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E
G=
2 (1 + µ )
Spring Rate Calculations
■ Coil Spring Calculations:
L
TL T JG d
θ= =
JG θ L
L = Bar Length
π d4
J=
32 d = Bar
r Diameter
T π d 4G r = lever arm
= length
θ 32 L θ
δ
Let the deflection at the end = δ θ=
r
Spring Rate Calculations
■ Torsion Bar Rates:
δ L
Since T = F x r & θ=
r d
F x r π d 4G
T πd G 4
=
= δ 32 L r
θ 32 L
r θ
r
θ
The deflection rate at the wheel can now be
found through analysis of the motion ratio
Spring Rate Calculations
■ Torsion Bar Calculations:
■ Spring Position
Figure 1
Motion Ratio Analysis
■ From the simple lever system a number of relationships
can be drawn.
a
FB= FA
b
b
dB= dA
a
a
F A 2
FB = k = b = k a
B A
dB b b
dA
a
Motion Ratio Analysis
■ Motion Ratio in the Road Vehicle.
◆ The motion ratio describes the displacement ratio between the
spring and the centerline of the wheel. The motion ratio
squared times the spring rate gives the wheel rate.
Figure 2
Motion Ratio Analysis
■ Using the previous analysis and Figure 2, the following
apply. 2
a
K w = K s Cos α
2
b
t t t t t
2
T = K L + K R θ T = ( K L + K R )θ
2 2 2 2 4
t
2 t
2
K φ = (K) = K
2 2 • 57.3 deg • 12 in
rad ft
2
t
Kφ = K
1375
T = track width (in) K = Individual Wheel Rate (lb/in)
Suspension Roll Stiffness
K φ t = K φ Fs + K φ Rs + K φ devices
K φ F = Front Roll Stiffness K φR = Rear Roll Stiffness
Which reduces to
K r
x sc -cg = t - ll
( K l + K r )
Lateral Spring Center Position
◆ Then from
( K r )t - ( K l + K r ) l l
x sc -cg =
Kl + Kr
∴ x sc -cg > 0 if K r t > ( K l + K r ) l l
t ( K l + K r )
2
K r + K l
kφ =
57.3
Roll Stiffness
Example:
Symmetric Setup:
Track = 68 inches
Roll Stiffness
Example:
Asymmetric Setup:
Asymmetric Setup:
LRw = 200 lb/in RRw = 175 lb/in
2
175
2
68 (200 + 175)
175 + 200 ft - lbs
kφ = K φ = 550
688 deg
Suspension Roll Stiffness
◆ The rotational stiffness of the rear axle (kφ ax) due to the tire
stiffness is
kt = tire stiffness (N/m)
kt x ( t r )
2
Kφ ax = = KT tr = rear track width
2 x 57.3
kφ ax = Rotational stiffness (N-m/deg)
◆ The rotational stiffness of the rear springs and rear stabilizer bar are
■ The moment produced on the rear axle due to the tire stiffness is
kt x ( t r )
2
M t = − Kφ axθ a = − θa
2 x 57.3
■ The moment produced on the rear axle due to the springs and anti-
roll bar is
ks x ( ts )
2
M s = Kφ r susp (θ c − θ a ) = kφ b + (θ c − θ a )
2 x 57.3
K t x K sp' K sp' = K sp x mr 2
K ride =
K t + K sp' mr = motion ratio
Kφ f susp c
2 x 57.3
Suspension Roll Stiffness
■ Combining chassis roll rate with the tire
contribution
= kφ b +
( )
k sp f x mr 2 x ( t f )
2
Kφ ax =
kt x ( t r )
2
Kφ f susp c
2 x 57.3 2 x 57.3
Kϕ fsusp x Kϕ ax
Kϕ F =
Kφ fsusp + Kφ ax
Anti-Roll (Stabilizer) Bar Analysis
Anti Roll Bar Analysis
■ The deflection rate at the free end of a torsion bar.
F π d 4G
= =k L
δ 32 L r 2
d
The deflection rate at the wheel can now be
found through analysis of the motion ratio r
previously defined.
θ
a
F A 2
FB = k = b = k a
B A
dB b b
dA
a
Anti Roll Bar Analysis
■ The deflection rate at the wheel is based on the motion
ratio. 2
r2
k wh = kbar
r1
r1 = length of the attachment arm r2 = the pivot to attachment length
2
π d G r2
4
k wh =
2
32 L r r1
The Roll stiffness has previously been defined as
2
T t K
Kφ = =
θ ( 2 • 57.3)
Anti Roll Bar Analysis
The Roll stiffness has previously been defined as
2
T t K
Kφ = =
θ ( 2 • 57.3)
The stabilizer bar contribution to roll stiffness is now
2
π d G r2
4
t2
kφ bar =
2
32 L r r1 2 x 57.3
The end!
Thank You