Background and Introduction To 1xEV-DO Technology - 340

Course 340
Background
Background and
and Introduction
Introduction
To
To 1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Technology
Technology
This course can be downloaded free from our website:
www.howcdmaworks.com/340.pdf
7-2008
Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter
340 - 1
340 Contents
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Wireless Usage Today: Competing Wireless Data Technologies

Speed: 1xEV-DOs purpose and differences from 1xRTT
Key Features and Structure of 1xEV-DO
EV-DO Technical Details: Channels and Dataflow
MAC Indices what they do, and how many are available
Forward Link Data delivery during an established connection
C/I instead of Ec/Io
Managing the APs attention to mobiles: Proportional Fairness
Signal Composition and HARQ: Hybrid Repeat-Request Protocol
Reverse Rate Control
EV-DO Rev. A Forward and Reverse rate indices
Route Update and the signal path in both directions
Network Architecture of main manufacturers, Mobile and Simple IP
Interoperability Basics
7-2008
340 - 2
Global and US Wireless Subscribers 1Q 2008
Total
GSM
CDMA
IDEN
Global
3,051,659,279
2,571,563,279
451,400,000
28,696,000
USA
252,018,131
84.3% 102,200,000
14.8% 132,243,131
0.9% 17,575,000
40.6%
52.5%
7.0%
Q Total Worldwide Wireless customers surpassed total worldwide landline

customers at year-end 2002, with 1,00,080,000 of each.
Q 4/5 of worldwide wireless customers use the GSM technology
Q CDMA is second-most-prevalent with 14.8%
Q In the US, CDMA is the most prevalent technology at 52.5% penetration
Q Both CDMA and GSM are growing in the US
IS-136 TDMA systems were converted to GSM + GPRS + EDGE
7-2008
340 - 3
World Wireless Subs by Technology 2006

World Wireless Subscribers
Top 21 Operators Only
980.77
Operator
Country
Subscribers
China
246.65
China Mobile
China
127.79
China Unicom
Russia
58.19
MTS
US
54.1
Cingular
US
51.3
Verizon
Japan
50.36
NTT DoCoMo
US
45.6
Sprint Nextel
Mexico
33.6
Telcel
Germany
29.5
T-Mobile
Germany
29.16
D2 Vodafone
Brazil
28.8
Vivo
Turkey
27.9
Turkcell
Italy
27.25
Telecom Italia
USA
21.7
T-Mobile
France
21.67
Orange
Japan
21.57
KDDI
19.6
Telefonica Moviles Spain
South Korea
19.53
SK Telecom
Italy
18.2
Vodafone Italy
UK
17.2
T-Mobile
UK
16.325
Vodafone UK
Japan
14.77
Vodafone KK
7-2008
14.8%
145.49
CDMA
27.79
83.1%
814.98
GSM
246.65
100.00
58.19
54.10
2.1%
20.30
IDEN
51.30
50.36
25.30
20.30
33.60
29.50
29.16
28.80
27.90
27.25
21.70
21.67
21.57
19.60
19.53
18.20
17.20
16.33
14.77
340 - 4
US Wireless Subs by Technology 2006

US Wireless Subscribers
Carrier
Cingular Wireless
Verizon Wireless
Sprint Nextel
T-Mobile
Alltel
US Cellular
Leap Wireless
Dobson Communications
SunCom
Rural Cellular Corp.
Centennial Communications
Cincinnati Bell
Ntelos
SouthernLinc
Alaska Communications
Cellular South
Commnet Wireless
West Coast/SureWest Wireless
Meriwether Comms.
Airadigm
Lewis and Clark
Clear Talk
Entertainment Unlimited
Corr Wireless
Poplar PCS
Edge Wireless
Salmon PCS
7-2008
100%
198,444,627
Subscribers
54,100,000
51,300,000
44,304,901
21,700,000
11,040,000
5,500,000
1,670,000
1,543,000
964,824
705,602
586,000
496,000
336,300
300,000
117,000
670,000
420,000
350,000
300,000
380,000
370,000
520,000
220,000
127,000
190,000
120,000
114,000
48.4%
95,963,297
CDMA
41.5%
82,336,426
GSM>WCDMA
54,100,000
51,300,000
24,459,997
10.2%
20,144,904
iDEN
19,844,904
21,700,000
11,040,000
5,500,000
1,670,000
1,543,000
964,824
705,602
586,000
496,000
336,300
300,000
117,000
670,000
420,000
350,000
300,000
380,000
370,000
520,000
220,000
127,000
190,000
120,000
114,000
340 - 5
A Quick Survey of Wireless Data Technologies

FOURTH
GENERATION
US CDMA
ETSI/GSM
MISC/NEW
WiMAX
LTE
Flarion OFDM
12000 6000 kb/s
12000 6000 kb/s
1500 900 kb/s
WCDMA HSDPA
THIRD
GENERATION
1xEV-DV
5000 - 1200 DL
307 - 153 UL
1xEV-DO A
WCDMA 0
384 250 kb/s
1xRTT RC4
EDGE
307.2 144 kb/s
200 - 90 kb/s DL
45 kb/s UL
1xRTT RC3
GPRS
153.6 90 kb/s
SECOND
GENERATION
WCDMA 1
2000 - 800 kb/s
3100 800 DL
1800 600 UL
2.5G
12000 6000 kb/s
IS-95B
40 30 kb/s DL
15 kb/s UL
64 -32 kb/s
GSM HSCSD
IS-95
GSM CSD
14.4 9.6 kb/s
32 19.2 kb/s
9.6 4.8 kb/s
TD-SCDMA
In Development
CELLULAR
IDEN
19.2 19.2 kb/s
IS-136 TDMA
19.2 9.6 kb/s
CDPD
Mobitex
19.2 4.8 kb/s

discontinued
9.6 4.8 kb/s

obsolete
Q This summary is a work-in-progress, tracking latest experiences and reports from all the
high-tier (provider-network-oriented) 2G, 3G and 4G wireless data technologies
Q Have actual experiences to share, latest announced details, or corrections to the above?
Email to Scott@ScottBaxter.com. Thanks for your comments!
7-2008
340 - 6
The CDMA Migration Path to 3G

CDMAone
Generation
Technology
Spectrum
Signal
Bandwidth,
#Users
1G
2G
AMPS
RL
FL
7-2008
2G
IS-95A/
IS-95B
J-Std008
RL
FL
RL
FL
2.5G? 3G
3G
3G
IS-2000: IS-2000: 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DV

Rev. 0 Rev. A
1xRTT
3xRTT
1xTreme
IS-856
IS-856
RL
FL
RL
FL
1250 kHz. F: 3x 1250k

30 kHz. 1250 kHz. 1250 kHz.
R: 3687k
50-80 voice 120-210 per
1
20-35
25-40
3 carriers
and data
None,
Data
Capabilities 2.4K by
modem
Features:
Incremental
Progress
CDMA2000 / IS-2000
First
System,
Capacity
&
Handoffs
14.4K
First
CDMA,
Capacity,
Quality
64K
Improve
d Access
Smarter
Handoffs
153K
307K
230K
Enhanced
Access
Channel
Structure
RL
FL
1250 kHz.
59 active
users
2.4 Mb/s
1.0 Mb/s 153DL
Kb/s
UL
Faster
data rates
on shared
3-carrier
bundle
High data
rates on
data-only
CDMA
carrier
RL
FL
RL
FL
1250 kHz. 1250 kHz.

59 active Many packet
users
users
3.1 Mb/s
DL
1.8 Mb/s
UL
5 Mb/s
Higher
data rates
on dataonly
CDMA
carrier
High data
rates on
Data-Voice
shared
CDMA
carrier
340 - 7
Modulation Techniques of 1xEV Technologies

Q 1xEV, 1x Evolution, is a family of alternative
fast-data schemes that can be implemented on a
1x CDMA carrier.
Q 1xEV DO means 1x Evolution, Data Only,
originally proposed by Qualcomm as High Data
Rates (HDR).
Up to 2.4576 Mbps forward, 153.6 kbps
reverse
A 1xEV DO carrier holds only packet data,
and does not support circuit-switched voice
Commercially available in 2003
Q 1xEV DV means 1x Evolution, Data and Voice.
Max throughput of 5 Mbps forward, 307.2k
reverse
Backward compatible with IS-95/1xRTT
voice calls on the same carrier as the data
Not yet commercially available; work
continues
Q All versions of 1xEV use advanced modulation
techniques to achieve high throughputs.
7-2008
QPSK
CDMA IS-95,
IS-2000 1xRTT,
and lower rates
of 1xEV-DO, DV
16QAM
1xEV-DO
at highest
rates
64QAM
1xEV-DV
at highest
rates
340 - 8
GSM Technology Migration Path to 3G

Generation
1G
Technology
various
analog
GSM
Signal
Bandwidth,
#Users
various
200 kHz.
7.5 avg.
Data
Capabilities
Features:
Incremental
Progress
7-2008
various
various
2G
none
Europes
first Digital
wireless
2.5G or 3?
3G
3G
UMTS
UTRA
GPRS
EDGE
WCDMA
3.84 MHz.
200 kHz.
200 kHz.
up to 200+
Many
fast data
voice users
Pkt. users many users and data
9-160 Kb/s
384 Kb/s
(conditions mobile user
determine)
2Mb/s
static user
Integrated
Packet IP
8PSK for
voice/data
access
3x Faster (Future rates
Multiple
data rates to 12 MBPS
attached
than GPRS using adv.
users
modulation?)
340 - 9
TDMA IS-136 Technology Migration Path to 3G
the familiar GSM path!

Generation
1G
Technology
AMPS
Signal
Bandwidth,
#Users
30 kHz.
1
Data
Capabilities
None,
2.4K by
modem
First
System,
Features:
Incremental Capacity
&
Progress
Handoffs
7-2008
2G
2G
CDPD
TDMA
IS-54
IS-136
30 kHz.
30 kHz.
Many
3 users
Pkt Usrs
19.2
kbps
US
Packet
Data
Svc.
none
USAs
first
Digital
wireless
2G
GSM
200 kHz.
7.5 avg.
none
2.5G or 3?
3G
3G
UMTS
UTRA
GPRS
EDGE
WCDMA
3.84 MHz.
200 kHz.
200 kHz.
up to 200+
Many
fast data
voice users
Pkt. users many users and data
9-160 Kb/s
384 Kb/s
(conditions mobile user
determine)
2Mb/s
static user
Integrated
Packet IP
Europes
8PSK for
voice/data
access
first
3x Faster (Future rates
Multiple
Digital
data rates to 12 MBPS
attached
wireless
than GPRS using adv.
users
modulation?)
340 - 10
SPEED:
SPEED: 1xEV-DOs
1xEV-DOs Purpose
Purpose
Differences
Differences from
from CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1xRTT
1xRTT
7-2008
340 - 11
Why 1xEV-DO?
Q To satisfy the ITU 3G vision of four radio environments:
9600 bps megacells met by satellite-based systems
144 kbps macrocells met by CDMA2000 1xRTT RC3
384 kbps microcells met by CDMA2000 1xRTT RC4 (307k)
2 mbps picocells met by 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV
Q To provide new applications for CDMA2000 users
high speed data access and web applications in the mobile
environment
speeds up to 2.4 mbps
7-2008
340 - 12
Why Cant 1xRTT do high speeds?

Q RF channel conditions change much faster than 1xRTT can track
this causes 1xRTT to mis-estimate the feasible data speed
which can be used for a burst of data
sometimes conditions are worse than expected at the time
of a burst, and the burst is received with severe errors
other times the conditions are better than expected at the
time of a burst, and the burst transmitted more slowly than
actually could have been received
Q Bursts in 1xRTT are so long that substantial latency is introduced
into error correction and packet repetition schemes
Q For all these reasons, something more nimble is needed
7-2008
340 - 13
Path Loss, relative dB
Mobile RF Channel Conditions Change Rapidly

+6
+4
+2
+0
-2
0
0.1
Path Loss, db
0.2
0.3
Time, Seconds
Slow Fading due to

obstructions and user
motion
0.4
0.5
Fast Fading due to

user motion through
multipath fading
standing-wave pattern
Q Radio Transmission Technologies must be nimble enough to quickly

adapt for best results during changing channel conditions
in choosing what data rate to transmit
in power control of the forward and reverse links
7-2008
340 - 14
GOOD CONDITIONS
+6
+4
+2
+0
-2
0
0.1
DATA RATE DECISION
Eb/Nt, dB
Path Loss, relative dB
1xRTT Data Burst Control Lags RF Conditions

DATA BURST
ACTUALLY OCCURS
NOW
BAD CONDITIONS
Path Loss, db
0.2
0.3
Time, Seconds
0.5
Fixed Rate!
Setup Time
BTS
0.4
F-SCH
F-SCH Burst
F-FCH
SCH-Assignment Msg.
MOBILE
R-FCH
R-SCH
T
seconds 0
7-2008
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.4
340 - 15
1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT at the Same Time-Scale

1xEV-DO
AP
Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.
Traffic
Setup time can be less than 10 ms., depending on traffic loading.
AT
DRC
T
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time, Seconds
1xRTT
Setup Time
BTS
Fixed Rate!
F-SCH
F-SCH Burst
F-FCH
SCH-Assignment Msg.
MOBILE
R-FCH
SCH-Request Msg.
R-SCH
Thoughput: 0.15 or 0.31 Mb/s max, 0.06 Mb/s typ.

7-2008
340 - 16
1xEV-DO Handles Data at the level of

Packets and Subpackets
AP
1xEV-DO
Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.
Traffic
Setup time can be less than 10 ms., depending on traffic loading.
AT
DRC
Q Each forward traffic channel subpacket is only 1.67 ms long

The flow of subpackets is stopped immediately when successful
decoding is achieved.
The reaction to channel conditions is effectively instantaneous,
with no wasted excess energy!
Q Short preambles and embedded MAC bits identify the destination
mobile
No time is wasted sending layer-3 messages to control packet flow
Q Each mobile DRC request is based on latest channel condition
ACK/NAK commands can stop unneeded subpacket repetitions in
less than 5 ms.!
7-2008
340 - 17
The
The Key
Key Features
Features
and
and Structure
Structure of
of 1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO
7-2008
340 - 18
Channel Structure of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT

CHANNEL STRUCTURE
Q IS-95 and 1xRTT
many simultaneous users, each
with steady forward and reverse
traffic channels
transmissions arranged,
requested, confirmed by layer-3
messages with some delay
Q 1xEV-DO -- Very Different:
Forward Link goes to one user at a
time like TDMA!
users are rapidly time-multiplexed,
each receives fair share of
available sector time
instant preference given to user
with ideal receiving conditions, to
maximize average throughput
transmissions arranged and
requested via steady MAC-layer
walsh streams very immediate!
7-2008
IS-95 AND 1xRTT

Many users simultaneous forward
and reverse traffic channels
PILOT
SYNC
PAGING
F-FCH1
F-FCH2
F-FCH3
W0
W32
W1
W17
W25
W41
F-SCH
W3
BTS
F-FCH4 W53
ATs
1xEV-DO
(Access Terminals)
AP
(Access Point)
1xEV-DO Forward Link
AP
340 - 19
Power Management of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT

IS-95: VARIABLE POWER
TO MAINTAIN USER FER
Maximum Sector Transmit Power
8
7
power
4
3
2
User 1
PAGING
SYNC
PILOT
time
1xEV-DO: MAX POWER ALWAYS,

DATA RATE OPTIMIZED
power
POWER MANAGEMENT
Q IS-95 and 1xRTT:
sectors adjust each users
channel power to maintain a
preset target FER
Q 1xEV-DO IS-856:
sectors always operate at
maximum power
sector output is timemultiplexed, with only one
user served at any instant
The transmission data rate is
set to the maximum speed
the user can receive at that
moment
time
7-2008
340 - 20
Some EV-DO Terminology

IS-95, IS-2000, 1xRTT
Phone,
Mobile,
Handset, or
Subscriber
Terminal
Base Station,
BTS,
Cell Site
7-2008
EV-DO
AT
Access
Terminal
AP
Access
Point
340 - 21
1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Technical
Technical Details
Details
Data
Data Flow
Flow and
and Channels
Channels
7-2008
340 - 22
1xEV-DO Transmission Timing

Forward Link
Q All members of the CDMA family - IS-95, IS-95B,

1xRTT, 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV transmit
Frames
One Cycle of PN Short Code
IS-95, IS-95B, 1xRTT frames are usually 20
ms. long
1xEV-DO frames are 26-2/3 ms. long
same length as the short PN code
One 1xEV-DO Frame
each 1xEV-DO frame is divided into
1/16ths, called slots
Q The Slot is the basic timing unit of 1xEV-DO
forward link transmission
Each slot is directed toward somebody and
holds a subpacket of information for them
Some slots are used to carry the control
channel for everyone to hear; most slots are
intended for individual users or private groups
Q Users dont own long continuing series of slots
One Slot
like in TDMA or GSM; instead, each slot or small
string of slots is dynamically addressed to
whoever needs it at the moment
7-2008
340 - 23
Whats In a Slot?
MAC
96
DATA
PILOT
64
DATA
MAC
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
MAC
DATA
PILOT
SLOT
MAC
Slot 1024 chips
DATA
64
400 chips
400 chips
64
96
64
400 chips
Q The main cargo in a slot is the DATA being sent to a user

Q But all users need to get continuous timing and administrative
information, even when all the slots are going to somebody else
Q Twice in every slot there is regularly-scheduled burst of timing and
administrative information for everyone to use
MAC (Media Access Control) information such as power
control bits
a burst of pure Pilot
allows new mobiles to acquire the cell and decide to use it
keeps existing user mobiles exactly on sector time
mobiles use it to decide which sector should send them
their next forward link packet
7-2008
340 - 24
What if theres No Data to Send?

MAC
96
empty
PILOT
64
empty
MAC
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
MAC
empty
PILOT
SLOT
MAC
Slot 1024 chips
empty
64
400 chips
400 chips
64
96
64
400 chips
Q Sometimes there may be no data waiting to be sent on a sectors

forward link
When theres no data to transmit on a slot, transmitting can be
suspended during the data portions of that slot
But---the MAC and PILOT must be transmitted!!
New and existing mobiles on this sector and surrounding
sectors need to monitor the relative strength of all the sectors
and decide which one to use next, so they need the pilot
Mobiles TRANSMITTING data to the sector on the reverse link
need power control bits
So MAC and PILOT are always transmitted, even in an empty
slot
7-2008
340 - 25
Slots and Frames

MAC
96
DATA
PILOT
64
DATA
MAC
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
MAC
DATA
PILOT
SLOT
MAC
Slot 1024 chips
DATA
64
400 chips
400 chips
64
96
64
400 chips
Slot
FRAME
1 Frame = 16 slots 32k chips 26-2/3 ms
Q Two Half-Slots make a Slot

Q 16 Slots make a frame
7-2008
340 - 26
Frames and Control Channel Cycles

Q A Control Channel Cycle is 16 frames (thats 426-2/3 ms, about 1/2
second)
Q The first half of the first frame has all of its slots reserved for possible use
carrying Control Channel packets
Q The last half of the first frame, and all of the remaining 15 frames, have
their slots available for ordinary use transmitting subpackets to users
Slot
FRAME
CONTROL
CHANNEL
USER(S) DATA CHANNEL
16-FRAME
CONTROL CHANNEL
CYCLE
16 Frames 524k chips 426-2/3 ms
Thats a lot of slots!

16 x 16 = 256
7-2008
340 - 27
Forward Link Frame and Slot Structure:

Big Picture Summary
MAC
96
DATA
PILOT
64
DATA
MAC
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
MAC
DATA
PILOT
SLOT
MAC
Slot 1024 chips
DATA
64
400 chips
400 chips
64
96
64
400 chips
FRAME
CONTROL
CHANNEL
USER(S) DATA CHANNEL
16-FRAME
CONTROL CHANNEL
CYCLE
16 Frames 524k chips 426-2/3 ms
Q Slots make Frames and Frames make Control Channel Cycles!

7-2008
340 - 28
Reverse Link Frame and Slot Structure:

Big Picture Summary
Slot 1024 chips
Slot 1024 chips
SLOT
DATA
FRAME
1 Subframe
holds
1 Subpacket
Subframe
Subframe
Subframe
Q Reverse Link frames are the same length as forward link frames
Q The mobile does not include separate MAC and Pilot bursts
Its MAC and pilot functions are carried inside its signal by
simultaneous walsh codes
Q There is no need for slots for dedicated control purposes since the
mobile can transmit on the access channel whenever it needs
7-2008
340 - 29
Rev. A Reverse Channel Sub-Frame Structure

RRI
DATA CHANNEL
DRC CHANNEL
ACK
DSC
ACK
DSC
ACK
DSC
ACK
DSC
AUXILIARY PILOT CHANNEL

PILOT CHANNEL
1 Slot
1 Slot
1 Slot
1 Slot
1 Sub-Frame
Q The mobile transmits sub-packets occupying four reverse link

slots, called a reverse link sub-frame.
Q If multiple subpackets are required to deliver a packet, the
additional subpackets are spaced in every third subframe until
done
7-2008
340 - 30
EV-DO Rev. A Channels

IN THE WORLD OF CODES
MAC
just like IS-95
64
DRCLock
RPC
ARQ
Wx16 Traffic
FORWARD
Auxiliary Pilot W2832
MAC
IC
FF
Walsh
code
W24
Access Channel
for session setup
from Idle Mode
Primary Pilot W016
MAC
Wx16 Control
Data
Long PN offset
W264 Rev Activity
Public or Private
ACCESS
Pilot W016
Access
W064 Pilot
Long PN offset
REVERSE CHANNELS
A
TR
Access
Point
(AP)
Sector has a Short PN Offset
FORWARD CHANNELS
RRI W416
DRC W816
DSC W1232
ACK W1232
Data
W12
Access
Terminal
(User
Terminal)
Traffic Channel
as used during
a data session
Walsh
code
Q The channels are not continuous like ordinary 1xRTT CDMA

Q Notice the differences between the MAC channels and the Rev. 0
MAC channels these are the heart of the Rev. 0/A differences
7-2008
340 - 31
Functions of Rev. A Forward Channels
AP
Access
Point
(AP)
Access terminals watch the Pilot to select

the strongest sector and choose burst speeds
W064 Pilot
MAC
W264 Rev Activity

just like IS-95
FORWARD
CHANNELS
64
DRCLock
RPC
ARQ
MAC
Each connected AT has MAC channel:

DRCLock indication if sector busy
RPC (Reverse Power Control)
ARQ to halt reverse link subpackets as
soon as complete packet is recovered
Wx16 Control
Wx16 Traffic
Walsh
code
The Reverse Activity Channel tells

ATs If the reverse link loading is
too high, requiring rate reduction
Traffic channels
carry user data to
one user at a time
The Control channel carries

overhead messages for idle ATs
but can also carry user traffic
400 chips
7-2008
64 96 64
Slot 1024 chips
400 chips
400 chips
MAC
DATA
PILOT
DATA
MAC
MAC
PILOT
DATA
MAC
Forward Link Slot Structure (16 slots in a 26-2/3 ms. frame)
64 96 64
Slot 1024 chips
DATA
400 chips
340 - 32
Functions of Rev. A Reverse Channels

The Pilot is used as a preamble
during access probes
Auxiliary Pilot W2832
MAC
IC
FF
DRC Data Rate Control channel

tells desired downlink speed
Access Channel
for session setup
from Idle Mode
Primary Pilot W016
A
TR
RRI reverse rate indicator tells

AP what rate is being sent by AT
Long PN offset
Auxiliary Pilot on traffic channel

allows synchronous detection
during high data rates
W24
Public or Private
Primary Pilot on traffic channel

and also carries the RRI channel
Data
Access
ACCESS
Pilot W016
Long PN offset
Data channel during access

carries mobile requests
REVERSE CHANNELS
RRI W416
DRC W816
DSC W1232
ACK W1232
Data
W12
Access
Terminal
(User
Terminal)
Traffic Channel
as used during
a data session
Walsh
code
DSC Data Source Control channel

tells which sector will send burst
ACK channel allows AT to signal
successful reception of a packet
7-2008
DATA channel during traffic

carries the ATs traffic bits
340 - 33
Rev. A MAC Index Values and Their Uses

MAC INDEX
MAC CHANNEL USE
0, 1
Not Used
2
Not Used
3
Not Used
4
RA Channel
5
RPC, DRC LOCK, ARQ
64 and 65
Not Used
66
Not Used
67
Not Used
68
Not Used
69
Not Used
70
Not Used
71
Not Used
6-63 and 72-127 RPC, DRC LOCK, ARQ
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
PREAMBLE USE
Not Used
Control 76.8 kbps
Control 38.4 kbps
Not Used
Fwd TC if no Bcst
Not Used
Multi-User 128, 256, 512, 1024
Multi-User 2048
Multi-user 3072
Multi-User 4096
Multi-User 5120
Control 19.2, 38.4, 76.8
Fwd TC, Single User
PREAMBLE LENGTH
N/A
512
1024
N/A
Variable
N/A
256
128
64
64
64
1024
Variable
114 MAC indices are available for regular single-user packets

3 MAC indices are earmarked for control channel packets
5 MAC indices are reserved for mult-user packets
1 MAC index is reserved for broadcast packets, or single-users
4 MAC indices are not used due to conflicts with multiplexing patterns
7-2008
340 - 34
Rev. A MAC Index and I/Q Channel Contents
7-2008
340 - 35
The 1xEV-DO Rev. 0 Channels

IN THE WORLD OF CODES
REVERSE CHANNELS
MAC
just like IS-95
DRCLock
RPC
MAC
Pilot
W016
RRI
Wx16 Control
Wx16 Traffic
FORWARD
MAC DRC
IC
FF
Walsh
code
Long PN offset
64
W24
Public or Private
Data
Access
ACCESS
W264 Rev Activity
Pilot W016
Long PN offset
W064 Pilot
A
TR
Access
Point
(AP)
FORWARD CHANNELS
W0 W4
W1 W5
W816
W2 W6
W3 W7
ACK
W48
Data
W24
Access Channel
for session setup
from Idle Mode
Access
Terminal
(User
Terminal)
Traffic Channel
as used during
a data session
Walsh
code
Q These channels are NOT CONTINUOUS like IS-95 or 1xRTT!

They are made up of SLOTS carrying data subpackets to individual
users or control channel subpackets for everyone to monitor
Regardless of who owns a SLOT, the slot also carries two small
generic bursts containing PILOT and MAC information everyone can
monitor
7-2008
340 - 36
Functions of Rev. 0 Forward Channels
AP
Access terminals watch the Pilot to select

the strongest sector and choose burst speeds
Access
Point
(AP)
W064 Pilot
W264 Rev Activity
W
MAC
FORWARD CHANNELS
64
DRCLock
RPC
MAC
The Reverse Activity Channel tells

ATs If the reverse link loading is
too high, requiring rate reduction
Each AT with open connection has a
MAC channel including DRCLock and
RPC (Reverse Power Control) muxed
using the same MAC index 5-63.
Wx16 Control
Wx16 Traffic
Traffic channels
carry user data to
one user at a time
The Control channel carries

overhead messages for idle ATs
but can also carry user traffic
IN THE WORLD OF TIME
400 chips
7-2008
64 96 64
Slot 1024 chips
400 chips
400 chips
MAC
DATA
PILOT
DATA
MAC
MAC
PILOT
DATA
MAC
Forward Link Slot Structure (16 slots in a 26-2/3 ms. frame)
64 96 64
Slot 1024 chips
DATA
400 chips
340 - 37
Functions of Rev. 0 Reverse Channels

The Pilot is used as a preamble
during access probes
REVERSE CHANNELS
RRI reverse rate indicator tells

the AP the ATs desired rate for
reverse link data channel
Long PN offset
MAC DRC
W24
Public or Private
TRAFFIC
Data
Access
Pilot during traffic channel

and also carries the RRI channel
ACCESS
Pilot W016
Long PN offset
Data channel during access

carries mobile requests
Pilot
W016
RRI
W0 W4
W1 W5
W816
W2 W6
W3 W7
ACK
W48
Data
W24
Access
Terminal
(User
Terminal)
DRC Data Rate Control channel

asks a specific sector to transmit
to the AT at a specific rate
ACK channel allows AT to signal
successful reception of a packet
7-2008
DATA channel during traffic

carries the ATs traffic bits
340 - 38
AP
7-2008
MACIndex
Walsh Code
Phase
Q Each active user on a sector is assigned a

unique 7-bit MAC index (64 MACs possible)
Q Each data packet begins with a preamble,
using the MAC index of the intended recipient
Q Five values of MAC indices are reserved for
multi-user packets
packets intended for reception by a group
for example, control channels
mobiles may have individual MAC indices
AND be simultaneously in various groups
this trick keeps payload size low even
for transmissions to groups
MACIndex
Walsh Code
Phase
Preamble Use
Not Used
76.8 kbps CCH
38.4 kbps CCH
Not Used
Available for
Forward
Traffic Channel
Transmissions
MACIndex
Walsh Code
Phase
MACIndex MAC Channel Use

0 and 1
Not Used
2
Not Used
3
Not Used
4
RA Channel
Available for RPC
and DRCLock
5-63
Channel
Transmissions
MACIndex
Walsh Code
Phase
The Rev. 0 MAC Index
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
55
57
59
61
63
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
340 - 39
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Forward
Forward Link
Link Data
Data Transmission
Transmission
During
During an
an Established
Established Connection
Connection
7-2008
340 - 40
Information Flow Over 1xEV-DO

Data Ready
Data from PDSN for the Mobile
DRC: 5
MP3, web page, or other content
AP
Q The system notifies a mobile when data for it is waiting to be sent

Q The mobile chooses which sector it hears best at that instant, and requests
the sector to send it a packet
Q there are 16 possible transmission formats the mobile may request, called
DRC Indices. Each DRC Index value is really a combined specification
including specific values for:
what data speed will be transmitted
how big a chunk of waiting data will be sent (that amount of data will be
cut of the front of the waiting data stream and will be the Packet
transmitted)
what kind of encoding will be done to protect the data (3x Turbo, 5x
Turbo, etc.) and the symbol repetition, if any
after the symbols are formed, how many SUBpackets they will be
divided into
Q Then, the sector starts transmitting the SUBpackets in SLOTS on the
forward link
Q The first slot will begin with a header that the mobile will recognize so it can
begin the receiving process
7-2008
340 - 41
Transmission of a Packet over EV-DO

Data Ready
AP
A user has initiated a1xEV-DO data session on their AT,

accessing a favorite website.
The requested page has just been received by the PDSN.
The PDSN and Radio Network Controller send a Data
Ready message to let the AT know it has data waiting.
7-2008
340 - 42

Data Ready
DRC: 5

A user has initiated a1xEV-DO data session on their AT,
accessing a favorite website.
The requested page has just been received by the PDSN.
The PDSN and Radio Network Controller send a Data
Ready message to let the AT know it has data waiting.
The AT quickly determines which of its active sectors is the
strongest. On the ATs DRC channel it asks that sector to
send it a packet at speed DRC Index 5.
The mobiles choice, DRC Index 5, determines everything:
The raw bit speed is 307.2 kb/s.
The packet will have 2048 bits.
There will be 4 subpackets (in slots 4 apart).
The first subpacket will begin with a 128 chip preamble.
7-2008
AP
DRC
Modu- Preamble Payload Raw
C/I
Index Slots lation
Chips
Bits
kb/s
db
0x0 n/a QPSK
n/a
0
null rate
n/a
0x1 16 QPSK
1024
1024
38.4
-11.5
0x2
8
QPSK
512
1024
76.8
-9.2
0x3
4
QPSK
256
1024
153.6
-6.5
0x4
2
QPSK
128
1024
307.2
-3.5
0x5
4
QPSK
128
2048
307.2
-3.5
0x6
1
QPSK
64
1024
614.4
-0.6
0x7
2
QPSK
64
2048
614.4
-0.5
0x8
2
QPSK
64
3072
921.6
+2.2
0x9
1
QPSK
64
2048 1,228.8
+3.9
0xa
2 16QAM
64
4096 1,228.8
+4.0
0xb
1
8PSK
64
3072 1,843.2
+8.0
0xc
1 16QAM
64
4096 2,457.6 +10.3
0xd
2 16QAM
64
5120 1,536.0 in Rev. A
0xe
1 16QAM
64
5120 3,072.0 in Rev. A
340 - 43

Data from PDSN for the Mobile PACKET
Data Ready
DRC: 5

2048 bits
Turbo Coder
Using the specifications for
+
+
the mobiles requested DRC
+
+ +
D
D
D
+
index, the correct-size packet
+
+
+
of bits is fed into the turbo
+
+ +
D
D
D
+
coder and the right number of
+
symbols are created.
Symbols
Interleaver
7-2008
AP
DRC
C/I
Index Slots lation
Chips
Bits
kb/s
db
0x0 n/a QPSK
n/a
0
null rate
n/a
0x1 16 QPSK
1024
1024
38.4
-11.5
0x2
8
QPSK
512
1024
76.8
-9.2
0x3
4
QPSK
256
1024
153.6
-6.5
0x4
2
QPSK
128
1024
307.2
-3.5
0x5
4
QPSK
128
2048
307.2
-3.5
0x6
1
QPSK
64
1024
614.4
-0.6
0x7
2
QPSK
64
2048
614.4
-0.5
0x8
2
QPSK
64
3072
921.6
+2.2
0x9
1
QPSK
64
2048 1,228.8
+3.9
0xa
2 16QAM
64
4096 1,228.8
+4.0
0xb
1
8PSK
64
3072 1,843.2
+8.0
0xc
1 16QAM
64
4096 2,457.6 +10.3
0xd
2 16QAM
64
5120 1,536.0 in Rev. A
0xe
1 16QAM
64
5120 3,072.0 in Rev. A
340 - 44

Data Ready
DRC: 5

2048 bits
Turbo Coder
+
+
+
+ +
D
D
D
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
D
D
D
+
+
Symbols
Interleaver
To guard against bursty errors

in transmission, the symbols
are completely stirred up in
a block interleaver.
7-2008
Block Interleaver
AP
DRC
C/I
Index Slots lation
Chips
Bits
kb/s
db
0x0 n/a QPSK
n/a
0
null rate
n/a
0x1 16 QPSK
1024
1024
38.4
-11.5
0x2
8
QPSK
512
1024
76.8
-9.2
0x3
4
QPSK
256
1024
153.6
-6.5
0x4
2
QPSK
128
1024
307.2
-3.5
0x5
4
QPSK
128
2048
307.2
-3.5
0x6
1
QPSK
64
1024
614.4
-0.6
0x7
2
QPSK
64
2048
614.4
-0.5
0x8
2
QPSK
64
3072
921.6
+2.2
0x9
1
QPSK
64
2048 1,228.8
+3.9
0xa
2 16QAM
64
4096 1,228.8
+4.0
0xb
1
8PSK
64
3072 1,843.2
+8.0
0xc
1 16QAM
64
4096 2,457.6 +10.3
0xd
2 16QAM
64
5120 1,536.0 in Rev. A
0xe
1 16QAM
64
5120 3,072.0 in Rev. A
340 - 45

Data Ready
DRC: 5

2048 bits
Turbo Coder
+
+
+
+ +
D
D
D
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
D
D
D
+
+
Symbols
Interleaver

The re-ordered stream of
symbols is now ready to
transmit.
7-2008
Block Interleaver
Interleaved Symbols
AP
DRC
C/I
Index Slots lation
Chips
Bits
kb/s
db
0x0 n/a QPSK
n/a
0
null rate
n/a
0x1 16 QPSK
1024
1024
38.4
-11.5
0x2
8
QPSK
512
1024
76.8
-9.2
0x3
4
QPSK
256
1024
153.6
-6.5
0x4
2
QPSK
128
1024
307.2
-3.5
0x5
4
QPSK
128
2048
307.2
-3.5
0x6
1
QPSK
64
1024
614.4
-0.6
0x7
2
QPSK
64
2048
614.4
-0.5
0x8
2
QPSK
64
3072
921.6
+2.2
0x9
1
QPSK
64
2048 1,228.8
+3.9
0xa
2 16QAM
64
4096 1,228.8
+4.0
0xb
1
8PSK
64
3072 1,843.2
+8.0
0xc
1 16QAM
64
4096 2,457.6 +10.3
0xd
2 16QAM
64
5120 1,536.0 in Rev. A
0xe
1 16QAM
64
5120 3,072.0 in Rev. A
340 - 46

Data Ready
DRC: 5
AP
2048 bits
Turbo Coder
+
+
+
+ +
D
D
D
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
D
D
D
+
+
Symbols
Block Interleaver
The re-ordered stream of
symbols is now ready to
transmit. The symbols are
divided into the correct
number of subpackets, which Interleaved Symbols
will occupy the same number
of transmission slots, spaced
four apart.
Its up to the AP to decide
when it will start transmitting
the stream, taking into account
any other pending subpackets
for other users, and
proportional fairness.
DRC
C/I
Index Slots lation
Chips
Bits
kb/s
db
0x0 n/a QPSK
n/a
0
null rate
n/a
0x1 16 QPSK
1024
1024
38.4
-11.5
0x2
8
QPSK
512
1024
76.8
-9.2
0x3
4
QPSK
256
1024
153.6
-6.5
0x4
2
QPSK
128
1024
307.2
-3.5
0x5
4
QPSK
128
2048
307.2
-3.5
0x6
1
QPSK
64
1024
614.4
-0.6
0x7
2
QPSK
64
2048
614.4
-0.5
0x8
2
QPSK
64
3072
921.6
+2.2
0x9
1
QPSK
64
2048 1,228.8
+3.9
0xa
2 16QAM
64
4096 1,228.8
+4.0
0xb
1
8PSK
64
3072 1,843.2
+8.0
0xc
1 16QAM
64
4096 2,457.6 +10.3
0xd
2 16QAM
64
5120 1,536.0 in Rev. A
0xe
1 16QAM
64
5120 3,072.0 in Rev. A
7-2008
Subpacket 4
Subpacket 3
Subpacket 2
Subpacket 1
Interleaver
340 - 47

Data Ready
DRC: 5
AP
2048 bits
Turbo Coder
When the AP is ready, the first
subpacket is actually
+
+
+
+ +
D
D
D
+
transmitted in a slot.
+
+
+
The first subpacket begins with
+
+ +
D
D
D
+
a preamble carrying the
+
users MAC index, so the Symbols
user knows this is the
start of its sequence of
subpackets, and how
Block Interleaver
many subpackets are in
the sequence..
The user keeps collecting
subpackets until either:
1)
it has been able to
reverse-turbo decode the Interleaved Symbols
packet contents early, or
2)
the whole schedule of
subpackets has been
transmitted.
DRC
C/I
Index Slots lation
Chips
Bits
kb/s
db
0x0 n/a QPSK
n/a
0
null rate
n/a
0x1 16 QPSK
1024
1024
38.4
-11.5
0x2
8
QPSK
512
1024
76.8
-9.2
0x3
4
QPSK
256
1024
153.6
-6.5
0x4
2
QPSK
128
1024
307.2
-3.5
0x5
4
QPSK
128
2048
307.2
-3.5
0x6
1
QPSK
64
1024
614.4
-0.6
0x7
2
QPSK
64
2048
614.4
-0.5
0x8
2
QPSK
64
3072
921.6
+2.2
0x9
1
QPSK
64
2048 1,228.8
+3.9
0xa
2 16QAM
64
4096 1,228.8
+4.0
0xb
1
8PSK
64
3072 1,843.2
+8.0
0xc
1 16QAM
64
4096 2,457.6 +10.3
0xd
2 16QAM
64
5120 1,536.0 in Rev. A
0xe
1 16QAM
64
5120 3,072.0 in Rev. A
Interleaver
Subpackets
SLOTS
7-2008
340 - 48
Ec/Io and C/I
AP
Relationship of
C/I and Ec/Io
For EV-DO Signals
mobile receive power
Power from
Serving Sector
Ec
Interference Power
from other cells
Io
Ec/Io, db
0
-10
-20
-30
-30
-20
-10
+10
+20
Q There are two main ways of expressing

signal quality in 1xEV-DO
Q C/I is the ratio of serving sector power to
everything else
C/I determines the forward data rate
mobiles measure C/I during the pilot
burst period, then from it decide what
data rate to request on the DRC
Q Ec/Io is the ratio of one sectors pilot power to
the total received power
the mobile uses Ec/Io to choose which
sectors to request for its active set
Q Ec/Io and C/I are related, and one can be
calculated from the other
Q EVDO Ec/Io is close to 0 db near a sector,
and ranges down to -10 at a cells edge
Q EVDO C/I can be above +10 db near a
sector, and -20 or lower at the edge
C/I, db
7-2008
340 - 49
Relationship of Ec/Io and C/I in 1xEV-DO Systems

-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
C/I,
db
-0.04
-0.14
-0.17
-0.21
-0.27
-0.33
-0.41
-0.51
-0.64
-0.79
-0.97
-1.19
-1.46
-1.76
-2.12
-2.54
-3.01
-3.54
-4.12
-4.76
-5.46
-6.97
-8.64
-10.41
-12.27
20
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
7-2008
-5
-10
Ec/Io, db
Ec/Io,
db
-15
-20
-25
-30
C/I, db
340 - 50
1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward Bursting

Animation - Proportional Fairness
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
DO-RNC
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)
7-2008
340 - 51

ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
Route Update
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
DO-RNC
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)
7-2008
340 - 52

ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
These sectors are your ACTIVE SET.

You may send DRC requests to any of them anytime.
Maybe youll get some data in response!
ACTIVE
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
DO-RNC
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)
7-2008
340 - 53

ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
Good Signal!
PACKET PLEASE!
@ x speed
DRC
ACTIVE
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
DO-RNC
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)
7-2008
340 - 54

ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
FOR YOU!
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
DRC
ACTIVE
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
DO-RNC
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)
7-2008
340 - 55

ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
Good Signal!
PACKET PLEASE!
@ y speed
DRC
ACTIVE
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
DO-RNC
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)
7-2008
340 - 56

ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
FOR YOU!
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
DRC
ACTIVE
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
DO-RNC
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)
7-2008
340 - 57

ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
Good Signal!
PACKET PLEASE!
@ z speed
DRC
ACTIVE
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
DO-RNC
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)
7-2008
340 - 58

ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
ACTIVE
This isnt one of his
better receiving
moments. I think Ill
serve somebody
better this time.
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
DRC
ACTIVE
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
DO-RNC
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)
7-2008
340 - 59

ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
Nothing
did it forget
me?
ACTIVE
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
DO-RNC
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)
7-2008
340 - 60

ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
DRC
Good Signal!
PACKET PLEASE!
ACTIVE
@ x speed
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
DO-RNC
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)
7-2008
340 - 61

ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
DRC
ACTIVE
FOR YOU!
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
DO-RNC
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)
7-2008
340 - 62

ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
Good Signal!
PACKET PLEASE!
@ x speed
DRC
ACTIVE
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
DO-RNC
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)
7-2008
340 - 63

ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
ACTIVE
THIS IS
FOR YOU!
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
NEIGHBOR
Access
Point
(AP)
Good Signal!
PACKET PLEASE!
@ x speed
DRC
ACTIVE
ACTIVE
Access
Point
(AP)
Access
Point
(AP)
DO-RNC
Access
Node
(User
Terminal)
7-2008
340 - 64
1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Forward
Forward Link
Link Details
Details
7-2008
340 - 65
1xEV-DO Protective Coding

Forward Traffic Channel Packets
or Control Channel Packets
bits
Data
Packet
symbols
Encoding
and
Scrambling
Interleaving
Q Turbo coding is the default

encoding method for 1xEV-DO on
both forward and reverse link
Q The code rate is determined by:
input bit rate
effective turbo coder rate,
including number of coder
outputs and symbol puncturing
Q The data rate and number of slots
used per packet determine the
other forward link variables as
shown in the table at right
7-2008
Discard
6-bit
Encoder
Tail Field
Data
Total
Rate Slots Code
(kbps) Used Rate
38.4
16
1/5
76.8
8
1/5
153.6
4
1/5
307.2
2
1/5
614.4
1
1/3
307.2
4
1/3
614.4
2
1/3
1,228.8
8
1/3
921.6
2
1/3
1,843.2
2
1/3
1,228.8
8
1/3
2,457.6
8
1/3
Turbo
Encoder
with an
Internallygenerated
tail
Bits
per
Packet
1,024
1,024
1,024
1,024
1,024
2,048
2,048
2,048
3,072
3,072
4,096
4,096
Code
Symbols
Bits/Pkt
- Tail
Field
1,018
1,018
1,018
1,018
1,018
2,042
2,042
2,042
3,066
3,066
4,090
4,090
Symbols
per
Packet
5,120
5,120
5,120
5,120
3,072
6,144
6,144
6,144
9,216
9,216
12,288
12,288
340 - 66
Data Scrambling in 1xEV-DO

Data Bits
Turbo
Encoding &
Puncturing
Data
Scrambling
Block
Interleaving
Symbols
ready to
Transmit
Q IS-95 and 1xRTT use data scrambling on the forward link

the scrambling sequence is a decimated version of the long PN
code from the previous frame
the purpose is to randomize the waveforms of multiple users so
that the composite transmitted waveform has a low peak-toaverage ratio and effectively uses power amplifier capability
a secondary purpose is to provide enhanced privacy
Q 1xEV-DO uses data scrambling on both links to randomize the
data and avoid unbalanced waveforms
the scrambling sequence is generic, not unique per user
security is already provided in a standard-defined layer
the generic scrambling register coefficients are specified in the
standard
7-2008
340 - 67
One Slot on the Forward Traffic Channel
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK
16QAM
Modulator
Sequence
Repetition,
Signal
Puncturing
Preamble
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
MAC
PILOT
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
I
Walsh
Chip Level
Q
Summer
I
Signal
Point
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition
32-symbol bi-Orthogonal
MAC cover
MAC RPC bits A

Bit
Repetition
(xDRCLlen)
MAC
channel
RA bits
RPC
Channel
Gain
Signal
Point
Mapping
DRC Lock
Channel
Gain
Bit
Repetition
(xRAB len)
Signal
Point
Mapping
MAC Index Walsh Cover
I
I
Walsh
Sequence
Chip Level
Repetition
Summer Q (factor=4) Q
RA
channel
gain
Walsh Cover W264
Pilot Channel (all 0s)

7-2008
Walsh Cover 0
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
0
Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel
DRC Lock symbols
Signal
Point
Mapping
TDM Time Division Multiplexer
scrambler
400 chips
DATA
I Walsh Channels
(modulation
symbols)
DATA
340 - 68
To Quadrature Spreading and Modulation
Data
DATA
MAC
336 chips
MAC
64
PILOT
DATA
MAC
PRBL
Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot, 614.4 Kb/s)
1. Data SubPacket is Ready to Send
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK
16QAM
Modulator
Sequence
Repetition,
Signal
Puncturing
Preamble
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
MAC
PILOT
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
I
Walsh
Chip Level
Q
Summer
I
Signal
Point
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition
MAC cover
MAC RPC bits A

Bit
Repetition
(xDRCLlen)
MAC
channel
RA bits
RPC
Channel
Gain
Signal
Point
Mapping
DRC Lock
Channel
Gain
Bit
Repetition
(xRAB len)
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
I
Walsh
Sequence
Chip Level
Repetition
RA
channel
gain
Walsh Cover W264

7-2008
Walsh Cover 0
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
0
Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel
DRC Lock symbols
Signal
Point
Mapping
scrambler
400 chips
DATA
I Walsh Channels
(modulation
symbols)
DATA
340 - 69
Data
DATA
MAC
336 chips
MAC
64
PILOT
DATA
MAC
PRBL
2. Send Preamble to Notify Destination Mobile
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK
16QAM
Modulator
Sequence
Repetition,
Signal
Puncturing
Preamble
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
MAC
PILOT
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
I
Walsh
Chip Level
Q
Summer
I
Signal
Point
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition
MAC cover
MAC RPC bits A

Bit
Repetition
(xDRCLlen)
MAC
channel
RA bits
RPC
Channel
Gain
Signal
Point
Mapping
DRC Lock
Channel
Gain
Bit
Repetition
(xRAB len)
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
I
Walsh
Sequence
Chip Level
Repetition
RA
channel
gain
Walsh Cover W264

7-2008
Walsh Cover 0
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
0
Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel
DRC Lock symbols
Signal
Point
Mapping
scrambler
400 chips
DATA
I Walsh Channels
(modulation
symbols)
DATA
340 - 70
Data
DATA
MAC
336 chips
MAC
64
PILOT
DATA
MAC
PRBL
3. Send First 336 Data Symbols
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK
16QAM
Modulator
Sequence
Repetition,
Signal
Puncturing
Preamble
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
MAC
PILOT
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
I
Walsh
Chip Level
Q
Summer
I
Signal
Point
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition
MAC cover
MAC RPC bits A

Bit
Repetition
(xDRCLlen)
MAC
channel
RA bits
RPC
Channel
Gain
Signal
Point
Mapping
DRC Lock
Channel
Gain
Bit
Repetition
(xRAB len)
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
I
Walsh
Sequence
Chip Level
Repetition
RA
channel
gain
Walsh Cover W264

7-2008
Walsh Cover 0
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
0
Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel
DRC Lock symbols
Signal
Point
Mapping
scrambler
400 chips
DATA
I Walsh Channels
(modulation
symbols)
DATA
340 - 71
Data
DATA
MAC
336 chips
MAC
64
PILOT
DATA
MAC
PRBL
4. Send MAC Channel Part 1
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK
16QAM
Modulator
Sequence
Repetition,
Signal
Puncturing
Preamble
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
MAC
PILOT
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
I
Walsh
Chip Level
Q
Summer
I
Signal
Point
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition
MAC cover
MAC RPC bits A

Bit
Repetition
(xDRCLlen)
MAC
channel
RA bits
RPC
Channel
Gain
Signal
Point
Mapping
DRC Lock
Channel
Gain
Bit
Repetition
(xRAB len)
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
I
Walsh
Sequence
Chip Level
Repetition
RA
channel
gain
Walsh Cover W264

7-2008
Walsh Cover 0
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
0
Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel
DRC Lock symbols
Signal
Point
Mapping
scrambler
400 chips
DATA
I Walsh Channels
(modulation
symbols)
DATA
340 - 72
Data
DATA
MAC
336 chips
MAC
64
PILOT
DATA
MAC
PRBL
5. Send Pilot First Half Slot
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK
16QAM
Modulator
Sequence
Repetition,
Signal
Puncturing
Preamble
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
MAC
PILOT
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
I
Walsh
Chip Level
Q
Summer
I
Signal
Point
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition
MAC cover
MAC RPC bits A

Bit
Repetition
(xDRCLlen)
MAC
channel
RA bits
RPC
Channel
Gain
Signal
Point
Mapping
DRC Lock
Channel
Gain
Bit
Repetition
(xRAB len)
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
I
Walsh
Sequence
Chip Level
Repetition
RA
channel
gain
Walsh Cover W264

7-2008
Walsh Cover 0
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
0
Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel
DRC Lock symbols
Signal
Point
Mapping
scrambler
400 chips
DATA
I Walsh Channels
(modulation
symbols)
DATA
340 - 73
Data
DATA
MAC
336 chips
MAC
64
PILOT
DATA
MAC
PRBL
6. Send MAC Channel - Second Part
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK
16QAM
Modulator
Sequence
Repetition,
Signal
Puncturing
Preamble
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
MAC
PILOT
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
I
Walsh
Chip Level
Q
Summer
I
Signal
Point
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition
MAC cover
MAC RPC bits A

Bit
Repetition
(xDRCLlen)
MAC
channel
RA bits
RPC
Channel
Gain
Signal
Point
Mapping
DRC Lock
Channel
Gain
Bit
Repetition
(xRAB len)
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
I
Walsh
Sequence
Chip Level
Repetition
RA
channel
gain
Walsh Cover W264

7-2008
Walsh Cover 0
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
0
Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel
DRC Lock symbols
Signal
Point
Mapping
scrambler
400 chips
DATA
I Walsh Channels
(modulation
symbols)
DATA
340 - 74
Data
DATA
MAC
336 chips
MAC
64
PILOT
DATA
MAC
PRBL
7. Send Next 800 Data Symbols
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK
16QAM
Modulator
Sequence
Repetition,
Signal
Puncturing
Preamble
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
MAC
PILOT
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
I
Walsh
Chip Level
Q
Summer
I
Signal
Point
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition
MAC cover
MAC RPC bits A

Bit
Repetition
(xDRCLlen)
MAC
channel
RA bits
RPC
Channel
Gain
Signal
Point
Mapping
DRC Lock
Channel
Gain
Bit
Repetition
(xRAB len)
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
I
Walsh
Sequence
Chip Level
Repetition
RA
channel
gain
Walsh Cover W264

7-2008
Walsh Cover 0
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
0
Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel
DRC Lock symbols
Signal
Point
Mapping
scrambler
400 chips
DATA
I Walsh Channels
(modulation
symbols)
DATA
340 - 75
Data
DATA
MAC
336 chips
MAC
64
PILOT
DATA
MAC
PRBL
8. Send MAC Channel Third Part
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK
16QAM
Modulator
Sequence
Repetition,
Signal
Puncturing
Preamble
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
MAC
PILOT
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
I
Walsh
Chip Level
Q
Summer
I
Signal
Point
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition
MAC cover
MAC RPC bits A

Bit
Repetition
(xDRCLlen)
MAC
channel
RA bits
RPC
Channel
Gain
Signal
Point
Mapping
DRC Lock
Channel
Gain
Bit
Repetition
(xRAB len)
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
I
Walsh
Sequence
Chip Level
Repetition
RA
channel
gain
Walsh Cover W264

7-2008
Walsh Cover 0
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
0
Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel
DRC Lock symbols
Signal
Point
Mapping
scrambler
400 chips
DATA
I Walsh Channels
(modulation
symbols)
DATA
340 - 76
Data
DATA
MAC
336 chips
MAC
64
PILOT
DATA
MAC
PRBL
9. Send Pilot Second Half-Slot
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK
16QAM
Modulator
Sequence
Repetition,
Signal
Puncturing
Preamble
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
MAC
PILOT
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
I
Walsh
Chip Level
Q
Summer
I
Signal
Point
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition
MAC cover
MAC RPC bits A

Bit
Repetition
(xDRCLlen)
MAC
channel
RA bits
RPC
Channel
Gain
Signal
Point
Mapping
DRC Lock
Channel
Gain
Bit
Repetition
(xRAB len)
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
I
Walsh
Sequence
Chip Level
Repetition
RA
channel
gain
Walsh Cover W264

7-2008
Walsh Cover 0
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
0
Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel
DRC Lock symbols
Signal
Point
Mapping
scrambler
400 chips
DATA
I Walsh Channels
(modulation
symbols)
DATA
340 - 77
Data
DATA
MAC
336 chips
MAC
64
PILOT
DATA
MAC
PRBL
10. Send MAC Channel Fourth Part
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK
16QAM
Modulator
Sequence
Repetition,
Signal
Puncturing
Preamble
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
MAC
PILOT
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
I
Walsh
Chip Level
Q
Summer
I
Signal
Point
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition
MAC cover
MAC RPC bits A

Bit
Repetition
(xDRCLlen)
MAC
channel
RA bits
RPC
Channel
Gain
Signal
Point
Mapping
DRC Lock
Channel
Gain
Bit
Repetition
(xRAB len)
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
I
Walsh
Sequence
Chip Level
Repetition
RA
channel
gain
Walsh Cover W264

7-2008
Walsh Cover 0
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
0
Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel
DRC Lock symbols
Signal
Point
Mapping
scrambler
400 chips
DATA
I Walsh Channels
(modulation
symbols)
DATA
340 - 78
Data
DATA
MAC
336 chips
MAC
64
PILOT
DATA
MAC
PRBL
11. Send Last 400 Data Symbols
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK
16QAM
Modulator
Sequence
Repetition,
Signal
Puncturing
Preamble
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
MAC
PILOT
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
I
Walsh
Chip Level
Q
Summer
I
Signal
Point
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition
MAC cover
MAC RPC bits A

Bit
Repetition
(xDRCLlen)
MAC
channel
RA bits
RPC
Channel
Gain
Signal
Point
Mapping
DRC Lock
Channel
Gain
Bit
Repetition
(xRAB len)
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
I
Walsh
Sequence
Chip Level
Repetition
RA
channel
gain
Walsh Cover W264

7-2008
Walsh Cover 0
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
0
Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel
DRC Lock symbols
Signal
Point
Mapping
scrambler
400 chips
DATA
I Walsh Channels
(modulation
symbols)
DATA
340 - 79
Data
DATA
MAC
336 chips
MAC
64
PILOT
DATA
MAC
PRBL
One Slot on the Forward Traffic Channel
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
1/3 or 1/5
encoder
Channel
Interleaver
QPSK/8PSK
16QAM
Modulator
Sequence
Repetition,
Signal
Puncturing
Preamble
Symbol
DEMUX
1 to 16
MAC
PILOT
64 96 64
400 chips
Slot 1024 chips
16-ary
Walsh
Covers
Walsh
Channel
Gain
I
Walsh
Chip Level
Q
Summer
I
Signal
Point
Mapping
Sequence
Repetition
MAC cover
MAC RPC bits A

Bit
Repetition
(xDRCLlen)
MAC
channel
RA bits
RPC
Channel
Gain
Signal
Point
Mapping
DRC Lock
Channel
Gain
Bit
Repetition
(xRAB len)
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
I
Walsh
Sequence
Chip Level
Repetition
RA
channel
gain
Walsh Cover W264

7-2008
Walsh Cover 0
Signal
Point
Mapping
I
0
Q Walsh Channels
MAC channel
DRC Lock symbols
Signal
Point
Mapping
scrambler
400 chips
DATA
I Walsh Channels
(modulation
symbols)
DATA
340 - 80
Data
DATA
MAC
336 chips
MAC
64
PILOT
DATA
MAC
PRBL
AP
Forward MAC Contents
Q RA: Reverse Activity

The AP must manage its reverse traffic loading to keep the noise
level manageable
Reverse noise is directly proportional to the speed at which
mobiles transmit on the reverse link
When noise is too high, the AP can throttle back all the ATs
Q DRC Lock
This forward channel contains a stream of bits indicating whether
the network currently will allow the mobile to transmit requests on
the reverse DRC channel; timing and signal quality conditional
parameters are also involved
The DRC Lock bits and DRC Lock state is independent per
sector. A mobile should not transmit DRC requests to a sector
sending DRC Lock indication, but may transmit DRC requests to
other sectors in its active set
Q RPC: Reverse Power Control bits instruct the mobile to increase or
decrease its transmit power by a programmable increment, in much
the same way as in IS-2000. The rate is 600 bps.
7-2008
340 - 81
Reverse MAC Channel Contents

Q The Reverse MAC channel contains two streams of information
Q DRC Data Rate Control channel is used by the AT to request the
data rate and desired sector
Data rate is requested using 8-ary bi-orthogonal coding
Desired sector is requested using 8-ary Walsh cover
Each DRC channel slot contains 1024 chips to facilitate reliable
detection
DRC messages start at the center of a slot to minimize the
delay between C/I estimation and the start of AP transmission
Q RRI Reverse Rate Indicator channel identifies up to 8 different
desired reverse data transmission rates
8-ary orthogonal code is used to indicate rates
The RRI symbol is transmitted 32 times in each frame
RRI symbols are inverted in the last half of the frame to make
synchronization easier
7-2008
340 - 82
How the DRC Channel Operates

Q The AT estimates the forward channel C/I and identifies the
feasible data rate and the requested sector to be used
Q The AT sends this information to the AP on the DRC channel
Q Only the requested sector will transmit packets to this AT
Q The requested sector sends a data packet including preamble to
the AT at the rate requested by the DRC in the immediately
preceding slot
Q After the packet transmission is initiated, it must be continued until
the payload has been fully transmitted
7-2008
340 - 83
Hybrid
Hybrid ARQ:
ARQ:
Hybrid
Hybrid Repeat-Request
Repeat-Request Protocol
Protocol
7-2008
340 - 84
The Hybrid ARQ Process

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
AP Access Point
CDMA2000 1xRTT
SYSTEM
Application layer
Application layer
LAC layer
LAC layer
MAC
layer
Physical
layer
RLP Radio
Link Protocol
MAC
layer
Physical
layer
RLP Radio
Link Protocol
AT Access Terminal
Application layer
Application layer
Stream layer
Stream layer
Session layer
Session layer
Connection layer
Connection layer
Security layer
Security layer
MAC layer
MAC layer
Physical
layer
HARQ
protocol
F-FCH
R-FCH
Physical
layer
HARQ
protocol
F-TFC repeats
R-ACK
Q In 1xRTT, retransmission protocols Q In 1xEV-DO, RLP functions are

typically work at the link layer
replicated at the physical layer
Radio Link Protocol (RLP)
HARQ Hybrid Repeat Request Protocol
communicates using
fast physical layer ACK bits
signaling packets
Chase Combining of multiple
lost data packets arent
repeats
recognized and are
unneeded repeats pre-empted
discarded at the decoder
by positive ACK
Q This method is slow and wasteful! Q This method is fast and efficient!
7-2008
340 - 85
The Hybrid ARQ Process

Q Each physical layer data packet is encoded into subpackets
as long as the receiver does not send back an
acknowledgment, the transmitter keeps sending more
subpackets, up to the maximum of the current configuration
The identity of the subpackets is known by the receiver, so it
can combine the subpackets for better decoding
Q each additional subpacket in essence contributes additional signal
power to aid in the detection of its parent packet
its hard to predict the exact power necessary for successful
decoding in systems without HARQ
the channel changes rapidly during transmission
various estimation errors (noise, bias, etc.)
exact needed SNR is stochastic, even on a static channel!
Q In effect, HARQ sends progressively more energy until there is just
enough and the packet is successfully decoded
7-2008
340 - 86
Construction of a Forward Link Packet

bits
Data
Packet
symbols
Encoding
Interleaving
Subpacket
Subpacket
Subpacket
Subpacket
Subpacket
Q Physical Layer Packets encoded, interleaved, broken into subpackets

each subpacket is a unique coded representation of the packet
Q Each subpacket is sent independently during one slot
Subpackets are sent in sequential order with a three-slot gap between
successive subpackets
Forward
Packet
Subpacket
0 other other other 0 other other other 0 other other other 0 other other other 1
0 pkts pkts pkts. 1 pkts. pkts. pkts. 2 pkts. pkts pkts 3 pkts pkts pkts 0
Traffic
Channel
One Slot
Q The receiver combines successive subpackets until it finally decodes the

complete packet contents
then sends an ACK to cancel any remaining unneeded subpackets
this Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) process gives incremental redundancy
7-2008
340 - 87
Multislot Packet Timing, Normal Termination

User A
Packet 0
Subpacket 0
AP
diff. diff. diff.

user user user
A
0
1
diff. diff. diff.

user user user
A
0
2
diff. diff. diff.

user user user
A
0
3
diff. diff. diff.

user user user
A
1
0
F-Traffic
AT
R-DRC
One Slot
Q
Q
Q
Q
NAK
NAK
NAK
c
de
id
pr
e
NA par
K e
de
id
de
co
c
de
pr
e
NA par
K e
de
id
de
co
c
de
pr
e
NA par
K e
de
id
de
co
c
de
pr
e
NA par
K e
de
co
R-ACK
de
1/2 Slot
offset
e
AK!
AT selects sector, sends request for data

AP starts sending next packet, one subpacket at a time
After each subpacket, AT either NAKs or AKs on ACK channel
In this example,
AP transmits all 4 scheduled subpackets of packet #0 before
the AT is finally able to decode correctly and send AK
then the AP can begin packet #1, first subpacket
7-2008
340 - 88
Multislot Packet Timing, Early Termination

User A
Packet 0
Subpacket 0
AP
diff. diff. diff.

user user user
A
0
1
diff. diff. diff.

user user user
A
1
0
diff. diff. diff.

user user user
A
1
1
diff. diff. diff.

user user user
A
2
0
F-Traffic
AT
R-DRC
One Slot
Q
Q
Q
Q
NAK
AK!
NAK
c
de
id
pr
e
NA par
K e
de
id
de
co
c
de
pr
e
NA par
K e
de
id
de
co
c
de
pr
e
NA par
K e
de
id
de
co
c
de
pr
e
NA par
K e
de
co
R-ACK
de
1/2 Slot
offset
e
AK!
AT selects sector, sends request for data

AP starts sending next packet, one subpacket at a time
After each subpacket, AT either NAKs or AKs on ACK channel
In this example,
AT is able to successfully decode packet #0 after receiving
only the first two subpackets
AT sends ACK. AP now continues with first subpacket of
packet #1
7-2008
340 - 89
Multiple ARQ Instances

bits
Data
Packets
symbols
Encoding
Interand
leaving
Scrambling
Forward
Packet 0
Subpackets
Packet
Subpacket
0
0
1.
0
2.
0
3.
0
0
1
1.
1
2.
1
3.
1
0
2
1.
2
2.
2
3.
2
0
3
1.
3
2.
3
3.
3
Traffic
Channel
One Slot
Q Definition: Number of ARQ Instances

the maximum number of packets that may be in transit simultaneously
sometimes also called the number of ARQ channels
Q This figure and the preceding page appear to show 4 ARQ instances
Q Packets in the different ARQ instances
may be for the same user (the most common situation)
may be for different users (determined by QOS and scheduling)
Q Destination mobile knows its packets by their preamble
7-2008
340 - 90

bits
Data
Packets
symbols
Encoding
Interand
leaving
Scrambling
Forward
Packet 0
Packet 1
Subpackets
Subpackets
Packet
Subpacket
0
0
1.
0
2.
0
3.
0
0
1
1.
1
2.
1
3.
1
0
2
1.
2
2.
2
3.
2
0
3
1.
3
2.
3
3.
3
Traffic
Channel
One Slot

7-2008
340 - 91

bits
Data
Packets
symbols
Encoding
Interand
leaving
Scrambling
Forward
Packet 0
Packet 1
Packet 2
Subpackets
Subpackets
Subpackets
Packet
Subpacket
0
0
1.
0
2.
0
3.
0
0
1
1.
1
2.
1
3.
1
0
2
1.
2
2.
2
3.
2
0
3
1.
3
2.
3
3.
3
Traffic
Channel
One Slot

7-2008
340 - 92

bits
Data
Packets
symbols
Encoding
Interand
leaving
Scrambling
Forward
Packet 0
Packet 1
Packet 2
Packet 3
Subpackets
Subpackets
Subpackets
Subpackets
Packet
Subpacket
0
0
1.
0
2.
0
3.
0
0
1
1.
1
2.
1
3.
1
0
2
1.
2
2.
2
3.
2
0
3
1.
3
2.
3
3.
3
Traffic
Channel
One Slot

7-2008
340 - 93
Reverse Power Control

600 bits per second
AP
Stronger than
target SNR?
SNR target
Reverse
RF
RX RF Digital
Open
Loop
Closed
Loop
TX RF Digital
Access Terminal
Q 1xEV-DO reverse link power control is similar to IS-95/IS-2000
Q 1xEV-DO power control holds the mobile pilot to a constant S/N
ratio at the Access Point
The DRC, RRI, and ACK channels are also controlled
The ideal ratio of reverse pilot to other channels also depends
on the reverse data rate
Q Power control bits are sent on the forward MAC channel
one bit per slot (thats 600 per second), sent as four symbols -one in each of the MAC periods of that slot
7-2008
340 - 94
Reverse
Reverse Rate
Rate Control
Control
7-2008
340 - 95
Rev. A Reverse Rate Control

Q The EV-DO Rev. A reverse rate is controlled by the mobile
The mobile watches the filtered (averaged) pilot strength of its
active sector(s) and computes the feasible transmission rate
from this C/I ratio
Q The mobile then transmits one subpacket at this derived level and
waits to see if the base station acknowledges complete decoding
of the packet
Q If no acknowledgement is received, the mobile continues with the
next subpacket, and so on until acknowledgement is received or
all four subpackets have been sent
7-2008
340 - 96
Rev. 0 Reverse Rate Control

Q This process uses variables: MaxRate, CurrentRate, CombinedBusyBit, and
CurrentRateLimit.
Q CurrentRateLimit is set initially to 9.6kbps.
Q After the AT receives a BroadcastReverseRateLimit message or a UnicastReverseRateLimit
message it updates the CurrentRateLimit value as follows:
If the RateLimit value in the message is less than or equal to the CurrentRateLimit value,
the AT immediately sets CurrentRateLimit to the RateLimit value in the message.
If the RateLimit value in the message is greater than CurrentRateLimit value, the AT waits
one frame (16 slots) before setting CurrentRateLimit to the RateLimit value in the
message.
Q If the last received reverse activity bit is set to 1 from any sector in the ATs active set, the AT
sets CombinedBusyBit to 1. Otherwise, the AT sets CombinedBusyBit to 0.
Q CurrentRate is set to the rate at which the AT was transmitting data immediately before the new
transmission time. If the AT was not transmitting data immediately before the new transmission
time, the AT sets CurrentRate to 0.
Q The AT sets the variable MaxRate based on its current transmission rate, the value of the
CombinedBusyBit, and a random number. The access terminal shall generate a uniformly
distributed random number x, 0 < x < 1, using the procedure specified in 15.5.
Q The AT evaluates the expression shown in the table, using the values of CurrentRate,
CombinedBusyBit, and Condition.
If the Condition is true, the AT sets MaxRate to the MaxRateTrue value for the
corresponding row in the Table.
Otherwise, the AT sets MaxRate to the MaxRateFalse value for the corresponding row in
the Table
7-2008
340 - 97
Rev. 0 Reverse Rate Control Table
7-2008
340 - 98
Rev. 0 Reverse Rate Constraints

Q The access terminal shall select a transmission rate that satisfies
the following constraints:
The access terminal shall transmit at a rate that is no greater
than the value of MaxRate.
The access terminal shall transmit at a rate that is no greater
than the value of CurrentRateLimit.
The access terminal shall transmit at a data rate no higher than
the highest data rate that can be accommodated by the
available transmit power.
The access terminal shall not select a data rate for which the
minimum payload length, as specified in Table 11.8.6-1, is
greater than the size of data it has to send.
7-2008
340 - 99
1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Rev.
Rev. A
A
7-2008
340 - 100
Forward Link Enhancements in 1xEV-DO Rev. A

Q Forward Link Enhancements
Peak rates increased from 2.4 Mbps to 3.1 Mbps
Multi-user packet support
Small payload sizes (128, 256, 512 bits) improve frame fill efficiency
The DRC channel functions are broken out into two channels
DRC retains rate control indication
new Data Source Control (DSC) Channel shows desired serving cell
Minimizes interruptions due to server switching on FL
7-2008
340 - 101
Reverse Link Enhancements in 1xEV-DO Rev. A

Q Reverse Link Enhancements
Higher data rates and finer quantization
Data rates from 4.8 kbps to 1.8 Mbps with 48 payload sizes
4 slots/sub-packets regardless of payload size (6.66 ms)
Modulation:
Low rates: 1 walsh channel, BPSK modulation
Medium rates: 1 walsh channel, QPSK modulation
High Rates: 2 walsh channels, QPSK modulation
Highest Rate: 2 walsh channels, 8PSK modulation
Hybrid ARQ using fast re-transmission (re-tx) and early termination
Flexible rate allocation: each AT has autonomous and scheduled mode
Efficient VOIP support
3-channel synchronous stop-and-wait protocol
The mobile can use higher power and finish earlier when transmitting
packets of applications requiring minimum latency
7-2008
340 - 102
Available Link Rates in 1xEV-DO Rev. A

FORWARD LINK
DRC
Index Slots
0x0 n/a
0x1 16
0x2
8
0x3
4
0x4
2
0x5
4
0x6
1
0x7
2
0x8
2
0x9
1
0xa
2
0xb
1
0xc
1
0xd
2
0xe
1

C/I
lation
Chips
Bits
kb/s
db
QPSK
n/a
0
null rate
n/a
QPSK
1024
1024
38.4
-11.5
QPSK
512
1024
76.8
-9.2
QPSK
256
1024
153.6
-6.5
QPSK
128
1024
307.2
-3.5
QPSK
128
2048
307.2
-3.5
QPSK
64
1024
614.4
-0.6
QPSK
64
2048
614.4
-0.5
QPSK
64
3072
921.6
+2.2
QPSK
64
2048 1,228.8
+3.9
16QAM
64
4096 1,228.8
+4.0
8PSK
64
3072 1,843.2
+8.0
16QAM
64
4096 2,457.6 +10.3
16QAM
64
5120 1,536.0
+8.3
16QAM
64
5120 3,072.0 +11.3
REVERSE LINK
Payload Modu-Effective Rate kbps after: Code Rate (repetition) after
Bits lation 4 slots 8 slots 12 slots16 slots 4 slots 8 slots 12 slots16 slots
128
B4 19.2 9.6
6.4
4.8
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/5
256
B4
38 19.2 12.8 9.6
1/5
1/5
1/5
1/5
512
B4
76 38.4 25.6 19.2 1/4
1/5
1/5
1/5
768
B4
115 57.6 38.4 28.8 3/8
1/5
1/5
1/5
1024
B4
153 76.8 51.2 38.4 1/2
1/4
1/5
1/5
1536
Q4
230 115 76.8 57.6 3/8
1/5
1/5
1/5
2048
Q4
307 153 102.4 76.8 1/2
1/4
1/5
1/5
3072
Q2
461 230 153.6 115.2 3/8
1/5
1/5
1/5
4096
Q2
614 307 204.8 153.6 1/2
1/4
1/5
1/5
6144 Q4Q2 921 461 307 230.4 1/2
1/4
1/5
1/5
8192 Q4Q2 1228 614 409 307.2 2/3
1/3
2/9
1/5
12288 E4E2 1843 921 614 460.8 2/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
Q The 1xEV-DO Rev. A reverse link has seven available modes

offering higher speeds than available in Rev. 0
Modulation formats are hybrids defined in the standard
Q The 1xEV-DO Rev. A forward has two available modes offering
higher speeds than available in Rev. 0.
7-2008
340 - 103
Basic
Basic Access
Access Terminal
Terminal
Architecture
Architecture and
and Operation
Operation
7-2008
340 - 104
Traffic Correlator
PN xxx Walsh xx
AGC
Duplexer
RF
Open Loop
RF
Transmitter
RF Section
7-2008
Traffic Correlator
PN xxx Walsh xx
bits
Symbols
time-aligned
Receiver
RF Section
IF, Detector
control
Traffic Correlator
PN xxx Walsh xx
power
Chips
Digital
Rake Receiver
Symbols
Traffic Correlator
PN xxx Walsh xx
summing
How Does an Access Terminal Work?
Viterbi Decoder,
Convl. Decoder,
Demultiplexer
Messages
Pilot Searcher
PN xxx Walsh 0
Packets
UART
CPU
Transmit Gain Adjust Messages
Conv or
Turbo
Coder
Transmitter
Digital Section
Long Code Gen.
340 - 105
1xEV-DO Forward Link: AT Rake Receivers

ONE sector at a time!!
Access Terminal
Rake Receiver
PN Walsh
RF
AP
AP
PN
Walsh
PN
Walsh
PN
Walsh
Searcher
PN
W=0
user
data
Pilot Ec/Io
Q Burst by burst, the Access Terminal asks for transmission from whichever
Active sector it hears best, at the max speed it can successfully use
Q Using latest multipath data from its pilot searcher, the Access Terminal uses
the combined outputs of the four traffic correlators (rake fingers)
Q Each rake finger can be set to match any multipath component of the signal
Q The terminal may be a dual-mode device also capable of 1xRTT voice/data
fingers could even be targeted on different AP, but in 1xEV-DO mode
only a single AP transmits to us, never more than one at a time, so this
capability isnt needed or helpful in 1xEV-DO mode
7-2008
340 - 106
1xEV-DO Reverse Link: Soft Handoff

All Active Set sectors
can listen to the AT
Access Terminal
Rake Receiver
PN Walsh
RF
AP
DO-RNC chooses
cleanest packet
AP
PN
Walsh
PN
Walsh
PN
Walsh
Searcher
PN
W=0
user
data
Pilot Ec/Io
Q The AT uses the Route Update protocol to frequently update its

preferences of which sectors it wants in its active set
Q Frame-by-frame, all the sectors in the Active Set listen for the ATs
signal
Q Each sector collects what it heard from the AT, and sends it back to
the DO-RNC.
Q The DO-RNC uses the cleanest (lowest number of errors) packet
7-2008
340 - 107
1xEV-DO Route Update Mechanics

Access Terminal
Rake Receiver
PN Walsh
DO-RNC
?
?
Sel.
RF
AP
AP
PN
Walsh
PN
Walsh
PN
Walsh
Searcher
PN
W=0
user
data
Pilot Ec/Io
Q 1xEV-DO Route Update is driven by the Access Terminal

Access Terminal continuously checks available pilots
Access Terminal tells system pilots it currently sees
System puts those sectors in the active set, tells Access Terminal
Q Access terminal requests data bursts from the sector it likes best
tells which sector and what burst speed using the DRC channel
so there is no Soft Handoff on the forward link, just fast choices
Q All sectors in Active Set try to hear AT, forward packets to the DO-RNC
so the reverse link does benefit from CDMA soft handoff
7-2008
340 - 108
Route Update Pilot Management Rules

AT must support
PILOT SETS
Q The Access Terminal considers pilots in sets
Active: sectors who listen and can transmit
Active
6
Candidates: sectors AT requested, but not
Candidate 6
yet approved by system to be active
Neighbors: pilots told to AT by system, as
Neighbor 20
nearby sectors to check
Remaining
Remaining: any pilots used by system but
not already in the other sets (div. by PILOT_INC)
Q Access Terminal sends a Route Update
HANDOFF
Message to the system whenever:
PARAMETERS
It transmits on the Access Channel
PilotAdd
PilotDrop
Pilot
In idle state, it notices the serving sector is
PilotDrop
Compare
Timer
far from the sector where last updated
Dynamic Thresholds?
In connected state, whenever it notices the
Softslope
Handoff Parameters suggest a change
AddIntercept
DropIntercept
NeighborMaxAge
7-2008
340 - 109
Format of Traffic Channel Assignment Message

Q The Traffic Channel
Assignment Message
assigns all or some of the
sectors the access terminal
requested in its most recent
Route Update request
Q The message lists every
Active pilot; if it doesnt list it,
its not approved as active
Q Notice the MAC index and
DRC Cover so the access
terminal knows how to
request forward link bursts
on the data rate control
channel
Neighbor Structure Maintained by the AT
Pilot PN
7-2008
Channel
SrchWinSize SrchWinOffset
340 - 110
1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Network
Network Architecture
Architecture
Simple
Simple IP
IP and
and Mobile
Mobile IP
IP
7-2008
340 - 111
CDMA Network for Circuit-Switched Voice Calls
(C)BSC/Access Manager
Switch
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
Q The first commercial IS-95 CDMA systems provided only circuitswitched voice calls
7-2008
340 - 112
CDMA 1xRTT Voice and Data Network
Internet
VPNs
PDSN
Home Agent
PDSN
Foreign Agent
Backbone
Network
Authentication
Authorization
Accounting
AAA
Switch
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
Q CDMA2000 1xRTT networks added two new capabilities:

channel elements able to generate and carry independent streams of
symbols on the I and Q channels of the QPSK RF signal
this roughly doubles capacity compared to IS-95
a separate IP network implementing packet connections from the mobile
through to the outside internet
including Packet Data Serving Nodes (PDSNs) and a dedicated direct
data connection (the Packet-Radio Interface) to the heart of the BSC
Q The overall connection speed was still limited by the 1xRTT air interface
7-2008
340 - 113
1xEV-DO Overlaid On Existing 1xRTT Network
Internet
VPNs
PDSN
Home Agent
PDSN
Foreign Agent
Backbone
Network
Authentication
Authorization
Accounting
AAA
DO
Radio
Network
Controller
Switch
CE
PSTN
t1
DO-OMC
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
Q 1xEV-DO requires faster resource management than 1x BSCs can give

this is provided by the new Data Only Radio Network Controller (DO-RNC)
Q A new controller and packet controller software are needed in the BTS to
manage the radio resources for EV sessions
in some cases dedicated channel elements and even dedicated backhaul is
used for the EV-DO traffic
Q The new DO-OMC administers the DO-RNC and BTS PCF addition
Q Existing PDSNs and backbone network are used with minor upgrading
Q The following sections show Lucent, Motorola, and Nortels specific solutions
7-2008
340 - 114
Simple IP Network Architecture

Simple IP
IP Based
transport to
data networks
Dynamic/static
connection
from local
PDSN
No mobility
beyond serving
PDSN
FAST IP PACKET TRAFFIC

Internet
VPNs
T
AAA
Authentication
Authorization
Accounting
PDSN
Switch
PSTN
t1
CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC
rf
R-P Interface
t1
SEL
t1
Fast!
BTS
CE
POINT-TO-POINT PACKETS
Wireless
Mobile Device
Q In a Simple IP network, the mobile is able to connect to the external

packet networks directly through the PDSN attached to the local BSC
Q The IP address for the internet connection is assigned by the local
PDSN from the pool of addresses available to it
Q If the mobile moves into a different network, the data session ends
The mobile can establish an entirely new connection through the
new network, if desired
7-2008
340 - 115
Mobile IP in a Multi-Market Network

Private IP
Networks
Internet
Regional
Data
Center
Home
Agent
AAA
Server
Home
Agent
Operator's Private Network

Nortel System
Lucent System
IP Data
PDSN
FA
IP Data
BSC
Voice
PSTN
7-2008
IP Data
PCF
PDSN
FA
RP Interface
Switch
Motorola System
RP
PDSN/FA
RP
CBSC
Access
Mgr.
Switch
Voice
PSTN
Switch
Voice
PSTN
340 - 116
Mobile IP
Q Subscribers IP routing service is
provided by a public IP network
Q Mobile station is assigned a static IP
address belonging to its Home Agent
Q Mobile can maintain the static IP
address even for handoff between
radio networks connected to separate
PDSNs!
Q Mobile IP capabilities will be
especially important for mobiles on
system boundaries
Without Mobile IP roaming
capability, data service for borderarea mobiles will be erratic
7-2008
MOBILE IP
IMPLICATIONS
Handoffs possible between
PDSNs
Mobile can roam in the
public IP network
Mobile termination is
possible while Mobile is in
dormant or active mode
340 - 117
How the PDSN HA and FA Forward Your Packets
Just like
Home!
Mobile IP is a packetforwarding
arrangement that
allows the mobile user
to send and receive
packets just as if they
were physically present
Foreign
Home
at their home agent
Agent
Agent
location.
Secure Tunneling
Forward and Reverse
FedEx
FedEx
Encapsulation
Mobile
User
7-2008
158766
158774
158782
158790
158767
158775
158783
158791
158768
158776
158784
158792
158785
158793
158769
158770
158778
158786
158794
158771
158779
158787
158795
158772
158780
158788
158796
158773
158781
158789
158797
This box is the

mobile user's
Postal address
340 - 118
1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Network
Network Architecture
Architecture
7-2008
340 - 119
CDMA Network for Circuit-Switched Voice Calls
Switch
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
Q The first commercial IS-95 CDMA systems provided only circuitswitched voice calls
7-2008
340 - 120
CDMA 1xRTT Voice and Data Network
Internet
VPNs
PDSN
Home Agent
PDSN
Foreign Agent
Backbone
Network
Authentication
Authorization
Accounting
AAA
Switch
PSTN
t1
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
Q CDMA2000 1xRTT networks added two new capabilities:

channel elements able to generate and carry independent streams of
symbols on the I and Q channels of the QPSK RF signal
this roughly doubles capacity compared to IS-95
a separate IP network implementing packet connections from the mobile
through to the outside internet
including Packet Data Serving Nodes (PDSNs) and a dedicated direct
data connection (the Packet-Radio Interface) to the heart of the BSC
Q The overall connection speed was still limited by the 1xRTT air interface
7-2008
340 - 121
1xEV-DO Overlaid On Existing 1xRTT Network
Internet
VPNs
PDSN
Home Agent
PDSN
Foreign Agent
Backbone
Network
Authentication
Authorization
Accounting
AAA
DO
Radio
Network
Controller
Switch
CE
PSTN
t1
DO-OMC
t1
SEL
t1
CE
BTS
Q 1xEV-DO requires faster resource management than 1x BSCs can give

this is provided by the new Data Only Radio Network Controller (DO-RNC)
Q A new controller and packet controller software are needed in the BTS to
manage the radio resources for EV sessions
in some cases dedicated channel elements and even dedicated backhaul is
used for the EV-DO traffic
Q The new DO-OMC administers the DO-RNC and BTS PCF addition
Q Existing PDSNs and backbone network are used with minor upgrading
Q The following sections show Lucent, Motorola, and Nortels specific solutions
7-2008
340 - 122
Lucent
Lucent 1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO Architecture
Architecture
7-2008
340 - 123
Lucent 1xEV-DO Radio Access Network (RAN)

OMP FX
Element Management
System
AP
AP
T-1/E-1
Ethernet
RF
Router
Uplink
Input
Router
Flexent
Mobility
Server
AAA
Server
Downlink
Input
Router
AP
Uplink
Input
Router
RF
User ATs
(Access Terminals)
Flexent
Mobility
Server
Downlink
Input
Router
Packet
Data
Serving
Node
(PDSN)
Internet
AP
Q A Lucent 1xEV-DO Radio Access Network (RAN) includes

1xEV-DO base stations and the
1xEV-DO Flexent Mobility Server (FMS).
Q The 1xEV-DO equipment may be collocated with IS-95 and/or
1xRTT equipment, creating 1xEV-DO/IS-95 and 1xEVDO/3G-1X
combination base stations.
7-2008
340 - 124
Details of Lucent RAN Elements

OMP FX
Element Management
System
AP
AP
T-1/E-1
Ethernet
RF
Router
Uplink
Input
Router
Flexent
Mobility
Server
AAA
Server
Downlink
Input
Router
AP
Uplink
Input
Router
RF
User ATs
(Access Terminals)
Flexent
Mobility
Server
Downlink
Input
Router
Packet
Data
Serving
Node
(PDSN)
Internet
AP
Q The PDSN maintains the link layer to the AT

it terminates the PPP link protocol with mobile
it serves as the Foreign Agent for Mobile IP functionality
Q The AAA server does authentication, authorization, and accounting
it authenticates terminal equipment users when they establish
connections
it stores and forwards billing information of customers data usage
7-2008
340 - 125
1xEV-DO in Lucent Flexent Mod Cell Cabinets

Q Lucent Mod Cell cabinets can
support up to three IS-95 or
1xRTT carriers on three
sectors
Q 1xEV-DO CDMA Digital
Modules (CDM) can be mixed
with conventional CDMs in
the same cabinet
Q the same RF hardware
(filters, amplifiers, other RF
components) can be used for
IS-95, 1xRTT, and 1xEV-DO
7-2008
340 - 126
Lucent CDMA Digital Module

(CDM) Configurations
Q At upper left is a CDM for conventional
IS-95 / 1xRTT service. It includes
CRC CDMA Radio controller
up to 6 CCU CDMA Channel Units
PCU power converter module
CBR CDMA Baseband Radio
Q At lower left is a CDM for 1xEV-DO
it must be occupy the leftmost slot
all CCU packs are removed and
replaced by a single 1xEV-DO
modem (EVM) occupying 2 slots
the CRC must be 44WW13D or
later
7-2008
340 - 127
1xEV-DO in Lucent Mod Cell 4.0 Cabinets
FMS
Universal
Radio
Controller
(URC)
Digital Shelf
Evolution Carr1
Flow
Modem
(4.0 EVM)
ECP
Universal
Radio
Controller
(URC)
7-2008
CDMA
Modem
Unit
(CMU)
Carr
2, 3
Universal
Antenna
CDMA
Radio
(UCR)
Q The Mod Cell 4 cabinet comes in

many variations
Q Instead of per-carrier dedicated
CDMs, resources are pooled
Q URCs (Universal Radio
Controllers) are used to steer data
for each carrier to EVMs for EVDO
or CMUs for IS-95/1xRTT.
in a mixed-mode system, a
URC is required for EVDO and
a URC for IS-95/1xRTT
Q The modulated signal from a 4.0
EVM or CMU is upconverted to the
RF carrier frequency by the UCR
each UCR (Universal CDMA
Radio) can handle up to three
carriers
340 - 128
Lucent 1xEV-DO Flexent Mobility Server (FMS)

Q The Flexent Mobility Server is the
heart of the Radio Access Network
Q It provides four processors running
the 1xEV-DO Application Processor
(DO-AP), which provides the Packet
Controller Function (PCF)
Q The PCF provides air link and radio
resource management to implement
1xEV-DO user sessions, including
the dormant state and other DOspecific features
7-2008
340 - 129
Motorola
Motorola 1xEV-DO
Architecture
7-2008
340 - 130
Motorola 1xEV-DO System Architecture

MSC
OMC-IP
MM/SDU
AAA
AN-AAA
OMC-DO
BSC-DO
PDSNs
VPU
AN-DO
OMC-R
Elements
Existing IS-95
New 1xEV-DO
Shared IS-95/DO
1x-AN
1x-BTS
Packet Core
Network
MCC-DO
HAs
Connections
IS-95/1x
1xEV-DO
Shared 1x/DO
Q New 1xEV-DO carrier appears as a standard carrier addition to

existing network elements
new MCC-DO cards and OMC-R database revisions needed
AAA and PDSN need software upgrades
7-2008
340 - 131
New Motorola 1xEV-DO Network Elements

MSC
OMC-IP
MM/SDU
AAA
AN-AAA
OMC-DO
PDSNs
BSC-DO
VPU
AN-DO
OMC-R
Elements
Existing IS-95
New 1xEV-DO
Shared IS-95/DO
1x-AN
1x-BTS
Packet Core
Network
MCC-DO
HAs
Connections
IS-95/1x
1xEV-DO
Shared 1x/DO
Q MCC-DO (Multi-Channel Controller - Data Only)

Q AN-DO (Access Node - Data only)
CR (Consolidation Router) Similar in function to the 1x-AN MGX
LSW (Layer 3 Switch) Similar in function to the 1x-AN CATs
Q BSC-DO (Base Station Controller-Data Only)
Mobility functions like 1x MM - Packet Control & Selection like SDU
Q OMC-DO (Operations & Maintenance Center - Data Only)
Q LMT (Local Maintenance Terminal)
7-2008
340 - 132
Motorola 1xEV-DO Block Diagram

and Network Upgrade Summary
BTS
RF Front End
1x BBX
1x Modems
BSC-DO
DO BBX
MCC-DO
AN-DO
7-2008
CR
BTS
PDSN
LSW
1x BBX
RF Front End
IS-2000
1xEV-DO
Tool
LMF
LMT
BTS frame & CCP shelf
LPA
BBX-1X
BTS
MCC-1X
MCC-DO
GLI (Traffic)
GLI (Control)
AN (MGX8800)
CR
AN
AN (Catalyst 6509)
LSW
BSC
CBSC
BSC-DO
OMC-R
O&M
OMC-DO
UNO
PDSN (Note 1)
IP Network
Telephone Network
MSC/HLR
Not Required
Data Network
Not Required
AAA
1x Modems
DO BBX
T1 or E1
MCCDO
AN-AAA
OMC-DO
340 - 133
BTS
Motorola MCC-DO Functions
RF Front End
1x BBX
1x Modems
BSC-DO
DO BBX
MCC-DO
AN-DO
CR
BTS
PDSN
LSW
RF Front End
1x BBX
1x Modems
DO BBX
T1 or E1
MCC-DO
OMC-DO
AN-AAA
Q 1xEV-DO Modem
1 carrier, 3 sectors per
MCC-DO card
Supports 59 channels per
sector
Q Span Interface
Up to 3 Active Span lines
per MCC-DO
Most operators will
generally deploy with 2
spans per BTS
Q BTS provides control:
SCAP messaging
Redundant BBX Selection
Enhanced BBX interface
MCC- DO
7-2008
340 - 134
Motorola 1xEV-DO AN-DO Elements

BTS
RF Front End
1x BBX
1x Modems
BSCDO
DO BBX
MCC-DO
AN-DO
CR
BTS
LSW
PDSN
RF Front End
1x BBX
1x Modems
DO BBX
MCC-DO
CR
7-2008
T1 or E1
OMC-DO
AN-AAA
Q Consolidation Router (CR)

Performs span aggregation
for DO access points
Similar to 1x MGX
1 2 CR frames per BSC-DO
Q Layer 3 Switch (LSW)
Performs IP transport across
DO Core Network Similar to
1x CAT
Two CAT4006 Cages per
frame
1 LSW frame will serve all
1xEV-DO frames in a typical
MTSO
LSW
340 - 135
Motorola BSC-DO Functions
BTS
RF Front End
1x BBX
1x Modems
BSC-DO
DO BBX
MCC-DO
AN-DO
CR
BTS
LSW
PDSN
RF Front End
1x BBX
1x Modems
DO BBX
MCC-DO
7-2008
T1 or E1
OMC-DO
AN-AAA
Q BSC Functionality:
RF-scheduling, channel,
connection, mobility management,
security
Q Access Network Control
Radio Resource Management
Connection Control
Access control / Collision control
Handoff control
Q Packet Control and Session Control
Transmission of packet data
between MCC-DO and PDSN
Packet Data Control
PDSN selection
Provides Authentication
information to AAA
Management of Data Session
Support up to 80 MCC-DO cards
per a BSC-DO
Q 1 OMC-DO per each BSC-DO
340 - 136
Motorola 1xEV-DO Network Elements: OMC-DO

BTS
RF Front End
1x BBX
1x Modems
BSC-DO
DO BBX
MCC-DO
AN-DO
CR
BTS
RF Front End
1x BBX
1x Modems
DO BBX
MCC-DO
T1 or E1
Q OMC-DO provides GUI based

O&M functions
Status Management
PDSN
LSW
Fault Management
Configuration Management
Software Management
AN-AAA
OMC-DO
System Parameter
Management
DO network element manager
Performance Monitoring
Manages BSC-DO and MCC CDL collection
DO
Ethernet interface to BSC Diagnostic & System Test
DO
Logging
Supports network
management applications
Health Check
(fault, alarm, performance,
configuration)
7-2008
340 - 137
Nortel
Nortel 1xEV-DO
Architecture
7-2008
340 - 138
A Typical Nortel CDMA2000 System

Providing 1xRTT Voice, Data, and 1xEV-DO
7-2008
340 - 139

Providing Only 1xRTT Voice, Data
7-2008
340 - 140

Providing 1xEV-DO Only
7-2008
340 - 141
Nortel Multiple Backhaul and Configuration

Possibilities
7-2008
340 - 142
Nortel Univity Indoor Metrocell

Q Univity Metro Cell can
support:
up to six CDMA 1.25 MHz
carrier frequencies
up to three sectors.
Q High Power Amplifiers and
Low Noise Amplifiers are
housed in an external unit
the Multi-Carrier Flexible
Radio Module (MFRM)
MFRM may be mast
mounted to improve AP RF
link budget
Univity CDMA Metro Cell Indoor
Base Transceiver System (AP)
7-2008
340 - 143
Nortel Metrocell LD
(for rural sites)
MiniBIP
Radio Module
XCEM/
DOM
36
(0.91m)
AC
Rectifier
GPSTM
CM
CORE
Fan tray
Key Feature small size, fits in any

corner
Q Configurations
1-3 Carrier OMNI
Expandable to 3 sectors
Single carrier high power
Q Power source
+ 24VDC available
Q Standard Metro Cell modules
7-2008
24
(0.61m)
Metro Cell LD Rack Mounted

Supporting 3 sectors
340 - 144
Nortel DOM: Data-Only Module

Q The Data Only Module (DOM) adds 1xEV-DO
capability to a MetroCell AP CEM shelf
transmits/receives baseband data to/from
the digital control group (DCG) in the CORE
module
CORE switches baseband to proper carrier
on the MFRM for transmission
the DOM performs all encoding/decoding of
IP packets for transport on data-only
network to the Data-Only Radio Network
Controller (DO-RNC)
One DOM supports up to a three-sector,
one-carrier MetroCell AP
Additional DOMs support additional carriers
7-2008
340 - 145
Nortels DO-RNC
The Data-Only Radio Network Controller
Q DO-RNC is the heart of a 1xEV-DO network,
located at the central office (CO) with the BSC
and/or BSS Manager (BSSM)
Q DO-RNC is a stand-alone node supporting
1xEV-DO. It manages:
DOMs at multiple APs (even on different
band classes) over IP-based backhaul
network
access terminal state, both idle and
connected
handoffs of ATs between cells and carrier
frequencies (reverse); sector selection (fwd).
Nortel DO-RNC
connections from airlink to PDSN over
Data-Only
standard A10-A11 interfaces
Radio Network Controller
connects to MetroCell AP via dedicated IP
backhaul network
Q DO-RNC is the peer of the access terminal for
most over-the-air signaling protocols, including
session and connection layers
7-2008
340 - 146
Nortel DO-RNC Functionality

Q DO-RNC functions similar to CDMA-2000 BSC and packet control unit:
handoff processing (reverse only), sector selection (forward only)
selection of reverse link traffic frames
data session connected/dormant transition management
termination of the A10/A11 RP interface to the PDSN
application, stream, session and connection layer management
radio link protocol (RLP)
connection control of access terminals
resource management, mobility management
packet control function (PCF)
data flow control
Q DO-RNC switch-like functions
service negotiation
paging and access channel message termination
forwards MAC-layer packets to the best-serving DOM
data-environment-specific performance logging
7-2008
340 - 147
Nortel T1/E1 Aggregator Functions
7-2008
TN-1X
STM-1
Q The T1/E1 aggregation router is based on the

Shasta BSN5000
this requires a T1 or E1 MUX co-located with
the Shasta to terminate the T1/E1s and
convert them into channelized DS-3 or
channelized STM-1 (single mode), for
connection to the Shasta BSN
Q The T1/E1 aggregation router is co-located with
the RNCs
aggregates all T1/E1s from the backhaul
network to the RNC
each DOM can have up to four T1/E1
links
the DO-RNC does not accept T1/E1
signals
T1/E1 aggregation router converts T1/E1
signals into ethernet links
340 - 148
The Nortel DO-EMS

(Data-Only Element Management System)
Q The DO-EMS consists of
Hardware (the server) and Software (the client)
Q The DO-EMS Provides Operation, Administration,
Maintenance, and Provisioning (OAM&P) for the
1xEV-DO radio access network (RAN)
Q The existing BSS Manager (BSSM) continues
management of the 1xEV-DO DOM module in a
MetroCell AP
Q The DO-EMS is a stand-alone platform providing
OAM&P functionality within the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
network only. Its functions include:
collecting, reporting, and managing DO-RNC and
DOM alarms
collecting and storing OMs from DO-RNC and
DOM
administering 1xEV-DO carrier/sector neighbor
lists, including limited diagnostic capabilities
(reciprocal neighbor analysis, etc)
Q The DO-EMS, DO-RNC and DOM provide overload
controls for management of OAM&P messaging traffic
during system events
7-2008
340 - 149
The Nortel DO-EMS Server and Client

Q The DO-EMS server is a Sun Netra20
normally located in the central office with the
BSC/DO-RNC
Q Software modules on the server perform:
auto-discovery
configuration management
security management
fault management
performance management
Q DO-EMS Client / Management Terminal
since the Netra20 is a headless server, a
terminal is required for monitor, keyboard
and mouse functionality
The terminal connects to the DO-EMS to
perform all required OAM&P functions for
the 1xEV-DO network
The management terminal is a Sun
Blade150
alternatively, customers may use a PC
running an X-Windows application
7-2008
340 - 150
The Nortel DO-EMS Client

Q The DO-EMS client is webbased
runs in standard web
browsers
offers network
administrators a familiar,
easy-to-use interface
provides robust
configuration, fault and
performance management
tools
7-2008
340 - 151
Nortels Univity CDMA PDSN

Q PDSN
The Univity CDMA PDSN provides CDMA radio network packet data
access to the Public Data Network (PDN) and is integrated on the
Shasta BSN 5000 chassis. With the addition of the AT IP access
model, a Foreign Agent (FA) and Home Agent (HA) are required. The
FA is always integrated onto the Shasta BSN with the Univity PDSN
resulting in the PDSN/FA.
Q Component Breakdown
Q The Shasta BSN is comprised of several components including the
Subscriber Service Gateway (SSG), the IP Services Operating System
(iSOS) and the Service Creation System (SCS) as defined below:
SSG - is the hardware platform (Shasta 5000 chassis)
iSOS - offers high-touch services scalability and extensibility
SCS - is a graphical management and provisioning tool allowing the
service provider to quickly and efficiently provision thousands of
subscriber profiles through its GUI. It provides scalable centralized
management for PDSNs covering a large range of geographical
locations.
7-2008
340 - 152
Nortel Shasta BSN Hardware Description

Q Hardware Description
Q The Shasta BSN chassis consists of a card cage with 14 slots for cards, a
fan tray for cooling; power entry and distribution and the backplane. The
chassis mounts in a standard 19 rack and requires a -48VDC power
source. The fan tray and all cards are all hot-swappable.
Q All Shasta BSN components are new in the CDMA network and are
required specifically for the CDMA 3G architecture. The required
components are as follows:
Line Card (LC)
Subscriber Service Module (SSM II)
Subscriber Service Card (SSC)
Control and Management Card (CMC)
Switch Fabric Card (SFC)
Shasta Chassis (BSN)
Service Creation System (SCS)
Server and Client
Shasta BSN Software
Cabinet
7-2008
340 - 153
Nortels Passport 8600 Routing Switch

Q Passport 8600 Routing Switch
delivers high-density Layer 2 and Layer 3 wirespeed switching and routing over copper and
fiber media.
switching architecture capable of delivering 128
Gbps of capacity, scaling to 256 Gbps in the
future.
Q Supported interfaces include 10/100/1000BaseT
autosensing and ATM
Supports up to 384 10/100 TX Ports
Supports up to 192 100 FX Ports
Supports up to 64 1000 SX Ports
STM1/OC3 (up to 32 Ports)
Q Redundant power supplies and hot-swappable
modules are also part of the product platform.
Both 6 and 10 Slot Chassis are available. The
price in Appendix A, B is applicable to 6 slot
Chassis.
Q Core switching and processing
Routing switch fabric/CPU moduleHighperformance Layer 2 and Layer 3 traffic
switching. One per chassis; two if redundancy is
desired
7-2008
340 - 154
Nortel Passport 8600 Connectivity

Q Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet
48-port auto-sensing 10Base-T/100Base-TX Ethernet Routing Switch module (RJ-45)
Passport Routing Switch Module 8632TX
32-port mixed-media module for 10Base-T/100Base-TX switching and routing
two slots for Gigabit Interface Converters (GBICs), high port density
24-port 100Base-FX Fast Ethernet Routing Switch module (MT-RJ) long runs 2km
multimode
16-port 1000Base-SX Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch module (MT-RJ)
Up to 128 Gigabit Ethernet ports per 10-slot chassis
8-port 1000Base-T Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch module (RJ-45) over cat. 5 copper
to 100m
8-port 1000Base-SX Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch module (SC) -for multimode fiber
8-port Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch module
plug-in GBICs with SC connectors can mix and match interface types on a single
module using multi-mode or single-mode fiber. GBICs available in short distance
(SX), long distance (LX) and extended distance (XD and ZX)
One- and two-port auto sensing 10-Gigabit Ethernet Routing Switch modules, fullfeatured LAN/WAN connectivity with full functionality and intelligence of the Passport
8600
Q ATM/SONET/SDH
2-slot MDA BaseboardSupports up to eight OC-3/STM1 for ATM interface
applications such as permanent virtual circuit VLAN bridging and routing, maintaining
QoS prioritization.
7-2008
340 - 155
Nortel CDMA Univity

Base Station Controller EBSC
PP15K Breaker Interface
Q The Univity CDMA Base Station Controller

CBRS is a scalable and cost reduced IP
enabled Base Station Controller
Q Eliminates the need for separate BIU and
CIS cabinets in the BSC for 1xEV-DO nonMTX systems
Q Key Features:
Scalable from very low to very high
capacity through module additions
Multiple frames deployed for
configuration flexibility
Panel
PP15K Fiber Tray
GPSTM
GPSTM
Cable Trough
Cable Consolidation and Multiplexing

Chassis
Cable Trough
24pBCNW Functional Processor (NTPB11AA)
Cable Trough
11pMSW Functional Processor
(NTPB10AA)
CP3 - Control Processor (NTHR06CA)

Optional - 2nd Enhanced BSC Frame Connectivity
8
Cable Trough
Cable Consolidation and Multiplexing Chassis (NTPB13AA)

GPSTM - Global Positioning Satellite Timing Module (NTPB15AA)
7-2008
340 - 156
Nortel CDMA Univity

Base Station Controller EBSC
Q The Univity CDMA BSC CBRS is built on the Passport 15K and includes
two new Functional Processors (FPs), the 11pMSW FP and the
24pBCNW FP , along with a Cable Consolidation and Multiplexing
Chassis
The 11pMSW FP contains 3 OC-3/STM-1 ports. One (1) OC-3/STM-1
port is channelized and contains T1/E1/T3/E3 channels to carry AP or
ISSHO traffic. The unchannelized ports can be configured as OC-3c
to support interfaces to the DISCO or BSS Manager. In these
instances they can be configured as OC-3c in North America or STM1 for international installations. The 11pMSW FP provides 8 T1s for
connectivity to the LPP.
The 24pBCNW FP contains 24 LVDS ports for connectivity to the SBS
shelves.
Q The Cable Consolidation and Multiplexing Chassis manages connectivity
between the new 24pBCNW FP to current SBS shelves
GPSTM to the 24WpBCNW FP
T1s/E1s on the 11pMSW FP to the LPP
The Univity CDMA BSC CBRS can be added to current BSCs
allowing for expanding port and Erlang capacity
7-2008
340 - 157
Pre-EBSC Hardware Required

for Nortel 1xEV-DO Non-MTX Systems
BI
7-2008
U, UNI
CI VIT
S,
BS Y E
M BS
IN C
A CO
SI
NG MB
LE INE
CA S
BI
NE
T
No
no t R
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no voic qui
vo e u red
co se !
de rs,
rs
340 - 158
Nortels BSS Manager (BSSM)

within the Univity EBSC
Q The BSS Manager consists of quad Ultra Enterprise 450 Servers
UltraSPARC IV processor cards
High Speed Serial Interface card interconnects to the BSC
31 Gigabytes of mirrored disk space
Ethernet and LAN access.
Q The BSS Manager is a highly reliable platform, provisioned with an Active
and a Standby unit.
Constant heartbeat and monitoring are performed between the Active
and Standby systems.
System initiated (automatic) SWACT (Switch of activity) occurs from
Active to Standby when the active unit experiences critical
hardware/software fault.
User or operator SWACT is also supported.
Redundant Ethernet links are provisioned between the two BSS
Manager servers
redundant links are also provisioned from BSS Manager to CIS (a
communication component within the Univity BSC)
7-2008
340 - 159
Nortel BSSM:
CDMA Base Station Subsystem Manager
Q The CDMA BSS Manager provides the Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OA&M)
interface for the Univity BSC and Univity AP. Within the context of TMNs
(Telecommunication Management Network) functional layer approach, the BSS Manager is the
Element Manager and is the operators primary interface into Nortel Networks' CDMA RF
network. The BSS Manager platform comprises the operating environment, hardware, and
application interfaces, supporting four areas of the FCAPS model (Fault, Configuration,
Accounting, Performance, and Security).
Q Fault management primarily deals with the alarms of the CDMA network. Alarms are generated
by the subsystem when there is a failure of the hardware/service or when there is a degradation
of the hardware/service due to certain external environmental factors. The BSS Managers
primary responsibility is to log, report, and manage the alarm events from its managed
subsystems.
Configuration management controls the way in which the system provides
service. It allows specification of configuration information, collects data from and provides data
to the various network elements and the connections between those elements. Configuration
management is primarily responsible for supporting network planning, installing,
interconnecting, and establishing NE equipment, connections, and services.
Q Performance management ensures that performance data is sent at regular intervals to the
BSS Manager. Within the BSS Manager, two types of data are logged:
Q Performance data, also referred to as Operational Measurements (OM) statistical information
about subsystem components
Q Diagnostic Data - debugging information on messages among subsystems for troubleshooting
Q Security management deals with security breaches (improper use) of network resources.
Security management consists of software applications used to configure, control, create or
delete the resources providing the services. Security Management also includes administration
of security procedures and functions.
7-2008
340 - 160
EV-DO-Specific Nortel Documentation

1xEV-DO Release 2.0
Relevance
Document
Number
Revision
411-2133-012
1.11
411-2133-109
1.09
411-2133-126
1.1
411-2133-529
1.14
411-2133-532
1.08
411-2133-822
1.02
411-2133-917
1.1
411-2133-924
1.1
411-2133-925
1.13
411-2133-926
1.08
411-2133-927
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411-2133-929
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411-2133-932
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411-2133-111
04.06
Document
Title
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO System Overview Guide
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO NBSS Delta MOs, Logs, OMs and
Alarms Reference Manual
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Element Management Subsystem
(EMS) Recovery and Upgrade Guide
(DO-EMS) Administrator's Guide
1xEV-DO D O-RNC Administration Guide
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Configuration Parameters Reference
Guide
1xEV-DO Data Only Module (DOM) User Guide
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO OMs and Performance Measurement
Reference Guide
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Command Line Interface (CLI)
Reference Guide
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Logging Message Reference Guide
(DO-EMS) User Guide
1xEV-DO Script Tool User Guide
1xEV-DO Deployment Guide
CDMA Metro Cell Deployment Guidelines Reference
Manual
Shasta PDSN/FA and HA Customer Information Guide

1.00
411-2133-802
05.06
1.00
411-2133-101
12.06
BSC Theory of Operations Handbook
7-2008
340 - 161
1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO // 1xRTT
1xRTT
Interoperability
Interoperability
7-2008
340 - 162
1xEV-DO/1xRTT Interoperability
Q The CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Standard IS-856 makes no provision for
any kind of handoff to or from any other technology
Q Driven by Operator interest, a Hybrid mode has been developed
to provide some types of handoff functions to the best extent
possible
Q Hybrid Mode
is a mobile only function neither the EV nor 1xRTT network
knows anything about it
is a proprietary feature with vendor-specific implementation
has no standard-defined RF triggers; no hooks
Q In the 1xEV rev. A standard, some new features will be provided
the 1xEV control channel will be able to carry 1xRTT pages too
this and other changes may make the hybrid mode
unnecessary and obsolete
7-2008
340 - 163
What Handoffs are Possible in Hybrid Mode?

Q All switching between systems occurs in Idle Mode
there are no handoffs in active traffic state in either mode
Q Sessions can be transferred from one system to the other, but
NOT in active traffic state
If there is a connection, it can be closed and then re-originated
on the other system
In some cases this can be accomplished automatically without
the end-users awareness in other cases, this is not possible
7-2008
340 - 164
Hybrid Mode Transition Scenarios

1:2 Deployment
1:1 Deployment
1:1 Deployment
EV-DO, F2
1xRTT, F1
Q DO systems will be Implemented in Several Configurations

1:1 overlays in busy core areas
1:1 or 1:N overlays in less dense areas
Q Many EV>1x and 1x>EV transition events may occur as a user
transitions from area to area
Q Initial system acquisition is also involved as a user activates their
AT in different locations
Q These transitions are dependent on the Hybrid mode
implementation in the AT
Q The following pages show some possible transitions assuming
Mobile IP and AT Hybrid Mode are implemented
7-2008
340 - 165
1xEV-DO
Idle
1xEV-DO
Active
1xRTT / 1xEV-DO Hybrid Idle Mode
Idle
Mode
Idle
Mode
1xRTT
Active
1xRTT
Idle
Hybrid
Mode
7-2008
Q 1xRTT/1xEV-DO Hybrid Mode

depends on being able to hear pages on both
systems 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO
is possible because of slotted mode paging
1xRTT and 1xEV-DO paging slots do not occur
simultaneously
mobile can monitor both
Q During 1xEV-DO traffic operation, the hybrid-aware
mobile can still keep monitoring 1xRTT paging
channel
Q During 1xRTT traffic operation, the hybrid-aware
mobile is unable to break away; 1xRTT traffic
operation is continuous
no opportunity to see 1xEV-DO signal
Q This hybrid Idle mode capability is the foundation
for all 1xRTT/1xEV mode transfers
the network does not trigger any transfers
340 - 166
Hybrid Dual-Mode Idle Operation

1xRTT / 1xEV-DO Paging Interoperability
16-frame Control Channel Cycle
16 slots of 26-2/3 ms = 426-2/3 ms
LONGEST POSSIBLE
PACKET
DRC 16 Subpackets
1xRTT Minimum Slot Cycle Index: 16 slots of 80 ms each = 48 26-2./3 ms frames
Q A dual-mode 1xRTT/1xEV-DO mobile using slotted-mode paging can

effectively watch the paging channels of both 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO at the
same time
Q How is it possible for the mobile to monitor both at the same time?
The paging timeslots of the two technologies are staggered
Q Three of the 16 timeslots in 1xRTT conflict with the control channel slots
of 1xEV-DO
However, conflicts can be avoided by page repetition, a standard
feature in systems of both technologies
7-2008
340 - 167
Initial System Acquisition by Hybrid Mobile
1xRTT
Idle
1xEV-DO
Idle
1xEV-DO
Active
when 1xEV-DO is NOT Available
Acquire
1xEV-DO
System
driven by
PRL
Acquire
1xRTT
System
driven by
PRL
Register
with
1xRTT
Network
no, cant see EV
Idle
Mode
Classical 1xRTT
Idle Mode
After entering this state, the

mobile will not search for
1xEV service again
Voice
Page!
Idle
Mode
1xRTT
Active
Release
7-2008
1xRTT
Voice
Call
340 - 168
Initial System Acquisition by Hybrid Mobile
1xEV-DO
Active
when 1xEV-DO is Available

Set Up or
Re-establish
1xEVDO
Data
Session
1xEV
Traffic
interrupted
during
1xRTT
voice call
1xEV
Traffic
Data
Connection
Closed
1xEV-DO
Idle
Triggers:
Acquire
1xEV-DO
System
driven by
PRL
yes, found EV
Idle
Mode
AT Data
Ready!
Idle
Mode
AN Data
Page!
1xRTT
Idle
Hybrid
Mode
Acquire
1xRTT
System
driven by
PRL
Register
with
1xRTT
Network
Idle
Mode
Idle
Mode
Hybrid
Mode
Hybrid
Mode
Idle
Mode
Idle
Mode
Voice
Page!
1xRTT
Active
Release
7-2008
1xRTT
Voice
Call
340 - 169
In-Traffic: EV-DO Fade with 1xRTT Available
1xEV-DO
Active
Fade
AT data ready
Traffic Mode,
Data Transfer
PPP
Resync
MIP
Registr.
Close
Connection
Traffic Mode,
Data Transfer
AN data ready
Fade
Dormant
/Idle
Idle
Mode
1xRTT
Active
1xRTT
Idle
1xEV-DO
Idle
Get New
UATI
7-2008
DO
System
Acquired
no
Same
DO
Subnet?
Dormant
/Idle
Reestablish
Call
PPP
Resync
MIP
Registr.
Resume
Data Transfer
Transfer
Finished
340 - 170
Transition In-Traffic: Lost EV-DO and 1xRTT
1xEV-DO
Active
Fade
Traffic Mode,
Data Transfer
Set Up or
Re-establish
1xEVDO
Data
Session
Close
Connection
1xEV-DO
Idle
Fade
DO PRL,
Idle
Search for
Mode
DO
Found
New DO
Signal!!
1xEV
Traffic
Get New
UATI
Triggers:
Same DO
Subnet? Yes
Idle
Mode
Idle
Mode
Hybrid
Mode
Fade
Idle
Mode
Lost
Signal!!
AN Data
Page!
Idle
Mode
Use 1x PRL,
Search for
1xRTT
No
Signal
Found!!
Use 1x PRL,
Search for
1xRTT
No Signal Found!!
No 1x Signal,
Continue EV
Operation
1xRTT
Active
1xRTT
Idle
AT Data
Ready!
No
7-2008
340 - 171
1xEV-DO
Active
Dormant Session, EV-DO Lost > 1xRTT > 1xEV-DO
Coverage
Edge
Fade
PPP
Resync
MIP
Registr.
Traffic Mode,
Data Transfer
Data Finished,
Call Dormant
Found
New DO
Signal!!
Get New
UATI
No
Idle
Mode
DO PRL,
Search for
DO
No
Signal
Found!!
DO PRL,
DO
Available?
Idle
Mode
1xRTT
Active
1xRTT
Idle
1xEV-DO
Idle
Fade
7-2008
No
Signal
Found!!
DO PRL,
DO
Available?
No
Signal
Found!!
DO PRL,
DO
Available?
Idle
Mode
Same DO
Subnet? Yes
Idle
Mode
Hybrid
Mode
Idle
Mode
PPP
Resync
MIP
Registr.
340 - 172

Background and Introduction To 1xEV-DO Technology - 340

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Background and Introduction To 1xEV-DO Technology - 340

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Course 340

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

Wireless Usage Today: Competing Wireless Data Technologies

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

Global and US Wireless Subscribers 1Q 2008

Q Total Worldwide Wireless customers surpassed total worldwide landline

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

World Wireless Subs by Technology 2006

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

US Wireless Subs by Technology 2006

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

A Quick Survey of Wireless Data Technologies

12000 6000 kb/s

12000 6000 kb/s

1500 900 kb/s

307.2 144 kb/s

12000 6000 kb/s

14.4 9.6 kb/s

9.6 4.8 kb/s

19.2 19.2 kb/s

19.2 4.8 kb/s

9.6 4.8 kb/s

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

The CDMA Migration Path to 3G

IS-2000: IS-2000: 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DV

1250 kHz. F: 3x 1250k

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

1250 kHz. 1250 kHz.

Modulation Techniques of 1xEV Technologies

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

GSM Technology Migration Path to 3G

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

TDMA IS-136 Technology Migration Path to 3G

the familiar GSM path!

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

Why Cant 1xRTT do high speeds?

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

Path Loss, relative dB

Mobile RF Channel Conditions Change Rapidly

Slow Fading due to

Fast Fading due to

Q Radio Transmission Technologies must be nimble enough to quickly

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

DATA RATE DECISION

1xRTT Data Burst Control Lags RF Conditions

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT at the Same Time-Scale

Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.

Thoughput: 0.15 or 0.31 Mb/s max, 0.06 Mb/s typ.

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

1xEV-DO Handles Data at the level of

Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.

Q Each forward traffic channel subpacket is only 1.67 ms long

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

Channel Structure of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT

IS-95 AND 1xRTT

Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

1xEV-DO Forward Link

Power Management of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT

1xEV-DO: MAX POWER ALWAYS,