KINETICS OF PARTICLES

FORCE, MASS AND ACCELERATION

 Presentation outline
• Learning Objectives
• Newton’s second law of motion
• Constrained and unconstrained motion
• Free body diagrams
• Rectilinear motion
• Calculations
 Learning Objectives
• To analyse the accelerated motion of a particle
using the equation of motion using different
coordinate systems
 Newton’s Second Law of motion
• The acceleration of a particle is proportional
to the resultant force acting on it and is in the
direction of this force.
F  ma (1)
• When a particle of mass m is subjected to the
action of concurrent forces F1, F2, F3, …..
whose vector sum is ΣF, equation (1) becomes
 F  ma (2)
Newton’s Second Law of motion cont’d
• If the acceleration of the particle is either specified
or can be determined directly from known kinematic
conditions, then we determine the corresponding
forces which act on the particle by direct substitution
into eq. (2).
• If the forces are constant, the acceleration is also
constant and is easily found from Eq. (2). When the
forces are functions of time, position, or velocity, Eq.
(2) becomes a differential equation which must be
integrated to determine the velocity and
displacement.
Constrained and unconstrained motion
• unconstrained motion - the particle is free of
mechanical guides and follows a path
determined by its initial motion and by the forces
which are applied to it from external sources.
• constrained motion - the path of the particle is
partially or totally determined by restraining
guides. All forces, both applied and reactive,
which act on the particle must be accounted for
in applying Eq. (2).
 Free Body Diagrams
• When applying any of the force-mass-acceleration
equations of motion, you must account correctly for
all forces acting on the particle.
• This is done by drawing the free-body diagram.
When drawing a free-body diagram, clearly indicate
the coordinate axes and their positive directions.
When you write the equations of motion, make sure
all force summations are consistent with the choice
of these positive directions.
 Rectilinear motion
• If we choose the x-direction, for example, as
the direction of the rectilinear motion of a
particle of mass m, the acceleration in the y-
and z-directions will be zero and the scalar
components of Eq. (2) become
F x  ma x
F y 0
F z 0 (3)
 Rectilinear motion cont’d
• For cases where we are not free to choose a
coordinate direction along the motion, we
would have in the general case all three
component equations
a  axi  a y j  az k
F x  ma x
a  a x2  a y2  a z2
F y  ma y
F z  ma z F  F iF jF k
x y z

 F  ( F )  ( F )  ( F )
x
2
y
2
z
2
 Example 1
• A 75-kg man stands on a spring scale in an
elevator. During the first 3 seconds of motion
from rest, the tension T in the hoisting cable is
8300 N. Find the reading R of the scale in
Newtons during this interval and the upward
velocity v of the elevator at the end of the 3
seconds. The total mass of the elevator, man,
and scale is 750 kg
Example 1 Cont’d
 Example 1 Cont’d

 Fy  ma y ; a y  1.257m / s 2
F y  ma y ; R  830 N

v 3
0
dv   adt ;
0
v  3.77 m / s
 Example 2
• A small inspection car with a mass of 200 kg
runs along the fixed overhead cable and is
controlled by the attached cable at A.
Determine the acceleration of the car when
the control cable is horizontal and under a
tension T = 2.4 kN. Also find the total force P
exerted by the supporting cable on the wheels.
Example 2 Cont’d
Example 2 Cont’d
 Example 2 Cont’d
F
y  0; P  2.73kN

F
x  ma x ; a  7.30m / s 2
 Curvilinear Motion
• Deals with kinetics of particles which move along
plane curvilinear paths. In applying Newton’s second
law, we will make use of the three coordinate
descriptions of acceleration in curvilinear motion
which we developed in kinematics
• The choice of an appropriate coordinate system
depends on the conditions of the problem and is
one of the basic decisions to be made in solving
curvilinear-motion problems.
 Curvilinear Motion Cont’d
• Rectangular Coordinates
F x  ma x ; F y  ma y
a x  x and a y  y
• Normal and tangential coordinates

F  man ;  Ft  mat
n

an    v   v ; at  v ; v  
 2 2
 Curvilinear Motion Cont’d
• Polar Coordinates
F r  mar ;  F  ma
ar  r  r
  2
and a  r  2r
 Example 3
• Determine the maximum speed v which the
sliding block may have as it passes point A
without losing contact with the surface.
Example 3 Cont’d
F n  man
v  g
 Example 4
• Small objects are released from rest at A and
slide down the smooth circular surface of
radius R to a conveyor B. Determine the
expression for the normal contact force N
between the guide and each object in terms of
θ and specify the correct angular velocity ω of
the conveyor pulley of radius r to prevent any
sliding on the belt as the objects transfer to
the conveyor.
Example 4 Cont’d
Example 4 Cont’d
 Example 4 cont’d
 F  ma ; mg cos  ma ; a  g cos
t t t t
v 
vdv  a ds  vdv   g cos d ( R )
t
0 0

v  2 gR sin 
2

mv 2
 Fn  man ; N  mg sin   R
N  3mg sin 
The conveyor pulley must turn at v  r
  2gR / r
 Example 5
• A 1500-kg car enters a section of curved road
in the horizontal plane and slows down at a
uniform rate from a speed of 100 km/h at A to
a speed of 50 km/h as it passes C. The radius
of curvature of the road at A is 400 m and at C
is 80 m. Determine the total horizontal force
exerted by the road on the tires at positions A,
B, and C. Point B is the inflection point where
the curvature changes direction.
Example 5 Cont’d
 Example 5 Cont’d
at  1.447m / s 2

an : at A  1.929m / s 2 ; B  0; C  2.41m/s 2
Fn : At A  2890N; B  0; C  3620N
Ft  2170 N
Total horizontal force
At A  3620N; B  2170N; C  4220N