
plan dimensions. They also constitute major components of I-beams, plate girders
and box girders, and it is because of this role that we are studying their behaviour
in this course. Plate behaviour is a relatively advanced topic in structural
mechanics and design, so the treatment here is necessarily abbreviated in many
places.
INTERNAL
Mx
z
p
su
ly p
Sim
BENDING MOMENT
es
dg
e
d
rte
po
y
z
My
q(x,y)
Myx
y
Mxy
TWISTING MOMENT
Sx
Sy
TRANSVERSE SHEAR
Plate_Buckling_Notes.doc
p1
MOMENT-CURVATURE
The moment curvature relationship for a beam is (see CIVIL 210 notes)
M(z) = EI
d2 v
dz 2
(1)
Where D =
2w
2w
Mx = D 2 + 2
y
x
(2)
2w
2w
My = D 2 + 2
x
y
(3)
Et 3
, is the plate rigidity, a measure of the flexural stiffness of the plate.
12(1 2 )
1
t
1 t 3 Et 3
For the strip, EI = E
=
(close to D in value).
12
12
1
. Since 0 < < 0.5 for all
1 2
materials, a plate will be stiffer than a simple deduction based on beam theory would suggest. The
difference results from the effect of Poissons ratio and the two-dimesional nature of plates.
However, plate rigidity is NOT quite the same as a beam, as they differ by
y, v
neutral
surface
x = z
y
=
R
y
=
(R / )
Thus the section is bent in the transverse direction into a circular arc with radius
R/.
R/ is referred to as the anticlastic curvature. Anticlastic simply means a surface curved in two
directions. Because the beam is relatively thin in the x direction it can easily
doubly curved surface
deform into this transverse curvature and no additional stresses result. The
(anticlastic curvature)
phenomenon is readily demonstrated with a rubber eraser.
If a plate slice is subject to bending it will have the same tendency as a beam to
expand and contract sideways, but will be constrained from doing so by the
adjacent plate material. Additional stresses result which contribute to the
moment resistance of the plate, visible in the 2nd term inside the brackets
expansion prevented
in equations (2) and (3).
t
Plate_Buckling_Notes.doc
p2
GOVERNING
BEAM
q(z)
dM
=S,
dz
Differentiating again,
Subst.
dS
= q(z) ,
dZ
z
v
dM
dv
= EI 3 ,
dz
dz
S = EI
d3 v
dz 3
dS
d4v
= EI
,
dz
dz 4
EI
d4v
= q(z)
dz 4
(4)
Mxy = D(1 )
For equilibrium can show that
and
Mxy
x
Myx
y
My
(5)
Sy = 0
(6)
Mx
Sx = 0
x
(7)
q=
2 Mx
+2
2 Mxy
xy
2 My
y
Sx Sy
+
x
y
(8)
Sx Sy
, so that (8) becomes
+
y
x
2 Mxy
2 My
= q
(9)
4w
4w
4w
+2 2 2 +
= q/D
4
x y
x
y 4
(10)
x 2
+2
xy
y 2
Plate_Buckling_Notes.doc
p3
(10) is the celebrated biharmonic equation the governing equation for elastic plate bending analysis. It is
the plate equivalent of the beam equation (4). The first and third terms represent bending of longitudinal
and transverse strips, whilst the middle term accounts for twisting action. It can also be written using
the bi-harmonic operator,
4w = q/D
(11)
The notation is built on repeated application of the Laplacian operator 2 (Nabla squared):
2
2
4 q = 2 ( 2 )q(x, y) = 2 + 2
y
x
4
4
4
= 4 + 2 2 2 + 4
x y
y
x
2
2
+
x 2 y 2
q( x, y)
q(x, y)
Unfortunately the plate equation is much more difficult to solve than the corresponding beam equation.
The texts cited at the beginning of these notes present solutions for a range of plate shapes, boundary
conditions and loading. We turn now to problems of buckling and failure the .major objectives of this
excursion into plate behaviour.
ACTIONS
S
N
IN PLANE LOADING
BUCKLING
Ny
Nyx
Nx
Nxy
LOADING
N
rigid end bars
where
D=
2D
b
NCR = K
(12)
Et 3
, the plate rigidity,
12(1 2 )
t
N
a
nb
K=
+
,
a
nb
all edges
simply supported
b
PLATE BUCKLING - 1 HALF-WAVE
p4
12
Buckling coefficient, K
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
0
0
The variation of K with aspect ratio, a/b, is shown above for various numbers of buckle waves
It can be seen that the minimum value of K is 4, and this occurs whenever the plate length a, is n x b, the
plate width. Thus a long plate prefers to buckle into roughly square segments as shown in the figure
below.
NCR
a=nxb
NCR
Similar solutions can be found for plates with different support and loading conditions (e.g. some edges
clamped or free, shear loading rather than direct compression, etc).
The lefthand figure on the next page shows buckling coefficients for various support conditions, and the
figure on the right shows buckling coefficients for a plate loaded in pure shear.
Plate_Buckling_Notes.doc
p5
Buckling Load
NCR = K
2 Et 3
12b(1 2 )
SCR = K
2 Et 3
12b(1 2 )
Buckling Stress
CR =
NCR
bt
=K
2E t
12(1 2 ) b
POST-BUCKLING
CR =
SCR
bt
=K
2E
t
2
12(1 ) b
BEHAVIOUR
Commencement of buckling in a thin elastic plate does not immediately result in failure. The buckled plate
remains stable and can resist loads well above the elastic buckling limit without deflecting excessively (in
contrast to a slender column which can carry little more than its elastic critical load before lateral
deflections become excessive), as illustrated in the next figure. This is because the plate buckling
deformations are accompanied by stretching of the middle surface. The post-buckling stress distribution
and the extent to which the middle surface stretching influences post-buckling behaviour depends on the
support conditions at the edges of the plate. Two cases are illustrated in the next figure.
(a) The unloaded edges are free to move horizontally but constrained to remain straight.
(b) The unloaded edges are free to move horizontally
Plate_Buckling_Notes.doc
p6
av
max
av
(b)
N/Ncr
(a)
sides free
to wave
sides remain
straight
slender
column
central deflection
Distribution of post-buckling stress and load-deflection behaviour for different edge conditions
If:
av/ cr
E 0.5E
*
av/cr
Redistribution of in-plane stresses after buckling continues with increasing applied load. Stress in the
stiffer sections of the plate, near the supported edges, continues to increase, while stress in the buckled
sections, such as the middle region shown in the next figure, fails to increase. The process continues until
yield stress is reached near the plate edges or as the result of bending stress associated with the
buckling deformation. Yield then tends to spread rapidly and the plate soon fails.
The following figure shows the distribution of stress at the failure load. The precise nature of the
redistributoin will depend on the edge support conditions, with stiffer supports attracting greater
proportions of the stress.
Plate_Buckling_Notes.doc
p7
y
cr
t
b
STRESS RE-DISTRIBUTION
AT FAILURE
actual stress
distribution
be /2
y
av
cr
b
contribution of central
section ignored
t
actual cross-section
effective cross-section
He further proposed that the strips be considered together as a rectangular plate of width be, and that
failure occurs when the critical buckling stress of the equivalent plate reaches y.
From equation (12)
cr =
NCR
bt
K 2 E t
12(1 2 ) b
(13)
y =
12(1 2 ) be
Plate_Buckling_Notes.doc
be
=
b
cr
y
(14)
(15)
p8
K=4
E=200,000MPa
y=300MPa
=0.3
cr /y
20
30
40
50
60
70
b/t
LIMIT
The ratio b/t is known as the plate slenderness ratio, and the limiting value of 49 is known as the plate
slenderness yield limit. The yield limit can be obtained directly by substituting cr = y in (13) and
rearranging to obtain
b
=
t yield lim it
K 2 E
.
12(1 2 ) y
(16)
Other support conditions are taken into account by using the appropriate buckling coefficient, K (see p.6).
For one edge supported and the other free, K=0.5 (approximately this is for an aspect ratio a/b=5).
Other data is the same as previous case and gives
b
= 17.4 .
t yield lim it
DETERMINATION
OF EFFECTIVE AREA
The effective area of a steel column, Ae is the sum of the effective area, bet, of each flat plate element
composing the cross-section.
b
The effective width of each flat plate element be = t
(be b) .
t yield lim it
Plate_Buckling_Notes.doc
b y
t 250
(17)
p9
Webs of I-beams are regarded as plates supported on two edges (i.e. at the junctions with the flanges),
whereas the flanges are regarded as plates supported on one edge (by the web) and free on the other.
The diagram below provides further explanation.
Section description:
Hot-rolled
UB, UC
Heavily welded
BOX
Cold-formed
CHS
Cold-formed
RHS
d0
Flange outstand b1
b1
b1
d1
b1
b2
d1
16
d1
14
Flange b2 supported
along both edges
Web d1 supported
along both edges
b2
45
Diameter d0
35
40
35
40
82
Plate_Buckling_Notes.doc
p10
EXAMPLES
1.
B = 149mm
T = 8.0
t = 5.5
b1 = 69
d1 = 282
Ag = 4080mm2
y = 320MPa
T
b1
d1
t
Web:
e =
use
d1
t
de = d1
y
250
ey
e
282 320
= 58 > ey ( 45, from Table)
5.5 250
= 282
45
= 219mm
58
Flange outstand:
e =
use
b1
t
y
250
69 320
= 9.8 < ey (16, fromTable )
8 250
149
Effective area:
Ae = Ag 63 5.5 = 3734 mm 2
219/2 = 110mm
63mm
Form factor:
kf =
219/2 = 110mm
Ae
3734
=
= 0.915
Ag
4080
NOTE
The area of web that is deducted is taken from the centre leaving an effective cross-section with a
63mm gap as shown in the sketch above.
1.
B
T
b1
d1
t
Web:
e =
use
d1
t
de = d1
Plate_Buckling_Notes.doc
y
250
ey
e
1120 300
= 76.7 > ey (35 for heavily welded sec tion)
16
250
= 1120
35
= 511mm
76.7
p11
Flange outstand:
275
e =
use
b1
t
y
250
129.5 280
= 5.48 < ey (14, fromTable )
25
250
Effective area:
511/2 = 256mm
609mm
511/2 = 256mm
Form factor:
Plate_Buckling_Notes.doc
Ae
21929
=
= 0.692
Ag
31670
p12