SEISMIC

STRATIGRAPHY

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KlasikUnconformity

Angular unconformity is used

when layers below are clearly
tilted or folded and then eroded
before deposition continues on the
eroded surface

Disconformity is used when

beds above and below are
parallel but a well-developed
erosional surface can be
recognized, by irregular
incision, soil development, or
basal gravel deposits on top.
Paraconformity is used for
obscure unconformities where
correlation with time markers
elsewhere indicates missing
strata, even though no
evidence of a gap is present
locally.
Nonconformity is used for
deposition of bedded strata on
unbedded (usually igneous or
metamorphic) basement.

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Seismic
Stratigraphy,
Vail
et
al.,
1977
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Definisi
Seismik Fasies adalah unit atau paket pola-pola refleksi yang
teramati pada sekuen seismik.
Hubungan perlapisan dengan refleksi terminasi:
Toplap : refleksi terminasi yang menumpu
permukaan erosi yang berada di atasnya/ hiatus.

ke

arah

Onlap : refleksi terminasi yang menumpu ke permukaan

miring (maju ke depan).
Downlap (berada di bagian bawah): refleksi terminasi miring
yang menumpu ke permukaan horisontal/miring.

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Stratal Termination
Sequence
Boundary (SB)
toplap

onlap

onlap
downlap

Erosional
Truncation
Sequence
Boundary (SB)

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Downlap
Surface

Apparent
Truncation

Asosiasi Seimik Fasies

Basin

Slope

Intraslope Basin

Slope/shelf Break

Shelf

Physiographic
Areal/ Seismic
Refelction
Characters

External Form
Internal
configuration
Reflection
Continuity
Reflection
Amplitude
Upper Reflection
Terminations
Lower Reflection
Terminations

mound

sheet drape

chaotic basin-fill slope front fill

chaoticclinoform
hummocky

hummocky

concordant

discontinuous

continuous

discontinuous

variable

moderate
to high

variable

onlap

concordant

truncations&onlap

toplap

toplap &
truncation

local toplap

bidirectional
downlap

some onlap

random downlap

downlap

downlap

local downlap

apparent

wedge

tabular

divergent

concordant

continuous

continuous

continuous

moderate
to high

moderate

moderate
to high

(Mitchum et al., 1977)

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Horizontal

Parallel

CONFIGURATION
REFLECTION

Inclined
Undulating
Clinoform

Sub-parallel

Regular Migrating
Irregular

Divergent/Convergent
Angular

INTERNAL REFLECTION
CHARACTER

Lenticular

Discordant

Contorted
Hummocky
Chaotic

Reflection Free
Continuous
REFLECTION
CONTINUITY

Discontinuous
Variable
High

REFLECTION
AMPLITUDE

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Moderate
Low

Reflection Configuration: Paralel & Subparalel

HORIZONTAL

REGULAR MIGRATING

SUBPARALLEL

INCLINED

PARALLEL

UNDULATING

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IRREGULAR

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Parallel & Sub-Parallel

Parallel and Sub-Parallel : Stable basin plain,
Subsiding shelf: Even & Wavy
Divergent : variation in the rate of deposition,
progressive tilting of depositional surface

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Reflection Configuration: Clinoform

SIGMOID

OBLIQUE

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CLINOFORM

SHINGLED

PARALLEL

Clinoform
Sigmoid : low sediment suplay, relatively rapid
subsidence, rapid rise in sea level.
Oblique : progradation pattern, small channelfill configurations.
Shingled : prograding into shallow water
Parallel : progradation pattern

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Reflection Configuration: Discordant

ANGULAR

LENTICULAR

CONTORTED

DISCORDANT

HUMMOCKY

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CHAOTIC

Discordant
Hummocky : pro delta, inter-delta; shallow
marine
Chaotic : slump structure, cut-and-fill channel
complexes, highly faulted, folded, contorted
zones
Contorted : slump structure
Angular & Lenticular : Large cross bedding
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Reflection free

Homogeneous shales, sanndstone etc.,

Nonstratified
Highly contorted
Steeply dipping lithologic unit
Large igneous masses
Salt features

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Reflection Configuration

FREE/ TRANSPARENT
DIVERGENT/CONVERGENT

DISCONTINUOUS

DISCONTINUOUS

REFLECTION CONTINUITY

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CONTINUOUS

Geometry (3D forms)

BENTUK FACIES (2-D)
UNIFORM

WEDGE

CONVEX UPWARD

CONVEX DOWNWARD

DOUBLY CONVEX

SHEET
WEDGING

MOUND

UNIT FASIES (3-D )

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FILL

LENS

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Terminasi Refleksi

(Te) Truncation adalah terminai lateral suatu lapisan akibat terpotong dari
batas pengendapan aslinya.
(O) Onlap adalah baselap dimana lapisan yang awalnya horisontal laps-out
pada permukaan yang mulanya miring atau lapisan yang awalnya miring
laps-out updip pada lapisan yang lebih miring.
(D) Downlap adalah baselap dimana lapisan yang awalnya miring terminates
downdip pada bidang yang awalnya horisontal atau miring.
(T) Toplap adalah lapout pada batas atas sekuen pengendapan. Toplap
mencerminkan nondepositional hiatus sedang erosional trunction
mencerminkan bidang erosi.
(C) Concordance dapat terlihat pada batas atas dan bawah sekuen. Pada
bagian atas hubungan yang konkordan dapat dikenali dari kesejajaran lapisan
dengan lapisan di bawahnya yang pada awalnya horisontal, miring atai tidak
teratur.

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Jenis dan notasi ABC untuk konfigurasi internal

sekuen seismik adalah :
Paralel (P), subparalel (Sp), divergent (D),
chaotic (c), reflection-free(Rf), mounded (M),
sigmoid (S), oblique (Ob), comples sigmoidoblique (SO),shingled (Sh),, hummocky
clinoforms (HC), Even (E), Wavy (W),
Regular (R), Irregular (IR), Uniform (U),
Variable (V), Draped (Dr), Lenticular (L),
Disrupted (D), Contorted (Co).
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Model Sekuen Stratigrafi

Sekuen stratigrafi adalah studi stratigrafi yang berhubungan dengan
kerangka waktu pengendapan dalam kaitannya perubahan siklus
muka laut (global/regional) .
Setiap sekuen pengendapan terdiri dari perulangan perlapisan
yang dibatasi oleh permukaan erosi (UC) atau hiatus atau
permukaan yang selaras (C) (Van Wagoner et.al., 1987).
Sekuen dibatasi secara regional oleh ketidakselarasan (UC) atau
permukaan keselarasan (C) (Mitchum et.al., 1977).
Elemen penting dalam menentukan pola-pola sekuen stratigrafi
adalah shelf/slope break.

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Sequence Stratigraphy Diagram

SMST (Shelf Margin Systems Sract)
HST (Highstand Systems Tract)
SB.2
(Sequence Boundary 2)

SB.1
(Sequence Boundary 1)

TST (Transgressive Systems Tract)

MFS (Maximum Flooding Surface)
PGC/LSW (Prograding Complex/ Lowstand Wedge)
SFC (Slope Fan Complex)
BFF (Basin Floor Fan)

Vail et al, 1987

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